Essential Words for the TOEFL - PDFDrive€¦ · Essential Words for the TOEFL answers these...

AcknowledgmentWithloveandappreciation,Iwouldliketorecognize

StephanieMatthiesenforthespecialcontributionsshehasmadetothis6theditionofEssentialWordsfortheTOEFL.

Thisebookmayappeardifferentlydependingonwhattypeofdeviceyouareusingtoviewiton.Pleaseadjustyourdeviceaccordingly.

Thisebookcontainshyperlinksthatwillhelpyounavigatethroughthecontent,bringyoutohelpfulresources,andallowyoutoclickbetweenpracticequestionsandanswerexplanations.

Copyright©2014,2011,2007,2004,1999,1992byBarron’sEducationalSeries,Inc.

Allrightsreserved.

Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutthewrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner.

Allinquiriesshouldbeaddressedto:Barron’sEducationalSeries,Inc.250WirelessBoulevardHauppauge,NewYork11788www.barronseduc.com

eISBN:978-1-4380-9263-8

http://www.barronseduc.com

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION:SuccessontheTOEFLMaximizingYourVocabularyPotential—ADescriptionofThis

Program

CHAPTER1:GettingtoKnowtheTOEFLWhatIstheTOEFL?AbouttheiBT(Internet-BasedTOEFL)AbouttheITPTOEFL(InstitutionalTOEFLProgram)TheiBTSection1:ReadingSection2:ListeningSection3:SpeakingSection4:WritingTheITP(ThePaper-BasedTOEFL)Section1:ListeningSection2:StructureandWrittenExpressionSection3:ReadingComprehensionSomeHelpfulHintsforBothFormatsoftheTOEFL

CHAPTER2:UnderstandingtheTOEFLReadingSectionSampleQuestionsStrategyfortheiBTandITPTOEFL

CHAPTER3:ImprovingYourTOEFLVocabularyTheImportanceofReading…ALot!MakeFlashCardsMakeWordListsLearnWordsfromOldTOEFLsLearntheWordsinThisBook

LearntoUseaThesaurus

CHAPTER4:BuildingYourTOEFLVocabularyDevelopingWordAttackSkillsImportantVocabularyBuildingTools

CHAPTER5:TheEssentialTOEFLVocabularyStudyingtheWordEntriesAnsweringPhrasalQuestionsLessons1–30AnswerstoExercises:Lessons1–30

CHAPTER6:TheiBTPracticeTestGeneralDirectionsiBTReadingSectionAnswerstoiBTPracticeTestScoringYouriBTPracticeTestiBTandITPReadingSectionScoreConversionTables

INTRODUCTION

SUCCESSONTHETOEFL

WhatvocabularyisnecessarytoscorehighontheTOEFL?Whyisitespeciallyimportanttohaveastrongvocabularyforthecurrent

TOEFL?WhymustIimprovemyvocabularyandhowcanIsucceed?

HowcanIbeabetterTOEFLtesttaker?

EssentialWordsfortheTOEFLanswersthesequestionsandprovidesyouwithaprovenplanforimprovingyourEnglishvocabularywhilealsopreparingyoufortheTOEFL.ThewordsandpracticequestionsthatappearthroughoutthisbookwillhelpyoutomaximizeyourunderstandingofwordsthatwilllikelyappearineverysectionoftheTOEFL.Importantinformationabouthowtomaximizeyourscore on the TOEFL is given in addition to vocabulary building hints andexercises.Byfollowingtheprogramandmasteringthewordsinthisbook,youwillbereadytoearnahigherscoreontheTOEFL.This6theditionofEssentialWordsfortheTOEFLhasanextensive,revised

listof500wordswithimprovedexercisesandupdatedreadingselections.ThiseditionmakesEssentialWordsoneofthemostthoroughlyresearchedbooksofitskind.ItistheproductofextensivestudyofpreviousTOEFLsandacademicmaterials fromwhich thequestionson theTOEFLareproduced.The resultofthisresearchisthispowerfulbookofwordsthatwillleadyoutosuccessontheTOEFL.

MAXIMIZINGYOURVOCABULARYPOTENTIAL—ADESCRIPTIONOFTHISPROGRAM

This book is divided into six chapters. This introduction gives you basicinformationabouttheircontentsandhowtousethebook.Let’s lookat thesixchapters.

GettingtoKnowtheiBT

Chapter1describesthecompleteiBTtestformatandcontainssamplequestionsfromeachpart.Thequestions are explained indetail and test-taking strategiesareintroduced.

UnderstandingtheInternet-BasedTOEFLChapter2describes the importanceofbuildingastrongvocabulary inorder toscorewell on the iBT.Youwill find sample readingpassages typical of thosefoundinSectionOneoftheiBTwithadetailedanalysisofthekindsofwordsand questions that are found on the TOEFL. In this chapter you will learnimportant strategies and hints to follow that will increase the probability ofmaximizingyourscoreontheTOEFL.

ImprovingYourTOEFLVocabularyChapter 3 gives you a plan for studying vocabulary. You should use the planwhenstudyingthewordsinthisbook.

BuildingYourTOEFLVocabularyChapter 4 provides powerful information that helps you build your TOEFLvocabulary. Youwill be introduced to “roots, prefixes, and suffixes”; parts ofwordsthatprovideoraddmeaning.Youwillalsobeintroducedtodictionaryandthesaurususe,bothprintandonlineresourcesthatcontributetoanystrategytobuildyourTOEFLvocabulary.

TheEssentialTOEFLVocabularyBarron’sTOEFLVocabularyBuildingProgram is explained inChapter5.ThecarefullyselectedwordsthatappearonthelistareimportantforallTOEFLtesttakers.Anexplanationoftheprogramisgiven,includinghowtostudythelist,howtounderstandthewords,andhowtofollowtheprogramfrombeginningtoend.Thirtycarefullydevelopedvocabularylessonsfollowtheexplanation.Eachlessonendswithpracticequestions like those that appearonboth the iBTandtheITP,thepaper-basedTOEFL.

TheiBTPracticeReadingTestChapter6containsacompletepracticeiBTreadingtest,typicalofthosefoundinSection3oftheTOEFL.ThetestgivesyoupracticewithreadingcomprehensionandvocabularyquestionsthatcloselyfollowtheiBTformat.Attheconclusionofthepracticetest,youwillbeabletoassessyouriBTknowledgeandskillsbyusingtheincludedanswerkeyandconversiontablestoconvertyournumberofcorrectanswerstoascoreontheTOEFLscale.BoththeiBTandITPscalesare

included.Chapter6isfollowedbyanindexofthe500essentialwordspresentedinthisbook,followedbythepagenumberwherethewordcanbefoundinthetext.

AFinalWordThe6theditionofEssentialWordsfortheTOEFLisaproductofmorethan20yearsofresearchandcontinuousupdating.AmongthethousandsofwordsthatTOEFL test makers can use, this edition of Essential Words for the TOEFLpresentsthosewordsthatarepredictablythemostlikelytoappearoftenontheiBT.Bymasteringthewordsandapplyingthestrategiespresentedinthisbook,youwillbewellonyourwaytoahigherscoreontheTOEFL.

StevenMatthiesen

CHAPTER1

GETTINGTOKNOWTHETOEFL

WHATISTHETOEFL?The TOEFL is a comprehensive English language examination that helpscolleges and universities in the United States, Canada, and other parts of theworldmakeadmissiondecisions.ItisalsousedbysomeorganizationstocertifyprofessionalstopracticetheirvocationsbothintheUnitedStatesandabroad.

ABOUTTHEiBT(INTERNET-BASEDTOEFL)For many years, the TOEFL was administered only in a paper-based format.Examinees marked their answers with a pencil on an answer sheet. The testprimarily assessed listening comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and readingskills.Then,beginning in1998, theEducationalTestingService (themakeroftheTOEFL)beganofferingacomputer-basedTOEFLknownastheiBT.Takingadvantageofadvancesintechnology,theiBTexpandedtherangeofskillstestedbyaddingspeakingandwritingsectionstothetestaswellasintegratingreading,grammar,andvocabularyskillstomimichowweuselanguageeveryday.

ABOUTTHEITPTOEFL(INSTITUTIONALTOEFLPROGRAM)Some educational institutions use a paper-based TOEFL, known as the ITPTOEFL. The Educational Testing Service makes this form of the TOEFLavailable to institutionswhooften use the test to generally assess individuals’English language skills for placement purposes. Institutions also use results toassesstheeffectivenessoftheirEnglishlanguageinstructionalprograms.TheseTOEFLsaretypicallypreviouslyadministeredpaper-basedTOEFLs.Generally,colleges and universities do not accept ITPTOEFL scores in place of an iBTscore.ThetwoversionsoftheTOEFLarequitedifferent.Adescriptionofbothformatsfollows.

THEiBTTheiBTisatimedtestthatconsistsofthefoursectionslistedbelow.

Section1 Reading 60–100minutes3–4Passages 12–14questionsperpassage

Section2 Listening 60–90minutes2–3Conversations 5questionsperconversation4–6Lectures 6questionsperlecture

Section3 Speaking 20minutes2IndependentTasks4IntegratedTasks

Section4 Writing 50minutes1IntegratedTask1IndependentTask

SECTION1:READING

TheiBTreadingsectionispresentedintwoformats.TheshortformatiBTgivesyouthreepassagesofapproximately700words.Thelongformatcontainsfourpassages.Aftereachpassage,youwillanswer12–14 testquestions. IfyouaretakingthelongformatiBT,onlythreesetsofthetestquestionswillbeanswered.Theresponses to thequestionsfor theother twopassageswillbeevaluatedbyETSforuseonfutureiBTs.Youwillhave60minutestoreadallofthepassagesand respond to the questions (100 minutes for the long format). You will beallowed to take notes while you read. You will see some words or phraseshighlighted.Youmayseeanexplanationordefinitionofthewordorphrasebyclickingonit.Themajority of questions in this section are in themultiple-choice format.

MakeyouranswerchoiceforeachandproceedtothenextquestionbyclickingonNext.Toreturntothepreviousquestion,clickonBack.Atanytime,youcanclick on Review to see a list of the questions that you have and have notanswered.Youmayreturntoanyquestionwhileyouareworkingonthissection,butonceyouhaveleftthereadingsection,youmaynotreturntoit.AclockwillappearonthescreentohelpyoumanageyourtimeInthissection,youfirstreadthe passage completely. You do so by using the scroll bar to view the entirepassageon thescreen.Thecomputerwillnotgiveyou thequestionsuntilyouhavescrolledtheentirereadingselection.Atthatpoint,clickonNext.There are different response formats in the reading section. These involve

clickingonaword,phrase,orsentence.Vocabularyitemsareusuallytestedbyaskingyoutoclickonanotherwordinthetext thatmeansthesamethingasaboldedword.Sometimesyouwill be asked to clickona sentenceorgroupofsentenceswhere the answer to a particular question canbe found.Sometimes,youmaybeaskedtoinsertasentenceintothetext.Oncohesionitems,youwillbeaskedtoclickonthewordorphraseintheboldedpartofthepassagethatthecohesionwordrefersto.Afteryouclickonthewordorphrase,itwilldarken.Finally,thenewesttypeoftestquestion(“readingtolearn”)willrequireyou

tocompleteasummaryorfillinachartbyselectingwhichprovidedtextoptionstoinclude.Thesummaryquestionsareworthuptotwopointseachandthechartquestions are worth three to four points, depending on whether five or sevenoptionsarepresented.

SECTION2:LISTENINGThelisteningsectionoftheiBTtestsyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglishthat is typically found on the campuses of colleges and universities. Thelistening tasks are those that are typical of social and academic conversationsfoundinthesesettings.Therearetwoformatsforthelisteningsection.Intheshortlisteningsection,

you will hear two conversations and four lectures. The long format containsthreeconversationsandsixlectures.Eachconversationandlecturerequiresyouto respond to five or six questions, most of which are multiple choice. Theresponses to thequestionsof theextraconversationand lecturesdonotcount.ThequestionswillbeevaluatedbyETSforuseonfutureiBTs.Sinceyoudonotknowwhichpassageswillcount,itisimportantforyoutodoyourbestonallofthetestquestions.Youhave25minutesontheshortformatlisteningsectionand30onthelongformatsection.Aclockappearsonthescreentohelpyoumanageyourtime.Itdoesnotincludethetimewhileyouarelisteningtothelecturesandconversations.Youwill hear each lecture and conversation and each of the questions only

one time.Youare allowed to takenotes asyou listen anduse them to answerquestions.Onceaquestionisanswered,youarenotallowedtoreturntoit,sobesuretochooseyouranswerscarefully.On the iBT, stimuli will come to you through headphones, not through an

audioCDasisthecasewiththeITPTOEFL.OntheiBT,youwillbothseeandheareachquestion;on the ITPTOEFL,youonlyhear thequestion.Followingthequestion,theanswerchoicesappearonthescreen;thequestionstaysonthe

screen until you have made your response. For multiple-choice items, eachoptionisprecededbyanoval[ ],insteadoftheletters(A),(B),(C),or(D).OntheiBT,youwillbetoldboththecontextandthetopicoftheconversation.

The extended conversations typically involve amain presenter who gives theinformation, and one or two other persons who ask questions of the mainpresenter. All speakers are pictured on the screen. Each stimulus is normallyfollowedbythreeorfourquestionsonwhatwassaid.The iBT lecturesalso includean introduction that tellsyouwho is speaking

andthetopic.GoingbacktotheminitalkonChicago,theintroductionmightbeasfollows:“ListentoatourguideashetellsagroupofvisitorsaboutthecityofChicago.”IntheiBTlectures,thepresentationsusuallysimulatealecturebyaprofessor

who isusingvisuals.Theprofessorand thevisualsaredepictedon thescreen.Usingyourmouse,youanswereachquestion,afteritisasked.TheiBTusesagreatervarietyofresponsetypes.Forexample,theremaybe

morethanonecorrectanswerandyouwillbeaskedtoclickontheovalnexttoallcorrectanswers.Wheneverthereismorethanonecorrectanswer,youwillbetoldhowmanycorrectanswersyoushouldidentify.Toseeanexample,readtheminitalk about Chicago. Then answer the following question: What can beinferredabouttheweatherinChicago?(Clickon2answers)

Itisinfluencedbyaglacier.Summersareunpleasantlywarm.Thewindisusuallyaccompaniedbycold.Itisverydryduringthewintermonths.Itistemperateandstable.

In theaboveexample,youwouldclickontheoval to the leftofsecondandthirdstatement.Sometimes,aresponseformatisvisual.Inthatcase,youclickonthecorrect

visualwith yourmouse.Sometimes, a responsewill involvematching. In thatcase,youmustclassifyeachnewpieceofinformationyouaregivenintothreeorfour categories, according to classifications or distinctions you learned whenreadingthestimulus.Youdothiswithyourmouse.

SECTION3:SPEAKINGThe speaking section tests your ability to use spoken English in academic

settings. This section contains six speaking tasks. Each task requires you torespond to a single question, a talk, conversation, or lecture. The tasks willrequireyoutolistentoalectureorconversationortoreadashortpassage.Youwill then respond toaquestion.Youmay takenotesanduse themtohelpyourespondtothequestions.Your speakingproficiency is evaluatedon thegeneral fluency and accuracy

withwhichyouusetheEnglishlanguage.The speaking section lasts 20 minutes. You are given 45 to 60 seconds to

respondtoeachquestion.Beforerespondingtoquestions,youwillbegiven15to 20 seconds to think about how you will respond to the question. A clockappearsonthescreentohelpyoumanageyourtime.

SECTION4:WRITINGThe writing section tests your ability to perform the writing tasks that aretypicallyrequiredincollegecourses.In the iBT,youwill respondto twowritingprompts.Thereare twotypesof

writingtasks,anintegratedessaytaskandanindependentwritingtask.The integratedessay taskcombines the languageskillsof reading, listening,

andwriting.Youwillreadashortpassage,hearashortlectureonthetopic,andthenwrite

anessayinresponsetoaspecificsetofdirectionsfor theessay.Youmaytakenotesanduse them tohelpyouwriteyouressay.Youwillhave20minutes toplanandwriteyouressay.The independent writing task asks you to give your opinion on a familiar

topic.Youwillhave30minutestoplanandwriteyouressay.Aclockappearsonthescreentohelpyoumanageyourtimeasyoucomplete

youressays.

THEITP(THEPAPER-BASEDTOEFL)Thepaper-basedITPTOEFLisatimedtestthatconsistsofthreesections.Itisadministered in two forms: Level 1 (Intermediate to Advanced) and Level 2(HighBeginningtoIntermediate).Throughouttheyears,theEducationalTestingServicehasdeterminedwhichquestionsfrompreviouslyadministeredTOEFLsareappropriateforeachofthetwoTOEFLlevels.TheLevel1TOEFLislongerthantheLevel2test,buteachformofthetesthasthesametypesofquestions.SectionOnetestsListeningComprehension,SectionTwo,StructureandWrittenExpression,andSectionThree,ReadingComprehension.Here is theformatofeachsection:TOEFLITP—LEVEL1(IntermediatetoAdvanced)Section1 ListeningComprehension 50questions

35minutesPartA ShortConversations 30questionsPartB ExtendedConversations 7–8questionsPartC Minitalks 12–13questions

Section2 StructureandWrittenExpression

40questions

25minutesPartA Structure 15questionsPartB WrittenExpression 25questions

Section3 ReadingComprehension 50questions55minutes

TOTAL 115minutes

TOEFLITP—LEVEL1(IntermediatetoAdvanced)Section1 ListeningComprehension 30questions

22minutes

Section2 StructureandWrittenExpression 25questions17minutes

Section3 ReadingComprehension 40questions31minutes

TOTAL 70minutes

SECTION1:LISTENINGThis section of the TOEFL tests your ability to understand spoken AmericanEnglish.Afteryouheartapedconversationsyouwillanswerquestions.

ShortConversationsPartAcontainsshortdialogsbetweentwopeoplefollowedbyaquestionaboutwhatthepeoplesaidintheirconversation.Theymayhavedifferentpurposesforspeaking to each other. A speaker may give advice, apologize, or ask forinformation. Generally, key information is found in the second speaker’ssentence.Youwillneedtounderstandthemeaningoftheconversationandalsothecontext,suchasthetimeorplaceinwhichitcouldoccur.Thecorrectchoiceistheonethatdirectlyanswersthequestion.

YOUWILLHEAR:(Man) Didyougettogoshoppinglastnight?(Woman) They’dalreadylockedthedoorsbythetimeIgot

there.(Man) Whatdoesthewomanmean?

YOUWILLSEE:(A)Shearrivedintimetoshop.(B)Shewastoolate.(C)Shelockedthedoors.(D)Shehadtobuythedoor.

Thecorrectchoiceis(B).Sincethedoorswerelockedwhenshearrived,shecouldnothavegoneshopping.Notethattheotherchoicesusewordsheardintheconversation. Choices that contain suchwords are usually not correct. Part AcontainssamplesofinformalAmericanEnglish.Idiomaticexpressionsandtwo-wordverbsarecommoninthispart.

ExtendedConversationsInPartByouwillhearextendedconversationsbetweentwoormorepeople,astudent and either aprofessoror a campus serviceprovider.Usually, there aretwo conversations, and the language ismore formal.After each conversation,therearebetweenthreeandfourspokenquestionsaboutitscontent.Chooseyour

answerfromamongthefourchoicesthatappearinyourtestbooklet.Theextendedconversationsandminitalks(seebelow)aregenerallypreceded

byanintroductorystatementthattellsyouthecontextfortheconversation.Payparticularattentiontothisinformationasitpreparesyouforwhatfollows.

MinitalksPartCcontainsshortpresentationsgivenbyasinglespeaker.Thereareusuallythree.TheEnglishinthissectionisgenerallymoreacademic,typicalofEnglishlectures that take place in a university or college setting. There are generallythree lectures followedby four to fivespokenquestionsabout itscontent.Youmay take noteswhile you listen and refer back to themwhen you answer thequestions.Chooseyouranswerfromamongthefourchoicesthatappearinyourtestbooklet.Lookattheexampleoftheminitalkbelow.

YOUWILLHEAR:Listentothistalkbyatouristguide.(Man) Goodmorningladiesandgentlemen.Welcometothistourofoneof

thenation’smostimportantcities,Chicago.Beforewebegin,I’dliketogiveyousomebackgroundinformationthatwillmakethetourmoreenjoyableforyou.Thecitywasfoundedin1837.ItsstrategiclocationonLakeMichiganquicklymadeitthecenterofcommercefortheMidwestsectionofthecountry.ItcurrentlyisthethirdlargestmetropolitanareaintheUnitedStates.Thecity’ssiteisgenerallylevel,builtmostlyonaglacialplain.ThenarrowChicagoRiverextendsonemileinlandfromLakeMichigan,whereitsplits,dividingthecityintoNorth,West,andSouthsides.Chicago’sweatherissubjecttorapidchanges,butgenerallytheclimateiscoldandwindyinthewinter,andhotandhumidinthesummer.

(Woman) WhatgaveChicagoanadvantageoverotherMidwesterncities?

YOUWILLSEE:(A)Itslevelsite.(B)ItslocationonLakeMichigan.(C)Itslargepopulation.(D)ItslocationalongtheChicagoRiver.

According to theminitalk, (B)would be the correct choice.Remember thatyouwillnothaveawrittencopyof the speaker’spresentationor conversationandyouwillonlyhearitonce.Youmustconcentrateondetails,suchasnames,dates,andthemainideaoftheselectionthatyouhear.Donotreadthechoicesas

youlistentothetalk.Listencarefullyandtrytorememberwhatyouhear.

SECTION2:STRUCTUREANDWRITTENEXPRESSIONThissectioncontainstwotypesofquestions,bothdesignedtotestyourabilitytorecognize correct style and grammar in written English. The sentences areacademic; ones that you typically find in college-level texts, journals, andencyclopedias.Thesentencetopicsincludethesocialsciences,physicalandlifesciences,andthehumanities.

StructureThestructurequestionstestyourabilitytorecognizecorrectstructureandwordorder.These questions consist of a sentencewith one ormorewordsmissing.Youmustmakethechoicethatbestcompletesthesentence.Hereisanexampleofthistypeofquestion.

YOUWILLSEE:________ashorttimeaftertheCivilWar,Atlantahasbecometheprincipal center of transportation, commerce, and finance in the southeasternUnitedStates.

(A)Whilerebuilt(B)Itwasrebuilt(C)Rebuilt(D)Whenrebuilt

Thecorrect choice is (C).Theother choicesmake the sentence incorrectorawkward.

WrittenExpressionThewrittenexpressionquestionstestyourabilitytorecognizeerrorsingrammaror expression. These questions consist of complete sentences with fourunderlined words or phrases. You must identify the underlined part of thesentence that needs to be changed in order to make the sentence correct. Anexamplefollows.

YOU WILL SEE: The Navajo Indians have displayed a marked ability to(A)(B)incorporateaspectsofotherculturesintoachanging,(C)flexibilitylifestyle.

(D)

Thecorrectchoiceis(D).Flexibility,anoun,appearswhereanadjectivemustoccur.Inadditiontoinappropriatepartsofspeech,besuretocheckformissingwordsandextrawordsthatareinappropriateforthecontext.

SECTION3:READINGCOMPREHENSIONGood reading skills and an ample vocabulary are keys to doing well on allsectionsoftheTOEFL.InthissectionoftheTOEFL,theseskillsarespecificallytested.ManyTOEFLtesttakerscomplainthattheydonothaveenoughtimetocarefullyanswerallquestionsinthissection.Itisveryimportantthatyoufollowthe instructions in this book, so that youwill use all the allotted time to youradvantage.

ReadingComprehensionItemsYourabilitytoreadandunderstandcollege-levelreadingmaterialistestedonthispartoftheTOEFL.Youwillfindfiveorsixreadingpassages,eachfollowedbyninetoelevenquestions.Youmustworkquicklyandefficiently.Hereisasamplepassage.

YOUWILLSEE:Alenshasoneormorecurvedsurfacesthatrefract,orbend,lightrayspassingthroughittoformanimageonasurfacebeyondthelens.Examplesofsuchsurfacesaretheretinaoftheeyeoramoviescreen.Thedistancefrom

(5) thelenstothefocalplaneisknownasfocallength.Incameras,telescopes,andsimilardevices,thelensisturnedonascrew-threadmountingtoadjustthefocallength.Thisactionallowsfocusingofimagesofobjectsatvariousdistances.Inthehumaneye,focallengthis

(10) adjustedbymusclesthatalterthelenscurvature.Lightraysofdifferentcolorsarebentbyvaryingdegreesastheypassthroughacurvedsurface.Thiscausesadistortionoftheimage,knownaschromaticaberration.Incameras,sharpimagesareobtainedbyarrangingtwo

(15) ormorelensessothattheaberrationofonecancelsouttheaberrationofanother.Suchanarrangementoflensesiscalledanachromaticlens.

YOUWILLSEE:Accordingtothepassage,whatisfocallength?(A)Acurvedsurfacethatrefractslight(B) The distance from the focal plane to the lens (C)Adjustment by the

muscles that alters lens curvature (D) The degree that light rays ofdifferent colors are bent by the lens This is a factual question. Theinformationneededtoanswerthisquestionisdirectlystatedinthetext.Choice(B)isthecorrectanswer.Somequestionswillaskyoutodrawconclusionsbasedonmaterialinthepassage;otherswillaskaboutthemainideaofaselection.Somemayevenaskwhatinformationdoesnotappearinthepassage.

VocabularyItemsThevocabularyquestionsinthissectiontestyourEnglishvocabulary.Therearebetween 12 and 17 questions focusing on specific words from the readingpassage.Eachwordistakenfromaspecificlineinthetext;thelineisreferredtoin the question. You must choose the word that has the same meaning fromamongthefourchoicesgiven.Here’sanexamplefromtheprevioustext.

YOU WILL SEE: The word “distortion” in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A)classification

(B)deformation(C)reaction(D)reflection

The word that is the closest in meaning to the tested word, distortion, ischoice(B).AdditionalhintsforvocabularyquestionscanbefoundinChapter2.

CohesionItemsAnother type of question that is used to test reading comprehension is calledcohesion. Cohesion occurs when elements of a passage are linked to otherelements. Cohesion allows the author to refer to previously mentionedinformation,anditallowsthereadertokeeppreviouslymentionedinformationinmindwhilecontinuingtoreadthepassage.Tounderstandcohesionwhenitisused, one must understand the passage. Thus, TOEFL uses cohesion to testreadingcomprehension.Cohesionitemstypically testobjectpronouns(it, they,them)anddemonstrativepronouns(this, these, those).Hereisanexampleofaquestionthatinvolvescohesion.

YOUWILLSEE:Theword“This”inline12refersto(A)surface(B)adjusting(C)light(D)bending

Thewordthat“this”referstoisbending,option(D).AtypicalversionoftheTOEFLwillcontainaboutfivesuchitems,oranaverageofoneperpassage.

SOMEHELPFULHINTSFORBOTHFORMATSOFTHETOEFL

You can get most of the answers to your questions about the TOEFL atwww.ets.org/toefl.Informationontestingcenters,practicequestions,andgeneraldescriptionsof

theTOEFLcanbefoundattheofficialTOEFLwebsite.OnallpartsoftheTOEFL,besuretoanswerallquestions.OntheiBT,you

arepenalizedfornotansweringquestions.Onmultiple-choicetestitems,ifyoumust guess, choose (B) or (C), since they are slightly more likely to be thecorrectresponsetothequestionthan(A)or(D).OntheiBT,somequestionswillhavemorethanoneanswer,particularlyifthe

questiondealswith factual informationpresented as a series in thepassageortext.Aboxunderaquestionmaytellyouto“Clickontwoanswers.”Youmayalsohavetomanipulatedatawiththemouse.Forexample,youmaybegivenaseriesofeventstoplaceinaspecificorder.Youwillclickonthesentencesanddragthemtotheappropriateslotsthatappearonthetestitemscreen.Because the iBT requires agreatervarietyof response formats, always read

thedirectionsforeachtestitemcarefully.Askyourself,“WhatdoIneedtodohere?”Manage your time wisely! Both the ITP TOEFL and iBT are timed. The

amountof timeavailable is stated at thebeginningof each section. If you aretaking the ITP TOEFL, be sure to wear a watch (deactivate any sounds yourwatchmaymakebeforeenteringthetestsession)andbeawareofthetimeyouhaveremaining.NowatchesareallowedintheroomfortheiBT.Whetheryouare taking the iBT or the ITP TOEFL, you should become familiar with thedirectionsandtheexamplesforeachsectionbeforeyoutakethetests.Remember, when time has expired on a section, you may not return to it.

Workquicklyandaccurately.If itseemsobvioustoyouthatyouwillnothave

http://www.ets.org/toefl

enoughtimetofinishasectionoftheTOEFL,GUESSanswers(B)or(C).In the reading section of the iBT, youmay skip questions, or go back and

change answers. However, do notwaste time doing this unless you are fairlycertain that you have made a mistake! You cannot return to questions in apreviouspartonceyouhaveclickedonContinueafterthelastquestioninthatpart.Changeyouransweronlyifyoufindabetteranswer.Prepareyourselfforthetest.Beingwellpreparedwillgiveyoutheconfidence

you need to achieve the very best result for you. In addition to this book,Barron’s TOEFL iBT (Internet Based Test) provides you with practical hintsdesigned tohelpyoumaximizeyourTOEFLscore, aCD-ROMthatsimulatesthe experience of taking the iBT, and academic skills hints, including tips onnotetaking,paraphrasing,summarizing,andsynthesizing.

CHAPTER2

UNDERSTANDINGTHETOEFLREADINGSECTION

DevelopingagoodEnglishvocabularyisthemostimportantwaytoprepareforthevocabularyyouwill see andhear on theTOEFL. It is also a goodway toprepare for the test generally. In addition to developing a good Englishvocabulary,itisveryimportanttoknowthekindofvocabularyyouwillseeontheTOEFLandtounderstandhowitistested.ThereadingsectionoftheiBTcontainsapproximatelythreetofivepassages

with12–14questionsforeachpassage.IntheITP,therearefourtofivereadingpassagesandupto50questions.It is importantforyoutorememberthatyourgeneralvocabularyistestedinallsectionsoftheTOEFL.However,itisinthissection of the TOEFL where your knowledge of specific vocabulary items istested.Passagesfromwhichvocabularyquestionsaredrawnarewritteninaformal,

academic style, typical of most college-or university-level texts and journals.The topics of these passages are those a first-year college student in NorthAmericawouldbelikelytoencounter.ThetopicscomefromsuchareasastheNatural Sciences, Business, Liberal Arts, and the Social Sciences. SomepassagescontainreferencestoNorthAmericanplacesandpersonalities.Otherswill refer tohistoricaleventsandmay includedates. It is important foryou tounderstand that your knowledge of these North American places andpersonalitiesisnevertestedontheTOEFL.YoudonothavetobefamiliarwiththecontentofthepassagestobesuccessfulonthissectionoftheTOEFL.

SAMPLEQUESTIONS

The following passage and the questions that follow are used to illustrate anddiscuss the types of reading comprehension questions and tasks that you willfindontheTOEFL.First,asawarm-up,youwillreadasamplepassagefortheITP and work through the test questions. Then you will read a sample iBTpassageandworkthroughthosequestions.

Throughasomewhatcontroversialprocess,Hawaiiwasthelastterritory tobecomea state. In1842, theUnitedStates recognizedtheKingdomofHawaiiasan independentcountry. Insubsequentyears,Americans and other foreign groupsmoved to the islands.They began to influence local politics. In 1887, Hawaiian KingKalakaua gave the United States exclusive rights to use PearlHarborasanavalbase inexchange forcertain tradingprivileges.[A ]AftertheKingdied,hissister,QueenLiliuokalani,followedhimtothethrone.In1894,abloodlessrevolutionledbyAmericanbusinessmen removed her from office. She was replaced byStanfordB.Dole.With the supportof theAmericans running thelocalgovernment,HawaiibecameaU.S.territoryin1900.[B ]In1959,theU.S.CongressapprovedlegislationpermittingHawaiitoconvert to statehood. [C ] Shortly afterward, Hawaiians votedalmost17to1infavorofstatehood.[D ]

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?DemocracyinHawaiiThehistoryofHawaiianmonarchs The evolution of Hawaii’s political status AmericanmilitarycontrolinHawaiiOntheITPTOEFL,youwoulddarken theovalcontaining the letter (C) onyour answersheet.

2.Theword“controversial”isclosestinmeaningtoadversarialremarkablegratifyingdebatable

This typeofvocabulary item is typicallyusedon the ITPTOEFL.Thecorrectresponseis(D).

3.Theword“They”inthepassagereferstotheUnitedStatesAmericansandotherforeigngroups insubsequentyearstheislands

Thisisanantecedentquestion.Theitemtestswhetheryouunderstandwhattheyrefersto.Thecorrectansweris(B).

4.Lookatthephrase“inexchangefor”inthepassage.InsayingthattheUnitedStatesgotexclusiveaccesstoPearlHarbor“inexchangeforcertaintradingprivileges,”theauthormeanstheUnitedStates: tradedaccesstoitsmarketsforanavalbaseinHawaii.offeredtorentthelanditneededforabaseinHawaii.absorbedHawaiibygrantingitmembershipintheunion. was excluded by the Hawaiian king from Hawaiianmarkets.

Thisisawholephraseitem.It testswhetheryoucanseparatelyunderstandthewordsinagroupandthenassemblethemtoarriveatanunderstandingoftheirmeaning as a group. One clue to the meaning of this phrase is the wordexchange.Sinceyouarealreadyfamiliarwithexchangingmoneyorexchangingaddresses,youcanprobablyguessthatthishassomethingtodowithatwo-waytransfer—in this case, the right to use some land inHawaii for access toU.S.markets.Onceyouhavepiecedtogetherthelargercontext,itiseasiertoseethatthecorrect response is (A), tradedaccess to itsmarkets foranavalbase inHawaii.

5. According to the passage, which of the following is trueaboutKingKalakaua?HewasreplacedbyStanfordB.Dole.HemadeatradeagreementwiththeUnitedStates.Hewelcomedforeigngroupsintotheisland.Hesupportedbloodlessrevolution.

This is anexampleof a factquestion.The response to thequestion isdirectlystated in thepassage.Youwoulddarkencircle (B), sincehewas the leaderofHawaiiwhogave theUnitedStatesexclusivemilitary rights inexchange foratradeagreement.

6.WhydoestheauthormentionAmericansandforeigngroupsinthepassage?Theyexertedapowerfulinfluenceinlocalpolitics.

TheypromotedtradebetweenHawaiiandothercountries.TheyapprovedlegislationgivingHawaiiitsstatehood. They supportedQueenLiliuokalani’s plan to remain anindependentnation.

Thisitemrequiresyoutoidentifytheauthor’spurposeformentioningaspecificfact in thepassage.Youwoulddarkencircle (A), since theforeigngroups thatarrived in Hawaii did, indeed, exert great political power in local Hawaiianpolitics.

