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Essential Standards 8.E.1.1-8.E.1.4

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The Structure of Water Polar Molecule: A molecule that has electrically charged areas. H 2 O : Each Hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge. Each Oxygen atom has a slight negative charge.

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Properties of Water Capillary Action: The combined forces of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules surrounding materials. Allows water to move through materials with pores inside. Surface Tension: The tightness across the surface of water that is caused by the polar molecules pulling on one another. Allows water to form round beads when they fall onto a car windshield.

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Universal Solvent: Water dissolves so many substances that it is called the universal solvent. The charged end of the polar molecules attracts the molecules of other polar substances. Specific Heat: is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Compared to other substances, water requires a lot of heat to increase its temperature. Heat of Vaporization: The amount of heat energy required to turn liquid water into a vapor (A.K.A boiling point)

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Cohesion: Water molecules stick to each other. The more molecules collected together the larger the droplet of water. Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other objects. Water forms dew on the grass in the early morning.

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Sinking or Floating Buoyant force: Acts in the direction opposite to the force of gravity, so it makes an object feel lighter.

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Density: The mass in a given volume. Density= Mass / Volume. *Remember that you will love density The more dense an object the more likely it is to sink. Given fact: The density of water 1.00 g/cm 3

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Distribution of Earths Water 100% of Water 97% is Salt Water 3% is Freshwater 76% found in Ice 12% shallow groundwater 11% Deep Groundwater 0.34% Lakes and Rivers 0.037% Water Vapor

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River Systems Tributaries: The streams and smaller rivers that feed into a main river. Watershed: The land area that supplies water to a river. Watersheds are sometimes known as drainage basins. Divides: One watershed separated from another by this ridge of land. River Basin: Portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries. The final destination of water drained by a river basin is an estuary or an ocean. For land dwellers, everyone lives in a river basin. If you dont live near water, you live on land that drains to a river, estuary, or lake. There are 17 river basins in North Carolina

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North Carolina Map of River Basins

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Types of Wetlands Freshwater Wetlands Marshes: Grassy areas covered with shallow water. Swamps: Swamps look like flooded forests. Bogs: Formed in depressions left over from melting ice sheets, the water is usually acidic.

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Importance of Wetlands Important to Wildlife: Their sheltered waters and rich supply of nutrients, wetlands provide habitats for many living things. Important to People: Wetlands act as natural water filters, by trapping silt and mud in the thick root systems of plants. Also they help to control floods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains.

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Estuaries Where oceans and rivers meet Brackish water: mixture of salt and freshwater Very Shallow Lots of Vegetation Nutrient Rich Very few predators Nursery for many aquatic species Buffer Zone for pollutants Habitat for many aquatic/terrestrial species

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Estuaries Most biologically diverse areas on Earth Tides help circulate the nutrients from the land to the water The largest North Carolina estuary is the Pamlico Sound. Water drains into this system from Eastern NC and Southeastern VA Estuaries control erosion and reduce flooding on the mainland.

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Polluted Estuary in Brazil

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Underground Water Aquifer: Any underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water Wells: People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling a well below the water table. Artesian Well: Water rises because of pressure within an aquifer.

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Water Supply and Demand How People use Water? In the home Potable water Industry and Transportation Power plants and Steel Mills Agriculture Irrigation: process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops Recreation Conserving Water Conservation is the practice of using less of a resource so that it will not be used up. Reducing water use, recycling water, and reusing water are three ways to conserve water. Conserve water: In the home In industry In agriculture

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Fresh water for the future Two possible methods of obtaining fresh water for the future Desalination: Removing salt to turn salt water to freshwater Ways to desalinate water: Distillation: boiling the water to evaporate and leave the salt behind Freezing the water Pump the water at high pressure through a very fine filter. The filter separates out pure water and returns salty water to the ocean. Desalination is very expensive because of the energy and equipment it requires. Melting Icebergs

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Water Quality Standards of Quality Water Quality is a measurement of the substances in water besides water molecules. Certain substances, such as iron, can affect the taste or color of water but are harmless unless present at very high levels. Other substances such as certain chemicals and microorganisms can be harmful to your health. EPA: The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for developing water-quality standards. A concentration: The amount of substance in a certain volume of another substance.

