WHAT NEXT AFTER A SPORT & HEALTH SCIENCES DEGREE? Tuesday 22 nd November, 6pm, NC12 • Strength and Conditioning Coach, Exeter Chiefs Rugby Club - (BSc Sport and Exercise Science, 2011) • Grants and Trusts Fundraiser, Dame Kelly Holmes Trust - (BSc Sport and Exercise Science 2012) • PE Teacher - (BSc Sport and Exercise Science, 2002) • Physiotherapist, Ocean Physio Sign up on My Career Zone here: https://mycareerzone.exeter.ac.uk/students/events/detail/454597 Refreshments and networking will follow the talks
Transcript
WHAT NEXT AFTER A SPORT & HEALTH SCIENCES DEGREE?Tuesday 22nd November, 6pm, NC12
• Strength and Conditioning Coach, Exeter Chiefs Rugby Club - (BSc Sport and Exercise Science, 2011)
• Grants and Trusts Fundraiser, Dame Kelly Holmes Trust - (BSc Sport and Exercise Science 2012)
• PE Teacher - (BSc Sport and Exercise Science, 2002)
• Physiotherapist, Ocean Physio
Sign up on My Career Zone here: https://mycareerzone.exeter.ac.uk/students/events/detail/454597
Martin I. JonesBSc MSc PhD CPsychol CSci AFBPsS SFHEAHCPC registered Sport and Exercise Psychologist
Intended Learning Outcomes On successfully completing this week’s study you will be able to...
Define self efficacy
Understand the antecedents and consequences of efficacy beliefs
Critically analyse the application of self efficacy theory in sport contexts
Self-efficacy beliefs influence how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and act. They are critical determinants of how well knowledge and skill are acquired. Self-efficacy beliefs can affect choice behavior, effort expenditure and persistence, thought patterns and emotional reactions, and the view of humans as producers rather than foretellers of behaviour.
Behaviourismthe theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns.
Social cognitive theoriesDevelopmental systems theory?
Social Cognitive Theory was presented by Bandura in response to his dissatisfaction with the principles of behaviourism. In behaviourism, the role of cognition in motivation and the role of the situation are largely ignored
Environmental and personal determinism?
Social Cognitive Theory proposes that individuals do not simply respond to
environmental influences, but rather they actively seek and interpret information
Individuals “function as contributors to their own motivation, behaviour, and development within a network of reciprocally interacting influences”
(Bandura, 1999, p. 169).
People are self organizing, proactive, self-regulating, and self-reflecting. They are contributors to their life circumstances not just products of them”
(Bandura, 2005, p. 1).
Social Cognitive Theory Cognitive, Behavioral, personal, and environmental factors interact to determine motivation and behaviour
Behavioural factors
Personal factors
Environmental factors
Human functioning is the result of the interaction among all three of these factorsWHERE HAVE WE HEARD THAT BEFORE? Behavioural
factors
Personal factors
Environmental factors
Triadic Reciprocal Determinism model
Behavioural factors
Personal factors
Environmental factors
Performances (Behavioral factors) are influenced by how the athletes themselves are affected (cognitive factors) by organizational strategies (environmental factors).
The Social Cognitive Theory is composed of four processes of goal realization:
These components are interrelated, each having an effect on motivation and goal attainment
Goal attainment and
motivation
Self observatio
n
Self efficacy
Self reaction
Self evaluation
Four processes that encompass the social cognitive theory. These processes are dependent on one another. To successfully complete a goal, a person goes through these four cognitive processes
Self EvaluationSelf-evaluation compares an
individual's current performance with a desired performance or goal
absolute and normative
Self ObservationObserving oneself can inform and motivate. It can be used to assess
one’s progress toward goal attainment as well as motivate behavioural
changes
Regularity and proximity
Self ReactionReactions to one’s performance can be
motivating. If the progress made is deemed acceptable, then one will have a feeling of
self-efficacy with regard to continuing, and will be motivated towards the achievement of
their goal
Self EfficacySelf-efficacy refers to people's
judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks
Self EfficacyPerceived self-efficacy is defined as people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that effect their lives
(Bandura, 1994).
Self EfficacyRefers to beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations
(Bandura, 1994).
Self EfficacyPerceived self-efficacy is concerned with people’s beliefs that they can exert control over their motivation, behavior, and social environment.
More simply, self-efficacy is what an individual believes he or she can accomplish using his or her skills under certain circumstances
(Snyder & Lopez, 2007).