7. Find the phrase “in favor of” in the passage. In saying that“Hawaiiansvoted17 to1 in favorof statehood,” the authormeansthatthey: supportedindependence.votedagainststatehood.wantedtojointheunion.becameafavoriteresort.

Here,youwoulddarkencircle (C),wantedtojointheunion. In thepassage,theword favor is a good clue to the meaning of the whole phrase, as is theadjoiningphrasevotedalmost17to1.ThisphrasestronglysuggeststhatavotehasbeentakenandthattheHawaiianssupportedstatehoodbythemargingiven.Therefore, in favor of must indicate a positive vote, or formal support for aparticularpropositionorcandidate.Examinethetaskbelow.Inthistypeoftask,youmustinsertthesentencesinto

theappropriateplaceinthepassages.Yourchoicesaremarkedwithabox[ ].

8.Lookat the four squares [ ] that showwhere the followingsentence could be inserted into the passage In so doing, itbecamethefiftiethstate.

Wherecouldthesentencebestbeadded?(A),(B),(C),or(D)

Thecorrectplacementforthissentenceis[D ].

9.Anintroductionforashortsummaryof thepassageappearsbelow. Complete the summary by choosing three of the sixchoices that best summarize the information in the passage.Somesentencesdonotbelong in thesummarybecause theyarenot includedin thepassageorareminorpointsfromthe

passage.

*ForINTERNET-BASEDTOEFL,draganddropthethreeanswers.

ThestoryofHawaii’spathtostatehoodisasubjectofcontroversy.

•

•

•

Hawaii’sclimateplayedamajorroleinitsacceptanceofstatehood. Itsagriculturalproductsweresoughtbymanynationsaroundtheworld. After the death of Hawaiian King Kalakaua, and theousting of Queen Liliuokalani, foreign interests becameintenselyinvolvedinthepoliticalmattersoftheisland. Largely due toAmerican influence in local politics, theUnitedStatesrecognizedHawaiiasanindependentnationjustbeforeachievingstatehood. An American businessman seized the opportunity thatweak leadership presented and led a peacefulmovementtoremoveQueenLiliuokalanifromherpositionofpower.DuetothepoliticalpowerthattheAmericanshadinlocalgovernment, a very close relationship formed with theUnited States that permitted the suggestion of statehoodfortheislandnation. Because of the agreements that were made betweenHawaii and the United States, Pearl Harbor was able toplayanimportantroleinWorldWarII.

The best sentences to be added to the summary are (B), (D), and (E). Youwoulddarkenthosethreecircles.

iBTReadingComprehensionSampleSinglecausationrarelyaccountsforcomplexhistoricalevents.

Instead,mostnoteworthyhistoricaleventsarecausedbyaplethoraofconditionsandevents.Forexample,manyscholarsbelievethattheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStatescanbeattributedtoseveral

(5) nationalandworldwideconditions.First,thoughitmaynothavebeenadirectcauseoftheGreat

Depression,theMississippiValleyinAmericaexperiencedaseveredroughtaroundthetimeoftheGreatDepression.Theareaaffectedincluded100,000,000acresinpartsofTexas,Oklahoma,NewMexico,

(10) Colorado,andKansas.Alongwiththedrought,farmershadnotrotatedcropsorusedcovercropstopreventerosion.Thus,whentheyplowedthetopsoil,thenaturalgrassesthatwouldnormallytrapmoistureandkeepthesoilinplaceweredisplaced.Asaresult,theregionexperiencedsevereduststormsandagriculturaldamage.

(15) [A ]Infact,theterm“DustBowl”isoftenusedtorefertothisperiodofsevereduststormswhenthesoildriedandblewawayindarkclouds.[B ]Withthelanduseless,manyfarmerscouldnotpaytheirtaxesanddebts.Theyhadlittlechoicebuttoselltheirfarmsandtraveltootherstatestofindwork,evenifitmeantmigrating

(20) fromfarmtofarmtopickfruitforlowwages.[C ]TheirplightwascapturedbytheAmericanwriterJohnSteinbeck,inbookssuchasTheGrapesofWrathandOfMiceandMen.[D ]Second,thestockmarketcrashof1929resultedinstockholders

losingmorethan$40billion.On“BlackTuesday,”October29,(25) 1929,sharepricesoftheNewYorkStockExchangeplummeted.As

stockpricesfell,moreandmoreinvestorsdecidedtoleavethestockmarket,resultinginabout16millionsharestradedonBlackTuesday.Althoughsomeprominentinvestors,suchasmembersoftheRockefellerfamily,boughtlargequantitiesofstocktodemonstrate

(30) theirconfidenceinthemarket,theireffortscouldnotpreventthecrash.Whileitistruethatthestockmarketbegantorecoverinthedaysandweeksafterthecrash,itdidnotrecoverenoughtopreventAmericafromenteringtheGreatDepression.TheGreatCrashsparkedatwelve-yeareconomicslumpthataffectedWesternindustrialized

(35) countries.Third,over9,000banksfailedduringthe1930s.Unliketoday,

bankdepositswerenotinsured,meaningthatmanypeoplelosttheir

savings.Banksalsobecamemorehesitanttoloanmoney.Fourth,

Americansstoppedpurchasingitemsand,asaresult,production(40) fell.Inturn,becauseproductionwasreduced,employersreduced

theirworkforces.Unemploymentrosetoover25percentin1933.Aspeoplelosttheirjobs,theybecameunabletopayforitemstheyboughtoninstallmentplans,andsotheirgoodswererepossessed,whichresultedinanincreaseinbusinesses’inventories.

(45) Fifthandfinally,theU.S.governmentpassedtheSmoot-HawleyTariffAct,ortheTariffActof1930.TheactwassponsoredbyU.S.SenatorReedSmoot,aRepublicanfromUtahandchairmanoftheSenateFinanceCommittee,andRepresentativeWillisC.Hawley,aRepublicanfromOregonandchairmanoftheHouseWaysand

(50) MeansCommittee.Theact,whichraisedU.S.tariffsonover20,000importedgoods,hadasitsmainpurposetheprotectionofAmericanjobsfromglobalcompetition.Theactwasnotwithoutitsopponents,however.Forexample,inMay1930,1,028economistssignedapetitionaskingPresidentHoovertovetothelegislation.HenryFord

(55) andJ.P.MorganchiefexecutiveThomasLamontalsometwiththepresidenttorequestthathevetotheact.PresidentHooveropposedthebillbutneverthelesssigneditintolaw.Foreigngovernmentsalsoopposedtheact.WhilethebillwasmovingthroughCongress,foreigngovernmentshadthreatenedretaliationbyraisingthetariff

(60) ratesonAmericangoodsimportedintotheircountries.Afterthebillwassignedintolaw,foreigngovernmentsliveduptotheirthreats.Forexample,Canada,theU.S.’slargesttradingpartner,retaliatedbyimposingnewtariffsonproductsthataccountedforapproximately30percentofU.S.exportstoCanada.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?policiesinvolvingU.S.tradecausesoftheGreatDepressionreasonsforstockmarketcrashesbookswrittenbyAmericanauthors

Youwouldclicktheovalnexttothesecondoption.

2.Thewordplethorainline2isclosestinmeaningto fewshortagecomplexityoverabundance

Thecorrectresponseis(D).

3.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingarementionedascausesoftheGreatDepressionEXCEPTbankfailurehighertariffsinstallmentplansstockmarketcrash

Thecorrectresponseis(C).

4.Findtheworditinline32.Usingyourmouse,clickonthewordorphraseinthepassagethatitrefersto.

This is anantecedentquestion.The item testswhetheryouunderstandwhatthepronounit refers to.Usingyourmouse,youwouldhighlight thephrasebyclickingonthestockmarketinthepassage.

5. According to the passage, which of the following is true about PresidentHoover?HerefusedtomeetwithHenryFord.HefollowedtheadviceofThomasLamont.HesupportedtheSmoot-HawleyTariffAct.HesignedtheSmoot-HawleyTariffActintolaw.

Thisisanexampleofafactquestion.Theresponsetothequestionisdirectlystatedinthepassage.Youwouldclickonresponse(D).

6. Why does the author mention economists in the last paragraph of thepassage?

Becausetheycausedtheeconomiccrisis.BecausetheyopposedtheSmoot-HawleyTariffAct.Becausetheyactedinwaysthatworsenedtheeconomy.BecausetheyexertedundueinfluenceonPresidentHoover.

Thecorrectresponseis(B).

7.Thewordsparkedinline34isclosestinmeaningto startedhastenedhamperedanticipated

Thecorrectresponseis(A).

8.Thewordsponsoredinline46isclosestinmeaningto backedpaidforattackedsubsidized


9.Thewordvetoinline54isclosestinmeaningto barrejectreviseconsider

Thecorrectresponseis(B).

10. Find theword they in line 12. Using yourmouse, click on the word orphraseinthepassagethattheyrefersto.

This is anantecedentquestion.The item testswhetheryouunderstandwhatthepronountheyrefersto.Usingyourmouse,youwouldhighlightthewordbyclickingonfarmersinthepassage.

11.Lookatthefoursquares[ ]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencewouldbeinsertedintothepassage:Thedustcloudssometimestraveledhundredsofmiles.

Wherecouldthesentencebestbeadded?[A],[B],[C],or[D]

*ForINTERNET-BASEDTOEFL,clickona[ ]toinsertthesentenceintothepassage.

You would click on the square of your choice in the passage to place thesentenceinthepassage.Thecorrectplacementforthissentenceis[B ].

12.Withwhich of the following statementswould the author of the readingmostprobablyagree?TheGreatDepressionhadmanycauses.Stockmarketcrashesshouldbeprevented.Economistsdonotalwaysknowwhatisbest.Hightariffsshouldbeusedtoprotectfarmers.


13. An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below.Complete the summary by choosing three of the six choices that bestsummarizetheinformationinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthe summary because they are not included in the passage or are minorpointsfromthepassage.


TheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStateswasnotcausedbyoneeventorcondition;instead,itwascausedbyseveral.

••• Thedrought that resulted in theDustBowlmeant thatmany farmerscould no longer pay their debts. As a result, they had to leave their

farms.Thefarmershadnotrotatedtheircropsorusedspecialcropstopreventerosion. On Black Tuesday, stockholders sold their shares of stocks and lostmorethan$40billion,sparkingalong-termeconomicdownturn.TheRockefellerfamilyboughtlargequantitiesofstock. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act led to trade retaliation, hurting U.S.exports.TheSmoot-HawleyTariffActwassponsoredbytwoRepublicanswhowereleadersintheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.

The best sentences to be added to the passage are (A), (C), and (E). Usingyourmouse,youwouldclickoneachofthethreeanswerchoices,andthendragandplaceeachnexttooneofthethreedotsabovetheoption.

STRATEGYFORTHEiBTANDITPTOEFLEachTOEFLvocabulary item refersyou to aword (orphrase, such as a two-word verb) in a specific line of the passage.You are then asked to identify asynonymfor thatword.Thesechoicesaremarkedby the letters: (A), (B), (C),and(D).Youmustidentifythewordamongthechoicesthatisclosestinmeaningtothewordinquotationmarks.Wordsthatareverycloseoridenticalinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Nowgobackandexaminequestion2.ThisquestionistypicalofvocabularyitemsontheITPTOEFL.Thetopicis

fromU.S.history and thequestion contains a singleword inquotationmarks.The correct answer is (D), debatable. Debatable is a synonym forcontroversial. As in this example, the word you select is the one that bestmatches themeaningof theword inquotationmarks.Note thatall fourof thechoicesmakesenseinthesentenceandthattheymakeuseofotherinformationgiveninthepassage.Manyvocabularyquestionsarewrittensothatthecontextofthesentenceorthepassageseldomhelpsyoutodeterminethemeaningoftheword.Therefore,youmustknowthewordinordertomakethecorrectchoice.Because the context may not help you, you should simply look at the

underlined word and choose its synonym from among the four choices, thenchecktoseeifthesynonymmakessenseinthesentenceinwhichitappears.Itisbestforyoutousethisstrategybecauseitwillpreventfrustrationandsavetime.Youwillneedthistimeforthereadingcomprehensionquestions.Remember,ontheTOEFL,(B)and(C)answerstendtobeusedslightlymorethan(A)and(D).Sochoose (B)or (C)whenguessing.Also remember that answer choices thatcontainthesameprefixorsuffix,orarepronouncedliketheunderlinedwordareseldomthecorrectanswers.Note that choice (A), adversarial, sounds and has letters similar to

controversial. Suchwords are not usually the correct choice. Suchwords areoftenusedtodistractyou.Unlessyouaresureoftheanswer,donotchoosethesewords.Let’sseehowtouseourstrategywithasampleitem.Lookatquestion2again,noting theword in quotationmarks. Do not reread the line referred to or theparagraphthatcontainsit.Instead,readthefourchoicesandmakeyourselectionofthebestsynonym.

Thisisanexampleofhowyoushouldreadvocabularyitems.

+++++“controversial”+++++++++++++++

+++++++++

(A)adversarial

(B)remarkable

(C)gratifying

(D)debatable

Youshouldpayattentiononlytothewordinquotationmarksandthechoicesthat follow. Ifyouknowthemeaningof thewordandrecognize thesynonym,thereisnoneedtoreadthecontextinwhichitisused.Ifyoudonotknowthemeaningoftheword,youmustmakeaneducatedguessaboutitssynonym.Thecontext will not usually help you to determine the correct choice. All of thechoicesfromtheexampleabovefitintotheoriginalcontext.

Throughasomewhatadversarialprocess,Hawaiiwasthelastterritorytobecomeastate.

Throughasomewhatremarkableprocess,Hawaiiwasthelastterritorytobecomeastate.

Throughasomewhatgratifyingprocess,Hawaiiwasthelastterritorytobecomeastate.

Throughasomewhatdebatableprocess,Hawaiiwasthelastterritorytobecomeastate.

These sentences show that the context does not help you to determine themeaningof thewordbeing tested. Ifyousimplycannotdecideon theanswer,you can refer to the sentence in which it is used. In the case of the phrasalexamplesabove,theremaybesomecluesinthecontextthatcanhelpyouteaseout the meaning of the phrase, as shown above. It may also help you torememberanypreviousexperienceyouhavehadwiththeword.However,youareoftenbetteroffignoringthecontextifyouknowtheanswer,andyoushouldnotwaste a lot of time analyzing contextual information. If you cannotmakesense of any of the clues available in the context, or recall the phrase fromanothercontext,simplymakeaguessandmoveon.

EssentialWordsfortheTOEFLgivesyouadditionalpractice in ignoringthecontextofvocabularyitemsontheTOEFLthroughthematchingexercisesthatarefoundineachlesson.Intheseexercises,youaregivenawordfollowedbyfourpossiblesynonyms.Yourtaskistomarktheletterofthecorrectsynonym.Thefollowingmatchingexerciseusestheexamplepreviouslyintroduced.

Controversial

(A)adversarial

(B)remarkable

(C)gratifying

(D)debatable

REMEMBER

•Donotwastetimerereadingthecontextinwhichthewordisused.Lookonlyatthewordinquotationmarksandsearchforasynonymamongtheanswerchoices.

• Analyzewords quickly. Spending toomuch time studyingword roots,prefixes,andsuffixescancauseyoutomisusevaluabletime.

•Workquickly,butcarefully.Youshouldtrytospendonly30secondsoneachvocabularyquestion.

•Wordsthatcontainsimilarsoundsandspellingareusuallynotthecorrectanswer.

•Alwaysanswereveryquestion.Ifyoumustguess,choose(B)or(C)asyouranswer.YourscoreonSection3 isbasedsolelyon thenumberofcorrectanswers.

Timingandcheckingyourwork.DependingontheformatoftheTOEFLyouaretaking,youwillhavebetween31and55minutesontheITPand60minutesonthestandardiBTtocompletethissection.IfyoutakethelongiBT,youwillhave100minutestocompletethissection.Sometesttakersreportthattheydonot have enough time to complete the reading questions, so you shouldworkquickly.Ifyoufollowthestrategiesinthisbook,youwillhaveadequatetimetocompletethereadingsectionoftheTOEFL.Manageyourtimewisely!Ifyoufinishearly,usetheReviewicontogoback

totestitemsandcheckyouranswers.Checkingyourresponseswillallowyoutoidentify and correct any errors.Also, becausevocabulary itemsdonot require

you to reread and comprehend the entire passage, they can be checked morerapidly than reading comprehension items. After you have checked yourresponsestothevocabularyitems,ifyoustillhavetime,beginningwiththefirstpassage,checkyouranswerstothereadingcomprehensiontestitems.

CHAPTER3

IMPROVINGYOURTOEFLVOCABULARY

THEIMPORTANCEOFREADINGALOT!

One of the best ways to build your vocabulary is to read authentic Englishlanguagematerial.Youshould readmaterial thatacollegestudentwould read.Examples of such material are newspapers, college textbooks, encyclopediaarticles, magazines, and academic books. Any material that has an academicthemewillhelpyou togetused to thekindsofwordsand thestyleofwritingyouwillfindontheTOEFL.Readingarticlesonavarietyoftopicsofinteresttoyouwill helpyou todevelopyourvocabulary.Payattention tonewgroupsofwords,expressions,andphrasesyouencounterinyourreading.Takeadvantageofresources—teachers,nativespeakersofEnglish—tolearntheirmeanings.

MAKEFLASHCARDS

Asyouare reading,youwill findnewwords thatyouwillwant to learn.Onegoodwaytolearnwordsistomakeflashcards.Usesmallcardsmadeofthickpaper.Thecardsshouldbesmallenoughtofitinyourpocket.Ononesidewritethenewwordorgroupofwords,thenonthebackwriteasynonym,awordorwords that have the same meaning. For example, expressions such as “run arisk”and“takeachance”aresimilarinmeaning:theyaresynonyms.Youmayalsowanttonotethedefinitionofthewordsyouputonyourflashcards.Reviewthesecardsasoftenasyoucan,perhapswithafriendwhoisalsopreparingfortheTOEFL.Youwillbeable tobuilda large“sightvocabulary”byusing thismethod.Donotbe concerned ifyouareunable to actuallyuse thesewords inconversationsyouhave inEnglish.With time, theywillbecomeapartofyouractive vocabulary. The ability to use new words is not as important as yourabilitytorecognizenewwordsandtheirmeanings.

MAKEWORDLISTS

Anothergoodwaytolearnnewwordsistomakewordlists.Manystudentsuseasmall notebook for this purpose.Whenyoudiscover a newword, or groupof

words,add it toa listofwords tobe learned.Ononesideof thepage, list thenewwords.Totherightofthislist,writesynonymsforthenewwords.Studythewords by covering the synonyms, looking at the newword, and recalling thesynonyms. It isalsouseful to reverse theprocessso thatyoupracticeboth thenewwordsandtheirsynonyms.

LEARNWORDSFROMOLDTOEFLs

LearnwordsthathavebeentestedonpreviousTOEFLs.TheunderlinedwordsonpreviousTOEFLtestsaresometimestestedagain,buttheyfrequentlyappearamong the four choices presented as synonyms for newwords that are tested.YoucanfindwordstoputonyourflashcardsorwordlistsonanyTOEFLteststhat you have. TOEFL tests can be found online and in the TOEFL test kitsavailablefromtheEducationalTestingService.

LEARNTHEWORDSINTHISBOOK

Includeallofthewordslistedinthisbookonyourcardsandlists.Thesewordshave been carefully researched and selected, and many will appear on theTOEFL.You should learn prefixes, suffixes, andword roots. For a list of them, see

Chapter 4. Suggestions for studyingword roots, suffixes, and prefixes can befoundinthatchapter.

LEARNTOUSEATHESAURUS

Becomefamiliarwithathesaurus.Athesaurusisawordlistofsynonyms.Whenyou find a word that you don’t know, look it up in the thesaurus. Note asynonymforthewordonacardorawordlist.Ifyoufindasynonym,butstilldon’t know the meaning of the word, look it up in a print or online Englishlanguagedictionary. If you can’t find theword in the thesaurus, it will not betestedontheTOEFL.TheTOEFLtestsonlythosewordsthathaveavarietyofsynonyms.Formoreinformationabouttheuseofathesaurus,seeChapter4.

VOCABULARYBUILDINGSTRATEGIES•Readoften.Choosematerialthatiswrittenforcollege-levelreaders.•Makeflashcardsofnewwordswithsynonymsandpracticethemoften.•Makewordlistsofnewwordswithsynonymsandpracticethemoften.

•LearnwordsthathavebeentestedonpreviousTOEFLs.•Learnwordroots,prefixes,andsuffixesfoundinChapter4.•Studythelistof500essentialwordsinChapter5ofthisbook.

CHAPTER4

BUILDINGYOURTOEFLVOCABULARY

DEVELOPINGWORDATTACKSKILLS

Whenreadersfindanunfamiliarwordinasentence,theyaresometimesabletodetermine its meaning by reading the other words in the sentence. The otherwordsgive the“context” that allows readers tomakeaneducatedguess aboutthemeaningofanunfamiliarword.Wordsfitintocontextsintwoways.Oneispurelygrammatical:Theformof

thewordisgrammaticallycorrectforitspositioninthesentence.Forexample,youknowthatthespacebetween“the”and“student”belongstoanadjective,soyouknowthat“brilliant”fitsintothatspacecorrectly,while“brilliance,”whichisanoun,doesnot.However, we already know that on TOEFL vocabulary questions all of the

possible answers fit the grammatical context of the sentence. Therefore, thedegree of success you will have on this part of the TOEFL depends uponwhether you understand a word’smeaning as well as its form. That in turndependsuponhowwellyoucanunderstanditspartsandhowwellyoucanreadits context for clues to its meaning. In this chapter, you will learn how todeterminethemeaningofawordbystudyingitsparts.Many English words consist of more than one part. Let’s examine three

importantpartsyoushouldknowinordertoimproveyourvocabulary.

WordRoots

Manywords inEnglishcontainLatinandGreekroots.Theserootsconvey thebasicmeaningof thewordand theyoccur repeatedly throughout the language.Knowing these roots will help you to determine the meaning of words withwhich you are not familiar. Coming up is a list of common roots and theirgeneralmeanings.Learningtheserootswillhelpyoutorecognizethebasicmeaningofhundreds

of English words. Let’s look at the word manufacture. Manufacture is acombinationoftworootwords,manuandfact.Usingthesamelist,wecansee

thatmanu means “hand” and fact means “make” or “do.” Therefore, we caninferthemeaning“makebyhand.”Let’slookatanotherexample,biography.Again,usingthesamelist,wesee

that biomeans “life” and graph “write.” Therefore, we can conclude that theword’smeaningrelatestothe“writingofalife,”thewrittenstoryofaperson’slife.

HowtoStudyWordRootsThereareseveralwaystostudywordroots.Oneeffectivewayistomakeaflashcardforeachone.Oneachcardwritetherootandawordcontainingtheroot.Also,writethemeaningoftherootandasynonymfortheexamplewordonthebackofthecard.Asyoupracticewiththecards,firstidentifythemeaningoftheroot,thenthewordcontainingtheroot.Next,giveasynonymforthatword.Asyoustudytheroots,setasidethoseyouhavelearnedandconcentrateonlyonthoserootsandsynonymsthatyouhavenotlearned.Saveallofthecardsforreview.Makeword lists.Whenyou readEnglishmaterial,make lists ofwords that

contain theroots thatyouhavestudiedin thissectionof thebook.Identify therootand lookup theword ina thesaurus.Write themeaningof the rootandasynonym of the word. This method will help you to identify root words andsynonymsontheTOEFL.

Root Meaning Examplebelli war rebellionbiblio book bibliographybio life biologycosm order microcosmcycl circle cyclonedic two dichotomydict word dictateduc carry,lead conduciveduct carry,lead conductfac do,make facsimilefact do,make manufacturefect do,make perfectform shape uniformfort strong fortify

geo earth geographygram write telegramgraph write autographhomo same homophonelog speech,studyof dialoglogy speech,studyof analogyman hand managemanu hand manualmater mother,home maternitymatri mother,home matriarchmedi middle mediocremiss send dismissmit send submitmulti many multiplynom name nominatenym name synonympater father paternalpathy feeling,suffering sympathypatri father patriarchped foot pedalport carry transportscend climb ascendscrib write scribblescript writtenlanguage postscriptsecut follow consecutivesent feel consentsequ follow subsequentlytact touch contacttempor time contemporarytract pull,drawout attractivevene come,go convenevent come,go adventvers turn reversevert turn convertvoc voice,call vocalvok voice,call revoke

volu turn,roll convolutedvolve turn,roll involve

Prefixes

Prefixesarethesecondimportantpartofwords.Aprefixisapartofawordthatisattached to thebeginningofawordroot.Aprefixaddsmeaning to thebaseword.Thus,ifyouknowthemeaningoftheprefix,youwillbebetterpreparedtodetermine themeaningof theword.Knowingbothprefixes andword rootswillunlockthemeaningofthousandsofEnglishwords.TherearemanyprefixesinEnglish.Thelistbelowcontainssomeofthemost

commonprefixesfoundontheTOEFL.

Prefix Meaning Exampleante before anterioranti against,notinfavor anticipateauto self autonomousbi two biasedcircum circle,around circumventco with,together coherentcol with,together collectcom with,together complexcon with,together condensede down,reverse declinedis no,not disregarde out,from emitex out,from ejectim no,not improperin in inactiveinter between,among interactir no,not irrelevantmicro small,tiny microscopicmis wrong,bad,not mistakemono one monotonenon not nonsensepost after postpone

pre before preconceptionprim first primarypro for,infavorof promotere again recoversub under submitsup under suppositiontrans across,over transmittri three tripleultra excessive ultrasonicun no,not undeniableuni one unique

Let’s examine thewordcontact.We candetermine from the list of prefixesthatconmeans“with.”Uponfurtherexaminationoftheword,weseethewordroot tactmeans “touch.”Withoutknowing the exactmeaningof theword,wecanguessthatthewordisrelatedto“touch”and“with.”Indeed,contactconveysthemeaningofcommunicationwithanotherperson.Referringtotherootwordsand prefixes in this chapter we can ascertain that autobiographymeans “self,life,andwrite,”orthestoryofaperson’slifewrittenbythatsameperson.Youcanapproachyourstudyofprefixeswiththesamemethodyouareusing

to learnword roots.Make a flash card for each of the prefixes.On each cardwrite the prefix and a word containing the prefix. Write the meaning of theprefix and a synonym for the exampleword on the back of the card.As youpracticewith the cards, first identify themeaningof the prefix, then thewordcontainingtheroot.Next,giveasynonymforthatword.Saveallofthecardsforreview.Makeword lists.Whenyou readEnglishmaterial,make lists ofwords that

containtheprefixesyourecognize.Identifytheprefixandlookupthewordinathesaurus.Write themeaning of the prefix and a synonym for theword. Thismethod will help you to identify words with prefixes and synonyms on theTOEFL.

Suffixes

Thefinalwordpartisthesuffix.Asuffixisaddedtotheendofaword.Similarto a prefix, a suffix addsmeaning to the rootword.However, themeaning isoften grammatical, telling us the tense or the function of the word. Suffixes

seldom change the actual meaning of the word in the way that prefixes do.Suffixes are attached to verbs, nouns, and adjectives. There are not manyquestions that test suffixes on this part of the TOEFL, and you may alreadyknowmanyofthemfromyourgrammarstudy.Nevertheless,youshouldbecomefamiliarwithalltheEnglishsuffixesinthelists.

ADJECTIVESUFFIXES

Suffix Meaning Exampleable capableof affordableant tendencyto dominantative tendencyto innovativeent tendencyto persistentetic relatingto sympatheticful fullof harmfulible capable discernibleical relatingto identicalless without harmlessous fullof famousness aqualityofbeing kindnessry occupation ministryship conditionorstate citizenshipsome tendencyto bothersomey aqualityofbeing arbitrary

NOUNSUFFIXES

Suffix Meaning Exampleary place libraryation process populationcule small minusculedom stateofbeing wisdomer onewhodoes teacherery occupation dentistryhood stateofbeing manhoodist onewhodoes geologist

less without carelessly like,similarto manlyment stateofbeing contentmentness stateofbeing happinessous fullof enormousship stateofbeing citizenship

ADVERBSUFFIXES

Suffix Meaning Examplely theway predictablyways theway sidewayswise theway otherwise

VERBSUFFIXES

Suffix Meaning Exampleade processof persuadeate tomake accentuateen tomake broadener processof shelterize tomake emphasize

IMPORTANTVOCABULARYBUILDINGTOOLS

TheDictionaryFor students of English as a Second Language, a good English dictionary isessential. It is a source of valuable information and if it is used correctly, thedictionarywill serve as a useful tool to helpyou towardyour goal ofEnglishfluency.There aremany types of dictionaries that a studentmay consider, including

collegiate,learner’s,unabridged,andbilingualdictionaries.Formoreadvancedstudents,collegiateorcollegedictionariesarepreferred.In

addition to the standard word entries, collegiate dictionaries often containseparatesectionsthatcontainabbreviations,foreignexpressionsusedinEnglish,

andbiographicallistings.Somemayalsocontaingeographicallistings.Highly recommended are learner’s dictionaries. This type of dictionary is

specificallywrittenforstudentsofEnglishasaforeignlanguage.Definitionsarewritten inclear,easy tounderstandEnglish.Thesedictionariesoftenanticipatelearner’squestionswith special explanatory sections.Theyalsousea standardphoneticalphabettoindicatethepronunciationoftheentries.Unabridged dictionaries are the most comprehensive, but not practical for

secondlanguagelearnersbecauseoftheirsizeanddetail.Thesedictionariesareoften found in the reference sections of libraries on special tables toaccommodate their size and weight. An unabridged dictionary is an excellentsource for determining the historical development of words, examples ofsentencesthatdemonstrateproperusage,antonyms,andsynonyms.AbilingualdictionarythatcontainswordsinyournativelanguageandEnglish

shouldbeavoided.Often thesedictionariesare incompleteandgiveonlybasicnative language equivalent words. These words are frequently out of date orinappropriate for the context of the sentence in which you want to use theunknownwords.Therefore, entries inbilingualdictionariescanbemisleading.In fact, they can actually cause you to make mistakes. It is worthwhile forEnglishlanguagestudentstoswitchtoalearner’sdictionaryassoonaspossible,or to use it in conjunctionwith a bilingual dictionary.Youwill find that yourvocabularywillincreasefasterbyusinganEnglishlanguagedictionary.

WhatYouCanLearn

Adictionarygivesyoutheinformationrequiredtochoosethebestwordforyourneeds. A typical dictionary entry contains the correct spelling of a word,followedbythewordwritteninaphoneticalphabet.Thewordisseparatedbysyllables.Thishelpsyoutodeterminewheretoseparateitat theendofa line.Followingthephoneticspellingoftheword,itspartofspeechisindicated.Themeaningsofthewordaregiveninanumericalorder,sometimesfollowedbyasentencethatshowstheproperuseoftheword.Whilemanymoderndictionarieslist themeaningsofwords fromthemostcommonandcurrentmeaning to theoldestmeaning,somelisttheirdefinitionsfromtheearliestmeaningtothelatestmeaning. Therefore, before you choose a definition, you should read all themeanings of the entry, then choose the one that meets your needs. Somedictionaries provide synonyms, orwordswith the same generalmeaning, andantonyms, words that have the opposite meaning. Some dictionaries give thederivation, a historical development of the word that follows a word back

throughdifferentlanguagestoitsorigin.Englishlanguagedictionariescontainentrieslistedinalphabeticalorder,that

is, in an A to Z order. Two guide words appear at the top of each page in adictionary.Thewordontheleftisthefirstentryofthetwopages;thewordontherightindicatesthelastentryonthetwopages.Youcanusetheseguidewordstodetermineifthewordyouarelookingupiscontainedamongthoseentriesonthetwopages.

max • i •mum (măk′s -m m) n. pl. -mums or -ma (-m ). Abbr.max.1.a.Thegreatestpossiblequantityordegree.b.Thegreatestquantity or degree reached or recorded; the upper limit ofvariation.c.Thetimeorperiodduringwhichthehighestpointordegree is attained.2. An upper limit permitted by law or otherauthority.3.Astronomy.a. Themomentwhen a variable star ismostbrilliant.b.Themagnitudeofthestaratsuchamoment.4.Mathematics.a.Thegreatestvalueassumedbyafunctionoveragiveninterval.b.The largestnumber inaset.—maximumadj.Abbr.max.1.Havingorbeingthegreatestquantityorthehighestdegreethathasbeenorcanbeattained:maximumtemperature.2.Of,relatingto,ormakingupamaximum:amaximumnumberinaseries.[Latin,fromneuterofmaximus,greatest.]

Aswesee,thewordentryisforthewordmaximum.Byexaminingthewordentry, we can determine that it contains three syllables; each syllable beingseparated by the mark •, max•i•mum. The word is followed by a phoneticspellingof thewordinsideparentheses,(măk′s -m m).Atthebottomofeverypageofthedictionary,youwillfindapronunciationkeythatwillgiveyouthespeechsoundsofthesymbols.Followingthepronunciation,youwillfindapartofspeechlabel.Herearethetraditionalspeechlabelsfoundinmostdictionaries.

WORDLABELSabbr. abbreviation ph.v. phrasalverbadj. adjective pl. pluraladv. adverb prep. prepositionant. antonym pron. pronounconj. conjunction sing. singular

interj. interjection syn. synonymintr. intransitive tr. transitiven. noun v. verb

Followingthepronunciationentryforthewordmaximum,ann.andthepluralforms(identifiedbytheabbreviationpl.)pl.-mums,or-maappear.Accordingtothelabels,theseabbreviationsmeanthatthewordisanounanditspluralcanbeformedtwoways,byreplacingthelastsyllablemumwithmums(maximums)orma (maxima).The plural forms are followedby the abbreviation of theword,identifiedbyAbbr.max.Eachdefinitionofthewordismarkedbyanumber.Inmanydictionaries,theorderofthedefinitionsreflectsthefrequencyofuse

of each meaning of the word. The definitions that follow the first definitionreflectmorespecializeduses.Yourdictionarywillexplaintheorderinwhichthemeanings are presented. When the numbered definition has closely relatedmeanings, they aremarkedwith 1.a., b., and c. as in the examplemaximum.Also note that words with specialized definitions in academic disciplines areidentified. In the sample entry, there are two specialized uses of the wordmaximum,oneinAstronomy,3.aandb.,andanotherinMathematics,4.a.andb.After allmeanings of the noun form are defined, the entry continueswith thedefinitionoftheadjectiveform.Thelastitemoftheentrygivesthederivation,orwordorigin,insidebrackets[].Pleasenotethatseveralstylesofusagearenormallyindicatedinadictionary

entry.Thesestylesaretypicallyidentifiedinthefollowingways:Nonstandard — WordsthatdonotbelongtoanystandardeducatedspeechInformal — WordsthatareoftenusedinconversationandseldominformalwritingSlang — Usuallyahighlyinformalwordthatisoftenfigurativeinuse.Itsmeaningis

usuallyshort-livedVulgar — AwordthatistabooornotsociallyacceptableinmostcircumstancesObsolete — AwordthatisnolongerincommonusageArchaic — Awordthatwasincommonusage,butnowrarelyusedRare — WordsthathaveneverbeencommoninthelanguageBritish — WordsthatareincommonusageinBritishEnglishRegional — Wordsthatareusedinalimitedgeographicalarea

TheThesaurus

Athesaurusisacollectionofwordswithsimilarmeanings,usuallypresentedinalphabeticalorder.Thesewordsarecalledsynonyms.Athesaurusisusefulwhenyou must change a word to another word with a similar meaning. Many

thesauruses list whole phrases in addition to single words. For example, onewell-known thesaurus containsmore than 330,000words and phrases in over1,000categories.Thus,itprovidesusefulinformationabouthowwordsgrouporcombineinthelanguageaswellascluestotheirmeaningsandsynonyms.Theentriesinathesaurustypicallycontainthesynonymsinmostfrequentto

leastfrequentoccurrence.Inamodernthesaurus,guidewordsalsoappearatthetops of pages. Their function is the same as that of the guide words indictionaries, indicating the first and lastwords of the pages.Allwords on thepageappearinalphabeticalorder.Notallwordshavesynonyms,yetalmostallwordsontheTOEFLarewordswithmanysynonyms.Therefore,regularuseofathesauruswillbuildyourvocabularyandhelpyoutopreparefortheTOEFL.Mostofthesamewordlabelsusedindictionariesappearinathesaurus.Many

entries do not specify the difference between adjective and adverb, since thesameformscanoftenappearbothasanadjectiveandadverb.Theabbreviationmod. is used to mark such a word. Let’s examine an entry for the wordmaximum.

maximum,mod.–Syn.supreme,highest,greatest:seebest1.maximum, n. – Syn. supremacy, height, pinnacle, preeminence,culmination,matchlessness, preponderance, apex, peak, greatestnumber,highestdegree,summit,nonpareil;seealsoclimax.–Ant.minimum*,foot,bottom.