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Stewardship Water quality supports healthy environments in which rich and varied communities of organisms can be found. Cultivating an awareness of the importance of monitoring and maintaining water quality in NC hydrologic system is the first step towards developing stewardship skills for students Stewardship: possessing the knowledge to protect our water for future generations.

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Water Facts Two-Thirds of our planet is covered by water. of the water is saltwater. 66% of the human body is made up of water We should drink at least 112 litres of water a day. At just 2% dehydration your performance decreases by around 20%. 80% of illnesses in developing countries is caused by water related diseases The number of people with access to clean water has doubled in the last 20 years. 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the population. The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population wont have reliable, clean water.

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Acidity The pH of water is a measurement of how acidic or basic the water is on a scale of 0-14. Pure water has a pH of 7, it is neutral, meaning it is neither an acid or a base The closer to 0 the more acidic. The closer to 14 the more basic.

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Hardness The combined level of two minerals in a sample of water is referred to the hardness of that sample. Hard water contains high levels of calcium and magnesium. The minerals come from rocks, such as limestone, that water flows through underground. Disease Causing Organisms Such organisms can be detected in water by conducting a coliform count, which measures the number of Escherichia coli bacteria.

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Treating Drinking Water Filtration and Coagulation Filtration: is the process of passing water through a series of screens that allows the water through, but not larger solid particles. During this step, trash, leaves, branches and other large objects are removed from the water. Coagulation: A chemical is added to cause sticky globs, called flocs, to form. Other particles stick to the flocs, a process known as coagulation. The heavy clumps then sink into the settling basins. Water is then filtered again. Chlorination Chlorine is added to drinking water for the same reason it is added to swimming pools: to kill disease- causing microorganisms.

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Aeration and additional treatment Air is then forced through the purified water. This reduces the unpleasant odor and tastes. Testing Samples Public health officials regularly test samples from water treatment plants to assess water quality. Water Distribution

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Treating Waste Water Two ways that communities deal with sewage are: Wastewater Treatment Plants Septic Systems

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Freshwater Pollution Water Pollution is the addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on water. Pollutants: the substance that cause water pollution. Bio indicators (Macroinvertebrates): are species used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem

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1st-class water : It is clean and odorless so it can be used as drinking water after going through a simple purification process. 2nd-class water : It can be used for drinking, bathing, and swimming. 3rd-class water : It is yellowish brown muddy water. It has sand and pebbles at its bottom so it is used as industrial water. 4th-class water : It is seriously polluted so swimming in this water can cause skin troubles. 5th-class water : It is very dirty so no organisms can live in the water.

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Point and Nonpoint Source Source of pollution are classified, in part, by how they enter a body of water. Point Source: A specific source of pollution that can be identified. Nonpoint Source: A widely spread source of pollution that can not be tied to a specific point of origin..

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Effects of pollutants: Pesticides are chemicals intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops. Some pollutants, such as pesticides, can build up in the bodies of living things

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Human Wastes The three major sources of water pollution are: Human wastes Sewage in Cities Sewage in Rural Areas Industrial wastes Chemicals Smoke and Exhaust Acid Rain: precipitation that is slightly more acidic than normal Heat Pollution Chemical runoff Runoff from farms Fertilizers and Pesticides Addition of fertilizers, which contains nitrates, speeds up the process of Eutrophication. The scum that forms can block out sunlight and chokes the flow of water, which can change the living conditions of the organisms. Runoff from roads Gasoline Oil Salts

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Water Pollution Solutions Cleanup Prevention

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Ocean Water Chemistry Salinity: The total amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water is the salinity of that sample. The effects of salinity: Ocean water will not freeze until the temperature drops to about -1.9 o C. Sea water with low salinity holds more gas than high salinity water Ocean Properties Temperature of Ocean Water Warm water is less dense than cold water; therefor it forms a thin layer on the surface of the water. The deeper you descend the colder the water gets. Changes with Depth Decreasing Temperature: As you descend through the ocean, the water temperature decreases Increasing Pressure: Pressure increases continuously with the depth of the ocean. To observe the depth of the ocean, scientist must use a submersible, an underwater vehicle built of materials that resist pressure. Deep cold water, holds more gas than shallow water.

