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WHAT IS MOVE PRINCIPLE?M= MEASURABLEO= OBJECTIVEV= VERIFIABLEE= EMPIRICAL

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Language is not to be confused withhuman speech, of which it is only a definitepart, though certainly an essential one. It isboth a social product of the faculty ofspeech and a collection of necessaryconventions that have been adopted bya social body to permit individuals toexercise that faculty.--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):Course in General Linguistics (1916)

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Language is a purely human andnon-instinctive method ofcommunicating ideas, emotions anddesires by means of voluntarilyproduced symbols.--Edward Sapir (1884-1939):Language: An Introduction to theStudy of Speech (1921)

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From now on, I willconsider language to be aset (finite or infinite) ofsentences, each finite inlength and constructed outof a finite set of elements.--Noam Chomsky (1928- ):Syntactic Structures (1957)

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Language marks our identity, physically interms of age, sex, and voiceprints;psychologically in terms of language,personality and intelligence; geographically interms of accents and dialects; ethnically andsocially in terms of social stratification, class,status, role, solidarity and distance.

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Phonetics studies speech sounds, includingthe production of speech, that is how speechsounds are actually made, transmitted andreceived, the description and classification ofspeech sounds, words and connected speech,etc.

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We can approach it on various levels. At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy andphysiology. We can study organs such as tongueand larynx and their functions in the productionof speech. At another level, we can focus on the speech

sounds produced by these organs by identifyingand classifying the individual sounds. This is thedomain of articulatory phonetics.

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We can also investigate the properties of thesound waves acoustic phonetics.

As speech is intended to be heard orperceived, it is therefore possible to focus onthe way in which a listener analyses orprocesses a sound wave auditory phonetics.

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Phonology studies the rules governing thestructure, distribution, and sequencing ofspeech sounds and the shape of syllables. Itdeals with the sound system of a language bytreating phoneme as the point of departure. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of soundthat can signal a difference in meaning.

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Morphology is concerned with the internalorganization of words. It studies the minimalunits of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basicmeaningful elements of a languagemany wordscan be broken down into still smaller units, calledmorphemes.

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Psycholinguistics investigates theinterrelation of language and mind, forexample, in processing and producingutterances and in language acquisition. It also studies language development in the child,such as the theories of language acquisition,biological foundations of language, and a profoundaspectthe relationship between language andcognition.

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Sociolinguistics is the study of thecharacteristics of language varieties, thecharacteristics of their functions, and thecharacteristics of their speakers as thesethree constantly interact and change within aspeech community. An umbrella term which covers a variety of differentinterests in language and society, including thesocial functions of language and the social

characteristics of its users.

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Anthropology and linguistics became closelyassociated in the early days ofanthropological fieldwork whenanthropologists enlisted the help of linguiststo study unwritten languages. In contrast with other linguists, then,anthropological linguists are interested primarily inthe history and structure of formerly unwritten

languages.

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Because an unwritten language must beheard in order to be studied, it does not leaveany traces once its speakers died off. Anthropological linguists must begin in the present,

with comparisons of contemporary languages. Then they may draw inferences about the kinds ofchange in language that may have occurred in thepast and that may account for similarities and

differences observed in the present.

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Computational linguistics centers around theuse of computers to process or producehuman language (also known as naturallanguage, to distinguish it from computerlanguages). To this field, linguistics contributes anunderstanding of the special properties of languagedata, and provides theories and descriptions oflanguage structure and use.

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Some current application areas includetranslating from one language to another(Machine Translation), storing and findingrelevant documents in large collections oftext (Corpus Linguistics and InformationRetrieval), and carrying out various forms ofcomputer mediated communication.

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Langue & parole Competence and performance Mistake & Error Acquisition & Learning

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for your attention!