Thereare twoentries for thisword.Theabbreviationmod. in the first entryindicates that thewordcouldbeusedas amodifierofotherwords.Followingthis,syn. indicatesthatsynonymsforthewordfollow.Attheendofthelistingappearsthesuggestionseebest1.Thissuggestionrefersustothefirstentryforthewordbestifwewishtoseemorewordswithmeaningsrelatedtomaximum.Thesecondentrygivesthesynonymsforthenounformoftheword.Then.

indicates that the word is used as a noun, and syn. indicates that synonymsfollow.Thisentryalsorefersthereadertothewordclimaxforadditionalwordsrelated tomaximum.At the endof the entry, antonyms,markedwith the labelant.,arelisted.Thedictionaryandthesaurusaretwopowerfullearningtoolsthatyoushould

haveforreference.Theyareessentialforagoodvocabularybuildingprogram.Inaddition,manypublishersofferidiomdictionariesandphrasebooksthatcanbeuseful in learningwordcombinationscommonlyused inacademic settings.

Instructional material focusing on idioms and phrases is available online atnumerous websites catering to ESL and EFL students.When you study suchmaterial, be sure to focus on academic vocabulary, not slang. Slang does notappearontheTOEFL.Often,slangwillbeindicatedassuchinadictionaryorthesaurus.Someacademicwordshavephrasalequivalents.Afewexamplesarelistedbelow:SingleWord PhrasalSynonymadjust straightenoutendanger putinjeopardyclandestine indisguisesettle takerootvague ill-defined

Asageneralrule,singlewordsarepreferable tophrases informalacademicstyle when both options are available. However, the use of phrases is stillcorrect. Sometimes the words in phrases are so closely associated with eachother that theyarewrittenwithahyphen,as in ill-definedabove.Hyphensarealsousedtolinkwordsequencesthatmightotherwiseappearungrammatical.

CHAPTER5

THEESSENTIALTOEFLVOCABULARY

This chapter contains 30 lessons. Each lesson presents a set of key TOEFLwords.Followingtheentries,thereare10matchingexercises.Attheendofeachlesson, thereare10TOEFL-likevocabularyquestions thatcontainmostof thewordspresented ineach lesson.Allof theseTOEFL-likequestionsprovideanexcellentvocabularyreviewaswellassolidpreparationfornotonlythereadingsectionoftheTOEFL,butalsoforallsectionsoftheTOEFL.Youshouldstudythelessonsinorder.Forexample,afterstudyinglesson1,go

directlytolesson2.Donotstudylessonsoutoforder.Thebookisdesignedtoprovidesystematicreviewofwordsinpreviouslessons.Bystudyingthelessonsoutoforder,youwillbedefeatingthereviewsystem.Let’sexamineasampleentrytoseethekindsofinformationyouwilllearn.

intricateadv. intricatelyn. intricateadj. havingmanyparts;finelydetailedsyn. complex

Theintricatedesignofthevasemadeitavaluablepieceforhercollection.I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modern automobilemotors.

Theentryfeaturesthewordintricate.Directlyunder theword,youwill findotherformsofthesameword.Thesewordshavethesamegeneralmeaning;theyrepresent thedifferent parts of speechof theword.For eachof the forms, thepartofspeechisgiven.Thefollowingabbreviationsforpartsofspeechareusedinthewordentries:adj. adjectiveadv. adverb

conj. conjunctionv. verbn. nounph.v. phrasalverbprep.ph. prepositionalphrase

Inthecaseofintricate,theadjectiveform,adj.,ispresentedasthekeyword.Other forms of the entry, intricately, and intricacy are listed below the mainentry.The key word is then defined in clear, easy to understand English. In this

example,weseethatintricatemeanssomethinghavingmanypartsorsomethingthatisfinelydetailed.Underthedefinitionyouwillfindasynonymforthekeyword.Thesynonym

isawordthathasthesameorasimilarmeaninganditismarkedwiththeletterssyn. In the example on the previous page, the synonym given for intricate iscomplex.Below the synonym, there are two sentences that show the usage of two

differentformsoftheword.Thesentencesarerichincontext;thatis,thewordssurrounding the keyword tend to support and clarify themeaning of the keyword.Let’slookatthetwosentencesintheexample.

The intricate design of the vase made it a valuable piece for hercollection.

I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modernautomobilemotors.

Thekeywordwillusuallyappearinthefirstsentence.Thekeywordsentenceisfollowedbyasecondsentenceillustratingtheuseofoneoftherelatedwords,butwith a different formof theword. If no relatedwords are given, then thesecondsentenceservesasanotherillustrationofthemeaningofthekeyword.Somewordformsarenotincludedintheentries.Thesearewordsthatarenot

incommonusageandnotlikelytoappearontheTOEFL.Thewordentriesprovideyouwithalltheinformationthatyouneedtobuilda

powerfulTOEFLvocabulary.

STUDYINGTHEWORDENTRIES

To learn vocabulary efficiently, you must have a study plan and follow it

carefully.ThefollowingplanhasbeenusefultomanystudentswhoarebuildingtheirTOEFLvocabulary.Plantospendatleastanhourstudyingthewordsineachlessonofthisbook.

Donotstudywordsthatyoualreadyknow.

ReadFirst, read the 15 entries of the lesson carefully, including the definition,different forms, synonym, and example sentences. It is important for you toassociatethekeywordwithitsmeaningandsynonym.Thesearethethreemostimportantpartsofthewordentry.

RereadNext,readeachwordentryagain.Lookupunfamiliarwordsthatappearintheexample sentences. This time when you study the entry we suggest that youcoverthekeyword,thenlookatthemeaninganditssynonym.Thenidentifythekeyword.Whenyouareable to identify thekeyword, reverse theprocessbyidentifyingthecoveredsynonym.Finally,covereverything in theentry,exceptthemeaning,andidentifythekeywordanditssynonym.

FindtheSynonymsYouarenowready for thematchingexerciseat theendof theword list.Let’slookatatypicalmatchingquestion.

1.intricate(A)functional(B)complex(C)predominant(D)inordinate

Thepurposeofthequestionistotestyourknowledgeofsynonyms,akeyskillfortheTOEFL.Youwillseefourchoices.Inthisexample,youmustchoosethesynonymforthewordintricate.Thecorrectansweris(B),complex.Nearlyallthewords thatappearasanswerchoicesarekeywords introduced in thesameandpreviouslessons.CheckyouranswersbyreferringtotheAnswerKeyfoundatthebackofthisbook.You are now ready to test your skill on actual TOEFL-like questions. Let’s

lookatthefollowingtestquestion.

The intricate design of the building’s facade is typical ofbuildingsofthenineteenthcentury.(A)functional(B)accurate(C)standard(D)complex

ThistestquestionistypicalofthequestionsonthevocabularysectionoftheTOEFL.Youmustchoosethewordthathasthesameorsimilarmeaningastheunderlinedwordinthesentence.MostTOEFLquestionsdonotusethewordincontext-richsentences.Therefore,aswelearnedinChapter2,youwillprobablynot be able to determine the meaning of the word by reading the sentence.Therefore, look directly to the underlinedword and do not read the sentence.Look for its synonym among the four choices. The correct answer is (D),complex.Mostof the answer choices for the testquestions at the endof eachlessonarekeywordsintroducedinthatlesson.Afteryouhavestudiedthe15wordsandtheirsynonyms,andcompletedthe

practiceexercises,makeflashcards.Ononesideofthecard,writethekeywordanditsrelatedforms.Ontheothersideofthecard,writeitssynonym.Reviewthesecards several timesduring theweeksbeforeyourTOEFL test session. IfyouarepreparingforaspecificTOEFLtestdate,makeastudyschedulebasedonhowmuch timeyouhavebefore theTOEFL.Forexample, ifyouhavesixweeksbeforeyour testdate,plan tostudyfive lessonseachweekBesure thatyou organize your cards. It is suggested that you organize your cards inalphabeticalorderbysynonymsorbythelessonnumber.Keeptwogroupsofcards; one group for thewords you have learned, the second group for thosewords you need to learn. Review the second group more often than the firstgroupofwordsthatyoualreadyknow.Asyourvocabularygrows,return to theexercisesandtestquestions ineach

lesson.Byfollowingthisstudyplanyouwillbebetterpreparedfortheimportantday

whenyouhearthewords“YoumaynowopenyourTOEFLtestbooklet.”

ANSWERINGPHRASALQUESTIONS

One phrase-type question is provided in each of this book’s 30 lessons. Eachquestioncontainsashortpassagethatillustratestheuseofavocabularyitemin

combinationwithotherwordsthatitisoftengroupedwith.Forexample,denselyis aword that appears as a single item in one of these lessons, but it is oftencombined with the word populated to form the phrase densely populated.Therefore,denselypopulated is treatedasawholephrase inoneof thephrasalquestionsinthebook.Itisalwaysusefultolearnthemeaningsofsinglewords,but it isalso important to learnhow thesewordscombinewithotherwords incommonwordpairsorwordgroups.Inansweringthesequestions,itishelpfultousewhatyoualreadyknowabout

thewords in isolation and to keep a few simple strategies inmind.Let’s lookmorecloselyatthedenselypopulatedexample.First,youshouldreadthepassagecarefully.Alotofwhatyouneedtoknow

aboutthewordincombinationandthemeaningofthewholephraseisalreadyavailable in the passage itself. In this case, you know that the phrase hassomethingtodowiththedistributionofpeopleinaparticularcountry:Someliveclosetogetherincities,whileotherslivefarapartinthecountryside.Therefore,you have a sense of what the words mean in combination because youunderstandthegeneralmeaningofthepassagethatillustratesanddefinesthem.Understanding the general meaning and the phrase’s context is probably

enoughforyoutocomeupwiththerightanswertothepracticequestioninthisbook:InstatingthattheNetherlandsisdenselypopulated,theauthormeansthatits(A)peopleareveryunevenlydistributed.

(B)populationisthelargestinEurope.(C)populationisthelargestpersquarekilometer.(D)citiesarethelargestcitiesinEurope.

Withoutgoingmuchfurther,youcanprobablyguessthatthebestanswerhereis(C)sinceitcomestheclosesttosayingthatthecountryasawholecontainsalot of people without saying that it contains more than any other country inEurope.However,thereareotherstepsyoucantakejusttobesure.Youcanalsotakealookattheentryforthetargetword,inthiscasedensely.

Notice that the word is an adverb. This means that it limits or modifies anadjective and a verb; in this instance, it tells you how heavily populated aparticular European country is—how many people it contains per squarekilometer. Other word combinations or phrases fall into other categories. Forexample, some contain verbs followed by prepositions (conforms to), somecontainnounsprecededbyprepositions (on impulse), and some contain nounspreceded by adjectives (crushing blow). In other words, try to use as much

informationaboutaword’sformorpartofspeechasyoucaninarrivingat itsmeaning,andspecificallyatanunderstandingof its relationshipwith theotherwordsaroundit.Finally, recall any other instance of the phrase you have heard or seen. For

example,youmaydiscoverthatyouhavealreadyencounteredthephraseinyourreading—indevelopingyourawarenessofvocabularythroughextensivereading—andyoumayhaverecordeditononeofyourflashcards.Thesephraseshavebeenchosenbecausetheyarecommonlyusedinthelanguage.Forthatreason,youarelikelytocomeacrosstheminavarietyofcontexts.Theirfrequentuseisalso the reasonwhyunderstanding thesewords incombinationcangiveyouadeeperandmoregeneralunderstandingofthelanguageasawhole.

WordCombinationsinThisBook

The table beginning below includes the word combinations and phraseshighlightedinthebook’s30vocabularylessons.In the first column on the left, you can see grammatical information about

eachwordcombination’spartofspeech.Forexample,disapproveofisdescribedasaverbbecauseitfillsthatroleinanEnglishsentence:Sheiladisapprovesofstudentswhomakealotofnoise.

Inthesecondcolumn,thechapterinwhicheachwordcombinationisfoundisspecified.Finally,anillustrativesentenceisgiveninthethirdcolumn.Thetablewillhelpyoulearnnewphrasesandwordcombinations,aswellas

general strategies for learning new words in combination wherever you findthem.

WordCombinationsinThisBook(Seethesecondcolumnforlessonnumber)

VERBS Exampledisapproveof 1 Manycommunitiesnowdisapproveofcellor

carphoneuse.(seean)advantagein 2 Manypeoplecanseeanadvantageinmovingto

bigcities.conformto 3 Achameleonchangescolortoconformtoits

surroundings.(be)determinedto 4 Manyresidentsaredeterminedtorestrictthe

movementofdeer.

(be)reportedto 12 Theywerereportedtohavepowersthatprotectedthemfromattack.

comeacross 18 Johncameacrosssomeoldcoinswhilecleaningoutthebasement.

taketheinitiative 20 Thecenterforwardtakestheinitiativeandmovestheballforward.

reactto 21 Thecolorantreactstothepresenceofacidbyturningred.

accountfor 22 Scientistsseektoaccountforpatternedcirclesingrainfields.

bringabout 22 Advancesintechnologyhavebroughtaboutadigitalage.

(be)renownedfor 23 Theorchestraisespeciallyrenownedforitsviolinplayers.

(be)peculiarto 24 Waterstorageispeculiartoaclassofanimalscalledruminants.

stemfrom 24 Hisgoodgradesstemfromhisdedicationtostudying.

(be)opentointerpretation 26 Historicalfactsaboutthepyramidsareopentointerpretation.

factorin 26 Shehadtofactorinthecostofshippingwhenshoppingonline.

takeon 28 Astudentcantakeonthechallengeoflearninganewlanguage.

ADJECTIVES+NOUNSintriguingquestion 5 Wherehumanlifefirstaroseisstillanintriguing

question.crushingblow 8 Theairplane’sinventionwasacrushingblow

forballooning.face-to-faceencounters 13 Lackofeyecontactisasignofdisrespectin

face-to-faceencounters.heightenedawareness 16 Heightenedawarenesshasledtoworryabout

greenhousegases.gradualdecrease 17 Agradualdecreasewillnotstimulatespending

oremployment.balancedview 18 TVnewsrarelygivesabalancedviewofpeople,

products,andevents.curativepowers 28 Asubstancewithcurativepowerswould

actuallykillbacteria.

ADVERBS+ADJECTIVESwell-suited 5 Themanageriswell-suitedforthejob.comparativelyeasy 6 Itiscomparativelyeasytoswitchoffsome

Internetsites.denselypopulated 9 TheNetherlandsisthemostdenselypopulated

countryinEurope.exceptionallytalented 10 Relativelyfewchildrenareexceptionally

talentedmusically.fundamentallysound 14 NASAisconfidentthatspacecraftsare

fundamentallysound.perilouslyclose 15 Theworldcameperilouslyclosetolosingthe

pandainthe1980s.aptlynamed 27 TheshipwasaptlynamedaftertheTitans,who

ruledtheuniverse.prominentlydisplayed 29 Theelectronicbarcodeisnotprominently

displayedonaproduct.severelypunished 30 Insomecountries,high-speeddrivingis

severelypunished.

PREPOSITIONS+NOUNStoitscore 7 Patientsviewthemedicalprofessionasselfish

toitscore.onimpulse 25 Psychologyhasexploredwhypurchasesare

madeonimpulse.

COMPARATIVEADJECTIVEmoreprevalentthan 11 Sportsutilityvehiclesaremoreprevalentthan

compactcars.

PHRASALPREPOSITIONinconjunctionwith 5 Goodroaddesigninconjunctionwitheffective

drivereducationmakesroadssafer.inoppositionto 19 Thereisgrowingsentimentinoppositiontosea

bassfishing.

LESSON1•abroad•abrupt•acceptable•acclaim•actually•adverse•advice•attractive•autonomous

•chronic•disapproval•disruptive•haphazardly•persistent•postpone•valid•withdraw

abroadadv. toorinanothercountrysyn. overseas;internationally

LouisArmstrongoftentraveledabroad.Livingabroadcanbeaneducationalexperience.

abruptadv. abruptlyn. abruptnessadj. quick;withoutwarningsyn. sudden

Therewasanabruptchangeintheweather.Aftertheincidenteveryoneleftabruptly.

acceptablev. acceptadv. acceptablyn. acceptabilityadj. acceptingadj. allowableorsatisfactory

syn. permissible

Theideawasacceptabletoeveryone.Theregistraracceptedmoreapplicantsthanheshouldhave.

acclaimadj. acclaimedn. acclamationn. enthusiasticapproval;applausesyn. praise

IsaacSternhaswonacclaimabroad.AcclaimedauthorsoftenwinPulitzerPrizes.

actuallyadj. actualadv. beinginexistence,realorfactualsyn. truly

Theywereactuallyverygoodsoccerplayers.Theactualtimeallottedtocompletethetestistwohours.

adverseadv. adverselyn. adversityn. adversaryadj. displeasing,objectionable,orbadsyn. unfavorable

Adverseweatherconditionsmadeitdifficulttoplaythegame.Hisindecisionadverselyaffectedhisjobperformance.

advicev. adviseadj. advisablen. advisabilityn. arecommendationgivenbysomeonenotassociatedwiththe

problemorsituationsyn. suggestion

Goodadviceishardtofind.Itisnotadvisabletostayuplatethedaybeforeatest.

attractivev. attractn. attractionn. attractivenessadv. attractivelyadj. callingattentionto;pleasing;creatinginterest;prettysyn. appealing

Theideaofworkingfour,ten-hourworkdayswasattractivetotheemployees.Themajorattractionoftheshowwasaspeechbythepresident.

autonomousadv. autonomouslyadj. byitself;withnoassociationsyn. independent

Mexicobecameanautonomousstatein1817.Although working closely with the government, all businesses functionautonomously.

chronicadv. chronicallyadj. alwayspresent;continualsyn. constant

Theauthor’schronicheadachepreventedherfromfinishingthechapter.Heischronicallylatetoclass.

disapprovalv. disapproveadv. disapprovinglyn. theactofdisagreeing;notgivingapprovalsyn. objection

Theirdisapprovaloftheplancausedtheexperimenttobeabandoned.Thestudentsdisapprovedoftheplanofstudy.

disruptivev. disruptn. disruptionadv. disruptivelyadj. causingconfusionandinterruptionsyn. disturbing

Frequentquestionsduringlecturescanbedisruptive.Thestormcausedadisruptioninbusservice.

haphazardlyadj. haphazardn. haphazardnessadv. havingnoorderorpattern;bychancesyn. arbitrarily;carelessly

Itwasobviousthatthehousewasbuilthaphazardly.Susancompletedtheassignmentinahaphazardway.

persistentv. persistn. persistenceadv. persistentlyadj. continuous;refusingtogiveup;firminactionordecisionsyn. constant

Theattorney’spersistentquestioningweakenedthewitness.Herpersistenceearnedheraspotontheteam.

postponeadj. postponablen. postponementv. tochangetoalatertime;todelaysyn. reschedule

Therefereesdecidedtopostponethesoccermatch.Thepostponementofthemeetingupsettheimpatientclubmembers.

validn. validityadv. validlyadj. producingadesiredresultbasedontruthsorfactssyn. convincing

Thestudentshadavalidreasonformissingclass.Theprofessorquestionedthevalidityofthetestresults.

withdrawn. withdrawalv. toremove,takeout,ortakebacksyn. extract

Theplayerwithdrewfromthecompetition.Gloriahadtomakeawithdrawalfromhersavingstopaytuition.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.withdraw(A)extract(B)describe(C)copy(D)convince

2.autonomous(A)independent(B)sudden(C)international(D)abrupt

3.chronic(A)famous(B)visible(C)constant(D)ordinary

4.attractive(A)appealing(B)adverse(C)arbitrary(D)perfect

5.disapproval(A)attraction(B)attention(C)objection(D)persistence

6.haphazardly(A)suddenly(B)secretly(C)carelessly

(D)constantly

7.constant(A)disruption(B)acceptable(C)abrupt(D)persistent

8.valid(A)attractive(B)convincing(C)normal(D)abrupt

9.unfavorably(A)attractively(B)haphazardly(C)acceptably(D)adversely

10.postpone(A)respond(B)reschedule(C)assert(D)reveal

LESSON1—MULTIPLE-CHOICETESTQUESTIONS

1.Acustomsunionisanorganizationofautonomouscountriesthatagreethatinternationaltradebetweenmemberstatesisfreeofrestrictions.Theyplaceatarifforotherrestrictiononproductsenteringthecustomsunionfromnonmemberstates.Oneofthebest-knowncustomsunionsistheEuropeanUnion,orEU.

Thewordautonomousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto massiveacclaimed prosperous independent2.The search to hide natural bodyodors led to the discovery and use of musk. Musk is a scent used inperfumes.Itisobtainedfromthesexglandsofthemalemuskdeer,asmalldeer native to the mountainous regions of the Himalayas. The odor ofmusk,penetratingandpersistent, is believed to act as an aphrodisiac. Inanimals, musk serves the functions of defining territory, providingrecognition,andattractingmates.

Thewordpersistentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto attractivedisruptive constant pleasant 3. Until the late ninteenth century allrubberwasextractedhaphazardlyfromtreesfoundinthejunglesofSouthAmerica.Itwasexpensiveandthesupplywasuncertain.However,duringthe 1860s the idea of transporting rubber trees to the British colonies inAsiawasconceived.Thisledtothelarger-scalecultivationofrubbertreesonorganizedplantations.

Thewordhaphazardlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto carelesslysecretly constantly dangerously 4. Some animals’ coloration uses

bold, disruptive markings to scare predators. Other animals have colorpatterns that blend with their surroundings. Such coloration serves forprotection, to attract mates, or to distract enemies. Called crypticcoloration, ituses theanimals’ livingplace,habits,andmeansofdefense.Crypticcolorationmayblendananimalsowellwithitsenvironmentthatitisvirtuallyinvisible.

Theworddisruptiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto disturbingdistinctive brilliant unfavorable 5. Cognitive approaches to therapy

assume that emotional disorders are the result of irrational beliefs orperceptions.Themindmayinterpretaneventasscaryorcalming,happyorsad. The emotionally disordered person may perceive adverse events aspersonalfailures.Cognitivepsychotherapiesseektomakethepatientawareof the irrationality of this perception and to substitute more rationalevaluationsofsuchevents.

Thewordadverseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto monotonousthreatening inoffensive unfavorable 6. Increasingly, authorities areuneasy about teenagers who drive while talking on the telephone. Formany, phone use and driving are perfectly compatible; others are moreeasilydistracted,especiallywhilelisteningtomusic.Thegrowingnumberof accidents associated with phone use also supports this claim. Manycommunities now disapprove of these phones so much that they haveforbiddenanyoneofanyagetousethemwhiledriving.

In stating that many communities now disapprove of these phones, theauthormeansthatthey fullyendorsetheirpopularity.

condemnoropposetheiruse.favortheiruseonlybyadults.agreetotheirunrestricteduse.

7.Fansareusedtocirculateairinroomsandbuildings,andforcoolinganddryingpeople,materials,orproducts.Eventhoughaircirculatedbyafaniscomforting,nofanactuallycoolstheair.Onlydevicessuchasairconditionerscanaffectchangesinairtemperature.

Thewordactuallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto legitimatelyfactually truly essentially 8. Tornadoes strike in many areas of theworld,butnowherearetheyasfrequentorasdevastatingasintheUnitedStates.Avast“tornadobelt”embraceslargeportionsoftheGreatPlainsoftheUnited States and the southeastern portion of the country. Tornadoesposethegreatest threats to theseareas,whichareespeciallyvulnerabletoabruptchangesinweatherconditions.

Thewordabruptinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto sudden vividsharp direct9.Forwomeninthe1920s,freedomindressreflectedtheir

newfreedomtotakeupcareers.Onlyasmallpercentageofwomenpursued

such opportunities, but the revolutionary change affected the types ofclothesworn bymostwomen. For example, trousers becameacceptableattireforalmostallactivities.Thismilestoneinthefashionworldfavoredmore stylish and comfortable clothing instead of more formal modes ofdress.

Thewordacceptable in the passage is closest inmeaning to usableendurable believable permissible 10. The National Film Board ofCanadawasestablishedin1939toproducefilmsthatreflectCanadianlifeand thought, and to distribute them both domestically and abroad. Bywinning awards from film festivals around the world, it has earnedinternationalacclaimfortheartisticandtechnicalexcellenceofitswork.

Thewordacclaim inthepassageisclosest inmeaningto fascinationpraise acceptance attraction

LESSON2•advantage•advent•agile•albeit•appealing•celebrated•circumvent•collide•contemporary

•distribute•encourage•energetic•frail•heyday•myth•refine•worthwhile

advantageadv. advantageouslyadj. advantageousn. somethingthatmayhelponetobesuccessfulortogain

somethingsyn. benefit

Isthereanyadvantageinarrivingearly?Hewasadvantageouslybornintoarichfamily.

adventn. thecomingorappearanceofsomethingsyn. arrival

Withtheadventofcomputers,manytaskshavebeenmadeeasier.Thenewspapersannouncedtheadventoftheconcertseason.

agileadv. agilelyn. agilenessn. agilityadj. abletomoveinaquickandeasyway

syn. nimble

Deerareveryagileanimals.Shemovedagilelyacrossthestage.

albeitconj. inspiteofthefacts,regardlessofthefactsyn. although

Histripwassuccessful,albeittiring.Albeitdifficultattimes,speakinganotherlanguageisrewarding.

appealingv. appealn. appealadv. appealinglyadj. attractiveorinterestingsyn. alluring

Workingabroadisappealingtomanypeople.Throughhisspeeches,thecandidateappealedtothevoters.

celebratedadj. acclaimed;well-knownandpopularsyn. renowned

Thecelebratedpianistwillbegivingaconcertthisweekend.SanFranciscoiscelebratedforitsmulticulturalmakeup.

circumventn. circumventionv. togoaround;avoidsyn. evade

Thehackerattemptedtocircumventthecomputer’ssecuritysystem.Circumventionofthefreshmanmathrequirementispossible.

colliden. collision

v. tohitoneobjectagainstanotherwithviolentforce;tobeinopposition

syn. crash

Thecollisioncausedmajordamagetobothcars.Mooncraterswerecausedwhenlargeasteroidscollidedwiththemoon.

contemporaryn. contemporaryadj. modern,up-to-date,or(n.)apersonlivingatthesametimeas

anotherpersonsyn. current

Contemporaryarchitecturemakesverygooduseofspace.CervanteswasacontemporaryofShakespeare.

distributen. distributionv. todivideamongpeopleortogiveoutsyn. dispense

Manypublishersdistributetheirnewspapersdirectlytohomesintheirarea.Thedistributionofseedsisveryquickwiththisnewmachine.

encouragen. encouragementn. encourageradv. encouraginglyadv. encouragingv. topromote,help,orsupportsyn. stimulate

Thegovernmentcuttaxesinordertoencouragespending.Theprofessorgaveeachstudenttheencouragementthatwasneededtolearnthematerial.

energeticn. energyadv. energetically

adj. fulloflife,action,orpowersyn. vigorous

Samhasn’tbeenasenergeticasheusuallyis.There’salotofenergyinthesebatteries.

frailn. frailtyadj. weakinhealthorinbodysyn. fragile

Thefrailwingsofthenewbornbirdcouldnotliftitofftheground.Oneofthefrailtiesofhumanbeingsislaziness.

heydayn. ahighpointofsuccessorabundancesyn. pinnacle

Manysettlersbecamerichduringtheheydayof theCaliforniagoldrushof the1800s.Wearelivingintheheydayofdigitalcommunications.

mythadj. mythologicaln. mythologyn. aninventedstoryorideasyn. legend

Throughouthistorymythswerecreatedinanattempttoexplainmanycommonnaturaloccurrences.Mythologyisthestudyoflegendsandfables.

refinen. refinementadj. refinedv. tomakepure;toimprovesyn. perfect(verb)

Factoriesmustrefineoilbeforeitcanbeusedasfuel.

Asquirtoflimejuiceistheperfectrefinementtocola.

worthwhileadj. valueindoingsomethingsyn. rewarding

Itwasworthwhilewaitingtenhoursinlineforthetickets.It’sworthwhiletopreparefortheTOEFL.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.circumvent(A)celebrate(B)attract(C)evade(D)appeal

2.advantage(A)benefit(B)persistence(C)nimbleness(D)allure

3.fragile(A)modern(B)famous(C)refined(D)frail

4.contemporary(A)timing(B)current(C)well-known(D)perfect

5.appealing(A)refined(B)encouraging(C)alluring(D)popular

6.renowned(A)unknown(B)celebrated(C)adverse

(D)disapprove

7.worthwhile(A)rewarding(B)acceptable(C)agile(D)permitted

8.vigorous(A)attractive(B)beautiful(C)energetic(D)advantageous

9.refine(A)persist(B)value(C)perfect(D)divide

10.heyday(A)agreement(B)acclaim(C)postponement(D)pinnacle


1.Overtheyears,investigatorshaveevaluatedthelocalfolkloreofareaswheresightingsofthecelebratedAbominableSnowmanhavebeenreported.Thesamescientistshavecollectedphysicalevidence,suchasfootprints,bodyparts,andphotographs,butthisevidenceremainsunconvincing.In1960therenownedmountaineerSirEdmundHillaryofNewZealandconductedaninvestigationofthereportsofthecreature,butfoundnoevidenceofitsexistence.

Thewordcelebrated in the passage is closest inmeaning to elusiveambiguous renowned indistinct 2. Exercises that demand total bodyinvolvementimproveandmaintainfitness.Themosteffectivewaytofeelmorementallyalertandenergetic is toengage inaerobicactivityat leastthree times a week for 30minutes. Such activitiesmay include jogging,running,swimming,dancing,andfastwalking.

Thewordenergetic in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to vigorousfrail agile appealing3.Mostpeopledonotappreciatetheimportanceofpackaging.Packagesmaintainthepurityandfreshnessoftheircontentsandprotectthemfromelementsoutside.Ifthecontentsareharmful,corrosive,or poisonous, the package must also protect the outside environment. Apackage must identify its contents, which facilitates distribution of theproduct.

Theworddistribution in thepassage is closest inmeaning to usagedisruption dispensing advertising 4. A contemporary issue amongpsychologists is the activation or cause of emotion, its structure orcomponents,anditsfunctionsandconsequences.Eachoftheseaspectscanbeconsideredfromabiosocialview.Generally,biosocialtheoryfocusesontheneurophysiologicalaspectsofemotionsandtheirrolesasorganizersofcognitionandmotivatorsofaction.

Thewordcontemporaryinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto currentacclaimed contemptuous favored 5. The early artists of theHudson

River school were Thomas Doughty, Asher Durand, and Thomas Cole.

TheyfoundthewildernessintheHudsonRivervalleyappealing.AlthoughthesepaintersstudiedinEurope,theyfirstachievedameasureofsuccessathome,andchosethecommonthemeoftheremotenessandsplendoroftheAmericaninterior.

Thewordappealinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto annoyingongoing spectacular alluring6.Recentpollssuggest that fewerpeopleseeanadvantageinmovingtothecitythantheyusedto.Therewasatimewhen cities attracted country dwellers like powerful magnets: cities hadmorejobs,betterschools,moreservices.Today,peopleoftenseepollution,crime,stress,andunemploymentwheretheyoncesawopportunity.Insteadof advantages, they see disadvantages in uprooting their families for theuncertaintyofurbanlife.

In stating that fewer people see anadvantage inmoving to the city, theauthormeansthatfewerpeople considercitiesapooroption.

prefertorelocatetobigcities.takeapositiveviewofcities.viewcitylifeasadvantageous.

7.Thegrowingpopularityoftelevisioninthe1950smarkedanimportantturningpointintheentertainmentworld.ThisdevelopmentcreatedvastnewentertainmentchoicesforpeoplewholivedwithinthesignalareasofTVstations.Later,withtheadventofsatelliteandcableTV,almosteveryone,regardlessoflocation,wasabletoexperiencethisentertainmentmedium.

Thewordadvent in thepassage isclosest inmeaningto dependenceallowance explosion arrival 8. Passerines form the dominant aviangrouponEarthtoday.Theyareregardedasthemosthighlyevolvedofallbirds and occur in abundance.Humans have long enjoyed passerines fortheir songs and their almost infinite variety of colors, patterns, andbehavioraltraits.Manypasserinesareconsideredtobequiteagile.Amongthemostenergeticofthemistheswallow,whosesmallbodyisdesignedforeffortlessmaneuvering.

Thewordagileinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto nimble detectiblebroad fast9. Inpartbecause seafood tends to spoil rapidly, in certain

areas of the United States, shrimping is allowed only during specificpredeterminedseasons.Forexample,inMississippitidalwaters,shrimpingis allowed only betweenOctober andMay. In the past, this short seasonmadeitdifficulttofindshrimpoutofseason.However,thedevelopmentoffreezing techniques in the 1940s encouraged the shrimping industry toexpand,makingitaglobalindustry.TheUnitedStatesnowimportsshrimpfromoversixtycountriesandshrimpcanbeboughtatanytimeoftheyear.

Thewordencouragedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto advancedaccepted stimulated wanted 10. Scientific disciplines, such as geneticengineering, are exploding with possibilities. As a result of newtechnologiesandprocedures to treathealthconditions,newtreatmentsformany diseases have been developed. Although the development ofadvancedmethods will continue to change the face of healthcare, moralbeliefs often collide with scientific advancements, slowing down theprogressofsomehealthcaretreatments.

