Formal Outline for Projects and Research Papers

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• Organizing your paper is very necessary in research paper writing. It helps in logical organization of ideas and flow of information.

• An outline defines the logical organization of ideas from the title page to references.

• Once information is properly organized, readers capture what is said, and can respond effectively.

• Although instructions from lecturers/tutors may give what outline to use, as well as what sections to include and those not to, it is important to understand the formal and standard outlines for various types of papers.

• For instance, essays have different outlines from reports and papers. The following is a description of a formal outline for research papers and reports.

• Title Page: This section contains some information according to lecturer’s and tutor’s instructions. In research paper writing, the title of the work, name of the organization doing research, the name of sponsor(s) and name of authors appear on the title page.

• In some cases of research paper writing, you require incorporating the name of the project leader and the funding source.

• Abstract: In this section, you provide a summary of the report in whole. When engaged in research paper writing, make sure to deliver an abstract a few lines long. You also need to offer thesis statement at this section.

• Other things included in this section are summary of the main ideas, the main aim of the study, summary of research methods used, main results or findings from the study, and main recommendations.

• This section is very important in research paper writing because a number of lecturers use it to gauge value of research study and intensity of investigation.

• Table of Contents: This is a list of chapters and subtopics discussed in the main body. It plays an important role in research paper writing because researchers/readers/lecturers can use it to access various sections easily and directly, rather than going through the whole work.

• Introduction: It introduces the general concepts of the study, introduces the background and the thesis statement, and informs the reader about the flow of the whole paper.

• Background information: This section in research paper writing, plays the role of describing to the reader, the project and background information they may not have had access to.

• Evaluation methodology: In research paper writing, you must indicate and explain the research methods used for the research.

• This is the section to demonstrate those methods. This includes data collection techniques and data analysis techniques. In addition, researchers must explain selection for these methods and techniques.

• Results: In research paper writing, ensure you indicate results clearly before presenting them. In this section, you do not offer any explanations or interpretations for the results.

• Summary and recommendations: You may separate these two or combine them. Conclusion is where you review main points, thesis statement, main ideas and findings.

• In research paper writing, recommendations focus on advising readers where they can exploit through research studies, in future.

• References: Is a list of resources from where you got research ideas and information. Make sure to write them according to recommended or advised citation style.

• Appendix: In this section, you attach any information mentioned in the body of research paper as evidence of research, ideas, and opinions.

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