People’s beliefs about their capabilities affect what they choose
to do, how much effort they mobilize, how long they will persevere in the
face of difficulties, whether they engage in self-debilitating or self-
encouraging thought patterns, and the amount of stress and depression they experience in taxing situations.
People with high(er) self-efficacy believe that they can perform well.
These people are more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered than avoided.
People with low(er) self-efficacy don’t have much faith in their performances.
They express much self doubt in their performance, which causes them to avoid difficult tasks.
Can efficacy beliefs be too high?It depends on the situation
Bandura implied that there is a curvilinear inverted U-shaped relationship between efficacy about the task or skill and motivation, persistence, and learning
Therefore, moderate levels of self-efficacy are “better” in skill learning situations
Judgments of self-efficacy are generally measured along three basic scales: magnitude, strength, and generality.
Self-efficacy magnitude Self-efficacy strength Generality of self-efficacy
Self-efficacy magnitude
Measures the difficulty level (e.g. easy, moderate, and hard) an individual feels is required to perform a certain task.
How difficult is my exercise class? Are the workouts easy or hard?
Self-efficacy strength
Refers to the amount of conviction an individual has about performing successfully at diverse levels of difficulty.
How confident am I that I can excel at exercise tasks? How sure am I that I can improve my fitness?
Self-efficacy magnitude
Refers to the degree to which the expectation is generalized across situations.
How sure am I that what I have learned will apply to my new tasks?
Sources of Self Efficacy beliefs?
MasteryVicariousSocial/VerbalPhysiology
These components help individuals determine if they believe they have the capability to accomplish specific tasks
Performance OutcomesAccording to Bandura, performance outcomes or past experiences, are the most important source of self-efficacy. Positive and negative experiences can influence the ability of an individual to perform a given task. If one has performed well at a task previously, he or she is more likely to feel competent and perform well at a similarly associated task
Vicarious ExperiencesPeople can develop high or low self-efficacy vicariously through other people’s performances. A person can watch someone in a similar position perform, and then compare his own competence with the other individual’s competence
Social / Verbal persuasion Self-efficacy is influenced by encouragement and discouragement pertaining to an individual’s performance or ability to perform.
Also, the level of credibility directly influences the effectiveness of verbal persuasion; where there is more credibility, there will be a greater influence
Physiological feedback People experience sensations from their body and how they perceive this emotional arousal influences their beliefs of efficacy.
Although this source is the least influential of the four, it is important to note that if one is more at ease with the task at hand they will feel more capable and have higher beliefs of self-efficacy
Self-efficacy beliefs are constantly changing over periods of time;
however, self-efficacy beliefs can be stable across a span of time
The stability of one’s efficacy is largely determined by how one has acquired the belief, the strength of
that belief, as well as the strength of that intervening experience.
Collective/Group efficacy?Group efficacy is defined as a group's perceived capability to perform.
Coaching efficacy?The extent to which coaches believe that they have the capacity to influence the learning and performance of their athletes
Motivation
efficacy
Game strategy efficacy
Technique
efficacy
Character
building efficacy
Motivation efficacy Refers to coaches’ confidence in their ability to influence the psychological skills and states of their athletes
Game strategy efficacy
The coaches’ belief in their ability to coach and lead their team to a successful performance during competition
Technique efficacy The coaches’ beliefs regarding their instructional and diagnostic skills
Character building efficacy The coaches’ beliefs in their ability to influence their athletes’ personal development and positive attitude toward sport
Coaching efficacySeveral variables have been proposed to influence coaching efficacy includingcoaching experience, prior team success, perceived skill of one’s athletes, andperceived social support from school, community, and athletes’ parents
(Feltz et al., 1999)
Self-efficacy and exercise: A summary (McAuley & Blissmer, 2000)
SELF-EFFICACY
Self-efficacy as adeterminant ofphysical activity
Physical activityadoption
Physical activitymaintenance
Post-programmefollow-up
Self-efficacy as an outcome of
physical activity
Acute physicalactivity
Chronic physicalactivity
Self-efficacy interventions
Enhancement ofefficacy, affect,and adherence
What is the difference between self esteem and
self efficacy?
Self-EfficacyConcerned with judgments of personal capabilitiesExample: “I’m going to make this free-throw shot.”
Self-Esteemconcerned with judgment of self-worthExample: “I’m a terrible person.”
Intended Learning Outcomes On successfully completing this week’s study you will be able to...
Define self efficacy
Understand the antecedents and consequences of efficacy beliefs
Critically analyse the application of self efficacy theory in sport contexts
Martin I. JonesBSc MSc PhD CPsychol CSci AFBPsS SFHEA