The phrase collidewith in the passage is closest inmeaning to are inoppositionto areabsentfrom areassociatedwith areconcernedabout

LESSON3•alter•analyze•ancient•annoying•anticipate•ascertain•conform•enrich•intensify

•intolerable•ongoing•potential•propose•restore•staple•turbulent•vital

alterv. alteredn. alterationadj. alterableadv. alterablyv. tochangeormakedifferentsyn. modify

Willthestormalteritscourseandmissthecoast?Gloriahasn’talteredherplanstoreturntoschool.

analyzev. analyzedn. analysisv. tostudysomethingcarefully;toseparateintopartsforstudysyn. examine

Scientistsmustanalyzeproblemsthoroughly.Analysisofthesubstanceconfirmsthepresenceofnitrogen.

ancientadj. somethingfromalongtimeago;veryold

syn. old

Archaeologistsanalyzeancientcivilizations.DavefoundanancientRomancoin.

annoyingn. annoyancev. annoyadv. annoyinglyadj. aslightbother;disturbingtoapersonsyn. bothersome

Mosquitoscanbeanannoyingpartofavacationatthebeach.Sheannoyedherparentsbycominghomelate.

anticipateadj. anticipatoryn. anticipationv. tothinkaboutorprepareforsomethingaheadoftimesyn. predict

Noonecananticipatetheresultsofthegames.Theyplannedtheirvacationwithanticipation.

ascertainadj. ascertainableadv. ascertainablyn. ascertainmentv. todiscover;findoutsyn. determine

Itriedtoascertainifhewastellingthetruth.Thejurymadeadecisionbasedonitsascertainmentofthefacts.

conformn. conformityn. conformistv. tofollowestablishedrulesorpatternsofbehaviorsyn. adapt

Youmustconformtotherulesorleavetheclub.Shehasalwaysbeenaconformist.

enrichn. enrichmentadj. enrichingv. tomakerich;tomakesomethingofgreatervaluesyn. enhance

Thefineartsenrichourlives.Thediscoveryofoilwasanenrichmentforthecountry.

intensifyn. intensityadj. intenseadj. intensiveadv. intenselyadv. intensivelyv. tomakestrongerinfeelingorqualitysyn. heighten

The importance of the test will sometimes intensify the nervousness of thestudents.Thechessmatchwasplayedwithgreatintensity.

intolerablen. intoleranceadv. intolerablyadv. intolerantlyadj. intolerantadj. difficultorpainfultoexperience;notabletoacceptdifferent

waysofthoughtorbehaviorsyn. unbearable

Anyoppositiontotherulesisintolerable.Hisbosswasintolerantofhistardiness.

ongoing

adj. continuingsyn. current

Thetutoringprojectisanongoingprogramoftheschool.Maintainingroadsisanongoingjob.

potentialadj. potentialadv. potentiallyn. anability,happening,oropportunitythathasnotoccurredor

beendevelopedsyn. possibility

Themedicalstudentshaveshowngreatpotentialtobecomedoctors.Smallspaceheatersareapotentialfirehazard.

proposen. proposaln. propositionadj. proposedv. tosuggestorplantodosomethingsyn. suggest

Thegovernorisgoingtoproposenewtaxes.Herproposalwaswellaccepted.

restoren. restorationadj. restoredv. togivebackorbringbacksomething;toreturntotheoriginal

conditionsyn. revitalize

Herestoredmyconfidenceinhim.Itisabeautifulrestorationoftheoldtable.

staplen. afundamentalelementorprincipalpartofsomethingsyn. essential(n.)

Milk,bread,andeggsarestaplesofmostAmericangrocerystores.ThemainstapleofAsiandietsisrice.

turbulentn. turbulenceadv. turbulentlyadj. tobeinadisordered,disturbedorunstableconditionsyn. chaotic

Theplaneflewthoughanareaofturbulence.Theturbulentcrowdinsistedonameetingwiththeprimeminister.

vitaln. vitalityadv. vitallyadj. ofgreatimportance;fulloflifesyn. indispensable

Moneyisvitaltothesuccessoftheprogram.Hisintensevitalitywaseasilyobservable.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.indispensable(A)abrupt(B)abroad(C)vital(D)frail

2.restore(A)appeal(B)revitalize(C)attract(D)disrupt

3.conform(A)annoy(B)divide(C)encourage(D)adapt

4.turbulent(A)chaotic(B)intolerant(C)annoying(D)adverse

5.ascertain(A)delay(B)render(C)determine(D)assert

6.potential(A)attraction(B)possibility(C)anticipation

(D)persistence

7.staple(A)essential(B)advice(C)fable(D)agreement

8.enrich(A)alter(B)dispense(C)disrupt(D)enhance

9.unbearable(A)inspiring(B)unfavorable(C)intolerable(D)ancient

10.proposal(A)question(B)attention(C)benefit(D)suggestion


1.Thepointatwhichpainbecomesintolerableisknownasthepainperceptionthreshold.Studieshavefoundthispointtobesimilaramongdifferentsocialandculturalgroups.However,thepaintolerancethresholdvariessignificantlyamongthesegroups.Astoical,unemotionalresponsetopainmaybeseenasasignofbravenessincertainculturalorsocialenvironments.However,thisbehaviorcanalsomasktheseriousnessofaninjurytoanexaminingphysician.

Theword intolerable in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to elusivealtered intensified unbearable 2. Nutritional additives are utilized torestorenutrientslostduringproduction,toenrichcertainfoodsinordertocorrect dietary deficiencies, or to add nutrients to food substitutes.Nowadays, vitamins are commonly added to many foods in order toincreasetheirnutritionalvalue.Forexample,vitaminsAandDareaddedtodairy and cereal products, and several of the B vitamins are added tocereals.

Thewordenrichinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto alter

enhance produce restore3.Inmodernmanufacturingproductionfacilitiesthatproduceequipmentsensitivetoenvironmentalcontamination,adust-freeworkingareawithstricttemperatureandhumiditycontrolsisofvitalimportance.Seamlessplasticwallsandceilings,externallighting,acontinuousflowofdust-freeair,anddailycleaningarefeaturesofthis“cleanroom.”Workerswearspecialclothing,includingheadcoverings.Whenenteringthisroom,theypassthrougha“shower”toremovecontaminants.

Thewordvital in thepassage is closest inmeaning to indispensablelively

extreme dubious4.Humanpopulationsareclassifiedin

termsofgeneticallytransmittedtraits.Forgroupsthathavelivedforgenerationsincertainlocations,researchillustratesthelong-termgeneticeffectsofenvironmentalfactorssuchasclimateanddiet.Ongoinginvestigationstrackthehistoryofevolutionanditsgeneticchangesandhelptoexplaintheoriginofgeneticallydetermineddiseasesandtheirlong-terminfluence.

The word ongoing in the passage is closest in meaning to currentthorough proposed temporary 5. In the 1890s, a rising generation ofyoungantiorganization leaders cameon thepolitical scene.These leaderstransformed the art and practice of politics in the United States, byexercising strong leadership and by bringing about institutional changesthat helped revitalize political democracy. Most important was theirachievement of economic and social objectives, such as legislation toprevent child labor, and accident insurance systems to providecompensationtoinjuredworkers.

Thewordrevitalize in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to intensifyestablish reform

restore6.Therearemorethan100typesorspeciesofchameleon.Amemberofthelizardfamily,thechameleonlivesincountriesasdiverseasMadagascar,Spain,andSriLanka.Itisthoughttochangecolortoconformtoitssurroundings,butthatisrarelytrue.Whilechangesdooccurwithchangesinlightortemperature,especiallywhenthechameleonisfrightened,itsnewcolorrarelymatchesitsimmediatesurroundings.

In stating that the chameleon’s color conforms to its surroundings, theauthormeansthatit differsfromthecolorofitssetting.

contrastswithitssurroundings.clasheswiththecolorsaroundit.looksthesameasitsenvironment.

7.Infraredlightemissionphotographsareparticularlyhelpfultoastronomers.Thecompositionandtemperatureofheavenlybodiescanoftenbe

determinedbyanalysisofphotostakenwithacamerathatissensitivetoinfraredlightemissions.Usinginfrareddetectors,astronomerscanobservecoolercelestialobjectsthantheycanwithopticaldevices,sinceinfraredradiationislessaffectedbyinterstellardustthanislight.

Thewordanalysisinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto intensificationexamination dispersion production8.Workingenvironmentsinwhich

loudnoiseisfrequentcanbeharmfultotheemployee.Asidefromsimplybeingannoying, themostmeasurablephysicaleffectofnoisepollution isdamage to hearing.Thismay be either temporary or permanent andmaycause disruption of normal activities. In work areas where noise is aproblem,careshouldbetakentoprotecttheearswithearplugs.

Thewordannoying in the passage is closest inmeaning to difficultongoing bothersome refined 9. The construction of shelter, foundamongthefirststablehumansocietiesabout5,000yearsago,isconsideredto be among the most important of all ancient human activities. Thesystematicplacementof groupsof housingmarked amomentous culturaltransition toward the formation of towns. It generated new needs andresourcesandwasaccompaniedbya significant increase in technologicalinnovation.

Thewordancientinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto old

actualdistinct dated

10.Seekingtotakeadvantageofneweconomictrendsofthelate1800s,Manitoba’sleadersmadeimportantchangesineconomicpolicies.Thesechanges,whichanticipatednewdirectionsineconomicdevelopmentoftheregion,tookadvantageoftheuniquebusinessattributesoftheprovince.Duringtheearly1900s,thesepoliciesgavetheprovinceanadvantageoverotherprairieprovinces.

Thewordanticipatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto encouragedanalyzed modified predicted

LESSON4•ambiguous•arbitrary•assert•astounding•astute•concur•deceptively•designate•determined

•elicit•embody•instigate•mundane•petition•relinquish•resilient•tempt

ambiguousadv. ambiguouslyn. ambiguityadj. ofunclearmeaning;somethingthatcanbeunderstoodin

morethanonewaysyn. vague

Themenreceivedanambiguousmessagefromtheirboss.Herletterwasfullofambiguities.

arbitraryadv. arbitrarilyn. arbitrarinessadj. anactionordecisionmadewithlittlethought,order,or

reasonsyn. haphazard

Herchoiceofclothingseemedarbitrary.Theteacherarbitrarilydecidedtogivetheclassatest.

assertadv. assertively

n. assertivenessn. assertionadj. assertivev. toexpressordefendoneselfstrongly;tostatepositivelysyn. declare

Thegovernmentasserteditscontroloverthebankingsystem.Thecompanypresidentisanassertiveindividual.

astoundingv. astoundadv. astoundinglyadj. verysurprisingsyn. astonishing

Thescientistsmadeanastoundingdiscovery.Thefanswereastoundedbytheirteam’ssuccess.

astuteadj. astutelyn. astutenessadj. veryintelligent,smart,cleversyn. perceptive

Hewasanastuteworker,finishinginhalfthetimeittooktheotherstofinish.Theyastutelydeterminedthattherewouldbenochancetofinishontime.

concurn. concurrencev. tohavethesameopinionordrawthesameconclusionsyn. agree

Thedirectorconcurredwiththeconclusionsofthecommittee’sreport.Doyouconcurwiththedetailsofthebusinessplan?

deceptivelyadj. deceptivev. deceiven. deception

adv. makingsomethingappeartrueorgoodwhenitisfalseorbadsyn. misleadingly

Themagiciandeceptivelymadetherabbitdisappear.RicharddeceivedJoeaboutthecostofthecoat.

designaten. designationn. designatorv. tospecify,name,orselecttodoatask;toindicatesyn. assign

Thepresidentdesignatedthevicepresidenttorepresenthimatthemeeting.Thedesignateddriverdroveeveryonehomeaftertheparty.

determinedn. determinationv. determineadj. stronginone’sopinion,firminconviction,tofindoutsyn. resolute

Theyweredeterminedtogotograduateschool.Thejudgedeterminedthatthemanwaslying.

elicitn. elicitationv. togetthefactsordrawoutthetruthsyn. extract

Alawyerwillelicitallthefactsnecessarytoprovehercase.Elicitationofthetruthcanbedifficultattimes.

embodyn. embodimentv. tobeagoodexampleofaconceptorideasyn. exemplify

TheconstitutionisanembodimentofAmericanideals.Charlotteembodiesallofthequalitiesofagoodleader.

instigaten. instigatoradj. instigativeadv. instigativelyv. tocauseaconflictorargumentsyn. initiate

Nooneknewwhohadinstigatedthedemonstration.Dissatisfactionwithgovernmentpoliciesinstigatedtherevolution.

mundaneadv. mundanelyn. mundanenessn. mundanityadj. commonorroutinesyn. ordinary

Thestudent’smundanesummerjobfrustratedher.Hismotheraskedhimtodoallthemundanehouseholdchores.

petitionn. petitionv. tomakearequestsyn. appeal

CanadapetitionedtheUnitedNationstoconsideritscase.Thestudent’spetitionwasdenied.

relinquishn. relinquishmentv. togiveupcontrolsyn. abdicate

Thetroubledexecutiverelinquishedhercontrolofthecompany.The relinquishment of his claim to the building will allow the building to besold.

resilientadv. resiliently

n. resilienceadj. strongenoughtorecoverfromdifficultyordiseasesyn. tenacious

Shehasaresilientpersonalityandwillsoonfeelbetter.Thedoctorwassurprisedbyhispatient’sresilience.

temptadv. temptinglyn. temptationadj. temptingv. tomakeitattractivetodosomething,usuallysomethingnot

goodsyn. entice

Theideaofgettingrichquicklytemptedhimtoinvesthislifesavings.Dessertsaremoretemptingwhenoneisonadiet.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.appeal(A)enrich(B)assert(C)petition(D)restore

2.mundane(A)celebrated(B)ordinary(C)astounding(D)alterable

3.instigate(A)initiate(B)empower(C)intensify(D)restore

4.elicit(A)declare(B)withdraw(C)conform(D)extract

5.abdicate(A)relinquish(B)alter(C)encourage(D)heighten

6.misleadingly(A)abruptly(B)deceptively(C)progressively

(D)truly

7.resolute(A)determined(B)perfect(C)renown(D)perceptive

8.resilient(A)bothersome(B)vital(C)unbearable(D)tenacious

9.embody(A)exemplify(B)entice(C)notice(D)enrich

10.vague(A)intolerable(B)adverse(C)beautiful(D)ambiguous


1.Thecreationandanalysisofopticalillusionsinvolvemathematicalandgeometricprinciples,suchastheproportionalitybetweentheareasofsimilarfigures.Opticalillusionsandtheireffectsareoftencreatedthroughcarefulphysicalattributes,suchasanonstandarduseofperspective,distortedangles,deceptiveshading,unusualjuxtaposition,andcoloreffects.

Theworddeceptive in the passage is closest inmeaning to elusivemisleading altered ambiguous2.TheSenecaFallsConvention,heldin1848, started the woman’s suffrage movement in the United States. A“DeclarationofSentiments,”whichcalleduponwomentoorganizeandtopetitionfortheirrights,waspassed.However,onecontroversialresolution,callingfortherightofwomentovote,narrowlypassed.Theridiculeofthatprovision of the Declaration caused many backers of women’s rights towithdrawtheirsupportlateron.

Thewordpetitioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto vote

demand appeal persist3.Spacelawisconcernedwiththeproperusesofouterspace.Themostimportanttreatyofspacelawswasthe1967OuterSpaceTreaty.Theparticipantswhocraftedthetreatyconcludedthatthemoonandallothercelestialbodiesweretobefreeforexplorationandusebyallnations.Theyalsoconcurredthattheuseofweaponsofmassdestructionwastobeforbiddeninspace.

Thewordconcurredinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto assumedagreed anticipated observed4. It is a commonmisconception that theU.S.Congresshastheconstitutionalpowertolegislatenearlyanythingforthegeneralwelfare.TheConstitutiongivesCongressmanypowers,but itdoesnotgiveCongressthepowertolegislatefreelyforthegeneralwelfare.Inmanyinstances,theCongresscannotforcethestatestoabide,althoughithasthepowertotemptstatesbytheofferofmoney.Congressmaytryto

causethestatestodosomethingbymeansofoffersofsubsidiesorgrants,butitcannotcompelthemtoaccepttheincentives.

Thewordtemptinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto coerce enticesolicit persuade5.Due to theastounding progress of integrated-circuittechnology,anenormousnumberoftransistorscanbeplacedontoasingleintegrated-circuit chip. The first commercially successful microprocessorchip had only 4,800 transistors, but the newest high-end chips now haveover700,000,000transistors.

Thewordastoundinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto astonishingrapid

solidresilient6.DeerpopulationshavegrowndramaticallyinthenortheastUnitedStatesinthelast20years.Manyresidentsarehappytohavedeerintheircommunities,butmanyothersseethemasamenace.Deeroftenwanderintotraffic,causeautomobileaccidents,tramplelawns,eatflowers,andhostinsectsthatcarrydisease.Therefore,manyresidentsaredeterminedtorestricttheirmovements,fencethemout,oreveneliminatethemaltogether.

In stating that many people are determined to eliminate the deer, theauthormeansthatthey wanttodecidewhattodo.

supporttheirincrease.insistonreducingthem.favorenlargingtheherd.

7.Thegameofchesswasnotwellorganizeduntil1946,whentheworldchessgoverningbody,FIDE,asserteditscontroloverinternationalplay.Atthattime,nationalchessgroupsimmediatelywelcomedthechancetojointhenewfederation.However,FIDE’sauthorityhasnotbeenuniversallyrecognizedandeventodaythereisnogeneralagreementastothestatusoftheworldchampionship.

Thewordasserted in thepassage is closest inmeaning to enhancedempowered permitted declared 8. Social anthropologists attempt to

illustrate the social emergence and evolution of the human race and todeterminedifferencesbetweenhumansocialorganizationandthatofotherprimates. Despite the fact that all classifications of human societies andcultures are arbitrary, they also attempt to note differences betweenvarioushumansocieties.Inspiteofthesedifficulties,anthropologistshavemade great advances in the identification and grouping of humancivilizations.

Thewordarbitraryinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto vague

haphazard disputed elusive9.TheMonroeDoctrineallowedtheUnitedStatestointerveneintheaffairsofLatinAmericancountriesincaseofforeigninvasion.OncetheUnitedStateswasdesignatedtoactonbehalfofitsneighborstothesouth,episodesofforeigninterferencedecreaseduntilthe1960s,whenCubawantedthesupportandeconomicaidoftheformerUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics.

Theworddesignatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto authorizedaccustomed determined tempted10. J.EdgarHooverwas anastute

professionalwhoservedasDirectoroftheFBIfor48years.Aresilientanddeterminedgovernmentofficial,Hoover’s tenurespannedoneof themostimportant eras of modern U.S. history. His policies helped to shape andcreate what has now become a highly respected modern investigativeorganization.

The word astute in the passage is closest in meaning to acclaimedcelebrated perceptive eminent

LESSON5•baffle•bear•blur•brilliant•caution•delicate•enhance•facilitate•incessant

•inconjunctionwith•intrigue•obstruct•persuade•recompense•shed•unique•well-suited

baffleadj. bafflingn. bafflementv. toconfusetoapointatwhichnoprogresscanbemadesyn. puzzle

Thecausesofmanyharmfuldiseaseshavebaffleddoctorsforcenturies.Thatwasabafflingquestion.

bearadv. bearablyadj. bearablev. toproduce,tocarry;toshow;toenduresyn. yield

Thisorchardbearsmanyfineharvestsofapples.Althoughstockpricesdeclined,losseshavebeenbearableformostinvestors.

bluradj. blurredn. blurv. tomakesomethingdifficulttosee

syn. cloud

Therainblurredeveryone’sviewofthevalley.Thewholeaccidentisjustablurinmymind.

brilliantadv. brilliantlyn. brillianceadj. intenselybrightorcolorful;intelligentsyn. radiant

Einsteinwasabrilliantthinker.Shebrilliantlyproducedasolutiontotheproblem.

cautionadj. cautiousadj. cautionaryadv. cautiouslyn. cautionv. toalertsomeoneofdanger,warnsomeonetotakecareorpay

attentiontosomethingsyn. warn

Theofficercautionedthemotoristtoslowdown.Theyenteredintothenegotiationscautiously.

delicateadv. delicatelyadj. needingcarefultreatment;sensitive,easilybrokensyn. fragile

Becauseofitscontroversialnature,itwasachallengetodiscusssuchadelicateissueinpublic.Youmusthandletheantiquedelicately.

enhancen. enhancementadj. enhancedv. toincreaseinapositiveway,suchasinvalue,power,or

beautysyn. strengthen

Passingtheexamshouldenhanceyourchancesofbeingadmittedtocollege.Thecomputerenhancedourproductivity.

facilitateadv. facilitativev. tomakeeasier;toeasetheprogressofsyn. assist

Hiscarefulplanningfacilitatedthecompletionoftheproject.Goodteachingstrategiesfacilitatestudentlearning.

incessantadv. incessantlyadj. nonstop,continual,ornever-endingsyn. constant

Thewoman’sincessanttalkingdisturbedeveryonewatchingthemovie.Thedogs’incessantbarkingkeptthewholeneighborhoodupallnight.

inconjunctionwithprep.ph. inadditionto,alongsidesyn. alongwith

Exercise,inconjunctionwithanourishingdiet,contributestoahealthylifestyle.Thearchitectsplannedthebuildinginconjunctionwiththeengineers.

intrigueadj. intriguingadv. intriguinglyn. intriguev. tointerestgreatlysyn. fascinate

Hewasintriguedbytheacclaimthathereceived.Theintriguingquestionbaffledhistorians.

obstructn. obstructionadj. obstructiveadv. obstructivelyv. topreventmovement,progress,orsuccesssyn. block

Justafterthestorm,downedtreesobstructedmanyroadsinthecommunity.Ahugebuildingobstructedtheoceanviewfromtheapartment.

persuadeadv. persuasivelyadj. persuasiven. persuasionv. tochangeabelieforbehaviorbyargumentorreasonsyn. convince

Theycouldn’tpersuadetheircriticstoseetheirpointofview.Johnpresentedapersuasiveargumentforhissalaryincrease.

recompenseadv. recompensablev. recompensen. arepaymentorrewardforadeedsyn. compensation

Theknightreceivedgoldasrecompenseforsavingthekingdom.Hisbossassuredhimthathe’dberecompensedforhisextraefforts.

shedv. tothrowoffnaturally;togiveoutsyn. discard

Inordertogrow,crabsmustshedtheirshells.Theexperimentsshednonewinformationonthecauseofthedisease.

uniqueadv. uniquely

n. uniquenessadj. tobetheonlyoneofakind;specialsyn. rare

Hewaspresentedwithauniqueopportunitytoattendtheconference.Hisstyleofwritingisuniquelyhisown.

well-suitedadj. tobecomplementaryorappropriate;agoodmatchsyn. compatible

Thedesignofthehouseiswell-suitedtoitssurroundings.The experienced principal was well-suited for the job of superintendent ofschools.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.incessant(A)unique(B)constant(C)blocked(D)baffled

2.obstruct(A)warn(B)tempt(C)enhance(D)block

3.intrigue(A)fascinate(B)elicit(C)intensify(D)enrich

4.well-suitedto(A)uniqueto(B)compatiblewith(C)enhancedwith(D)dedicatedto

5.recompense(A)pinnacle(B)resilience(C)compensation(D)consequence

6.convince(A)assert(B)persuade(C)restore

(D)yield

7.rare(A)determined(B)warned(C)vague(D)unique

8.facilitate(A)assist(B)refine(C)alter(D)discard

9.enhance(A)entice(B)strengthen(C)relinquish(D)encourage

10.puzzled(A)valid(B)assertive(C)baffled(D)astute


1.Anewbornchickusesitseggtoothtobreaktheshellofitseggandescapefromitathatching.Thistoothlikestructureisthenshedsinceitsonlyuseistohelpthebirdbreaktheeggshell.Someanimals,suchaslizardsandsnakes,developatruetooththatprojectsoutsidetherowofotherteeth.Thistoothhelpsadultshatchtheiryoung.

The word shed in the passage is closest in meaning to guardedpreserved discarded enhanced 2. Imitation gems are usually made ofglassorplastics.Inrecentyears,anenormousarrayofplasticshasbecomeavailable for imitations, but these materials are soft and lack the claritypresent in real gemstones. Therefore, they are less satisfactory for thepurpose than glass. Flint glasses, containing lead oxide, have higherrefractive indicesand thereforepossessabrilliancenot found inplastics.Thismakesflintglassesmoresuitablethanplasticforimitationgems.

Thewordbrilliance in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to radiancelightness enhancement appeal 3. During a shower,meteors appear tospreadfromapointinthesky,calledtheradiant.Theseradiantpointsgiveeachshoweritsname.Forexample,thePerseidsshowerappearstoradiatefrom the constellation Perseus. During the heaviest showers, 30 to 70meteorsmaybeseeneveryhour,butonuniqueoccasionsinaspectaculardisplay,thatnumbermaybevisibleeverysecond.

Thewordunique in the passage is closest inmeaning to intriguingamazing celebrated rare

4.Sometimes,advertisersimpactsocietybytheuseofadvocacyads,whosepurposeisnottopersuadethepublictobuyaproduct,buttochangethepublic’sviewaboutaspecificissue.Companiesusethisadvertisingtoinfluencepublicopinion.Criticssaythatsuchadsareunfairlyone-sided;advertiserssaythatthemassmediahavebeenequallyone-sidedinfailingtoreportcompanyviews.

Thewordpersuade in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to convince

dissuade solicit encourage 5. In themid-1800s, gold and silver werecommon components of dentures.As a result, theywere very expensive.However,in1851,aprocesstohardenthejuicesofcertaintropicalplantsintorubberwasdiscovered.Thisnewproductcouldbemoldedtoamodelofapatient’smouthandartificial teethcouldbemade.Asa result,whenusedinconjunctionwithnewmanufacturingmethods,thesemoldscausedthecostofdenturestofalldramatically.

Thephraseinconjunctionwithinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoalongwith under

throughout withinlimits6.Theissueofwherehumanlifefirstarosehasalwaysbeenanintriguingquestionforscience.Manyguesses,orhypotheses,havebeenadvanced,rangingfromAsiatoEurope.However,theoldestknownhumanbones,orfossils,werediscoveredinEastAfricain1972.Theyarenearly2millionyearsold.Theiragewasdeterminedbymeasuringtheageoftherockssurroundingthemandcomparingthemtootherfossils.

Instatingthattheoriginofhumanlifeisanintriguingquestion,theauthormeansthatit interestsalotofscientists.

canneverbeanswered.receivestoomuchattention.willalwaysbeamystery.

7.TheSiouxandCheyennepeoplestoldoutsidersnottolookforgoldonIndianland.Eventually,theSiouxandCheyennehadtodefendtheirlandagainstaU.S.armyforceintheBattleofLittleBighorn.Thisbattle,alsoknownas“Custer’sLastStand,”wasledbyGeneralGeorgeCuster.Custerwascautionedbyhisadvisorsnottounderestimatethestrengthofhisopponent,butignoredtheiradvice,resultinginthedefeatoftheU.S.force.

Thewordcautioned in the passage is closest inmeaning to warneddiscarded advised convinced8.Clothing andadornmentsused amongthesouthwestNativeAmericanpopulationsoftenreflectthesocialstatusofan individual. Body painting and tattooing are commonmethods used to

distinguishsocialstatus.Othermethodsincludetheuseoflip,ear,andnoserings in addition to bracelets, arm bands, necklaces, and head ornamentsmade of delicate, colorful feathers. In addition to their use as statusmarkers,adornmentsarealsousedtoenhancebeauty.

The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning to resilientbrilliant rare

fragile9.Speciesofalyssumareparticularlysuitableasedgingplantsforflowergardens.Alyssumisgenerallygrayishwithyelloworwhiteflowers.Onepopularspeciesissweetalyssum,aperennialthatgrowsuptonineinchestall.Thenarrow,green-grayleafofthesweetalyssumusuallybearsmanysilveryhairs.

Thewordbearsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto produces elicitsattracts inspires 10. In ancient times, the labyrinth was a structure

composedofacomplexseriesofpassagewaysandchambers,probablyatfirstdesignedtobaffleenemies.Alabyrintheitherhadbranchedpathswithmisleading ends, or it contained one longmeandering path that led to acentralend.

Thewordbaffleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto obstruct puzzlediscard astound

LESSON6•chiefly•coarse•commonplace•comparatively•complex•conventional•curious•emit•exceedingly

•exclusively•extinguish•immense•rigid•routinely•stamina•sufficiently•visibly

chieflyadj. chiefadv. themostimportantormostcommonsyn. mostly

Housesaremadechieflyofwoodproducts.CornisthechiefcropoftheMidwest.

coarseadv. coarselyn. coarsenessadj. notfineorsmooth;notdelicatesyn. rough

Sandpaperisanextremelycoarsematerial.Woolclothinghasacertaincoarsenessintexture.

commonplaceadj. ordinarysyn. frequent

In some parts of the world, text messaging is more commonplace than voice

calling.FemalelawyersarecommonplaceintheUnitedStates.

comparativelyadj. comparativev. comparen. comparisonadv. beingmeasuredorjudgedbycomparisonsyn. relatively

It was comparatively easy for him to learn baseball because he had been acricketplayer.If you compare algebra and trigonometry, you’ll discover that algebra is lesscomplex.

complexn. complexityadj. difficulttounderstandorexplain;havingmanypartssyn. complicated

Thebusinessmenastutelyapproachedthecomplexproductionproblem.Theuniversehasacomplexitybeyondcomprehension.

conventionaladv. conventionallyn. conventionadj. followingacceptedrulesorstandardssyn. traditional

ProfessorCanfieldagreedwith theconventional theoryabout theoriginof theBasquelanguage.To become integrated into a society, you must learn the conventions of thatsociety.

curiousadv. curiouslyn. curiosityadj. oddorstrange;eagertolearn

syn. peculiar

Acuriousobjectwasdiscoveredintheremains.SallywascuriouslyinterestedinthehistoryofAlaska.

emitn. emissionn. emitterv. tosendout;giveoffsyn. release

Theragingforestfireemittedadense,whitesmoke.Moderntelescopescandetectthefaintestlightemittedbydistantstars.

exceedinglyv. exceedn. excessadj. excessiveadv. excessivelyadv. very;toanunusualdegreesyn. extremely

Intropicalzones,itisexceedinglyhotandhumid.Itisnotsafetoexceedthespeedlimit.

exclusivelyadj. exclusiven. exclusionv. excludeadv. nooneelse;nothingelse;notsharedwithotherssyn. restrictively

Thisroomisusedexclusivelybythefaculty.Theyexcludedeveryoneunder21fromthecontest.

extinguishadj. extinguishablen. extinguishmentv. tobringabouttheendofsomething

syn. terminate

Thefirefightersquicklyextinguishedtheflames.Modernmedicinehasextinguishedmanypreviouslyseriousillnesses.

immenseadv. immenselyn. immensityadj. extremelylargesyn. massive

Fromthemountaintopyoucanseetheimmensevalley.Shewasimmenselyinterestedintheideaofteachingaforeignlanguage.

rigidadv. rigidlyadj. noteasytobend;firm;inflexiblesyn. stiff

Theteacherwasveryrigidinhisideasaboutclassattendance.Headheredrigidlytohisopinionsaboutmarriage.

routinelyadj. routinen. routineadv. regularly;usuallydonesyn. ordinarily

Sheroutinelygetsaphysicalexamination.Itisroutineforstudentstobecomehomesickattimes.

staminan. lastingphysicalormentalstrengthsyn. endurance

TheOlympicrunnerdemonstratedincrediblestamina.Thehorselackedthestaminatowintherace.

sufficiently

n. sufficiencyadj. sufficientv. sufficeadv. enough;inasatisfyingmannersyn. adequately

Jennyissufficientlymaturetomakeherowndecisions.Herincomeissufficientforherneeds.

visiblyadj. visiblen. vision*v. viewadj. visionary*adv. canbeseen

*powerofimaginationorwisdom,especiallywithregardtothefuture

syn. noticeably

Kenwasvisiblyupsetabouthisperformanceevaluation.Starsaremorevisibleonaclearfallevening.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.stiff(A)delicate(B)agile(C)rigid(D)astute

2.traditional(A)arbitrary(B)astounding(C)conventional(D)frequent

3.extinguish(A)terminate(B)discard(C)emit(D)deceive

4.curious(A)annoying(B)brilliant(C)peculiar(D)enhanced

5.adequately(A)sufficiently(B)deceptively(C)intensely(D)amazingly

6.immense(A)abrupt(B)massive(C)ongoing

(D)complicated

7.exceedingly(A)resiliently(B)extremely(C)assertively(D)resolutely

8.visibly(A)noticeably(B)frequently(C)persuasively(D)encouragingly

9.stamina(A)courage(B)indulgence(C)weakness(D)endurance

10.restrictively(A)exclusively(B)adversely(C)roughly(D)relatively


1.NorthAmericantradepatternsofferremarkablecontrasts.Canadahasasmallpopulationbutwithvastresourcesandhighproductivity.IthasalowhomeconsumptionanddependsonforeigntrademorethananyotherdevelopedcountryontheNorthAmericancontinent.TheUnitedStates,ontheotherhand,hasanimmensedomesticmarketandthehighestpercapitaconsumptionofgoodsintheworld.Itdependsmainlyontradewithinitsnationalborders.

Theword immense in the passage is closest inmeaning to massivesuccessful prominent significant 2. By the end of the 20th century,computers had greatly influenced the way in which we produced andprinteddocuments.Lettersandreportscouldbeeasilypreparedonpersonalcomputers,becausetheusercouldseeonthemonitorwhatthetextwouldlooklikewhenprinted.Thetaskofwritingwasmadeeveneasierwiththeadventofmoreadvancedwordprocessingprogramsthatcheckedspellingandgrammarbeforeprinting.Awiderangeoffontsbecameavailabletothepublic,andtheirnumberwasfargreaterthanthatofconventionalprintingprocesses. Thanks to progress in laser printing technology, the quality oftext printed by laser printer soon surpassed that of commercially typesetmaterial.

Thewordconventionalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto restrictedavailable traditional competing3.Contourmappingistheprocessby

which a map is formed by constructing lines of equal values of thatproperty from available data points. For example, a topographic mapreveals the relief of an area by means of contour lines that representelevation. In addition to topography, there are examples of geophysical,geochemical, meteorological, sociological, and other variables that areroutinelymappedby themethod.Theavailabilityofplottingdeviceshaspermittedmappingbycomputer,whichreducestheeffectofhumanbiasonthefinalproduct.

Thewordroutinelyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto ordinarily

effectively sluggishly efficiently 4. Motion-picture technology is acuriousblendoftheoldandthenew.Inmuchoftheequipment,state-of-the-art digital electronics may be working with a mechanical systeminventedin1895.Moreover,thetechnologyofmotionpicturesisbasednotonly on the invention of still photography but also on a combination ofseveral more or less independent technologies: camera and projectordesign, film manufacture and processing, sound recording andreproduction,andlightingandlightmeasurement.