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Gases in Ocean Water Three gases in the Ocean Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Nitrogen (N2) Carbon Dioxide is about 60 times more plentiful in the ocean as in the air. Algae need CO2 for photosynthesis Coral use CO2 for the carbon in order to build their hard skeletons Oxygen is more plentiful near the surface of the water The amount of oxygen is affected by the temperature of the water. The colder the water the more dissolved oxygen. Respiration releases energy from stored carbohydrates and produces CO2 and water as byproducts.

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Earths Ocean Food Web: all of the feeding relationships that exist in a habitat make up this. Terrestrial: Living on land Aquatic: Living in ocean. Ocean organisms generally belong to several food chains that are linked to form a food web Algae in the ocean are important food source as well as a source of dissolved and atmospheric oxygen The most abundant plants in the ocean are phytoplankton Ocean food chains and webs are also connected to land-dwelling organisms

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Marine Ecosystems: Oceanographers divide the oceans into zone depending on how far down sunlight penetrates. Why? Photic Zone Neritic Zone The shallow water over the continental shelf receives sunlight and a steady supply of nutrients washed from the land and a steady supply of nutrients washed from the land into the ocean. The light and nutrients enable large plantlike algae to grow. Coral Reefs Coral reefs are created by colonies of tiny coral animals, each of which is not much larger than a pencil eraser. Environment of coral reefs Live in shallow, tropical ocean waters Kelp Forests Kelp forests grow in cold, neritic waters where the ocean has a rocky floor.

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Open Ocean (Pelagic Zone) The open ocean differs from the neritic zone in two important ways: Only a small part of the open ocean receives sunlight The water has fewer nutrients Increased fish population near the surface is primarily due to upwelling of nutrients from the lower regions of the ocean. Upwelling: A process in which cold, often nutrient-rich waters from the ocean depths rise to the surface. Happens when warm surface water near coastal areas is blown off shore by winds, this creates a condition in which the cold water near the bottom of the ocean rises, carrying sediment and organic material to the surface. Approximately half of the fish caught in the world come from an upwelling.

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Abyssal Plain Benthic Zone Extremophiles Hydrothermal vents Are driven by heat from volcanism beneath the sea floor Cold Seeps Provide nutrients that bacteria and other organisms can utilize in order produce their own food through the process of chemosynthesis Release methane gas

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Living Resources Harvesting Fish Fisheries today provide about 16% of the worlds protein. Aquaculture: The farming of saltwater and freshwater organisms Other Ocean Products Algae is an ingredient in many household products Detergents Shampoos Cosmetics Paints Ice Cream Sediments that contain diatoms are use for abrasives and polishes. Non-Living Resources Water Fuels Oils Government permission must be obtained. Minerals

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Protecting Earths Oceans Dredging: scraping and pulling from the shallow depths of the ocean floor. Clouds of sediment rise up interfering with photosynthetic processes of phytoplankton and other marine life. Turbidity: the cloudiness of the water Introduces previously undisturbed heavy metals into the ocean food chain Drilling for oil offshore Geologist locate potential oil wells beneath the ocean floor through magnetic or seismic surveys.

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Oceans Technology and Exploration Sonar Sound Navigation and Ranging Used to map the ocean floor Scuba Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Enables divers to go to depths of up to 40 meters

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Remote Underwater Manipulator Controlled by a computer aboard a ship Takes photos and maps out the ocean floor without a crew aboard Deep Flight Aviator Maneuver faster and easier than other submersibles Passengers can see more too

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Submersibles Enables divers to explore up to 11 km when first used. Satellites Makes million of observations about the ocean a day Can provide data on rapidly changing ocean conditions Temperature Algae Growth patterns Movements of large schools of fish