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JSCElibrary.jsce.or.jp/jsce/open/00906/2012/18-0487.pdf · Especially, in Dhaka city, capital of...

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hN ƫĶťȚȳŸɪDZĻŀƄ .1&0,'/2*+% "UXeR 4dUX=CE"LJ7Rl"\] Study on sensitivity analysis of main factors for inundation in Dhaka city, Bangladesh ƙƈɩĆ §ƇƛŘû §ǥǔšā §ļĶƹ §ɆȘIJĺ §Ƞǔȁ Masakazu HASHIMOTO, Tadashi SUETSUGI, Kengo SUNADA Yutaka ICHIKAWA, Naoki KONDO and Kei NISHIDA ĤǑ¼ć Èķ ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ íĤķĤȄýŴȋɕɼA ĵƏǣǖŃļƞǔɽ Ɲ¼ć ïķ ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ íĤķĤȄýǦǭɕɼA ĵƏǣǖŃļƞǔɽ {¥¨¼ć ķï ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ íĤķĤȄýǦǭɕčɨƳēǐĘǦǭ¦¨ɼA ĵ ƏǣǖŃļƞǔɽ ïí ƊµĝĤĝĤɤ íĤǹǦǭǪɼA ƊµɗŸµìƈɖɽ ïķ ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ íĤķĤȄýǦǭɕčɨƳēǐĘǦǭ¦¨ɼA ĵƏǣǖŃļƞ ǔɽ Bangladesh is one of the most flood-prone countries in the world. Especially, in Dhaka city, capital of Bangladesh, inundation problem is very serious. To prevent the social problem caused by inundation, such as traffic jam and health risk in low lying slum areas, it is important to evaluate the influence of inundations for plan to develop the city. In such a developing country, dataset about hydrology is not enough to perform inundation analysis. Therefore sensitivity analysis was performed for 1) DEM, 2) embankment, 3) building occupied ratio and 4) rivers as beginning step to evaluate the inundation condition. From the result, it was found that inundation in city areas is not only caused by elevation deference. Especially the influence of building ratio is remarkable as a cause of inundation, secondary, embankment is effective. As a further extent, sewerage network should be considered to simulate the inundation with more high accuracy at overestimated area in this study. Key Words: internal inundation analysis, sensitivity analysis, numerical model ts Ih ¦¡dVcĐōljśGrơŀcqDbƱƥ ƧǂbȢȐvutč^Bsɾljbȸǒcɪ®Stɸɗ |ļ^d²şHƵáPwęQ]Ct ɿɗļcƴƥ bq[]oXrPutŎɰ_Q]ɾ´ɊɻǜbqtǿƷ ƲégcŎɰɾ¬ȜǑaƴƥbqtËŅgcŎɰHBs ɾǮɟǠaƴƥŎɰńwǨSN_H·Œcɗļɞǝb ƨnru]Ct ɿ |ļcƬƥįDzdɾŀŀcĝƱƥw I[GLbļțĐwċDqDbQ]ĔɡwŇȫSta` cįDzH_ruXɿNubqsɾěƥƧǂįDz_Q]c ŷÍdÑÚbɍnruXoccɾVcŒcǿƷŢɜɾ¶ ÷ęæbqtŚǁaɗļêbq[]×ƥƧǂcȞĪHǡ ǯ\qDba[]I]Ctɿ ƴƥ¢wǮɟǠbȭÆStN_dɞǝȨǗwǯ] tª^əȡbatHɾŁǶċbvXtȭÆĐēGrƴƥ ĩȆ¨wôɪStN_dĜĝaçåHŖȡbatN _GrɾŶÊƧǂ£wÃ[XȭÆŤƯHƅè^Bt _ȈErutɿ ɉªčcqDaƥŸ¨HÑÚbǵǏPu]CaC ėţ^cƧǂȦƋwȮl]CtǦǭd#9#.#r p¿ĵ r cǦǭHBsɾɃƒǓƥȾcȈŠpĔɡcèƌǠa ȫĨa`ɾȦƋwșDɨcưŝǃa`HƑȩPu]Ctɿ kXɾ¦¡cčīƚɠ^BtƱƥ±ƺȵĖ ¦¨ ^d7'$ª^Ƨǂ¤¨ ¦ȀƌwŬɂQ ]CtɿQGQɾÒcŻŏǦǭoĀnCTuoěƥƧǂ - 487 -
Transcript

hN� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ƫĶťȚȳŸɪ�DZ�Ļ���ŀ�Ƅ�

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�4dUX=C�E�"LJ7R�l�"\]�Study on sensitivity analysis of main factors for inundation in Dhaka city, Bangladesh�

ƙƈɩƧƇƛŘû�§ǥǔšā�§ļĶƹ�§ɆȘIJĺ §Ƞǔȁ� Masakazu HASHIMOTO, Tadashi SUETSUGI, Kengo SUNADA

Yutaka ICHIKAWA, Naoki KONDO and Kei NISHIDA �

ĤǑ¼ć� È�ķ�� ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ� íĤķĤȄýŴȋɕɼA ����ĵƏǣǖŃļƞǔ ���ɽ�

�Ɲ¼ć� ï�ķ�� ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ� íĤķĤȄýǦǭɕɼA ����ĵƏǣǖŃļƞǔ ���ɽ�

��{¥¨¼ć� ķï� ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ� íĤķĤȄýǦǭɕčɨƳēǐĘǦǭ�¦�¨ɼA ����ĵ

ƏǣǖŃļƞǔ ���ɽ�

ï�í�� ƊµĝĤĝĤɤ� íĤǹǦǭǪɼA�����ƊµɗŸµìƈɖ����ɽ�

�ï�ķ�� ĵƏĝĤĝĤɤ� íĤķĤȄýǦǭɕčɨƳēǐĘǦǭ�¦�¨ɼA ����ĵƏǣǖŃļƞ

ǔ ���ɽ�

Bangladesh is one of the most flood-prone countries in the world. Especially, in Dhaka city, capital of Bangladesh, inundation problem is very serious. To prevent the social problem caused by inundation, such as traffic jam and health risk in low lying slum areas, it is important to evaluate the influence of inundations for plan to develop the city. In such a developing country, dataset about hydrology is not enough to perform inundation analysis. Therefore sensitivity analysis was performed for 1) DEM, 2) embankment, 3) building occupied ratio and 4) rivers as beginning step to evaluate the inundation condition. From the result, it was found that inundation in city areas is not only caused by elevation deference. Especially the influence of building ratio is remarkable as a cause of inundation, secondary, embankment is effective. As a further extent, sewerage network should be considered to simulate the inundation with more high accuracy at overestimated area in this study. �

Key Words: internal inundation analysis, sensitivity analysis, numerical model

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0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Diff

eren

ce o

f inu

ndat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Slum number

1m 2m

>��ŇLjðƅnjȈŠcƅDŽcƢɁ

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Diff

eren

ce o

f inu

ndat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Slum number

���0.50/0.80

���0.65

�����

- 490 -

Ti鵬 =30 (day)

Depth(m) 圃2脚、

圃1剛、2醐.0脚、1醐.0脚叶醐

. 0700 -o醐.0師 、引田.0醐 4 醐

•o•田 4抑. 0蜘 -0.4四

. 0200 -o.訓

.山田-0.200 口 4 叩

図 6各要素を考慮した結果(左からCASE2, CASE3, CASE4の結果を示す)

0.5

日 。召'" I::!,. t』πω コロ~ -0.5

ち lω 。ロ~ t』出v

口一1.5

t 4 5 6 9 10

Slum number

図 7小河川考慮の有無の比較

大きく影響することより,場所ごとに詳細な高さを設置

する必要がある.また,場所によっては樋門が設けられ

ていたり,臨時ポンプが設置されていたりすることがあ

るため,今後は堤防高に加えて,周辺設備の情報を収集

する必要がある.

c)建物占有率を考慮した場合(CASE3)

建物占有率の浸水への影響は場所によって大きく異な

ることが示された(図 5).スラム 1,8ラ 9での影響が顕著

であった.それぞれ均三位置する地区の建物占有率は,ス

ラム 6を除いたすべてのスラムが占有率80%の地域に含

まれており,結果もそれを良く表している.

宅地部分に一律の粗度を与えた場合では大きくて浸水

深は lOcm程度の影響で、あったが,占有率に応じた粗度

を取り入れることで、浸水に大きな影響が見られ,最も大

きいスラム 1,8ラ 9で約 lmの影響が見られた.占有率を

より詳細に分類した場合,分類前に比べて数 m 浸水深

が上昇する傾向が見られたが,スラム lに限っては浸水

深が減少しており,全ての場合で上昇に転じるわけでは

ないことが示された.

本研究では衛星画像から占有率を θ=0.65または 0.50

と 0.80の2つのケースに分類する方法をとったが,さ

らなる再現精度向上のための乱題として占有率をそれぞ

れのメッシュで設定する手法が挙げられる.例えば,パ

2.5

SL9 ( 「\" 閃コ

11 】 I I 50 §

h「ン:訊 100 官官c百~ s ,

1℃ " 1.5

4ト5ロ0 口吋i 1

0.5

図 8 浸水深時系列

ングラデシュ測量局と JICAが 1/5000の詳細な地図を作

成しており, GISと組み合わせることでそれぞれのメッ

シュでの建物占有率を求めることができる.しかし,

ダッカ市の都市開発の早さを考えると,解析に不確実要

素が多く含まれることが考えられる.