Thewordcurious in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to productivepeculiar coveted appealing5.Thedurablesurfacingofaroad,airstrip,orsimilarareaisknownasapavement.Itsprimaryfunctionistotransmitloads to the sub-base and underlying soil. Modern flexible pavementscontain sand and gravel or crushed stone. These are compacted with abinder of bituminous material, such as asphalt or tar. Such a pavementdemonstrates enough plasticity to absorb shocks. Rigid pavements aremade of concrete, composed of coarse and fine aggregate and portlandcement,andusuallyreinforcedwithsteelrodormesh.

Thewordrigid in thepassage is closest inmeaning to strong stiffpliable complex 6. Research indicates that Internet use may cause aperson’sattentionspantoshorten.Someexpertsestimatethatthehabitualuser’sspancandroptoaslittleasthatofagoldfish,roughlynineseconds.Of course, attention depends as much on content as delivery. It iscomparativelyeasytoswitchoffsomeimages,butcomparativelyhardtoabandon others. For example, computer games usually hold a user’sattentionlongerthanadvertising.

In stating that it is comparatively easy to switch off some images, theauthormeansthat allimagesorgamesareequallyengaging.

somehavelessofaholdonauser’sattention.someevenlengthenauser’sattentionspan.usersnevervaryintheirInternetpreferences.

7.Waterisapowerfulsolventthatactsasacatalystformanyreactions.Italsostoresheatandcoldwell.Intermsofitscomposition,waterhasanunusuallyhighboilingandfreezingpoint.Italsoshowsunusualvolumechangeswithtemperature.Wateriseasilythemostcomplexofallcommon

substancesthataresinglechemicalcompounds.

The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning to renownpeculiar nimble intricate 8. Over several decades, scientists andengineers have confronted the issue of pollutants emitted by motorvehicles. Some of the waste products of the combustion process includecarbondioxide, nitrogengas, andwater vapor.Though these by-productsare not really harmful, many scientists theorize that carbon dioxidemaycontribute to the problem of global warming. However, the combustionprocess also produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, andhydrocarbons, all of which are known threats to human health. Due togovernment regulations that set emission standards, motor vehiclecompanieshavesignificantlyreducedtheamountofharmfulgasesthataredischargedbyinstallingcatalyticconvertersinvehicles.

The word emitted in the passage is closest in meaning to releasedcreated converted maintained 9. The cotton gin, invented by EliWhitney,wascommonplaceonmanynineteenth-centuryfarms.Althoughpatentedin1794,theingeniousdesignwasimitatedsomuchbyothersthatWhitneygainedonlyamodestfinancialrewardfromhissimpleinvention.ThecottonginsoonrevolutionizedfarminginmanypartsoftheSouth.

The word commonplace in the passage is closest in meaning tonoticeable standard celebrated refined10.Thedelicate lookandfeelof silk are deceptive. It is a strong, natural fiber, ranked in strengthwithsyntheticnylon.To thenakedeye, it appears tobesmooth,butunder themicroscope, cultivated silk fiber looks coarse. It is the coolest of hot-weatherfabrics,anditcanabsorbupto30percentofitsweightinmoisturewithoutfeelingwet.

Thewordcoarseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto stiff strongrough refined

LESSON7•attribute•brash•clarify•conceal•confirm•convenient•core•critical•discrepancy

•distort•diverse•eventually•prosperous•purposefully•reveal•scarcely•theoretically

attributev. attributeadj. attributablen. Somethingthatisthoughttobelongtoapersonorthing;a

qualitybywhichsomethingisidentifiedsyn. characteristic

Hisabilitytoworkonateamisoneofhismanyoutstandingattributes.The forest fire was attributed to careless campers who abandoned a livecampfire.

brashadv. brashlyn. brashnessadj. confidentoraggressive;lackingregardforconsequencessyn. reckless

Thebrashyoungmanmademanypoorbusinessdecisions.Lucy’sbrashnessoftengotherintotroubleatschool.

clarifyn. clarification

v. tomakemoreeasilyunderstood;tomakeclearsyn. explain

Chapter2inthetextbookclarifiestheprocessofosmosis.Aclarificationofthegovernment’spositiononthismatterisnecessary.

concealn. concealmentv. topreventfrombeingseenordiscoveredsyn. hide

Thestudentsconcealedtheirfeelingsaboutthecourse.Hisconcealmentoftheevidencemadehiscasemoredifficulttoprove.

confirmadj. confirmedn. confirmationv. tomakecertain;givesupportsyn. prove

Thedirectorconfirmedthatthemeetingwouldbeonthetenth.We have just received confirmation of your reservation on the flight to LosAngeles.

convenientadv. convenientlyn. convenienceadj. easytoreach;near;suitabletoone’sneedssyn. practical

The investigator suspected that the disappearance of the evidence was tooconvenienttobeaccidental.For the convenience of the student body, the library is located in a centrallocation.

coren. coreadj. thecentralormostimportantpartsyn. chief

Thecorecurriculumconsistsofcoursesthatarerequiredofallstudents.Theyareloyaltothecore.

criticalv. critiquen. criticismn. criticadv. criticallyadj. veryseriousorunsafe;findingfaultsyn. dangerous

Itiscriticaltofollowthedirectionsfortheexperimentexactlyastheinstructorindicates.Therunneracceptedcriticismfromhiscoachverywell.

discrepancyn. adifferencebetweenthingsthatshouldbesimilarorequalsyn. inconsistency

Thediscrepancy inherexperimentdata ledher tobelieve thatshehadmadeamistake.Thereisusuallyadiscrepancybetweenhowcoffeesmellsandhowittastes.

distortadj. distortedn. distortionv. tochangefromtheoriginalshapeorcondition,usuallyinan

unnaturalwaysyn. deform

Timeandspacearedistortedwhentravelingatthespeedoflight.Distortionoftheimagefromamicroscopecanbecausedbylowlight.

diverseadv. diverselyn. diversityv. diversifyadj. various;distinctfromothers

syn. different

Freudhadmanydiverseinterestsinpsychology.Thediversity of life forms on the earthmakes zoology an interesting area ofstudy.

eventuallyadv. tohappenatsometimeinthefuture,usuallygraduallysyn. finally

Agoodeducationwilleventuallypaybigdividends.Eventuallythecouplewillpayofftheirmortgageandowntheirhouse.

prosperousadv. prosperouslyv. prospern. prosperityadj. successful,wealthysyn. thriving

Intheearly1900s,SanFranciscowasaprosperouscity.Bacteriaprosperundertheproperconditions.

purposefullyadj. purposefuladv. purposelyn. purposeadv. doneforaspecialreasonsyn. deliberately

Thecoursesyllabuswasdesignedpurposefullytobeeasytofollow.Hewasauthorizedtospendthemoneyforbusinesspurposes.

revealadv. revealinglyadj. revealingn. revelationv. touncover;toexposesyn. disclose

Thepresidentrevealedsomeofhisideasbeforehegavehisspeech.Thereportmadesomerevelationsaboutthenatureoftheconflict.

scarcelyadj. scarcen. scarcityadv. almostnotsyn. hardly

ThewomanscarcelyspokeawordofEnglish.Duetoascarcityofwater,arationingplanwasestablished.

theoreticallyadj. theoreticaln. theoryv. theorizeadv. accordingtoareasoned,butnotproven,pointofviewsyn. hypothetically

Hisargumentwastheoreticallyappealing,butnotrealistic.LeonardodaVincitheorizedthatEarthwasnotthecenteroftheuniverse.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.deform(A)hide(B)distort(C)concur(D)block

2.attribute(A)advantage(B)alteration(C)clarification(D)characteristic

3.eventually(A)finally(B)soon(C)once(D)consequently

4.clarify(A)shed(B)enhance(C)explain(D)elicit

5.brash(A)distorted(B)thoughtful(C)reckless(D)deceptive

6.thriving(A)prosperous(B)resilient(C)convenient

(D)tolerable

7.inconsistency(A)critique(B)discrepancy(C)deliberation(D)sufficiently

8.different(A)noticeable(B)diverse(C)conventional(D)curious

9.hypothetically(A)exceedingly(B)haphazardly(C)theoretically(D)routinely

10.reveal(A)disclose(B)baffle(C)conceal(D)confirm


1.ThegeologichistoryofEarthrevealsmuchinformationabouttheevolutionofthecontinents,oceans,atmosphere,andbiosphere.ThelayersofrockatEarth’ssurfacecontainevidenceoftheevolutionaryprocessesthesecomponentsunderwentwheneachlayerwasformed.Bystudyingthisrockrecordfromthebeginning,itispossibletotracktheirdevelopmentthroughtime.

The word reveals in the passage is closest in meaning to teachesdiscloses traces donates 2. Day-to-day weather constitutes a majorelement of the environment and an important factor in humanwell-beingand activity. Agriculture, animal husbandry, transportation, and publichealthandsafetyareallgreatlyinfluencedbyweather.It isnotsurprisingthat one of humanity’s oldest environment-related interests has been tomanagetheweatherpurposefully.

The word purposefully in the passage is closest in meaning toprosperously eventually exceedingly deliberately 3. Illuminationplaysagreatrole inourpsychologicalandphysicalwell-being.Lightcanmodel objects or flatten them, reveal colors or distort them, provide acheerfulenvironmentoragloomyone.Glareandreflectedglarecancausediscomfort and reducevisibility. In addition to calculating illumination, alightingengineermustdealwithalloftheseproblemsthroughthechoiceoflightsourcesandfixtures.

Theworddistortinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto hide

accentuate deform highlight4.Thedifferentappearanceofanimalsischieflysuperficial;thediversevarietyofknownformscanbeassortedamongonlyahalf-dozenbasicbodyplans.Theseplansareestablishedduringtheembryonicstagesofdevelopmentandlimitthesizeandcomplexityoftheanimals.Symmetry,number,anddevelopmentoftissue,presence,andnatureofbodycavities,andseveralaspectsofearlydevelopmentdefine

thesefundamentalplansoforganization.

Theworddiverse in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to recognizedacknowledged different critical 5. When the settlers of the westernUnitedStatesabandonedtheiroriginallogcabins,sodhouses,anddugouts,they built small, wood-framed dwellings of one or two roomswithout abasement.Roomswereusuallyaddedasprosperousfamiliesgrewlarger.Thisusuallyresultedinaseriesoflarge,openroomslaidendtoendsothateachwouldhaveanequalamountofsunlight.

Thewordprosperousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto numerousthriving prominent courageous6.Themedicalprofessionissometimesaccusedofbeingmoreinterestedinitselfthanthequalityofcareitdelivers.Manypatientsfeeltheydon’tgettheattentiontheydeserve;manyseetheprofession as selfish to its core.Doctors rarely agree, as a recent surveycomparingtheirattitudesandthatofthepublicshows.Seventypercentofthepublicweredisappointedinthequalityofcare;only35percentofthedoctorsagreed.

Instatingthatthemedicalprofessionisselfishtoitscore,theauthormeansthatit isentirelyinterestedonlyinitself.

containsagroupofbaddoctors.haswidesupportamongpatients.includesgoodandbadphysicians.

7.Industrialcitiesappearedafterthefulldevelopmentofindustrialcapitalisminthecorenation-statesoftheeighteenthcentury.Oneofthefeaturesofthisindustrialrevolutionwasadramaticincreaseinpercapitaproduction.Thisincreasewasmadepossiblebytheimprovedmethodsofmanufacturingthatwereadoptedbyfactories.

Thewordcoreinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto chief ancientimportant central8.Theearliestcompletecalendarswereprobablybasedonlunarobservations.Butlunaryearswerenotconvenientforagriculturalpurposes. Therefore, to keep in step with the Sun, lunar-solar calendarswereformedbyaddinganadditional“leap”monthwhentheobservationofcropsmade it seem necessary. Eventually theGregorian civil calendar, asolarcalendarthatiscalculatedwithoutreferencetotheMoon,becamethe

mostpopularmethodofmeasuringyears.

Thewordconvenient in the passage is closest inmeaning to usefulideal proper practical 9.Mollusks have existed for some 500millionyears,andabout10,000extinctspeciesareknown.Thereare350ormorelivingspeciesofcephalopodsfromtheMolluskfamily.Oneoftheseisthecuttlefish.Fossilevidenceconfirms that theancientcuttlefishhasexistedinitspresentformformorethan20millionyears.Whenwecomparethemodern-daycuttlefishtotheancientfossils,weseeevidencethatthewell-developedhead,themanyarms,twogills,twokidneys,andthreeheartsofthecontemporarycuttlefishwerealsopresentinthecuttlefishoflongago.

Thewordconfirms in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to disclosesasserts proves challenges10.The first swimsuitsconcealed theshapeofthehumanbody.Overthedecades,attitudesrelaxedregardingthepublicdisplay of one’s body shape. Designers could move away fromconservative styles and promote those that revealed a body’s physicalattributes.

Thewordconcealedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto hid

distorted enhanced disrupted

LESSON8•accelerate•creep•crush•cultivate•dictate•distinguish•docile•engender•engross

•flaw•harvest•mammoth•mirror•obtain•particle•settle•transport

acceleraten. accelerationn. acceleratorv. togofastersyn. hasten

Theactionofmoleculesaccelerateswhentheyareheated.Thepoorconditionofthemotormadeaccelerationdifficult.

creepadj. creepingv. tomoveslowlyandquietlyclosetotheground;tobeginto

happensyn. crawl

Somemistakesarebeginningtocreepintohiswork.Ivyisacreepingvarietyofplant.

crushadj. crushingn. crushv. topresstogethersoastocompletelydistorttheshapeor

natureoftheobjectsyn. grind

Themachinecrushescorntoproducecornmeal.Passageofthelegislationwasacrushingblowtothepresident’sprogram.

cultivateadj. cultivatedn. cultivationv. toplantandraiseacrop;toencouragegrowthofa

relationshiporfriendshipsyn. grow

The professionals had common interests that allowed them to cultivate aworkingrelationshipwitheachother.Thecultivationofdiversecropsinpre-ColumbianAmericaiswelldocumented.

dictateadj. dictatorialn. dictatorv. tostatedemandswiththepowertoenforcesyn. impose

Theworkerswerenotinapositiontodictatedemandstomanagement.Hisbossresembledadictator.

distinguishadj. distinguishableadj. distinguishedadj. distinguishingv. tohear,see,orrecognizedifferencessyn. discriminate

Somepeoplecannotdistinguishcolorswell.Anteatersaredistinguishedbytheirlongnoses.

docileadv. docilelyn. docility

adj. easytocontrolortrainsyn. manageable

Themooseistypicallyaverydocileanimal.Manyrebelliousyoungpeopleseedocilityasaweakness.

engenderv. tocausesomethingnewtoexist;tocreatesyn. produce

Thepolitician’scharismaengenderedenthusiasm.Economicconditionsinthe1950sengenderedaneraofindustrialgrowth.

engrossn. engrossmentadj. engrossingv. tobecomecompletelyoccupiedorinvolvedinanactivitysyn. engage

Theteacher’slectureengrossedtheentireclass.O.Henry’sshortstoriesengrossreadersallthewaytotheirsurpriseendings.

flawadj. flawedn. asmallsignofdamagethatmakesanitemimperfectsyn. defect

Thereisaflawinhistheory.Theynoticedthatthecontractwasflawed.

harvestadj. harvestedv. harvestn. theactofcollectingacrop;thecropsgatheredsyn. gather

TheUnitedStateshadacomparativelygoodgrainharvestthisyear.Theywereabletoharvestthecropbeforetherain.

mammoth

n. mammothadj. verylargesyn. enormous

Thesuccessfulentrepreneurisnowknownasamammothinthecomputerworld.Thephysicsteacherrequiredthestudentstopurchaseamammothtextbook.

mirrorn. mirrorv. toshow,asinamirrorsyn. reflect

Theresultsofthestudymirrorpublicopinion.Thestrengthoftheeconomyismirroredinthestandardoflivingofthepeople.

obtainadj. obtainablev. togainorsecuresomethingsyn. gain

Theuniversityobtainedanewparticleaccelerator.ThepaintingbyWhistlerwasnotobtainable.

particlen. averysmallpieceofsomethingsyn. fragment

Particlesofdustcandestroyelectronicinstruments.Smallparticlesofmatterholdthekeystounderstandingtheoriginoflife.

settleadj. settledn. settlementv. toestablishahome;toresolveadisagreementsyn. colonize

PeoplearrivingfromtheSouthsettledinCalifornia.Thelawyerssettledtheirdifferencesandcametoanagreement.

transportadj. transportableadj. transportedn. transportationv. tomovefromoneplacetoanothersyn. carry

Flyingisnotalwaysthefastestwaytotransportpassengerstotheirdestination.Thetransportationexpensesofproductsincreasethefinalcostoftheitem.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.flaw(A)particle(B)agile(C)defect(D)creation

2.dictate(A)transport(B)engender(C)grow(D)impose

3.hasten(A)crawl(B)crush(C)conceal(D)accelerate

4.crop(A)harvest(B)advice(C)mirror(D)settlement

5.fragment(A)authorization(B)particle(C)cultivation(D)advantage

6.mammoth(A)assertive(B)enormous(C)chronic

(D)minuscule

7.manageable(A)docile(B)relaxed(C)lovable(D)mundane

8.discriminate(A)enhance(B)persuade(C)distinguish(D)distort

9.reflect(A)mirror(B)confirm(C)produce(D)grind

10.colonize(A)crawl(B)cultivate(C)confirm(D)settle


1.Testingmetalsforqualityassurancecanbeaccomplishedbyseveralmethods.Onecommonnondestructivetechnique,usedtolocatesurfacecracksandflawsinmetals,employsapenetratingliquid.Normallythisfluidisbrightlydyedorfluorescent.Afterbeingspreadoverthesurfaceofthematerial,itsoaksintoanytinycracks.Theliquidiscleanedoff,allowingcracksandblemishestobeeasilyseen.

Thewordflawsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto bends

defects cavities dents

2.Animportanttaskofmanagementistomotivateindividualworkerstocoordinatetheircollectiveeffortstoachieveanorganization’sgoals.Theconceptsandmethodsusedtostructureworkandtodesignorganizationshavechangedconsiderably.Anorganization’sagecanoftenbepredictedbythewayworkisstructured.Workpracticestendtoreflecttheorganization’sdesigntheorypresentatthetimetheorganizationwasfounded.

The word reflect in the passage is closest in meaning to influencemirror

cultivate accelerate3.TheMayflowerCompactwasadocumentsignedby41ofthemalepassengersontheMayflowerbeforetheirlandingatPlymouth,Massachusetts.Thepassengers,concernedthatsomemembersofthecompanymightleavethegroupandsettleontheirown,createdthedocument.TheMayflowerCompactcreatedapoliticalbodywhosepurposewastoformagovernment.Thosewhosignedpledgedtoabidebyanyfuturelawsandregulations.

Thewordsettleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto enlist

movelinger

colonize4.Beforetheinventionofelectroacousticequipmentthatgeneratesandmeasuressound,theavailablehearingtestsgaveapproximateresultsinthebestcases.Aperson’shearingcouldbeexplainedintermsoftheabilitytodistinguishbetweenthetickingofawatchandtheclickingofcoinsortodeterminethedistanceatwhichconversationalspeechorawhisperedvoicecouldnolongerbeunderstood.

Theworddistinguishinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto discriminatelisten

clarify conceal5.WhenDNAissubjectedtorestriction-enzymeactivity,fragmentsofvarioussizesareformed.Thisprocessrevealsauniquepatternofrestriction-enzymeDNA.ThisspecificDNApatternfoundineachhumangeneticlineageisunique,becauseeachperson,exceptforidenticaltwins,isformedfromdifferentcombinationsofthegeneticmaterialfromtwofamilylines.ThepatternofsizesoftheDNAfromanindividualisuniqueandcanserveasa“DNAfingerprint”ofthatperson.

Thewordfragments in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to growthsmodifications flaws

particles6.Theinventionoftheairplanewasacrushingblowforproponentsofhotairballooning.EarlyadvocatesofballooningsuchasJean-PierreBlanchardandJohnJeffriesthoughtitwouldtransforminternationaltravel.Instead,thecostoflaunchingaballoon,theproblemofcontrollingaballooninhighwinds,andtheinstantattractivenessofmorestableairplanetravelhavekeptballooningfrombecomingmorethanahobbyforalimitednumberofwealthyadventurers.

Instatingthattheairplane’sinventionwasacrushingblowforproponentsofballooning,theauthormeansthatit leddirectlytotheinventionoftheairplane.

caughtonimmediatelyamongthepublic.promotedhotairballooninginternationally.keptballooningfrombecomingmorepopular.

7.FarmingcontinuestobeanimportantactivityontheeasternshoreofMaryland.TheeasternshorespecializesinchickensforurbanmarketsalongtheEastCoast.Althoughmarketvegetablesarealsoproducedforthesameurbanmarkets,cornandsoybeanscontinuetobethetwomostimportantcropscultivatedonMaryland’seasternshore.

Thewordcultivatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto grown

gathered developed extracted8.Theearliestgrainmillswerehand-powereddevices.Querns,whichhavebeenusedforcenturiestocrushgrains,areexamplesofsuchmillingdevices.Aquernhasanuppergrindingstonewithahandle.Thishandlerotatesinsideanotherstone,whichcontainsthegrain.

The word crush in the passage is closest in meaning to produceroughen grind

elicit

9.Fromthecoremouthontheundersideofthestarfish,channelswithtwoorfourrowsoftubefeetradiateoutwardalongthearms.Ahydraulicsystemthatallowsthestarfishtomoveisconnectedtothetubefeet.Theserowsofsuctionlikefeetenablethestarfishtofeedonmollusksandtocreepalongtheoceanfloor.

Thewordcreepinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto race

driftwandercrawl

10.TheeconomicdepressionthatplaguedtheUnitedStatesinthe1930swasuniqueinitssizeanditsconsequences.DuringtheworstperiodoftheDepression,in1933,oneineveryfourAmericanworkerswasoutofajob.Thegreatindustrialslumpengenderedextremehardshipthroughouttheworldthatpersistedthroughoutthe1930s.

Thewordengenderedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto acceleratedproduced persisted developed

LESSON9•accurate•acute•classify•currency•deep•dense•dim•display•exports

•gigantic•impressive•install•jargon•lasting•straightforward•uniform•vibrant

accurateadv. accuratelyn. accuracyadj. carefulandexactsyn. precise

Shewasabletomakeaccurateobservationswiththenewtelescope.Experimentsmustbeconductedwithaccuracy.

acuteadv. acutelyn. acutenessadj. havingasuddenconsequenceorsevereeffectsyn. intense

The president was acutely aware of the fact that her decision would beunpopular.Hewassufferingfromanacuteheadache.

classifyadj. classifiedn. classification

v. toplaceintogroupsaccordingtotypesyn. arrange

Biologistsclassifylifeformsintomanyphylla.Thelibrary’scatalogisaclassificationofbooksinthelibrary.

currencyn. monetaryunit;cashsyn. money

Mostpurchasesinforeigncountriesmustbemadeinthelocalcurrency.TheJapanesecurrencyisgainingstrengthagainstthedollar.

deepadv. deeplyn. depthv. deepenadj. farbelowthesurface;completeunderstandingsyn. thorough

LakeBaikalisthedeepestlakeintheworld.Thedepthofhisunderstandingofmathisremarkable.

denseadv. denselyn. densityadj. closelypackedorcrowded;difficulttoseethroughsyn. thick

Theboatingaccidentwascausedbythedensefog.HongKongisoneofthemostdenselypopulatedcitiesintheworld.

dimadv. dimlyv. dimn. dimnessadj. notbrightorclearsyn. faint

Thelightwastoodimforstudying.Thestarsdimlylittheeveningsky.

displayn. displayv. toshow;revealsyn. exhibit

Themodeldisplayedthedetailsofthehumanhand.Thecandidate’sdisplayofangerwasunfortunate.

exportsadj. exportedv. exportn. productssoldabroadsyn. foreignsales

TheUnitedStates’importsnowexceeditsexports.Exportedgoodsareusuallyhighinquality.

giganticadv. giganticallyadj. verylargesyn. enormous

Reachingthemoonwasagiganticstepinspaceexplorationformankind.Newmethodsoffarmingoffergiganticadvantagesovertheoldmethods.

impressiveadv. impressivelyv. impressn. impressionadj. causingadmirationbecauseofanobject’simportance,size,or

qualitysyn. imposing

Lincoln’spowerofpersuasionwasimpressive.Everyoneleftwithagoodimpressionoftheplay.

installn. installationn. installerv. tosetuporcreateanoffice;toplaceinafixedpositionsyn. establish

Thesoftwareweneededwasalreadyinstalledonthecomputer.Antoniawasinstalledaspresidentoftheartclublastweek.

jargonadj. jargonyn. languagespecifictoaprofessionoractivitysyn. terminology

Thelegaljargoninthecontractwasconfusing.Science fiction jargon used in television shows andmovies often comes fromrealscience.

lastingv. lastadj. forever;withoutendsyn. enduring

Kennedy left a lasting impression on the people who heard his inauguraladdress.Theintroductionofrobotswillhavealastingeffectonindustry.

straightforwardadv. straightforwardlyn. straightforwardnessadj. easytounderstand;simple;honestsyn. uncomplicated

Theassemblydirectionswerestraightforward.Hisstraightforwardapproachtohisbusinessdealingsearnedhimrespect.

uniformadv. uniformlyn. uniformity

adj. everypartbeingthesamesyn. consistent

Breadhasauniformtexture.Thegradesonthetestwereuniformlypoor.

vibrantadv. vibrantlyn. vibranceadj. lively;powerful;fullofaction;brightsyn. brilliant

Hisvibrantpersonalitymadehimwelllikedbyeveryone.Thevibranceofthecityisattractivetomanyindividuals.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.enormous(A)prosperous(B)autonomous(C)gigantic(D)classified

2.dialect(A)terminology(B)flaws(C)exports(D)jargon

3.vibrant(A)brilliant(B)critical(C)paint(D)deep

4.straightforward(A)agreeable(B)honest(C)useful(D)dependable

5.imposing(A)impressive(B)creative(C)intriguing(D)ambiguous

6.uniform(A)rigid(B)diverse(C)complex

(D)consistent

7.install(A)handin(B)setup(C)puton(D)getin

8.lasting(A)enduring(B)enriching(C)energetic(D)enhancing

9.acute(A)intense(B)accurate(C)precise(D)gigantic

10.classify(A)trust(B)learn(C)clarify(D)arrange


1.WrittenbyAdamSmithin1776,TheWealthofNationsisavibrantattackagainstmercantilismandoneofthemostinfluentialbookseverwrittenoneconomics.Oneofitsmainideasisthatwhenpeoplepursuetheirownselfishinterests,societyasawholebenefits.Competition,ratherthanprivateorgovernmentmonopoly,shouldregulatepricesandwages.Healsobelievedthatcompetitionproducessociallybeneficialconsequencesandthatgovernmentshouldnotinterferewithmarketforces.

The word vibrant in the passage is closest in meaning to criticalbrilliant intriguing gigantic 2. Despite its weaknesses and innerconflicts,thehumanisticmovementwasheroicinitsscopeandenergy,andexceptional in its aspirations. For human development in all fields, itcreatedacontextofseldom-equaledfertility.Itscharacteristicmodalitiesofthought, speech, and vision lent themselves to induce the genius ofhumankindandbecamethemediaforenduringachievement.

The word enduring in the passage is closest in meaning to trivialspectacular significant lasting3.Thegigantic,intricatelyformedchasmoftheGrandCanyoncontainsagreatmanyimpressivepeaks,canyons,andravines between its outer walls. The canyon includes a number of sidecanyons and surrounding plateaus. The deepest and most impressivelybeautiful section is within Grand Canyon National Park, whichencompassestheColoradoRiver’slengthfromLakePowelltoLakeMead.

The word gigantic in the passage is closest in meaning to deepturbulent enormous thrilling4.Theunifiedclassicalarchitecturalstyleofthe1893World’sColumbianExpositionbuildingsprovedtobethemostimpressive and influential style of its time. A committee of East CoastarchitectsandfirmsgatheredinDecember1890toplanthefairbuildings.The collective result was the construction of a group of 150 buildingsknown as the White City. Their design established white, columnararchitectureastheonlyacceptablepublicstyleintheUnitedStatesfor40yearsthereafter.

Thewordimpressiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto imposinginfluential massive enduring 5. Maclean’s, a semimonthly newsmagazine published in Toronto, has earned a reputation for its depth ofcoverage of Canada’s national affairs and of North American and worldnewsfromaCanadianperspective.Thiscoverage,alongwithitsreputationfor outstanding photography, has made it Canada’s leading magazine.Foundedin1905,ithasconsistentlyfeaturedarticlesandfictionreflectingaconservativeviewofCanadianlifeandvalues.

The word depth in the passage is closest in meaning to breadthtechniques consistency thoroughness 6. England is the second-mostdenselypopulatedcountryinEurope,precededonlybyMalta.Ithas255inhabitantsper squarekilometer. In comparison, Italyhas200 inhabitantsandSpain87.ManyEuropean countrieshave agricultural economies andtheir populations areunevenlydistributed.For example,Paris has20,741people per square kilometer,whilemany parts of the rest of the countrycontainfewerthan30peoplepersquarekilometer.

InstatingthatEnglandisdenselypopulated, theauthormeans that itspopulationisthemostunevenlydistributed.

populationisthelargestinEurope.populationisthelargestpersquarekilometer.populationislargestinitscities.

7.Inthefieldofartificialintelligence,scientistsarestudyingmethodsfordevelopingcomputerprogramsthatdisplayaspectsofintelligentbehavior.Researchintoallaspectsofartificialintelligenceisvigorous.However,someresearchersdoubtthatartificialintelligencecantrulyreplicateformsofintelligentbehaviorlikethatobservedinintelligentlivingorganisms.Indeed,artificialintelligenceprogramsaresimplewhencomparedtotheintuitivereasoningandinductioncapabilitiesofthehumanbrain.

Theworddisplayinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto exhibit narratedeclare arrange 8. Canadian thistle is a bothersome North American

weedthatgrowsinclusters.However,somespeciessuchastheScotch,orcottonthistle,whichhavedenseheadsofsmallpinkorpurpleflowers,canmake attractive garden plants and are widely cultivated for ornamentalpurposesthroughouttheNortheast.

Theworddenseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto small manybeautiful thick9.TheSunis theonlystarknowntobeaccompaniedbyanextensiveplanetarysystem.However,afewnearbystarsarenowknownto be encircled by particles of undetermined size; this opens the strong,unproven, hypothesis that the universe is filledwithmany solar systems.Nodeep understanding of the Solar System can be achievedwithout anappreciationofthebasicpropertiesoftheSun.

Theworddeepinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto enduring properthorough adequate 10. An exchange rate is the rate at which one

country’scurrencymaybeexchangedfor thatofanother.Exchangerateshavebeengoverned in recentyearsprimarilyby the forcesofsupplyanddemand.Theexchangeratenormallychanges,dependinguponthestrengthofacountry’seconomyanditstradebalance.

Theword currency in the passage is closest in meaning to exportsgoods gains money

LESSON10•distinct•dominant•dormant•drab•dramatic•eclectic•elaborate•exceptional•genuine

•hazardous•minuscule•prime•rudimentary•skeptical•stoic•superficial•vigorous

distinctadv. distinctlyadj. distinctiven. distinctionadj. clearlynoticed;differentsyn. definite

Therewasadistinctaromaofcoffeeintherestaurant.Thetwotheoriesaredistinctlydifferentfromeachother.

dominantadv. dominantlyv. dominaten. dominationadj. primaryorprincipal;havingorexercisingcontrolover

somethingsyn. major

ThedominantlifeformsofthePaleozoiceralivedinthewater.Theskyscraperdominatedtheskyline.

dormant

n. dormitoryadj. notgrowingorproducing;asleepsyn. inactive

The volcano had beendormant for hundreds of years before the eruption lastmonth.Theseniorsliveinthenewdormitory.

drabadv. drablyn. drabnessadj. lackingcolor;uninteresting,boringsyn. colorless

Theirclothingwasquitedrab.Thedrabnessofthedesertmadedrivinglessinteresting.

dramaticadv. dramaticallyv. dramatizen. dramaadj. somethingthatcapturestheimagination;excitingsyn. emotional

Thedramaticfinishtothegameleftusspeechless.Thehurricanedramaticallychangedthecoastline.

eclecticadv. eclecticallyadj. toselectorrepresentsomethingchosenfrommanysourcesor

placessyn. diverse

Hehasaneclectictasteinmusic,fromhardrocktoclassical.Theeclecticgroupofstudentscamefromfifteendifferentcountries.

elaborateadv. elaboratelyv. elaborate

n. elaborationadj. somethingwithalargenumberofparts;fullofdetailssyn. complex

AnelaborateheaddressindicatedrankwithintheAzteccommunity.Hiselaborationoftheissuewasquitethorough.

exceptionaladv. exceptionallyadj. unusualinapositivewaysyn. phenomenal

Theorchestra’sperformancewasexceptional.TheNorthStarisexceptionallybright.

genuineadv. genuinelyn. genuinenessadj. honestortrue;realsyn. authentic

Shewasgenuinelyconcernedaboutworldhunger.ThisisagenuineartifactfromtheAmericanCivilWar.

hazardousadv. hazardouslyn. hazardadj. veryrisky,unsafesyn. dangerous

Handlingflammableliquidsishazardous.Therearemanyhazardsinvolvedwithstartingabusiness.

minusculeadj. minuten. minutiaadj. oflittleconsequence;verysmallsyn. tiny

Thesaleofthebuildinghadaminusculeeffectontheprofitsofthecorporation.Someleavesarecoveredwithminutehairs.

primeadj. primedadj. prime*n. primev. tomakeready;

*firstinimportanceorintimesyn. prepare

Thedirectorsprimedtheactorsbeforetheperformance.Mozartpassedawayintheprimeofhislife.

rudimentaryn. rudimentadj. simple;notcomplexsyn. basic

Hehasarudimentaryknowledgeofcomputers.TherudimentsofgrammararetaughtinallEnglishclasses.

skepticaladv. skepticallyn. skepticadj. toquestionthetruthfulnessofinformationpresentedasfact;

tonottrustsyn. unconvinced

Theprofessorwasskepticalaboutthetheoriesofclimatechange.To answer his skeptics, the scientist presented proof of his conclusions at theconference.

stoicadv. stoicallyn. stoicismadj. showingnoemotion;appearingdisinterestedsyn. indifferent

Hisstoicismwasunusual,sinceheisnormallyanemotionalboy.Hisstoicreactiontotheeventsurprisedhisfriends.

superficialadv. superficiallyadj. simple;notdeep;nearthesurfacesyn. shallow

Theinspectordeterminedthatthecrackinthebridgewasonlysuperficial.Youshouldnottrytoanswerthequestionsuperficially.

vigorousadv. vigorouslyn. vigoradj. powerful,fullofactionsyn. strong

Hisvigorousdefenseoftheissuesimpressedeveryone.Heapproachedhisworkwithvigor.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.exceptional(A)dominant(B)dense(C)phenomenal(D)acceptable

2.stoic(A)distorted(B)indifferent(C)hazardous(D)straightforward

3.prepare(A)concur(B)display(C)depend(D)prime

4.eclectic(A)vibrant(B)energized(C)limited(D)diverse

5.dangerous(A)hazardous(B)rigid(C)commonplace(D)intolerable

6.elaborate(A)gigantic(B)impressive(C)complex

(D)dramatic

7.minuscule(A)tiny(B)dim(C)drab(D)major

8.superficial(A)emotional(B)lasting(C)shallow(D)curious

9.authentic(A)basic(B)valid(C)genuine(D)rudimentary

10.vigorous(A)dominant(B)convenient(C)uniform(D)strong


1.Thedevelopmentofcentralizedgovernmentswasnotaccompaniedbycentralizedresponsibilityforroadmaintenance.Oneimportantdevelopmentintheconstructionandmaintenanceofpublictransportationsystemswastheestablishmentofturnpiketrusts.Entrepreneurswouldjointogethertoobtaingovernmentpermissiontotakeoveralengthofroadfor21yearsorbuildanewoneandpayforitsmaintenancebycollectingtolls.However,initsearlyyears,roadengineeringwasrudimentary,andmanytrustsdidnotknowhowtopreservetheroads.

Thewordrudimentaryinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto elaboratehaphazard flawed basic 2. Language is a system of communication

specific to the human race. It is primarily oral-aural, since all naturallyevolved large-scale linguistic systems have orderly patterns of soundproduced by the human voice and perceived and processed by the ear.Despitethegreatvarietyoflanguagesspokenthroughouttheworldandthesuperficialdifferencesamongthem,mostlinguistsagreethatalllanguagesareessentiallysimilarinstructureandfunction.

Theword superficial in the passage is closest inmeaning to certainfrightening exceptional shallow 3. The layers of volatile gases andliquidsnear andabove the surfaceof theEarth areofprime importance,alongwithsolarenergy,tomaintaininglifeonEarth.Theyaredistributedand recycled throughout the relatively thin atmosphereof theEarth.Thisatmosphereisamixtureofgases,primarilynitrogenandoxygen.However,theatmospherealsocontainsmuchsmalleramountsofgasessuchasargon,carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor along with minute solid andliquidparticlesinsuspension.

Thewordprimeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto chief dubioussuperficial dramatic4.Avoidanceisthemostcommonformofdefenseinreptiles.Atthefirstsignofdanger,mostsnakesandlizardsslitherordartawayundercover;turtlesandcrocodilesplungeoutofsightintowater.But,incaseswheredangerpresentsitselfabruptlyandflightmaybehazardous,

reptilesmayattack.

The word hazardous in the passage is closest in meaning to futiledangerous arbitrary unacceptable 5. As the Industrial Revolutiondevelopedinthenineteenthcentury,theeraofwooden-hulledsailingshipsgavewayto thatofsteam-poweredironships.Phenomenalchangestookplaceinnearlyeveryfacetofshipdesignandoperation.Bythemid-1800s,these changes caused the end of the majestic wooden-hulled ship line.Despite its demise, another half centurywould elapse before itwas clearwhatformitsreplacementwouldtake.

Thewordphenomenalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto vigorousdefinite exceptional debilitating 6. Research suggests that musicalability is genetic. Twins have the same genetic makeup. Therefore,researchers asked more than 500 children to sing along with recordedpopularsongsanddiscoveredthat80percentwereequallyableorunabletoduplicatethemelody.Theseresultssupporttheclaimthatmusicaltalentisinherited—many children have some talent, but few are exceptionallytalented,andonlytheyhaveanyhopeofbecomingconcertpianists.

In stating that fewchildren areexceptionally talented, the authormeansthat musicalabilityisevenlydistributed.

almosteveryoneshouldstudymusic.themosttalentedarefewinnumber.twinscannotsingalongwithasong.

7.Inthesocialsciences,conflicttheoryreferstothetheoreticalapproachthatviewssocialphenomenaastheresultofconflictbetweenindividualsorgroups.Conflicttheoryhasdevelopedatbothmicroandmacrolevels.Sincemuchofthedocumentedbehaviorisdramaticandunpredictable,theoriesofsuchbehavioraremoreevaluativethananalytic.

Theworddramaticinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto frighteningdistinctive emotional distorted8.Feathersserveasanadaptablecoverfor the body of a bird. They form a smooth surface that reduces frictionwith theair,and theyfurnishflexiblestrongwingsfor flightand tails forsteering.Feathersalsoactassuperb insulation toconservebodyheatandarerelativelywaterproof.Manysongbirdsintemperatezonesrevealadrab

plumageduring thewinter, incontrast to theirbrilliant springtimematingplumage.

Theworddrabinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto ideal colorlessaltered basic9. Comic books began as collections of newspaper comicstrips and took on a life of their own in the 1930s. The favorite readingmatter of several generations of children, comic books often dealt withheroiccharacterswhofoughtcrimeorterror.Thenewspaperstripandthecomic book represent the dominant graphic mythology of the twentiethcentury.

The word dominant in the passage is closest in meaning to majorelaborate lasting critical 10. The vast majority of animals exhibit asymmetrical form, therefore making form a fundamental, representativecharacteristic for most animals. All animals with a bilateral symmetry,those thathaveadistinct rightand leftsideanda frontandrearend,areclassifiedtogetherasBilateria,adivisionofmulticellularanimals.Bilateriacontrast with multicellular animals, which have a radial symmetry. Anexampleisthejellyfish,whichhasnorightorleftsides.

Theworddistinct in the passage is closest inmeaning to dominantuniform definite conventional

LESSON11•amenity•disperse•dwelling•element•elementary•eliminate•emerge•emphasize•encircle

•erratic•exaggerate•integral•justify•mention•mortify•prevalent•release

amenityn. somethingthatmakeslifeeasierormoreenjoyablesyn. convenience

Shemissedalltheamenitiesofhomewhenshewentcamping.Oneexpectsmanyamenitiesatafive-starhotel.

disperseadj. dispersedv. tocausetomoveinmanydifferentdirectionssyn. circulate

Thehighwindsandraindispersedthecrowd.Afterthehurricane,dispersedbelongingsclutteredthestreet.

dwellingn. dwellerv. dwelln. wherepeoplelivesyn. house

Cavelikedwellingshavebeendiscoveredthroughouttheworld.

Citydwellersoftenhavetroubleadjustingtolifeinthecountry.

elementadj. elementaln. element*n. apartofthewhole

*environmentsyn. component

Citydwellersareoutoftheirelementinthecountry.Hardworkandperseverancearethebasicelementsofsuccess.

elementaryadj. simpleinstructure,easytodosyn. primary

Thesolutiontotheproblemwasactuallyquiteelementary.YoumusttakeElementaryPhysicsbeforeyoucanenrollintheadvancedcourse.

eliminateadj. eliminatedn. eliminationv. toremove,freeoneselfofsomethingsyn. delete

Mistakesmustbeeliminatedbeforeyouhandinatermpaper.Theeliminationoftherunnerfromtheracewasdecidedbythejudge.

emergen. emergencev. tocomeintoview,orexistencesyn. appear

Ittookanhourforthenewbornchicktoemergefromitsegg.Thesunemergedfromthethickrainclouds,givinghopethatthegamewouldbeplayed.

emphasizeadv. emphatically

adj. emphaticn. emphasisv. toshowthatsomethingisespeciallyimportantorexceptionalsyn. highlight

Theprofessoremphasizedcertainaspectsofthehistoricalperiod.Whenaskediftheywouldliketoleaveclassearly,thestudentsansweredwithanemphatic“yes.”

encircleadj. encircledv. tomakeacirclearoundsyn. surround

Theplayersencircledtheircoachafterwinningthebiggame.Theencircledcelebrityactuallybecameafraidofherfans.

erraticadv. erraticallyadj. noregularpatterninthinkingormovement;changeable

withoutreasonsyn. inconsistent

Theartist’spaintingshaveanerratic quality, somebeingexcellent, andothersmediocre.Theunstablechemicalreactederratically.

exaggerateadj. exaggeratedn. exaggerationv. tomakesomethingmorethanwhatitissyn. overstate

Thefederalgovernmentexaggeratedthesuccessofitsprograms.Tosaythathisbusinessissuccessfulwouldbeaslightexaggeration.

integraladv. integrallyn. integrallity

adj. tobeanessentialorbasicpartofsomethingsyn. vital

Knowledgeofspellingisanintegralpartofwritinginanylanguage.Afilm’smusicisintegraltodrawingtheviewersintothestory.

justifyn. justificationadj. justifiablyv. toshowtoberightorreasonable;tosupportsyn. defend

Theyoungboycouldnotjustifyhisrudebehavior.Therewasnojustificationforthecriminal’sattack.

mentionadj. mentionedn. mentionv. tosay;relateinwrittenformsyn. remark

Theatergoersoftenmentionthattheyenjoywatchingmoviesonalargescreen.Thebookmentionedabovewasincludedinthebibliographythatwashandedoutinclasslastweek.

mortifyn. mortificationv. toembarrasssyn. humiliate

Hewasmortifieduponforgettinghislinesduringtheplay.ShemortifiedhersonbyshowingAlicehisbabypictures.

prevalentn. prevalenceadj. existingwidelyorcommonlysyn. commonplace

ComfortabletradewindsareprevalentintheCaribbeanislands.

Thereisaprevalenceofdiseasewherepoorsanitationconditionsexist.

releasen. releasev. toallowtocomeout;togivefreedomsyn. free

Anewmoviewasjustreleased.ThereleaseoftheSupremeCourt’sdecisionwasexpectedtoday.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.amenity(A)advice(B)convenience(C)element(D)emphasis

2.justify(A)defend(B)conform(C)disperse(D)forbid

3.mention(A)surround(B)remark(C)assert(D)clarify

4.mortify(A)frighten(B)humiliate(C)criticize(D)extinguish

5.exaggerate(A)impress(B)dominate(C)elaborate(D)overstate

6.disperse(A)circulate(B)classify(C)distort

(D)encircle

7.release(A)free(B)restore(C)settle(D)block

8.vital(A)rigid(B)complex(C)erratic(D)integral

9.commonplace(A)elementary(B)rudimentary(C)prevalent(D)uniform

10.emerge(A)join(B)distort(C)appear(D)release


1.Kapokismadefromthesilkyfiberthatencirclestheseedsofthetropicalsilk-cottontree.Thisdensematofcottonyfiberssurroundseachseedwithinthefruit.However,unlikecottonfibers,kapokfibersdonotlendthemselvestospinning.Sincetheyarewaterresistantandbuoyant,kapokfiberswereextensivelyusedforpaddingandinsulationuntilthedevelopmentofsyntheticfibers.

Theword encircles in the passage is closest inmeaning to releasescirculates surrounds disperses2.LewisandClark’sexpedition’scentralobjective, the discovery of the “water communication,”was not realized.However,ahugeblankspaceonthemapofNorthAmericahadbeenfilledasaresultoftheexpedition.TherumorandmythrelatedtotheAmericanWesthadbeeneliminated and newknowledge about theWildWestwasmadeknowntotheAmericanpeople.

Thewordeliminatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto releasedcirculated deleted exaggerated 3. The most elementary type ofconvectioncanbeexplainedbythefactthatheatrises.Convectioncurrentspermit buildings to be heatedwithout the use of circulatory devices.Theheated airmoves solely by gravity. In the atmosphere, convection causesthewindtoblow.Mostsevereweatherconditions,suchastornadoes,resultfromparticularlysharpconvectioncurrents.

Thewordelementaryinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto dispersederratic prevalent primary4.Thekeyelementoftheairconditionerisafluorocarbon refrigerant that flows constantly through the conditioner’smechanisms.Itbecomesaliquidandgivesoffheatwhenitiscompressed,and becomes a gas and absorbs heatwhen the pressure is removed. Themechanisms that evaporate and compress the refrigerant are divided intotwoareas,oneontheinterior,whichincludesanairfilter,fan,andcoolingcoil,andoneontheexterior,whichincludesacompressor,condensercoil,andfan.

The word element in the passage is closest in meaning to amenity

component purpose advantage 5. A common inhabitant of thesouthwestUnitedStates, theprairiedog lives ingroupscalledcoteries.Abreedingcoteriecontainsonemale,onetofourfemales,andtheyoungofthepasttwoyears.Severalcoteriesformlargegroupscalledwards,whicharedeterminedbythestructureoftheterrain.Thewardsinturnareunitedinto towns—complex dwellings of interconnecting burrows and manyentrances.Thetownsmaycoverasmanyas65to160acres,whichcontainthousandsofindividuals.

Theworddwellings in the passage is closest in meaning to abodessystems tunnels shifts6.Thesportutilityvehicle,orSUV, is themostpopulartypeofautomobileintheUnitedStatestoday.SUVsarespacious,powerful, and rugged; they have more room for passengers, equipment,groceries, and boxes than ordinary cars. Therefore, they are morecommonly found in the country than in the city, and in some suburbanneighborhoodstheyaremoreprevalentthancompactcarsorvans.Eventheirhighconsumptionofgashaslittleeffectontheirpopularity.

In stating that SUVs aremore prevalent than compact cars, the authormeansthatthey costmorethancompactcars.

aremorenumerousthancompacts.takeupmoreparkingspace.usemoregasthanothervehicles.

7.Waterwhirlwinds,commonlycalledwaterspouts,arewhirlingcolumnsofairandwaterymist.Briefwhirlwindsareerraticinmotion,butthelonger-lastingonesmoveslowlywiththeprevailingwindsandaremoreregularintheirmovement.Stormsgeneratemostwaterspouts,buttornadospouts,generatedinthunderstorms,inassociationwithtropicalcyclones,arethemostdangerous.

The word erratic in the passage is closest in meaning to uniqueinconsistent arbitrary complex8. Partly because it has promotedU.S.interests, the Monroe Doctrine has had considerable effect and enjoyedstrongsupportintheUnitedStates.IthasbeenusedtojustifyinterventionintheinternalaffairsofotherAmericannations.However,U.S.diplomaticrelationsarestrainedduetogrowinganxietyovertheprevalent instabilityofLatinAmericanpoliticsandrecentcontroversialinterventions.

Thewordprevalent in the passage is closest inmeaning to definitedetermined constant commonplace9.Acaricatureisapictureorotherrepresentation that exaggerates a particular physical, facial appearance,dress,orthemannersofanindividualtoproduceadistinctcomicaleffect.Itisusedtoridiculepolitical,social,orreligioussituationsandinstitutions,oractionsbyindividuals,groups,orclassesofasociety.Thelattertypesofcaricature are usually donewith satirical rather than humorous intent, inordertoencouragepoliticalorsocialchange.

Thewordexaggeratesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto emphasizesastonishes embellishes fabricates 10. Geologic changes provide a

convincingexplanation for thepuzzlingway thatplant speciesarespreadaroundtheworld.TheconifersofthegenusAraucaria,forexample,havelarge seeds that do not float in seawater and are dispersed only shortdistances.However, they have been found either as fossils or as activelygrowing plants on all continents and on some islands that appear to befragmentsofcontinents.

Theworddispersed in thepassage isclosest inmeaningto scattereddiscarded arranged released

LESSON12•benefit•blind•broaden•burgeon•conspicuously•deficient•eloquent•endorse•enormous

•entirely•erode•evaporate•noteworthy•recover•reportedly•shift•susceptible

benefitadv. beneficiallyadj. beneficialn. benefitn. beneficiaryv. tobeusefulorhelpfulsyn. assist

Useofsolarpowerwillbenefitallmankind.Itisextremelybeneficialtoprepareforatest.

blindadv. blindlyn. blindnessadj. unabletoseeorunderstand;toconceal;showingpoor

judgmentorunderstandingsyn. unaware

Theywereblindtothefactthattheyhadlittlechancetosucceed.Hewentintothejobblindly,withnopreviousexperience.

broaden

adv. broadlyadj. broadn. breadthv. tomakelargerorgreatersyn. enlarge

Educationwillbroadenyouropportunitiestolandagoodjob.Thebreadthofhisknowledgeisimpressive.

burgeonadj. burgeoningv. growingatafastpacesyn. thrive

The burgeoning population of major cities is creating a demand for moreservices.Histalentasapianistburgeonedattheageof14.

conspicuouslyadj. conspicuousadv. attractingattentionsyn. noticeably

Hisnamewasconspicuouslyabsentfromthelistofwinners.Theattorneyswereconspicuousfortheiraggressivemannerinthecourtroom.

deficientadv. deficientlyn. deficiencyadj. nothavingenoughofsomethingsyn. lacking

Adietdeficientincalciumcanleadtobadhealth.Thereisadeficiencyofqualifiedengineersinthecountry.

eloquentadv. eloquentlyn. eloquenceadj. expressingclearly,effectively,andconvincingly

syn. articulate(adj.)

Successfulpoliticiansareusuallyeloquentspeakers.Thatstudent’sessayiseloquentlywritten.

endorsen. endorsementv. toexpressapprovalsyn. support

Theunionendorsedthenewcontract.Thepresident’sendorsementoftheprojectguaranteeditsfunding.

enormousadv. enormouslyn. enormityadj. verylargesyn. tremendous

Hisenormouswealthallowshimtocontributetomanycharities.Adietwithmanyfruitsandvegetablesisenormouslybeneficialtothebody.

entirelyadj. entiren. entiretyadv. completelysyn. thoroughly

Theeconomistwasentirelyrightinhisanalysis.Thepresidentreleasedthespeechinitsentiretybeforethenewsconference.

eroden. erosionv. towearaway;disappearslowlysyn. deteriorate

Thesenator’ssupportiserodingbecauseofhisunpopularpositionsonthemajorissues.IttookmillionsofyearsoferosionfornaturetoformtheGrandCanyon.

evaporaten. evaporationv. tovanishsyn. disappear

Thechancesofthetwosidesreachinganagreementhaveevaporated.Theevaporationofthefundswasunexplainable.

noteworthyn. noteworthinessadj. deservingpositiverecognitionorattentionsyn. remarkable

Theuniversityhasanoteworthycollectionofancienttexts.Therewasanoteworthyincreaseintheamountofmoneytheschoolraised.

recoveradj. recoveredadj. recoverablen. recoveryv. togetback;tohavesomethingreturnedsyn. retrieve

TheNASAteamwasunabletorecoverthespacecapsule.Therecoveredobjectshadnotbeendamaged.

reportedlyadj. reportedv. reportn. reportadv. toknowbyreport;unconfirmed;supposedlysyn. rumored

Thestudentsreportedlysentarepresentative,butshehasnotyetarrived.Thereportedtornadohasnotbeenconfirmed.

shiftadj. shifting

v. shiftadj. shiftyn. achangeinpositionordirectionsyn. switch

Theshiftinthewindwashelpfultothesailors.Earthquakesarecausedbyshiftinglayersofearthalongfaults.

susceptiblen. susceptiblenessadj. susceptiblyadj. tobesubjecttoinfluence;capableofbeingaffectedbya

personorthingsyn. vulnerable

Whentravelingintropicalclimates,travelersaresusceptibletomalaria.Adolescentsareespeciallysusceptibletotheinfluenceoftheirfriends.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.benefit(A)prosper(B)demand(C)assist(D)distinguish

2.noticeably(A)incessantly(B)enormously(C)conspicuously(D)broadly

3.rumored(A)routinely(B)purposefully(C)comparatively(D)reportedly

4.lacking(A)deficient(B)unaware(C)slim(D)enjoyable

5.thrive(A)exaggerate(B)burgeon(C)dominate(D)endorse

6.susceptible(A)vulnerable(B)conspicuous(C)exaggerated

(D)released

7.broaden(A)impress(B)elicit(C)reveal(D)enlarge

8.switch(A)enrich(B)shift(C)propose(D)support

9.retrieve(A)recover(B)deteriorate(C)disperse(D)relinquish

10.eloquent(A)articulate(B)remarkable(C)enduring(D)conspicuous


1.Politicsareanintegralaspectofmodernsports.Inmanyplaces,politicaldecisionsdeterminewhichsportswillbeencouraged,howmuchpublicsupportwillbeavailabletopromoterecreationalsports,andwhetherornotathleteswillbefreetocompeteincertaininternationalcompetitions.Bittercontroversieshavearisenassomepoliticalsupportforpopularsportingeventshasevaporatedinvariouspartsoftheworld.

Thewordevaporatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto burgeonedintensified broadened disappeared 2. Rolltop desks are named after

their sliding roll tops, or tambours, that cover theworking surfaceof theupperpartandcanbelocked.FirstintroducedintoEnglandfromFranceinthelateeighteenthcentury,therolltopdeskhadbecomeastandardpieceofoffice equipment by the end of the nineteenth century. It was mass-produced in largequantities.Shortlyafter thisperiodofmassproduction,itspopularityeroded.

Theword eroded in the passage is closest inmeaning to recoveredshifted intensified deteriorated3.TheAmericanarchitectFrankLloydWright designed furniture, but its distinctive appearance defiescategorization.Thefurnituredesignwasentirelydependentonthedesignof the building; the samemotifs appear in both.He consistently favoredbuilt-infurniturebecausethenthefurniturewaspartofthearchitecture.

The word entirely in the passage is closest in meaning to slowlyreportedly completely conspicuously4.While thepotentialbenefitofgeneticengineeringissubstantial,thepotentialdangersmaybeequivalent.Improperhandlingcouldposeahealthhazard to thepublic.Forexample,theintroductionofcancer-causinggenesintocommoninfectiousorganismsliketheinfluenzaviruscouldbeoneofthesedangers.

The word benefit in the passage is closest in meaning to dangerassistance endorsement recovery 5. Jogging has been endorsed bymanymedicalauthoritiesasvaluableexercisefortheheartandforgeneralphysical conditioning. It should be conducted every other day. Other

medicalauthorities,however,warnthatfallenarchesandotherailmentscanresultfromjogging.Warm-upexercisesbeforejogging,properlydesignedshoes, proper jogging technique, loose clothing, and general good healtharevitalforsafeparticipationinthisactivity.

Thewordendorsed in the passage is closest inmeaning to reportedsupported criticized exaggerated 6. In 1900, when countries such asRussia,Italy,andJapanclaimedanexclusiverighttotradewithChina,thesecretsocietyof“Boxers”wasformedtoopposethisintrusionintoChineseaffairs.Membersofthegroupwerereportedtohavemagicalpowersthatprotected them in attacks from invading foreigners. Nevertheless, morethan 20,000 foreign troops eventually landed in China, successfullyattacked Beijing, established their right to remain, and disbanded theBoxers.

In stating that the Boxers were reported to have magical powers, theauthormeansthattheirmagicalpowers wereanestablishedfact.

wereallegedtoexist.hadbeenreportedasfalse.hadbeenverifiedastrue.

7.From1890to1940,LosAngeleswasthecoreorange-growingarea.Thecitywasinlandfromanypotentialport,butcityleaderspersuadedtheU.S.CongresstofinanceabreakwateratthecityofSanPedro.Theterritorybetweenthetwocitieswasannexed,andagreatharborwasconstructedbetween1899and1914.Asaresult,LosAngelesexperiencedburgeoningeconomicgrowth.

Thewordburgeoninginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto enduringhastened ideal thriving 8.Normal schoolswere established chiefly totrainelementary-schoolteachers.Theywerecommonlystate-supportedandoffered a two-year course beyond high school. In the twentieth century,schools broadened their teacher-training requirements to at least fouryears. Therefore, after World War II, teacher-training institutionslengthenedtheirprograms.Bythe1960s,mostformernormalschoolshadbeen absorbed into colleges or universities as departments or schools ofeducation.

Thewordbroadenedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto replacedshifted enlarged advanced 9. Experiments are underway to prove theusefulness of new oil discovery technology. They will enable vastaccumulationsofcrudeoiltoberecoveredalongboththeAthabascaRiverin northcentral Alberta, Canada, and along the Orinoco River in easternVenezuela.Iftheseexperimentsaresuccessfulandasignificantvolumeofcrude is found, theworld’spetroleumsupplymaybeextendedbyseveraldecades.

Thewordrecovered inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto retrievedexported reported extracted10.TheInternetisapowerfultoolavailabletostudentsaround theworld.Thanks to its rapidgrowth, researchinganytopicisnowaseasyasamouseclick.Itisnolongercommonplacetoseestudentsusing informationfrombooks ina librarybecause theInternet isfar more convenient. Students can carry an enormous amount ofinformation in their backpacks or briefcases just by having a laptopcomputerwithaccesstotheworldwideweb.Somepeopleclaimthatdigitalbookswill soon replace physical books.Others believe that librarieswillbecome obsolete and that scholarswill turn to online sources to conductresearch.

Thewordenormousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto astoundingexceptional advantageous tremendous

LESSON13•crucial•dignitary•elude•evident•exhaust•extensive•face•facet•idol

•inaccessible•oblivious•obviously•offensive•predictably•suitable•surpass•uphold

crucialadv. cruciallyadj. ofgreatimportance;extremelynecessarysyn. critical

Favorableweatheriscrucialtoagoodharvest.Havingalltheinformationnecessarytomakeagooddecisioniscruciallyimportant.

dignitaryn. averyimportantorfamousperson,usuallyassociatedwitha

highpositioningovernmentsyn. celebrity

EverydignitaryinWashingtonwasinvitedtothewedding.Allofthehigh-rankingdignitariesattendedtheeconomicsummit.

eludeadj. elusiven. elusivenessv. toescapeinatrickywaysyn. evade

Thecriminalhaseludedthepoliceformonths.Successhasbeenelusivefortheteam.

evidentadv. evidentlyn. evidenceadj. easytosee,usuallybecauseofsomeproofsyn. apparent

Itisevidentthatyouarenotfeelingwell.Alltheevidencepointstothepresenceofhydrogen.

exhaustadv. exhaustivelyadj. exhaustiveadj. exhaustingadj. exhaustedn. exhaustionv. tousecompletely;toexpendallenergy;verythoroughsyn. deplete

Theyexhaustedtheirenergyintenminutes.Theexhaustivereportwasacclaimedbyeveryone.

extensiveadv. extensivelyv. extend*n. extension*adj. largeinareaornumber

*tooffer;tomakelongersyn. comprehensive

Theextensivesnowfallcausedproblemsthroughoutthecity.Theprofessorextendedawarmwelcometothenewstudent.

facev. tobeinthepresenceofandopposesyn. confront

Themountainclimbersfacedgravedangeronthecliff.Hefindsitdifficulttofacehisproblems.

facetadj. facetedn. elementorcomponentsyn. aspect

Theproposalhadmanybeneficialfacets.Itwasamultifacetedproblemthatchallengedtheentirestudentbody.

idoln. idolatryadj. idolatrousn. apersonorimagethatisloyallyadmiredorrespectedsyn. hero

The Beatles, a famous singing group of the 1960s, were the idols of manyteenagegirls.Talentedathletesoftenbecomeidolsintheeyesoftheirfans.

inaccessiblen. inaccessibilityadv. inaccessiblyadj. somethingthatcannotbereachedorcommunicatedwithsyn. remote

Thesummitofthemountainwasinaccessible.Thedignitary’sinaccessibilityfrustratedthereporter.

obliviousn. obliviousnessadj. tobeunawareoforforgetfuladj. obliviouslysyn. ignorant

The students were oblivious to the fact that the test would cover the entirechapter.The coastal inhabitants were oblivious to the dangers of the approaching

hurricane.

obviouslyadj. obviousadv. inaclear,easy-to-understandwaysyn. evidently

Ithadobviouslyrained.Itwasobviousthathehadnotpracticedhisoralreport.

offensiven. offensivenessadv. offensivelyadj. causinganger;rude;beingunpleasantsyn. insulting

Rotteneggsemitanoffensiveodor.Heroffensiveremarksangeredtheentireaudience.

predictablyadj. predictablev. predictn. predictionadv. inawaythatforetellsfutureeventssyn. expectedly

Shepredictablyforgottodoherassignment.Thegovernment’spredictionswereaccurate.

suitableadv. suitablyv. suitadj. appropriate;correct;convenientsyn. appropriate

Herdresswasnotsuitablefortheoccasion.Theagreementsuitsallthemembersofthenegotiatingteam.

surpass

adj. surpassablen. surpasserv. togobeyondsyn. exceed

Themoviesurpassedeventhefilmcritics’highexpectations.Thesoccerplayerwillprobablysurpassthescoringrecordsetlastyear.

upholdn. upholderv. tosupportormaintainsyn. sustain

Thetreehousewasupheldbythreethicktreebranches.EachpresidentoftheUnitedStatesmustpromisetoupholdtheconstitution.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.oblivious(A)elusive(B)blind(C)eclectic(D)valid

2.critical(A)prevalent(B)elusive(C)prime(D)crucial

3.predictably(A)obliviously(B)expectedly(C)conspicuously(D)extensively

4.sustain(A)uphold(B)emit(C)creep(D)distinguish

5.inaccessible(A)depleted(B)incessant(C)remote(D)enormous

6.elude(A)erode(B)evade(C)endorse

(D)enrich

7.extensive(A)delicate(B)impressive(C)comprehensive(D)disruptive

8.celebrity(A)settler(B)dignitary(C)petitioner(D)dweller

9.evidently(A)routinely(B)entirely(C)exceptionally(D)obviously

10.exceed(A)surpass(B)benefit(C)ascertain(D)recompense


1.Engineeringgeologistssurveythegeologyofanarea,andthenprepareageologicalmap.Oneoftheirmainresponsibilitiesistodeterminewhetherthegeologicalstructureofalocationissuitableforthebuildingofhugestructuressuchasdams.

Thewordsuitableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto appropriateextensive recoverable perfect 2. Experts believe that a child’s familyexperiencesarecrucial for personalitydevelopment.Theways that basicneedsaremetininfancy,alongwithlater techniquesofchildrearing,canleaveapermanentmarkonpersonality.Childrenlearnbehaviorappropriatetotheirsexbyidentifyingwiththeparentofthesamesex.Awarm,caringrelationshipwiththatparenthelpssuchlearning.

The word crucial in the passage is closest in meaning to evidentextensive critical obvious 3. The Everglades comprises one of thewildest and most inaccessible areas in the United States. Its wildlife isplentifulandislargelyprotectedwithintheEvergladesNationalPark.TheonlyinhabitantsoftheEvergladesareseveralhundredSeminoleIndians.

Thewordinaccessibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto remoteindiscriminate inactive immense 4. Bank credit and debit cards, nowused worldwide, are examples of general purpose bank cards.Establishmentsofferingalmosteverykindofproductorservicenowhonorsuch cards. These cards are designed to give customers access to credit,savings, and checking accounts, eliminating the need to purchase itemswith cash. It ispredicted that, in the future, these cardswill completelyeliminatetheneedforcarryingcash.

Thewordpredictedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto inconceivableevident justified anticipated 5. In Western culture, until about the

middle of the seventeenth century, biographieswere generally tributes tofamous individuals. Their purpose was to enlighten and motivate. Theyoften dealt with the exemplary lives of people who became heroes andheroines to thepublic,butsometimesalsoglorifiedthelivesof infamous

doersofbaddeeds.

Thewordheroines in the passage is closest inmeaning to dignitaryidol

benefactor philanthropist6.Kinesicsisthenamegiventothestudyofnonverbalinteractionssuchasfacialexpressions,gestures,andeyecontact.Inmanycultures,directeyecontactisseenasasignofdisrespectinface-to-faceencounters.Students,forexample,areexpectedtolowertheireyeswhileaddressingateacher.Inothercultures,loweredeyesareconstruedasanindicationofshame,embarrassment,ordishonesty.Kinesicsfocusesonmanysuchculturaldifferences.

In discussing face-to-face encounters, the author is referring to socialinteractionsinwhichtwopeopleare sittingbacktoback.

infrontofeachother.keepingtheireyesdown.staringintospace.

7.Highstandardsandrigorousearlytrainingareevidentwheredanceisanartperformedbeforeanaudience.Inearlycultures,dancewassomethinginwhicheveryoneparticipated;dancerswerenotsingledoutandtrainedbecauseoftheirskillorcharm.Oncereligiousworshipdevelopedintoritual,itbecameimportantfordancerstobeasskilledaspossible.

The word evident in the passage is closest in meaning to rumoredapparent vibrant enhanced8.Mineraldeposits formbecause there isatransportingagentfortheoreminerals.Thetransportingagentremovestheminerals it carries from one area and deposits them in another.Groundwater and seawater are examples of transporting agents. Thetransporting agent process is involved in the creation of deposits of bothabundantandexhaustedmetals.

Thewordexhausted inthepassageisclosest inmeaningto depletederoded released restricted9.The independentAfricanstatesencounternumerous problems implementing an educational policy that willencourage economic and social development. The difficulties most

governments face are basically political. There is also concern about thefinancial problems of the different states. The lack of communicationbetweeneducationalpolicymakersandeconomicandsocialplannersmayalsocreatehardships.

Thewordfaceinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto bear

resolve confront endorse10.Popartistsseektoportraymodernculture.Theirartemphasizesmodernsocialvalues,thesprawlofurbanlife,andtheflashy,frivolous,transitory,andoffensivefacetsofmodernlife.Thesevaluesaretheveryoppositesofthevaluescherishedbyartistsofthepast.

Thewordfacetsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto aspects idealsfacts particles

LESSON14•ample•arduous•arid•avert•defy•diligent•enact•feign•fertile

•freshly•function•fundamental•indiscriminate•pinpoint•selective•spacious•withstand

ampleadv. amplyadj. morethanenoughsyn. sufficient

There isample evidence that the youngmanwas speedingwhen the accidentoccurred.Shewasamplypaidfortheworkshecompleted.

arduousadv. arduouslyn. arduousnessadj. verydifficultorchallenging;requiringhardworksyn. demanding

Themountaintourguidesclimbedthemountainatanarduouspace.Thefarmer’scropssurviveddespitethearduoussummerheat.

aridadj. beingoflittlerainorwatersyn. dry

TheareaknownastheSaharaDesertisoneofthemostaridplacesintheworld.Thevalleyontheleewardsideofthemountainwasextremelyarid.

avertn. aversionadj. avertablev. tostopfromoccurring;toturnawayorasidesyn. prevent

Shecouldhaveavertedtheaccidentifshehadnotbeentextingwhiledriving.Thecitizenspackedsandbagsalongtheriverbanktoavertthefloodingoftheirstreets.

defyadv. defyinglyadj. defyingv. toshowlittlefearorregardforrulesorestablishednorms;to

challengesyn. resist

Idefyyoutofindthatbookinthelibrary’scollection.Thecircusperformerdemonstratedherdeath-defyingroutine.

diligentn. diligenceadv. diligentlyadj. donewithpersistenceandhardwork;withattentiontodetailssyn. conscientious

Stephaniedisplayedgreatdiligenceinthecompletionofherassignments.Thediligentworkerreceivedrecognitionforhisaccomplishments.

enactadj. enactedn. enactmentv. topassalawsyn. legislate

Congressenactedthelegislationduringitslastsession.