そこで,注目されるのが衛星情報を用いた手法である.

現在では, Priestnallら15)によるLiDARによる研究や熊

谷川こよる高解像度衛星データを用いた建物密集度の判

別についての研究が進められており,衛星によって建物

占有率が高頻度で,詳細に得られることが期待される.

d)小河川を取り入れた場合(CASE4)

小河川を考慮することでスラム 1,2の浸水深が大きく

下がった(図 7).また, 2つのスラムは小河川に近いと

いう点, Mollahら 11)による浸水分類で、短期的として分

類されている点で共通している.それらのスラムでは集

中的な強雨により浸水することがあるが,近くの川によ

り排水されるので,長期化しないということが考えられ

る.

その他のスラムでも小河川に近い場合は排水効果が大

きくなる傾向が確かめられたが,近い場所では過剰に排

水されすぎること,遠くになると排水効果が極端に弱

まってしまう点については,まだ改善の余地がある.ま

た,小河川を考慮しでも,浸水を過大評価している例も

-491 -

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ƴɈbqtƴƥcūƥb\C]oɾ«ƥǵc\kspS

C¾ȇa`wŦŮQXª^ȈŠStŖȡHBtɿ �

ikyƈǦǭdĵƏĝĤ�¥¨�£����¥�¡�?y

�yē^cƳēȄýƥǵǏǦǭŴȋcĴɞ@ɼũǃ¢¨

�¨�ǥǔšāɽcűůwöLkQXɿȪQ]Şȴcŝ

wȝQkSɿ���9`NZ��1) Khondoker Golam Tawhid, Jan-Erik Gustafsson: Causes and

Effects of Water Logging in Dhaka City, Bangladesh (M. Eng.), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2004.

2) MoEF, UNEP, BCAS, “Dhaka City State of Environment 2005” (2006).

3) JICA, “Master Plan Study for Greater Dhaka Protection Project, FAP 8A” (1991).

4) So Kazama, Tatsuhito Kono, Kengo Kakiuchi, Masaki Sawamoto: Evaluation of flood control and inundation conservation in Cambodia using flood and economic growth models, Hydrological Processes, Vol.23, No.4, pp.632, 2009.

5) 佐山 敬洋, 藤岡奨, 牛山朋來, 深見和彦: インダス川全流域を対象とした2010年パキスタン洪水の降雨流出氾濫解析, 水工学論文集, Vol.68, No.4, pp.498, 2012.

6) FFWC: Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre, Bangladesh HP, *441���777�((7%�)06�$&� (2012. 3.29 閲覧)

7) Ole Mark, C. Wennberg, T. van Kalken, F. Rabbi, B. Albinsson: Risk analyses for sewer systems based on numerical modeling and GIS, Safety Science, Vol.30, pp.106, 1998.

8) Ole Mark, Sutat Weesakul, Chusit Apirumanekul, Surajate Boonya Aroonnet, Slobodan Djordjević: Potential and limitations of 1D modelling of urban flooding, Journal of Hydrology, Vol.299, No.3-4, pp.299, 2004.

9) 川池健司, 清水篤, 馬場康之, 中川一, 武田誠: 下水道を含めた氾濫模型実験による内水氾濫解析モデルの検証, 水工学論文集, Vol.67, pp.990, 2011.

10) 秋山壽一郎, 重枝未玲, 小園裕司: 流域特性を考慮した都市域氾濫解析モデルと都市域での浸水プロセスの予知, 水工学論文集, pp.924, 2010.

11) Kabirul Ahsan Mollah, Kei Nishida, Naoki Kondo, Zentaro Yamagata: Children’s Health Deficits due to Diarrhoea: Effects of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems in Slums with Different Water Logging Conditions, Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.7, No.4, pp.291-277, 2009.

12) 岩佐義朗, 井上和也, 水鳥雅文: 氾濫水の水理の数値解析法, 京都大学防災研究所年報, pp.317, 1980.

13) 土木学会: 水理公式集, 水工学委員会, 1999. 14) 建設省土木研究所: 氾濫シミュレーション・マニュアル

(案)-シミュレーションの手引き及び新モデルの検証-, 土木研究所資料, Vol.3400, 1996.

15) G. PRIESTNALL, J. Jaafar, A. Duncan: Extracting urban features from LiDAR digital surface models, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol.24, pp.78, 2000.

16) 熊谷樹一郎: 高解像度衛星データの利用を前提とした建物の密集度に関する分析手法の開発, 土木学会論文集, Vol.700, No.;-54, pp.122, 2002.

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- 492 -


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