TheenactmentofthelawswasinthehandsoftheSenate.

feignadj. feignedv. topretend;makebelievesyn. simulate

Shefeignedillnesswhenitwastimetovisitthedentist.Theathletefeignedhisinjury.

fertilev. fertilizen. fertilityn. fertilizeradj. abletoproduceabundantlysyn. rich

Thedeltaareasofriversareknownfortheirfertilesoil.Fertilizersareusedoncropstoincreaseyields.

freshlyadj. freshv. freshenn. freshnessadv. caughtorproducednotlongagosyn. recently

Freshlyharvestedproduceishardtofindinthewintermonths.Theproduct’sfreshnessdependsonanefficienttransportationsystemtobringittomarket.

functionadv. functionallyadj. functionalv. functionn. thenormalpurposeofsomethingsyn. role

Itisthefunctionofthedirectortoorganizeandleadthedepartment.

Mostappliancescannotfunctionwithoutelectricity.

fundamentaladv. fundamentallyadj. aprimaryorbasicelementsyn. essential

The student government promised fundamental changes in the registrationprocess.Heisfundamentallystronginhisareaofexpertise.

indiscriminateadv. indiscriminatelyadj. notchosencarefully;unplannedsyn. arbitrary

Theindiscriminatearrangementoftheproductsmadethestoreconfusing.Thebook’schaptersseemtobeorganizedindiscriminately.

pinpointadj. pinpointv. tofindordescribesomethingwithprecisionsyn. locate

Theengineerswereimmediatelyabletopinpointtheproblemwiththebridge.The new, advanced thermometer measures the temperature with pinpointaccuracy.

selectiveadv. selectivelyadv. selectv. selectn. selectionn. selectivityadj. carefullychosensyn. discriminating

Theywereveryselectivewhentheychosethemembersoftheacademicteam.HeselectedSpanishashislanguageclass.

spaciousadv. spaciouslyn. spacen. spaciousnessadj. havingalotofroomsyn. expansive

ThespaciousplainsoftheMidwestmakeupthenation’sbreadbasket.Avacuumisanemptyspace.

withstandv. tofightwithoutsurrender;topersistsyn. survive

Shecannotwithstandthepressuresofherjob.Theoldbuildingwithstoodtheterriblestorm.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.sufficient(A)crucial(B)essential(C)ample(D)extensive

2.survive(A)erode(B)weaken(C)elude(D)withstand

3.defy(A)resist(B)determine(C)simulate(D)discriminate

4.arduous(A)predictable(B)demanding(C)functional(D)chronic

5.arid(A)dry(B)fertile(C)fresh(D)drab

6.avert(A)prevent(B)amaze(C)assert

(D)allow

7.selective(A)inaccessible(B)rich(C)recent(D)discriminating

8.diligent(A)fundamental(B)erratic(C)evident(D)conscientious

9.spacious(A)crucial(B)superficial(C)minuscule(D)expansive

10.pinpoint(A)locate(B)enact(C)dictate(D)sustain


1.Naturallyformedcavesevolvemainlyasaresultofthesolventactionofwaterandthechemicalcompoundsitcontains.Knownascavesofsolution,theyaremostcommoninregionsthathaveamplerainfall.

Theword ample in the passage is closest in meaning to infrequentabundant exemplary erratic2.Intheearlydaysofgliding,glidersweretowedbycars.Today,glidersaretowedintheskybyairplanestoaheightbetween600and900metersabovetheground.Flightdurationdependsonfindingupdraftsofairalongmountainslopes,nearcumulusclouds,oroveraridterrainwhererisingthermalcurrentsoccur.

Thewordaridinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto rocky hot dryhigh 3. The Conestoga Indians were a powerful people, defying theinvadingIroquois,until the Iroquoisdefeated theminabout1675.Partofthe tribe fled to the Roanoke River. Others subsequently settled atConestoga,nearwhatisnowLancaster,Pennsylvania.

Theworddefying in the passage is closest inmeaning to ridiculinghonoring resisting overthrowing 4. Fasting has been practiced forcenturies formany diverse purposes. Some fastswere to induce fertility.Otherswere intended toavert catastropheor to serveaspenance for sin.American Indians held tribal fasts to escape threatening disasters. TheAztecsofMexicoandtheIncasofPeruobservedpenitentialfaststopacifytheirgods.

Thewordavertinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto overcome assertconfirm prevent5.MonteAlbán,nearOaxaca,Mexico,wasthecenter

oftheZapotecculturethatflourishedaroundtheyear100A.D.Itsgiganticstone structureswere set arounda spacious plaza createdby leveling thetopofamountain.

Thewordspaciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto exhaustiveexpansive circular fertile 6. Space exploration has had its share ofproblemsthroughouttheyears.AflawintheChallenger’sdesignledtoa

fatal accident in 1986, the Mir station was often in trouble, and theColumbia shuttle crashedon reentry in2003.Despite these tragedies, theprogramhasprofitedfromitsmistakes,andfromnewengineeringandnewmaterials. Today, NASA is confident that spacecraft are fundamentallysoundandperfectlysafe.

Insayingthatspacecraftarefundamentallysound, theauthormeansthattheyare basicallywelldesignedandbuilt.

equippedwithelectronicmusic.dangerouslyoldandworn.entirelynewandexperimental.

7.Foodservesthreefunctionsinmostlivingorganisms.First,itprovidesmaterialthatisusedtosustaintheactivitiesoftheorganism.Second,foodsuppliestheelectrondonorsrequiredfortheformativeprocessesthatoccurwithinthecell.Third,foodprovidesthematerialsfromwhichallofthestructuralcomponentsofthelivingcellcanbeassembled.

Thewordfunctionsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto cores facetsresolutions roles 8. Harvested wood is dried and preserved as a

treatmentagainst insect infestationand rot.Theseprocessesensure that itwill last. Somewood products, such as posts and poles, are freshly cut.Most otherwood products aremade up of intermediatematerials, whichrequirefurtherprocessingbeforetheyaremanufacturedintofinalproducts.

Thewordfreshlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto hardly recentlyroutinely scarcely9.Loess is topsoil leftbyglaciers.Vastdepositsof

loessmaketheMidwesternplainoftheUnitedStatesextremelyfertileandoneofthemostimportantfarmingareasintheworld.Inaddition,thesoilsinthelandalongthemanyriversandstreamsoftheregionalsoaddtoitsfarmingpotential.

Theword fertile in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to rich hardyvital adaptable10.Sinceopossumsare largelyarboreal, theirhomesareoften found inhollow treesorunder stumpsand roots.Feigningdeath isone of the opossum’s principal defense mechanisms. This confuses itspredators,protectingtheopossumfromdanger.

Theword feigning in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to imagining

enacting pretending displaying

LESSON15•adhere•durable•foster•gain•halt•handle•harbor•harmful•insignificant

•mysterious•perilous•promote•redundant•reject•substantial•trait•underscore

adheren. adherencev. tosticktoorfollowpreciselysyn. comply

Travelersmustadheretothelawsofthecountrytheyarevisiting.Thereferee’sexcessivelystrictadherencetotherulesupsettheplayers.

durablen. durabilityn. duration*adj. somethingthatlastsalongtime

*timeduringwhichsomethinglastssyn. sturdy

Itwasadurablerefrigerator,butitfinallybroke.Thedurabilityoftiresisakeyfactorindeterminingtheirquality.

fosterv. topromotegrowthordevelopment

syn. stimulate

Theindustrialrevolutionfosteredtheriseofthemiddleclass.Parentsusuallyfosterthedevelopmentofgoodhabitsintheirchildren.

gainadj. gainfuln. gainv. toobtainsomethingneededoruseful;toincreasetothe

amountofsomethingsyn. attain

Hegainedalotofexperienceworkingasavolunteer.Hisgaininknowledgewasimpressive.

haltadv. haltinglyadj. haltingn. haltv. tostopordiscontinuesyn. stop

Busservicetothecitywashaltedduetopoorroadconditions.Thesupervisorputahalttothetardinessoftheemployees.

handlen. handlingv. todealwithorcontrolsyn. manage

Theyhandledthemselvesverywellgiventhecircumstances.Thepresident’shandlingofthecrisiswaswidelyapplauded.

harborv. togiveprotection;tonotexpressadesireoropinion,usually

badsyn. shelter

Heharborsillfeelingsforher.Theyharboredthepoliticalrefugeeintheirhome.

harmfuladv. harmfullyv. harmn. harmadj. somethingthatcausespainordamagesyn. unhealthy

Excessiveradiationisharmfultothebody.Bleachharmscertainfabrics.

insignificantadv. insignificantlyn. insignificanceadj. notimportant;oflittlevaluesyn. meaningless

Theamountofrainfallthissummerhasbeeninsignificant.Theinsignificanceofhiscommentbecameapparentwiththepassingoftime.

mysteriousadv. mysteriouslyn. mysteryn. mysteriousnessadj. noteasilyunderstoodorfiguredoutsyn. baffling

Hehadamysteriouseffectoneveryonewhoheardhimspeak.Theman’sdisappearancewasamystery.

perilousadv. perilouslyn. periladj. threateningorrisky;harmfulsyn. dangerous

Itisperiloustoexceedthespeedlimit.Thereareampleperilsinthesportofmountainclimbing.

promote

n. promotern. promotionv. toencourageoradvertise;toelevateinrankorgradesyn. boost

Manynationspromotetourismtolureforeigncurrency.Thecustomersrespondedfavorablytothehalf-pricepromotion.

redundantn. redundancyadv. redundantlyadj. beingexcessive;showingunnecessaryrepetitionsyn. repetitious

Studentswho ask teachers to “repeat that again” are being redundant because“repeat”means“again.”Lush,redundantvegetationiscommonintropicalclimates.

rejectn. rejectionv. torefusesyn. refuse

Theinsurancecompanyrejectedtheclaim.Therejectionofhisworkwasdifficultforhimtounderstand.

substantialadv. substantiallyadj. substantiveadj. important;stronglymade;ofvaluesyn. significant

Thediscoveryofavaccineforsmallpoxwasasubstantialmedicalachievement.Thissubstantivearticlewillchangeyouropinionofrockmusic.

traitn. specificqualitiesthatdistinguishonefromanothersyn. characteristic

Her senseof humor and cheerful personality are someof hermost impressivetraits.Alma’sblondehairisatraitinheritedfromherfather.

underscorev. tomakeevidentoremphasizesyn. highlight

Thehighqualityof the student’s science fairprojectunderscored her talent inbiology.Theconclusionofthereportshouldunderscoreitsmainideas.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.foster(A)exaggerate(B)stimulate(C)gain(D)enhance

2.halt(A)evaporate(B)avoid(C)defy(D)stop

3.trait(A)dwelling(B)characteristic(C)function(D)abundance

4.durable(A)ample(B)crucial(C)dominant(D)sturdy

5.redundant(A)repetitious(B)creative(C)round(D)active

6.substantial(A)haphazard(B)diverse(C)significant

(D)perilous

7.underscore(A)shelter(B)highlight(C)boost(D)exaggerate

8.mysterious(A)unhealthy(B)dangerous(C)dramatic(D)baffling

9.insignificant(A)meaningless(B)rudimentary(C)vigorous(D)spacious

10.adhere(A)exhaust(B)reject(C)comply(D)withstand


1.ScientistscanonlyspeculateonthepossiblefateoftheCosmos.Iftheuniverseisunbound,thereislittlepossibilitythatitsexpansionwillhalt.Thus,eventuallythegalaxiesandstarswillalldie.TheCosmosthenwouldbeacold,dark,andvirtuallyemptyplace.Iftheuniverseisbound,themassandenergycontentwillcometogetheragaininabigfierysqueeze.

Thewordhaltinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto continue stop

expand intensify2.Theperceptionofdepthanddistancedependsoninformationtransmittedthroughvarioussenseorgans.Sensorycuesindicatethedistanceatwhichobjectsarelocatedfromtheindividualandfromeachother.Thesensesofsightandhearingtransmitdepthanddistancecuesthataresubstantiallyindependentofoneanother.

The word substantially in the passage is closest in meaning tosignificantly absurdly critically vigorously 3. Because the needs ofhumancommunicationaresovarious,thestudyofmeaningisprobablythemost difficult and mysterious aspect of serious language study.Traditionally,languagehasbeendefinedastheexpressionofthought.Butthisideaisfartoonarrowaninterpretationoflanguageandfartoobroadaviewofthoughttobeworthwhile.Theexpressionofthoughtisjustoneofthemanyrolesoflanguage.

Thewordmysteriousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto substantialmeaningful promising baffling 4. The theory of environmental

determinism says that the physical surroundings of a people, includingnatural resources, climate, and geography, are the major determiningfactorsinthedevelopmentoftheirculture.Therefore,determinismrejectsthe idea thathistoryand tradition, social andeconomic factors, andotherelementsofcultureexplainsocialdevelopment.

Thewordrejectsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto refuses ignores

promotes withstands 5. The greatest benefit of a regular exerciseprogramisanimprovementinoverallfitness.Appropriateexerciseboostsmuscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratoryendurance. The level of maximum oxygen intake or cardiorespiratoryenduranceisusuallynotofgreatimportancetomostindividuals.Themostimportantthingistoattaintheirmaximumlevelofperformance.

Thewordboostsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto harms managespromotes alters 6. The number of giant pandas in the world is

dwindling.Thechiefreasonis that theirnaturalhabitat inChinahasbeenreducedasbambooforestshavebeenclearedtoincreaseavailablelandforChina’svasthumanpopulation.Infact,theworldcameperilouslyclosetolosing the panda altogether in the 1980s as a result. Today, the panda’sfuture is brighter. The Chinese government now protects most of thepanda’snaturalhabitat.

In saying that the world came perilously close to losing the panda, theauthormeansthatthegiantpanda hasbeensetfreefromzoos.

endangeredhumanbeings.threatenedtheextinctionofbamboo.wasnearlyentirelyeliminated.

7.SeveralpilotswerekilledduringthecompetitionfortheOrteigPrize,whichwaspromisedtothefirstpilottoflynonstopfromNewYorktoParis.CharlesLindberghbelievedhecouldwinitifhehadtherightairplane,andhewasright.Hereceivedthe$25,000prizein1927forbeingthefirsttomaketheperilousflightacrosstheAtlantic.

Thewordperilous inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto substantialdangerous haphazard prosperous 8. In parts of the world that lackmodernsewagetreatmentplants,watercarryinghumanwastecanflowintodrinkingwater supplies.Disease-carrying bacteria in thewaste canmakethedrinkingwaterharmful.EvenincertainU.S.cities,suchcontaminantshavebeenfoundinurbanwatersupplies.

Thewordharmfulinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto frail adverseconspicuous unhealthy9.Commercialarbitrationhasbeenpracticedin

European countries for many years. In the United States, commercial

arbitration to handle disputes is gaining in popularity. The AmericanArbitration Association hires panels of arbitrators who mediatedisagreements and propose solutions. The decisions of these panels havebeenenforcedbythecourtsofmanystates.

Thewordhandleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto face

manage enact promote10.MartinLutherKingJr.hadamagnificentspeakingability.ThisqualityenabledhimtoeffectivelyexpressAfrican-Americans’needforsocialjustice.Hegainedthesupportofmillionsofpeople,bothblackandwhite,throughhiseloquentpleasfornonviolentsocialaction.Hereceivedinternationalacclaimwhenhewasawardedthe1964NobelPeacePrize,aftermanyyearsofstruggletoassurebasiccivilrightsforallcitizens.

The word gained in the passage is closest in meaning to observedcreated extended attained

LESSON16•conscientious•convey•encompass•expansion•heighten•highlight•inadvertently•inevitable•infancy

•mimic•retrieve•paramount•proficient•systematically•unlikely•unwarranted•zenith

conscientiousadv. conscientiouslyadj. showingseriouspurpose;onewhoworkscarefullyandwith

enthusiasmsyn. meticulous

Sheisaconscientiousrepresentativeofthestudentbody.Theyapproachedthetaskconscientiously.

conveyv. tomakesomethingknowntoothers;tocommunicatesyn. communicate

Themanagerofthestoreconveyedhisdispleasuredirectlytotheworkers.Hewasabletoconveyhismessagetotheaudiencewithease.

encompassv. tosurroundcompletely;toenvelopsyn. include

Herplanofstudyencompasseseveryaspectofcomputerscience.Thecourseencompassesalltheliteratureofthenineteenthcentury.

expansionadj. expandablev. expandn. expansionn. theactofmakinglargersyn. growth

Expansionoccurswhenmatterisheated.Thelaboratoryisexpandingitscapacitytoproducecomputerchips.

heightenadj. heightenedn. heightv. tocausetobecomegreatersyn. intensify

Averysuccessfulinterviewcanheightenacandidate’schancestogetajob.Thepublicwasinaheightenedstateofnervousnessasthehurricaneapproached.

highlightn. highlightv. toemphasizethepartofagreaterwholesyn. emphasize

Theowner’smanualhighlightsthebasicfunctionsofthecamera.Thefinalgoalwasthehighlightofthegame.

inadvertentlyadj. inadvertentadv. byaccident;withoutpayingattention;unexpectedlysyn. carelessly

The reporters had inadvertently failed to include the name of one of thedignitaries.Hisinadvertentcalculationcausedhimtoderivethewronganswer.

inevitableadv. inevitablyfromhappeningn. inevitability

adj. somethingthatcannotbepreventedsyn. unavoidable

Whentwoweathersystemsmeet,unsettledweatherconditionsareinevitable.Theinevitabilityoftheoutcomemadethechallengelessexciting.

infancyadj. infantilen. infantn. inthebeginningstagesofdevelopmentsyn. beginning

Thenewtheoryisinitsinfancyandwillbethoroughlytestedbyitscritics.Theauthor’sinfantilewritingstyleappealstoyoungreaders.

mimicn. mimickerv. tocopyanactionsyn. imitate

Thecomedianmimickedthepresident’sgestures.Parrotsmimicthespeechthattheyhearintheirsurroundings.

paramountadv. paramountlyn. paramountcyadj. tobeofhighestimportancesyn. foremost

Theclub’sparamountgoalistoraiseawarenessoftheimportanceofcommunityservice.Beingquietisofparamountimportancewhilewatchingamovieatthetheater.

proficientadv. proficientlyn. proficiencyadj. tobeskilledorexperiencedinsomethingsyn. competent

Theexamwilltestthestudents’proficiencyinthePortugueselanguage.HighlyproficientathletesearntheprivilegeofcompetingintheOlympics.

retrieveadj. retrievedn. retrievalv. tofindandbringbacksyn. recover

WillDetroitretrieveitsstatusasthecarmanufacturingcenteroftheworld?This computerized information retrieval system is themost up-to-date systemavailable.

systematicallyadj. systematicn. systemadv. doneaccordingtoaplansyn. methodically

Theplanwasdevelopedsystematicallybyateamofexperts.Systematicchangesinforeignpolicyhavebeenproposed.

unlikelyadj. notprobablesyn. doubtful

Rainisunlikelytooccurduringthedryseason.Itisunlikelythathewillwanttoattendtheconference.

unwarrantedadj. withoutgoodreasonorcause;inappropriatesyn. unjustified

Hisnegativereactionwasunwarranted.Themotoristfeltthattheticketfortheinfractionwasunwarranted.

zenithn. thehighestpointsyn. apex

Hereachedthezenithofhisprofessionataveryyoungage.Thepublicationofthebookrepresentedthezenithofhiscareer.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.convey(A)intensify(B)promote(C)communicate(D)engender

2.proficient(A)suitable(B)persistent(C)competent(D)inevitable

3.growth(A)expansion(B)function(C)highlight(D)recover

4.meticulously(A)haphazardly(B)conscientiously(C)inadvertently(D)conspicuously

5.retrieve(A)disperse(B)recover(C)accelerate(D)broaden

6.encompass(A)emphasize(B)gain(C)heighten

(D)include

7.apex(A)facet(B)zenith(C)trait(D)flaw

8.systematically(A)unexpectedly(B)persuasively(C)astoundingly(D)methodically

9.paramount(A)likely(B)foremost(C)appealing(D)meticulous

10.mimic(A)exceed(B)imitate(C)astonish(D)highlight


1.ThefirstelevatedrailsystemwassuccessfullyoperatedinNewYorkCityin1871,usingsteampower.Becausesteampowerhadmanydisadvantages,thelineswerelaterelectrified.AnextensivenetworkofelevatedlineswasbuiltinNewYorkCity.Itwasinserviceformanyyears,butwassystematicallyeliminatedbecauseofitsantiquatedappearanceandbecauseitcontributedtotrafficcongestion.

The word systematically in the passage is closest in meaning toinadvertently appropriately meticulously methodically 2. Municipalsolid waste must be collected and treated in order to reduce the totalvolume andweight of thematerial that requires final disposal.Treatmentchangestheformofthewasteandmakesiteasiertohandle.Itcanalsobeused torecover certainmaterials, aswellasheatenergy, for recyclingorreuse.

The word recover in the passage is closest in meaning to retrieveconvey deplete develop3.American biographer and historianSamuelEliot Morrison colorfully recreated notable stories of modern history.Combiningagiftforstorytellingwithmeticulousscholarship,hetookthereader back into history to relive the adventures of such characters asFerdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus, and Sir Francis Drake. HealsorecordedtheaccomplishmentsoftheU.S.NavyduringWorldWarII.

Thewordmeticulousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto unwarrantedinfantile valid conscientious4.Spacemedicineprotectshumanbeings

from the environment of space and studies their reactions to thatenvironment.Thefoundationsofspacemedicinecanbetracedtoaviationmedicine.Thetermaerospacemedicinehasevolvedtoencompasspracticeinbothareas.AerospacemedicinehasbeenacertifiedsubspecialtyoftheAmericanBoardofPreventiveMedicinesince1953.

Theword encompass in the passage is closest in meaning to favorpromote emphasize include5.Ifsomemotionispossibleaccordingtophysicallaws,thenamotioninwhicheventsappearinreverseorderisalso

possible. For example, it would be unusual to observe a real process inwhichavasebrokenon the floor collects itself and fliesupwhole intoaperson’s hand. Nevertheless, according to known physical laws, such aprocessisnotimpossible,althoughitistoounlikelytoexpectittoactuallyhappen.

The word unlikely in the passage is closest in meaning to difficultdoubtful astonishing superficial 6. In 1896 a Swedish chemist firstassessedtheeffectsofgreenhousegases.Heshowedthatactivitiessuchasburning coal, destroying forests, and even raising cattle dangerouslyincrease atmospheric concentrations of such gases as carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide. Since then, heightened awareness of theeffectscarsandfactorieshaveontheenvironmenthasledtomoreconcernabout these gas concentrations. Recently they have been blamed for anapparentwarmingtrendinEarth’satmosphere.

Inreferringtoheightenedawareness,theauthormeansthatpeoplearelessconsciousofthesituation.

moreconsciousofthesituation.unconcernedabouttheproblem.ashamedthattheproblemexists.

7.GreattechnologicaladvancesweremadeduringtheinfancyoftheUnitedStates’industrialgrowth.Butthemoderntrendsofthe1920sbroughtaboutproblemsaswellasbenefits.ManyAmericanshadtroubleadjustingtotheimpersonal,fast-pacedlifeofcities.ThecomplexlifeincitiestendedtoweakenthestrongfamilytiesthathadalwaysbeenpartofAmericansociety.

The word infancy in the passage is closest in meaning to primebeginnings miracle ambiguity 8. Careful testing is one of apharmaceuticalcompany’smostimportantresponsibilities.PharmaceuticalcompaniesandtheFoodandDrugAdministrationconstantlyguardagainstthepossibilityofaharmfuldrugbeingsoldtothepublic.Buteventhemostcarefultestingcannotalwaysrevealthepossibilitythatadrugmayproduceaninadvertentharmfuleffect.

Theword inadvertent in the passage is closest inmeaning to acute

unlikely agilely unexpected9.Basketballwas inventedbyaCanadianin 1891. Today, it is the world’s most popular indoor sport. Basketballemphasizes teamworkand theathleticqualitiesofendurance,agility,andskill.Tallplayershaveanadvantagebecause theycan reachcloser to thebasket or above other players to shoot and rebound the ball.But smallerplayersalsomakecontributionstotheirteamsasshootersandballhandlers.

The word emphasizes in the passage is closest in meaning toencompasses elaborates highlights enhances10.DanielWebsterwasawell-knownAmerican speaker, and one of themost capable lawyers andstatesmen of his time. He used his speaking ability to establish a strongnationalgovernment in theSenate.Healsoapplied thespeakingskillshehadmasteredasalawyertoheightenhisappealfortheendtoslavery.

Thewordheighten in the passage is closest inmeaning to intensifypersuade enhance convey

LESSON17•agitate•comply•confidential•delighted•discreetly•documented•evoke•gradually•impartial

•inordinate•instantly•intentionally•intrinsic•inundate•mindset•nominal•presumably

agitaten. agitationn. agitatorv. toshakeormove;tocauseworrysyn. disturb

Thefactthatshehadnotarrivedbymidnightagitatedherparents.Hewasknownasapoliticalagitator.

complyadj. compliantn. compliancev. toagreetofollowarequestorcommand;toadheretospecific

standardssyn. acquiesce

Awell-traineddogwillcomplywhentoldtosit.Students must maintain a B average to remain in compliance with thescholarship’srules.

confidentialv. confide

adj. confidentialadv. confidentiallyn. confidantadj. tobesaidorwritteninsecretsyn. secret

Weweretoldthattheinformationisstrictlyconfidential.Sheconfidedtomethatshehadalwayswantedtobeamoviestar.

delightedadj. delightfullyadj. delightfuln. delightadj. tobesatisfied;veryhappysyn. elated

Hewasdelightedwiththeresultsoftheexperiment.Itwasadelightfulafternoon.

discreetlyadj. discreetadv. inacareful,politemannersyn. cautiously

Theteacherdiscreetlytoldtheparentsabouttheirchild’sinappropriatebehavior.Youcancountonmetobediscreet.

documentedadj. documentaryv. documentn. documentationadj. provenwithwrittenevidencesyn. proven

Hehaddocumentedproofthatthebankhadmadeanerror.Thecar’sdocumentationwasinorder.

evokev. tocalluporproducememoriesorfeelings;tocauseto

remembersyn. remind

Hearingherfavoritesongevokedfondmemoriesofherhighschoolyears.Mostsoundsevokehintsoftimeandplace.

graduallyadj. gradualadv. slowly,butsurelysyn. steadily

Thebayhasgraduallydeterioratedovertheyears.Therehasbeenagradualchangeintheclimateoverthepastdecade.

impartialn. impartialityadj. showingnofavoritism;beingfairorjustsyn. objective

Teachersmustbeimpartialjudgesoftheirstudents’work.Judgesareknownfortheirimpartiality.

inordinateadv. inordinatelyadj. alargeamountorquantity;morethanreasonablesyn. excessive

Theairlineshadtocancelaninordinatenumberofflightsduetothefog.Therewasaninordinatelylargenumberofwhalesoffthecoast.

instantlyadj. instantaneousadj. instantn. instantadv. happeningimmediately;inashortperiodoftimesyn. immediately

Thecomputerfinishedthejobinstantly.Ithappenedinaninstant.

intentionallyadj. intentionaln. intentionn. intentadv. withdefinitepurposeandplanningsyn. deliberately

Themachinewasleftonintentionally.Heractionwasanindicationofhergoodintentions.

intrinsicadv. intrinsicallyadj. beingaprimarypartofsomethingsyn. inherent

Apennyhaslittleintrinsicvalue.TheforestsoftheNorthwestareintrinsicallyrichinnaturalresources.

inundaten. inundationv. tofloodsyn. overwhelm

Theradiostationswereinundatedwithreportsofaseveretrafficaccident.Thefoundationexperiencedaninundationofrequestsformoney.

mindsetn. anestablishedattitudeormoodsyn. mentality

A person is more likely to succeed if he or she approaches projects with apositivemindset.Thepoliticalmindsetisdifferentineveryregionofthecountry.

nominaladv. nominallyadj. verysmall;inform,butnotinsubstancesyn. moderate

Theofficebuildingwassoldatanominalprice.Shewasnominallysuccessfulasanactress.

presumablyadj. presumablev. presumen. presumptionadv. reported,butnotconfirmedsyn. supposedly

TheoldwreckwaspresumablylocatedsouthwestofFlorida.Ipresumethatyouhavebeencampingbefore.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.impartial(A)objective(B)overwhelmed(C)conscientious(D)confident

2.diminutive(A)conscientious(B)minuscule(C)conspicuous(D)obvious

3.documented(A)proven(B)intrinsic(C)substantial(D)durable

4.nominal(A)moderate(B)inherent(C)inevitable(D)harmful

5.excessive(A)impressive(B)lasting(C)deliberate(D)inordinate

6.discreetly(A)obviously(B)cautiously(C)unlikely(D)deceptively

7.agitate(A)heighten(B)reject(C)inundate(D)disturb

8.steadily(A)gradually(B)uniquely(C)intentionally(D)immediately

9.mentality(A)mindset(B)proficiency(C)docility(D)jargon

10.delighted(A)involved(B)elated(C)overwhelm(D)highlight


1.Modesofsuggestion,whileusuallyverbal,maybevisualorinvolveothersenses.Infact,ameresuggestionmayevokeamemorythatcausesaspecificreaction.Forinstance,apersonwhoisallergictorosesmaydevelopanattackofasthmajustfromlookingataseedcatalog.Theelementofsuggestionalsoplaysasignificantroleingroupbehaviorandhypnosis.

Thewordevokeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto produce engrossemit

favor

2.TheAmericanactor-directorOrsonWellesworkedonthestageandinfilmsfornearly50years.Yethisfamerestsprincipallyontwoprojects.Thefirst,his1938radioadaptationofH.G.Wells’sTheWaroftheWorlds,wasafictitiouseyewitnessreportofaMartianattack.Theradiobroadcastcreatedapanicamonglistenerswho,believingtheattacktobereal,inundatedlawenforcementagencieswithnumerousinquiries.

Theword inundated in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to agitatedoverwhelmed astonished delighted3.Theuseofcast-metalpiecesasamediumofexchange is anancient tradition. Itprobablydevelopedoutoftheuseincommerceofordinaryingotsofbronzeandothermetalsthathadanintrinsicvalue.UntilthedevelopmentofbillsofexchangeinmedievalEuropeandpapercurrency inmedievalChina,metal coinswere theonlymeansofexchangeforgoodsandservices.

Theword intrinsic in the passage is closest inmeaning to inherentnominal documented inordinate4.The stimuli in a projective test areintentionally ambiguous and open to diverse interpretations so that eachperson will project his unique reactions in his answers. Techniques forevaluatingsuchresponsesrangefromtheintuitiveimpressionsoftheraterto complex schemes for scoring and interpretation that require extensivecalculationsandinterpretation.

The word intentionally in the passage is closest in meaning toconfidentially fundamentally arbitrarily deliberately 5.Anaximanderarguedthathumanbeingsaresohelplessatbirththattheywouldinstantlydie if left on their own. He also argued that known elements arecontinuouslyopposingandchanging intooneanotherand that asa resultsomethingdifferentfromtheseelementsmustunderlieandcausechanges.

Theword instantly in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to graduallypresumably immediately discreetly 6. Some economists resist thenotion that cutting taxes is beneficial. Theoretically, decreasing taxesreturns money to citizens, therefore increasing jobs and improvingconditionsforeveryone.Someeconomistssaythatwillhappenonlywithalarge, sudden tax reduction. A gradual decrease, they say, will notstimulatespendingorresultinmorejobsorastrongereconomy.Stillothersopposetaxreductionaltogether.

Inreferringtoagradualdecreaseintaxes,theauthormeansonethat isimposedallatonce.

occursslowlyovertime.stimulatesalotofjobs.affectseveryoneequally.

7.Withoutexception,childrenofSouthwestIndiantribesweretreatedwithwarmthandsubmissivenessduringtheperiodofinfancy.Weaningwasgradual,andtrainingincleanlinesswasdelayeduntilachildcouldwalk.Carewastakensothatthechildrenwerenotundulyagitated,andthattheywereprotectedfromharm.

Thewordagitated in the passage is closest inmeaning to disturbedinundated favored exhausted 8. Most Latin-American countriesachieved nominal independence in the ninteenth century. Yet theyremained politically, economically, and culturally dependent onU.S. andEuropean powers throughout the first half of the twentieth century. By1960,peoplebelievedthatthisdependencycouldbestbealleviatedthrougheducationalreform.

The word nominal in the passage is closest in meaning to scarcedurable gradual moderate9.Opinionpollshavebeendevelopedsince

the 1930s. Polls are a scientific way of learning what large numbers ofpeoplethinkaboutvarioustopics.Theyareusedextensivelyinpoliticsandbusiness. In both fields many polling companies provide politicalcandidatesandbusinesseswithconfidentialinformationabouttheirpublicimage.

Thewordconfidentialinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto discreetmysterious secret classified 10. At a meeting to discuss the federalConstitution, JohnHancockwas persuaded to support ratification.To getHancock’s support, some people promised him a nomination for thepresidencyifGeorgeWashingtondeclined.Thoughappearingtobeamongthe leaders of the revolutionaries, he was not considered an independentfigure. Rather, he was a tool of Samuel Adams, who took advantage ofHancock’sambition,vanity,andinordinateloveofpopularity.

Thewordinordinateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto excessiveunwarranted exhaustive overwhelming

LESSON18•absurd•allocation•balanced•comeacross•culminate•demeanor•exert•fallacious•feasible

•lack•limber•means•narrow•preconception•robust•steady•swift

absurdadv. absurdlyn. absurdityadj. clearlyfalse;withoutreasonsyn. ridiculous

Confidentially,Ithinkhissuggestionisabsurd.Theyareabsurdlyirrationalabouttheissue.

allocationadj. allocatedv. allocaten. ashare;apartsetasideforaspecialpurpose;anassignment

ofportionssyn. distribution

Hisallocationofmaterialswasgraduallyusedup.Allocatingofficespaceinthebuildingwasadifficulttask.

balancedv. balancen. balance

adj. astatewhereeverythingisofthesamesizeorweight;anelementononesidethatcountersanequalelementontheother

syn. equalized

Hemadeabalancedpresentationofbothpointsofview.Themuseumcontains apleasantbalance ofpaintings from theeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.

comeacrossv. tofindordiscover,usuallybychanceormistakesyn. encounter

Thewomancameacrosstheoldloveletterswhilelookingthroughphotosofheryouth.TheprofessorcameacrossthearticlewhilesearchingtheInternet.

culminaten. culminationadj. culminatingv. tofinish;toreachaclimaxorthehighestpointsyn. conclude

Therocksongculminatedinaloudguitarsolo.Afterfouryearsofdiligentstudy,thestudent’shardworkculminatedinseveraloffersoffullscholarshipsforcollege.

demeanorn. someone’soutwardappearanceorbehaviorsyn. conduct(n.)

Theoldwomanhadapleasantdemeanor.Thedogwashuge,butitsfriendlydemeanoreasedmyfears.

exertn. exertionv. toputintouse;toputforthaneffortsyn. apply

Hehadtoexertallofhisstrengthtomovetheheavybox.

Yourbodywillbebetterpreparedforphysicalexertionifyouexercisedaily.

fallaciousadv. fallaciouslyn. fallacyadj. havingerrorssyn. incorrect

Herfallaciousargumentcouldnotbedefended.Itisafallacytothinkthatmoneywillbringyouhappiness.

feasibleadv. feasiblyn. feasibilityadj. abletobedonesyn. possible

Itisafeasibledesignforthehigh-risebuilding.Beforetheybegintheproject,astudymustbedoneofitsfeasibility.

lackadj. lackingv. lackn. aneedfor;aninsufficientamountsyn. shortage

Therewasaninordinatelackofrainlastfall.Themathematicianwaslackingincommunicationskills.

limberadj. tobestretched;easilyshapedsyn. flexible

Thedancerhasalimberbody.Shewasabletomakethelimbermovementsthatarerequiredofgymnasts.

meansn. wayssyn. methods

Hewastoldtofinishthejobbyanymeansavailabletohim.Themostconvenientmeansofcommunicatingwithsomeoneisbyphone.

narrowadv. narrowlyn. narrownessadj. smallfromonesidetotheother;limitedsyn. thin

Thecanalwasextremelynarrow.Thedrivernarrowlyescapedinjurywhenhiscarranofftheroad.

preconceptionadj. preconceivedv. preconceiven. anopinionformedinadvancewithoutexperienceor

knowledgeofsomethingsyn. bias

Itisdifficulttoovercomepreconceptionsifwearenotopentonewideas.HispreconceivednotionsaboutLosAngelesdisappearedafterhevisitedthecity.

robustadv. robustlyn. robustnessadj. showinggoodhealth;ingoodshapesyn. energetic

Therobusteconomyisexpectedtocontinuegrowingquickly.Thenewproductissellingrobustly.

steadyadv. steadilyv. steadyn. steadinessadj. firm;inafixedposition;withoutchange;reliable;dependablesyn. constant

Steadygrowthisprojectedforcompaniesinvolvedingeneticengineering.

Thesecretaryhassteadilyearnedrespectforherwork.

swiftadv. swiftlyn. swiftnessadj. quicksyn. fast

Thecontestantswereswiftthinkers.Theyswiftlyagreedwiththeconclusionofthereport.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.demeanor(A)function(B)conduct(C)expansion(D)bias

2.steady(A)constant(B)ample(C)arid(D)nominal

3.robust(A)energetic(B)flexible(C)narrow(D)ridiculous

4.fast(A)swift(B)spacious(C)intrinsic(D)vital

5.balanced(A)rigid(B)documented(C)fundamental(D)equalized

6.distribution(A)shortage(B)allocation(C)methods(D)disapproval

7.fallacious(A)inordinate(B)incorrect(C)unwarranted(D)inevitable

8.apply(A)exert(B)expand(C)conclude(D)halt

9.feasible(A)absurd(B)possible(C)limber(D)selective

10.comeacross(A)proceed(B)travel(C)encounter(D)transport


1.Earlyanalogtelevisionsusedcarrierwavesthatwerepickedupbyareceivingantennaandthencarriedtothetelevisionreceiver.Insidethereceiver,thevideoandaudiosignalswereseparatedandamplified.Theythenpassedintothepicturetube,whichreproducedapictureoftheoriginalimagefromthevideosignalsusinganarrowbeamofelectronsthatbombarded,inascanningmotion,thebackofascreencoatedwithafluorescentcompound.

The word narrow in the passage is closest in meaning to steadybalanced thin

negative2.Asimpleexampleofameansbywhichenergyisconvertedfromoneformtoanotherisdemonstratedinthetossingofaballintotheair.Whentheballisthrownverticallyfromtheground,itsspeedanditskineticenergydecreasessteadilyuntilitcomestorestmomentarilyatitshighestpoint.

Thewordmeans in the passage is closest inmeaning to descriptionmethod theory benefit3.TheFirstContinentalCongresswasformedtoprotest theBritish Parliament’s intrusion into certain colony affairs. Thiscongressurgedthecoloniestoarmthemselvesfordefenseoftheirrights.Itbelieved that it would be absurd not to give a forceful response toEngland’s closing of the port of Boston. By the time the SecondContinentalCongressconvened,theAmericanRevolutionhadbegun.

Thewordabsurd in the passage is closest inmeaning to ridiculousdifficult feasible fallacious 4. The modern sport of gymnastics wasessentiallytheresultoftheworkoftheGermanFriedrichJahn,intheearlynineteenth century. He invented many of the exercises and some of theapparatusof latergymnastics, suchas theparallelbars, the rings,and thehorizontal bar. Jahn’sworkwas aimedmainly at strengthening the body.Theresultofgymnasticstrainingisawell-toned,limberbody.

The word limber in the passage is closest in meaning to flexibleslender tiny

disciplined5.Manyexpertsbelievethatintheearlyyearsofthetwenty-firstcenturythelackofwater,ratherthantheavailabilityoffertileland,willbethemajorobstacletoincreasedworldwidefoodproduction.Aswithland,theamountofwateravailableforagriculturalusecannoteasilybeincreased.Researchisnowbeingconductedtoimprovewateravailabilityandtherebyincreasetheamountoflandavailableforfarming.

Thewordlackinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto misuse abuseshortage distribution6.TheaimofTVadvertisingistomotivateviewersto spendmoney on products; the aim ofTV news is to give abalancedviewofpeople,products,andevents.Theseaimssometimesconflictwitheach other.While advertisers stress product features that contribute to afeeling of well-being or enhanced status, reporters have an obligation todescribe products more objectively. Reporters have a responsibility todescribebothpositiveandnegativeproductfeatures.

Inreferringtoabalancedview,theauthorisreferringto aclearlybiasedsummary.

informationforandagainst.anadvocate’spointofview.factualsupportforTVads.

7.Atypicalcellarmaybelocatedbeneathahouse.Itmayalsobelocatedoutdoors,partlyunderground,withtheupperpartmoundedoverwithearth.Thiswouldprotectitemsfromfreezingandmaintainafairlyuniformtemperatureandhumiditylevel.Unheatedbasementsorheatedandinsulatedground-levelbuildingsmakeitfeasibletostorefruitsandvegetablesforshortperiods.

Theword feasible in the passage is closest in meaning to balancedpossible enacted persuasive 8. The operating system of a computernetwork protects computers from access by illegal users. It also preventsdata corruption introduced by unintentional mistakes made by legitimate

users.Arobustsecurityschemeisparticularlyimportantforcomputersthatare connected to a communications network, since it hasmany potentialusers.

Thewordrobustinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto steady intrinsicstrong complex9.Knowledgeofhowearlywheelswereconstructedis

derived from “chariot burials” found in the city-states of Kish and Ur.Wheels were formed from three planks of wood that were clamped bywooden struts and bound with leather tires that were held in place bycoppernails.Thesimplicityoftheirdesignallowedforswiftrepairs.

Thewordswiftinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto steady amplesuitable rapid10.Thelawoflargenumbers,popularlyknownas“thelawofaverages,”isoftenthoughttorequirethatfutureoutcomesbalancepastoutcomes. This is a fallacy. A three-digit lottery number has the sameprobability of being selected every day. The fact that it has not beenselectedforagivennumberofdaysdoesnotincreasethisprobability.

Thewordfallacyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto endorsementsufficiency misconception preconception

LESSON19•antiquated•coherent•evolve•fabricate•generic•investigation•normally•notion•novel

•nurture•opposition•relate•suspect•transform•trigger•unbiased•varied

antiquatedn. antiqueadj. toooldtobepresentlyuseful;outmodedsyn. old-fashioned

Thisantiquatedmachinerybreaksdowntoofrequently.Theirhomeisfilledwithantiquefurniture.

coherentadv. coherentlyv. coheren. coherenceadj. cohesive*n. cohesion*adj. wellreasoned;ideasthatareclearlypresented

*stickingtogetherasagroupsyn. logical

Itwasawell-balanced,coherentpresentation.Therewasacohesivefeelingamongthenewworkers.

evolve

n. evolutionv. togrow;togothroughaperiodofchangesyn. develop

Themanagementteam’sideaevolvedoveraperiodoftwoyears.Thecountry’shopesforarapidevolutionofitseconomydependonapprovaloffreetradeagreements.

fabricateadj. fabricatedn. fabricationv. tomakeup,usuallywithanintenttofoolortrick;toliesyn. invent

Theexecutivefabricatedthestoryaboutthemerger.HisalibiistheweakestfabricationIhaveeverheard.

genericadv. genericallyadj. relatingtoawholegrouporcategoryofthingssyn. general

“Bird”isthegenerictermusedtodescribeanimalswithfeathers.Universities provide studentswith thegeneric skills needed to compete in theworkplace.

investigationadj. investigativev. investigaten. investigatorn. acarefulexaminationinordertodeterminefactssyn. probe

Thecomprehensiveinvestigationofthebankrevealednoillegalactivity.SomemembersoftheSenatewantedtoappointaspecialinvestigator.

normallyadj. normalv. normalize

n. normalizationn. normadv. commonly;usuallysyn. typically

Itisnormallyquitecoldthistimeoftheyear.Thenewtreatyledtoanormalizationofrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.

notionn. anidea,belief,oropinionsyn. concept

Shehasthenotionthatshewantstobecomeanarchitect.Some outlandish notions about the origin of the solar system have beendisproved.

noveladj. somethingunusual,uncommon;newsyn. original

Thephysicisthadsomenovelideasabouttravelingatthespeedoflight.Thenovelsuggestionswereimplemented.

nurtureadj. nurturingn. nurturev. tosupportandencouragethedevelopmentofsomethingsyn. cultivate

Theownerofthevineyardcarefullynurturesthegrapevinesinordertoproducethebestgrapes.Thatschooliswell-knownforhavinganurturinglearningenvironment.

oppositionadj. opposedv. opposen. thestateofactingagainst;notbeinginagreementsyn. resistance

Thestudentsvoicedtheiroppositiontotheriseintuition.

Thegovernmentopposedpricecontrols.

relateadj. relatedn. relationn. relationshipv. totell;toshowaconnectionbetweentwothingssyn. communicate

Althoughtheydidnotagreewiththeplan,theydidnotrelatetheiroppositiontoit.Whatistherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand?

suspectadj. suspectedn. suspicionn. suspectv. tothinkthatsomethingistrue,buthavingnoproofsyn. speculate

Hesuspectedthatthesubstancewasnotpresentinthecompound.Ihaveasuspicionthathewillwanttoparticipateintheinvestigation.

transformn. transformationn. transformerv. tochangeinformorappearancesyn. alter

Theleader’spoliciestransformedthecountryinmanypositiveways.The student’s transformation from a “D” student to a “B” student wasremarkable.

triggeradj. triggeredv. toinitiate,causeorstartsyn. generate

Thepossibilityofbeinginthepathofahurricanetriggeredfearintheresidents

ofcoastalareas.The town hallmeeting triggered a lively debate about the need for increasedtaxes.

unbiasedadj. withnopreconceptionssyn. objective

Her unbiased analysis of the problem allowed her to find the solution morerapidly.Hereisunbiasedproofthatnitrogenexistsinthiscompound.

variedadv. variablyadj. variableadj. variousv. varyn. variantn. varietyn. variationn. variabilityadj. beingofmanydifferenttypessyn. diverse

Theclassexpressedvariedopinionsaboutthemovie.Therearevariouswaystosolvetheproblem.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.nurture(A)function(B)cultivate(C)convey(D)agitate

2.coherent(A)novel(B)original(C)logical(D)robust

3.resistance(A)opposition(B)preservation(C)preconception(D)allocation

4.evolve(A)develop(B)elude(C)involve(D)influence

5.varied(A)diverse(B)feasible(C)hazardous(D)nominal

6.trigger(A)harbor(B)transform(C)encounter

(D)generate

7.probe(A)expansion(B)means(C)investigation(D)abuse

8.generic(A)docile(B)original(C)general(D)mundane

9.suspect(A)select(B)confide(C)speculate(D)bias

10.unbiased(A)antiquated(B)noteworthy(C)exhausted(D)objective


1.Thecapacityamonganimalstoreconstructbodyappendagesisnotascommonastheabilitytocompensateforlosttissues.Thisisduetothecomplexanatomyofappendages,whichrequiresmoreelaborateregenerationcontrolmechanisms.Amongthevertebrates,salamandersarethebestregeneratorsofappendages.Becauseofthischaracteristic,theyarethesubjectofmuchfolklore.Forexample,thefiresalamanderissocalledbecauseofanantiquatedbeliefthatitcouldwithstandfire.

Thewordantiquatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto outmodedold-fashioned illogical original 2. Throughout history, mosttechnologicalprogresshasbeenaresultofrelativelyminorimprovementsand refinements rather than throughmajor inventions.Organized researchiswell suited for this kind of development.However, organized researchmay discourage novel approaches and inhibit creativity, so seminaldiscoveries are still likely to be made by inventors in the classicindividualistictradition.

Thewordnovelinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto original variedcoherent unbiased3.EconomistAlfredMarshall received acclaim for

hiseconomic ideas that integratedmodernandclassicaleconomic theory.Classicists believed that price was determined by the cost of producinggoods, but the modern school believed that price was dependent on thenotionofmarginalutility,orusefulnessofthegoods.Marshall’stheorythatpriceisdeterminedbybothcostandutilitygainedwideacceptance.

Thewordnotioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto investigationconcept effectiveness opposition 4. Tidal waves are triggered bytectonic displacements. Volcanoes, landslides, or earthquakes on the seafloor can cause a sudden displacement of the water above. Thisdisplacement forms a small group of water waves having a wavelengthequal to thewaterdepthat thepointoforigin. Indeepwater, tidalwavesaresolongandsoslightthatshipsseldomnoticetheirpresence.Butasthewaves reach shallow water, they increase in amplitude, making them

potentiallythemostcatastrophicofalloceanwaves.

Theword triggered in the passage is closest inmeaning to fosteredheightened inundated generated5.Throughouttheages,theroleoftheheartwaslongconsideredamystery.Somethoughtthatitwasthesourceofthesoul.Othersthoughtthatitwasthecenteroflove,courage,happiness,and sadness.Primitivehumanswerenodoubt awareof theheartbeat andprobablyrecognized that the tinyheart,normally about thesizeofa fist,wasanorganwhosemalfunctioncouldcausesuddendeath.

Thewordnormally in the passage is closest inmeaning to roughlyrarely scarcely typically6.Thereisagrowingsentimentinoppositiontoseabassfishing.MostseabassspawnbetweenMayandAugust,whichcoincides with the height of the fishing season. Fishing affects thereproductive capacity of the species disproportionately since it does notdistinguish between males and females. Instead, it captures bothindiscriminately. However, it takes six years longer for a female bass tobecomefertilethanamale.

In stating that there is a growing sentiment in opposition to sea bassfishing,theauthormeansthatpeople favorthefishingofseabass.

seeitasapositiveactivity.dislikeseabass.areagainstitscontinuation.

7.Gymnasticcompetitionsarejudgedandscoredonbothanindividualandateambasis.Judgesawardpointstoeachparticipantineacheventona0-to-10scale,10beingperfect.Thegoalofcompletelyunbiasedjudgingisverydifficulttoachieve.Althoughguidelinesareprovided,judgesseldomagreeonthequalityofaperformance.

Thewordunbiased in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to objectivebalanced logical suitable 8. Sounding rockets are unmanned rocketsthat record atmospheric conditions at heights 50–100 miles beyond thereachofairplanesandballoons.Theserocketsusuallyfollowaverticalpathas they investigate upper atmospheric conditions with their scientificinstruments.

Theword investigate in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to recover

solve

observe probe

9.Realityisperceivedthroughappearances.However,appearancesareincompatiblewithreality.Ifanoarinwaterlooksbrokenbutfeelsstraighttothetouch,thismustbeacknowledged.Thus,acoherentpictureofrealityrequiresthatweacknowledgethatappearancescanbedeceptive.

The word coherent in the passage is closest in meaning to logicalacceptable distributed vital

10.“Speedwriting”wasawritingsystemdevisedandpatentedbyEmmaDearbornin1924.Thesystemusedwordsthatwererecordedastheysounded,andonlyemployed“longvowels.”Thus,“you”iswritten“u”and“like”is“lik.”Somelettersweretransformedtoallowforspeedytranscription,andthesystemoftenemployedabbreviationsandflourishes.

Thewordtransformedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto illustratedaltered written conveyed

LESSON20•accentuate•devise•disguise•ignite•indifferent•initiate•innovative•narrate•nevertheless

•obsolete•omit•outlandish•overcome•partially•pass•portray•streamline

accentuateadj. accentuatedn. accentuationv. tohighlight;togivemoreimportancetosyn. emphasize

Thecolorfuldressaccentuatedthejoyoftheoccasion.Thesupervisoraccentuated her preference for hard-working employeesduringtheperformanceappraisal.

deviseadj. devisablev. tobrainstorm;tocomeupwithanideasyn. formulate

Thefirefightersdevisedaplantosafelybringthecatdownfromthetree.Thescientistshadtodeviseanentirelynewexperimentafterthefirstonefailed.

disguiseadj. disguisedn. disguisev. tohidetheusualappearanceofsomething

syn. conceal

Itishardtodisguisethefactthatbusinessisslow.Everyonesawthroughhisdisguise.

igniteadj. ignitablen. ignitionv. tosetonfire;togiveenergyorlifetosomethingsyn. kindle

Thejury’sdecisionignitedafiercedebateinthelegalcommunity.Woodisdifficulttoigniteifitisdamp.

indifferentn. indifferenceadj. beinguninterestedornotcaringaboutsomethingsyn. apathetic

Theteacherwasindifferenttostudentrequeststoextendtheproject’sdeadline.Theplayer’sindifferenceabouthiserroronthefieldupsetthecoach.

initiateadj. initiatedn. initiationn. initiativev. tobegin;toestablish;totakedecisiveactionwithouthelpsyn. launch

Thenewcomersinitiatedthelongcitizenshipprocess.Theirworkshowsalotofinitiative.

innovativen. innovatorn. innovationadj. somethingnewlyintroduced;creativesyn. creative

Thisinnovativeprojectisworthyofsupport.

Therehavebeenmanyinnovationsinthefieldofgeneticengineering.

narrateadj. narrativen. narrativen. narrationn. narratorv. totellastory;relatesyn. relate

WalterCronkitenarratedthedocumentaryfilm.Herfabricatednarrativegeneratedalotofexcitement.

neverthelessconj. inspiteofthatsyn. nonetheless

Shewasquitesick;nevertheless,sheattendedallofherclasses.Hisprojectwasflawed;nevertheless,itwonsecondprize.

obsoleten. obsolescenceadv. beingoldfashioned;nolongeringeneralusesyn. outdated

Some people believe that writing instruments, such as pencils and pens, willsoonbeobsolete.Someproductsaremanufacturedwithplannedobsolescence.

omitadj. omittedn. omissionv. toleaveout;notincludesyn. neglect

Sheinadvertentlyomittedsomeimportantdatafromthereport.Hispaperhadseveralnotableomissions.

outlandish

adv. outlandishlyadj. strangeandunpleasant;beyondacceptednormssyn. bizarre

Hisoutlandishideasdemonstratedhiscreativity.Rebelliousyouthinmanycountriesdressoutlandishly.

overcomev. todefeat;fightwithsuccess;totakecontrolofanindividualsyn. conquer

Theyoungwomanwasovercomewithemotionwhenshelearnedshehadwonascholarship.Thefamilyovercamemanyobstaclestopurchasethehouse.

partiallyadv. partlyadj. partialadv. apartofthewhole;incompleten. partsyn. somewhat

Theclerkwasonlypartiallyresponsiblefortheerror.Thebusinessventurewasonlyapartialsuccess.

passadj. passablen. passagev. toacceptformallybyvotesyn. approve

Theproposedamendmentpassedunanimously.Thepassageoftheresolutionisindoubt.

portrayn. portrayalv. torepresent;toactsyn. depict

Theactressportrayedanorphaninthemovie.

Thebook’sportrayalofMozartasacalm,matureindividualisinaccurate.

streamlineadj. streamlinedv. toupdate;tomakemoreefficientorconcisesyn. simplify

Theplanningprocessmustbestreamlinedinorderforittobemorereliable.Internet stores have streamlined the process of finding, buying, and sellingmerchandise.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.kindle(A)initiate(B)ignite(C)persuade(D)overcome

2.indifferent(A)dissimilar(B)outlandish(C)diverse(D)apathetic

3.streamline(A)transform(B)simplify(C)allocate(D)navigate

4.creative(A)fallacious(B)coherent(C)innovative(D)conspicuous

5.obsolete(A)outdated(B)current(C)omitted(D)opposed

6.relate(A)restore(B)record(C)narrate

(D)balance

7.nevertheless(A)nonetheless(B)albeit(C)although(D)presumably

8.formulate(A)conceal(B)delight(C)feign(D)devise

9.emphasize(A)accentuate(B)conquer(C)suspect(D)select

10.portray(A)refine(B)depict(C)pass(D)abuse


1.In1982,afteryearsofdebate,theCanadiangovernmentagreedtoextendaconstitutionalguaranteetoabillofrights.ThisCharterofRightsandFreedomsreinforcedtheConstitutionandhasaconstitutionalguarantee.YetParliamentandtheprovinciallegislatureshavelimitedpowertopasslawsthatmightconflictwithcertaincharterrights.

Thewordpassinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto approve allocatestreamline initiate2.Although the assertion is at leastpartially true,

the citizens of Kansas resent the suggestion that they live in a culturalvacuum. Most of the larger cities have amateur theater groups, whileTopekaandWichitasupportsymphonyorchestras.Thenumerouscollegesand universities in the state provide a concentration of art and music inmanysmallcommunitiesthatotherwisewouldhavenosimilaractivities.

Thewordpartially inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto somewhatundeniably nevertheless occasionally 3. Before becoming proficient,sword swallowersmust first overcome their fear of projecting the sharpsworddowntheirthroat.Onlyafterlonghoursofpracticeandexperiencecanoneswallowtheswordcomfortably.Beyondtheirentertainmentvalue,exhibits of sword swallowing have helped to further medicine. Bydemonstrating to physicians that the pharynx could be accustomed tocontact,experimentationandexplorationoftheinvolvedorgansispossible.

Thewordovercome in thepassage is closest inmeaning to disguiseconquer treat accentuate4.SunRawasanimportantAfrican-Americanjazzpianistandbandleaderofthe1930s.Havingaflareforbeingcreative,hedressedhisbandinpurpleblazers,whitegloves,andpropellerbeanies.The band developed into The Arkestra, and over time the costumes andshowmanshipgrewevermoreoutlandish.Themusicianship,however,wasuniformly excellent, and Sun Ra developed into a serious experimenter,fusingjazzwithAfricanmusic,dance,andacrobatics.

Thewordoutlandishinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto prosperousbizarre relaxing melodical 5. Modern descriptions of written

languagesareinmostcasesexcellent,buttheystillomitanexplicitaccountofanativespeaker’scompetence inhis language,byvirtueofwhichonecallshimaspeakerofEnglish,Japanese,Arabic,orChinese.Recentstudiesof languagehave revealedhowmore research is needed in order to fullydescribelinguisticcompetence.

The word omit in the passage is closest in meaning to portraycontribute neglect relate 6. All team sports require reactive andproactiveplayers.Insoccer,forexample,fullbacks,stoppers,sweepers,andmidfieldershave the jobofpreventing theopposingteamfromadvancingvery far. Goalies are responsible for stopping the ball and keeping theiropponentsfromscoring.Bycomparison,thecenterforwardhastotaketheinitiative,seizetheball,moveitdownthefield,keepitgoing,andmoveitforwardintotheenemyendzone.

In stating that the center forward has to take the initiative, the authormeans that thecenter forward’s responsibility is to play in anoffensiveway.

assumeasupportiverole.reacttoopposingmoves.waitforotherstoscore.

7.Adisguiseisoftenusedtocreateaninterestingoramusingcharacter.Themaskisatypeofdisguisethatisstillusedinthe21stcenturyduringfestiveoccasions.Masksmaybeoutlandish,hideous,orsuperficiallyhorrible.FestivalmasksarecommonlyusedduringHalloweenandMardiGras,oratmasquerade-themedgatherings.

Theworddisguiseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto elusivenessconfidant omission concealment 8. The length, content, and form offolktales vary enormously. Both a short joke and an adventure-filledromance requiring several hours to narrate can be characterized asfolktales.Folktalesmaybesetinamythicalpast,inhistorictimes,orinthepresent. Storytelling is a basic human need. Therefore folktales, even intechnologicalcultures,remainstrong.

Thewordnarrateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto relate dictateelaborate mention 9. Jan Swammerdam was a biologist who studied

relatively few organisms, but in great detail. He employed highlyinnovativetechniquessuchasinjectingwaxintothecirculatorysystemtoholdthebloodvesselsfirm.Healsodissectedfragilestructuresunderwatertoavoiddestroyingthem.

Thewordinnovative inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto intricateabsurd conspicuous inventive 10. Contracts between employees andemployersstatethattheworkerwilldowhattheemployerasks.Inreturn,theemployerpaystheworkerafee,whichtheworkercanusetopurchasegoods and servicesmade by otherworkerswho have also entered into avoluntary relationship with another employer. A cooperative spirit and adesire for mutual benefit accentuate healthy employer-employeerelationships.

Thewordaccentuate in the passage is closest inmeaning to steadyinfluence emphasize substantial

LESSON21•decline•gather•motion•outburst•partisan•pattern•phenomena•philanthropic•placid

•plentiful•reaction•rhythm•scenic•shallow•sheltered•vanishing

declinen. declinev. tomovefromgoodtobad,orfrommuchtolittle;torefusesyn. decrease

Theoldman’shealthhasdeclinedsinceheretired.Seriouscommunicablediseasesareonthedeclineinmostpartsoftheworld.

gathern. gatheringv. tocollectsyn. collect

Hecarefullygatheredhisthoughtsjustbeforetheinterview.Agatheringofcitizensdevelopedoutsidethecourthouse.

motionv. motion*n. thestateofchangingone’sposition

*todirectbymovingsyn. movement

Themotionoftheflamewashypnotic.

Theymotionedhertoleavethearea.

outburstn. asuddenandintensereleaseofsomethingsyn. eruption

Thejokecausedanoutburstoflaughterfromtheaudience.TherewasanoutburstofcomplaintsfromthestudentswhentheteachermovedthetesttoMonday.

partisanadj. stronglysupportingagrouporpointofviewsyn. biased

PartisanpoliticalinfightingcausedCongress’sinfluencetodecline.Hisviewsreflectedhispartisanbias.

patternadj. patternedv. patternn. aregular,repeatedarrangementoractionsyn. habit

Thebrightpatternofthemonarchbutterflydistractsitspredators.Thenewstadiumwaspatternedaftertheoldtraditionalballparks.

phenomenaadv. phenomenallyadj. phenomenaln. phenomenonn. naturaleventsorfacts;strangeornotablehappeningssyn. events

RainshowersarealmostunknownphenomenaintheAtacamaDesertofChile.Themusician’sphenomenalperformancewasapplaudedbythecritics.

philanthropicn. philanthropistn. philanthropy

adj. afeelingofloveforpeople,usuallyresultinginfinancialaidtoworthycauses

syn. humanitarian

Thephilanthropicworkofthefoundationbenefitsallsectorsofsociety.Hisphilanthropyisrecognizedaroundtheworld.

placidadv. placidlyadj. quiet;noteasilyupsetsyn. calm

Theplacidnatureofherpersonalitymadehereasytoworkwith.Thewavesmovedplacidlytowardshore.

plentifuladv. plentifullyn. plentyadj. morethansufficientsyn. abundant

ExamplesofMiro’sartareplentiful.Abalanceddietnormallyprovidesplentyofthenecessaryvitamins.

reactionadv. reactivelyadj. reactivev. reactadj. reactionaryn. areply;achangethatoccurswhensubstancesaremixedsyn. response

Whenchlorine andammonia aremixed, the chemical reactioncauseschlorinegas.Theyreactedtothereportbymakingsomeswiftchangesinmanagement.

rhythmadv. rhythmicallyadj. rhythmic

n. aregularpattern,usuallyinmusicsyn. pulse

Therhythmoftherainhittingtheroofputhimtosleep.Shenoticedtherhythmicbeatingofherheartasthemomentoftrutharrived.

scenicadv. scenicallyn. sceneryn. sceneadj. concerningpleasantnaturalsurroundingssyn. picturesque

Thescenicroutetothesummitismuchmoreinterestingthanthefastestroute.ThesceneryinruralJapanisimpressive.

shallowadv. shallowlyn. shallownessadj. notfarfromtoptobottomsyn. superficial

Estuariesaretypicallyshallowbodiesofwater.Theresultsoftheirresearchdemonstratedtheshallownessofthehypothesis.

shelteredv. sheltern. shelteradj. protectedfromharmfulelements;isolatedfromrealitysyn. protected

Shehasledashelteredlife,herparentshavingdoneeverythingforher.Everyonelookedforshelterfromtheblazingsun.

vanishingv. vanishadj. goingoutofsightsyn. disappearing

Theredsquirrelisavanishingspeciesthatneedsaprotectedhabitattosurvive.Nooneknowswithcertaintywhatcausedthedinosaurstovanishfromthefaceoftheearth.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.picturesque(A)scenic(B)calm(C)outlandish(D)fertile

2.partisan(A)patterned(B)bizarre(C)abundant(D)biased

3.eruption(A)disguise(B)outburst(C)omission(D)decrease

4.disappear(A)vary(B)vanish(C)reject(D)fabricate

5.shallow(A)swift(B)substantial(C)placid(D)superficial

6.gather(A)broaden(B)collect(C)distribute

(D)enhance

7.reaction(A)allocation(B)investigation(C)response(D)means

8.motion(A)innovation(B)narration(C)reaction(D)movement

9.protected(A)plentiful(B)phenomenal(C)sheltered(D)passable

10.rhythm(A)pulse(B)pattern(C)function(D)notion


1.Untilthelatterhalfofthetwentiethcentury,theChesapeakeBay’ssheltered,nutrient-richwaterssupportedplentifulpopulationsofmarinelife.Commercialfishingandrecreationalactivitiesabounded.Bythe1970s,however,residentialandindustrialdevelopmentofthesurroundinglandhadledtosignificantpollutionofthebay.Variousprojectshavebeeninitiatedinanefforttoreversetheenvironmentaldamagethatthebayhassuffered.

Thewordplentiful in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to vanishingabundant fascinating declining 2. The bee family Apidae, whichincludes honeybees, no longer uses honeypots that could be damaged byexposure to theelements. Instead,honeyandpollenare stored inverticalcombs with a layer of cells on each surface. Of the four species ofhoneybees in this family, only three are found inAsia. Their nests haveseveralcombsandareshelteredincrevicesofrocksorhollowsoftrees.

Thewordshelteredinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto recoveredabundant discovered protected3.AndrewCarnegieestablishedseveralindependent, philanthropic foundations. Among them are funds for therecognition of heroic acts. These include the Carnegie United KingdomTrust,theEndowmentforInternationalPeace,andtheCarnegieFoundationfor the Advancement of Teaching, which was established in 1905 toprovidepensionsforcollegeteachers.

Thewordphilanthropicinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto partisanservice humanitarian financial 4. The world of magic comprises a

widerangeofphenomena,fromtheintricateritualbeliefsandpracticesofreligious systems, to acts of conjuring and sleight of hand forentertainment. Magic is a social and cultural phenomenon found in allplacesandinallperiodsofhistory,withvaryingdegreesofimportance.

Thewordphenomenainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto motionspatterns expectations occurrences 5. A person’s need for food isdeterminedbyageandbyaverageheightsandweights.Individualactivitylevelsarealsousedtodeterminethelevelofidealcalorieconsumption.For

example, a decrease in recommended daily calorie consumption withincreasing age is consistentwith the known reduction inmetabolism thatoccurswithagingandwithanormaldecreaseinphysicalactivity.

The word decrease in the passage is closest in meaning to declinebalance resistance development6.Liquidsvary in theamountof acidthey contain. For example, water contains relatively little acid, whilevinegarcontainsalargequantity.Acidiccontentisdeterminedbydippinglitmuspaperintoaliquid.Thispaperissaturatedwithacolorantobtainedfromplantscalledlichens.Thecolorantreacts to thepresenceofacidbyturning different shades of red—the brightness of the shade can bemeasuredonascalecalledapHscale.

Instatingthatthecolorantreactstothepresenceofacidintheliquid,theauthormeansthatit combineschemicallywiththeacid.

disappearsordissolvesintheliquid.causestheliquidtoloseitsredness.neutralizestheacidintoabase.

7.Garsarelong,slender,predatoryfish,withalong,tooth-studdedjawandatough,armoredskin.TheyareaprimitivefishthatinhabitplacidfreshwatersoftheWesternHemisphere.Becauseofthehighlyvascularandcellularnatureofthegar’sswimbladder,itfunctionsasalung.ThismakesthegarabletosurviveinlargenumbersintheEvergladesofthesouthernUnitedStates.

The word placid in the passage is closest in meaning to steadyprotected calm

sheltered8.Inthehumanbody,differenttoxinsproducedifferentreactions.Irritationoftheupperrespiratorytractbyinhaledformaldehydegasisrapidlyreversiblebecauseassoonasinhalationends,theirritationsubsides.Incontrast,theresponseproducedbysilicadustisirreversible,becauseoncethesilicoticnodulesareformed,theyremaininthelung.

Thewordreactions inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto responsesnarrations influences harvests9.Muchoftheworld’suniqueheritageis

endangeredbypollution,theadvanceofhumansettlements,conflictsovertheuseoflandandresources,andotherproblems.Thus,manycountriesaresetting aside scenic natural areas as rapidly as possible. The tendency ofmanygovernmentshasbeentoestablishasmanyparksaspossiblebeforenaturalenvironmentsarealteredbyhumanactivities.

The word scenic in the passage is closest in meaning to cultivatedtraditional delightful picturesque10.A“mustcarry”ruleisdesignedtoensure that local TV stations do not vanish from cable TV offerings. Itrequirescablesystemstocarryalllocalbroadcastchannelswithinacertainareaoftheirtransmitters.Thelawwasstruckdownin1985,althoughmanyaspectsofthatcasearestillbeingargued.

Thewordvanishinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto graduate pass

disappear elude

LESSON22•account•archaic•bringabout•enlighten•hasten•hue•inactive•intricate

•magnitude•oblige•overlook•poll•practical•predominant•prompt•provoke

accountadj. accountablev. accountn. accountingn. accountantn. areportofanevent;moneykeptinabank;astatementof

somethingusedorreceived,usuallyafinancialreportsyn. story

Hisaccountoftheincidentvariedfromthatoftheotherwitnesses.Weneedanaccountingofallthemoneythatwasspent.

archaicadj. veryold;old-fashioned;nolongerusedsyn. ancient

Thesearchaicmethodsoffarmingmustbebroughtup-to-date.Hisspeechwasfullofarchaicexpressions.

bringaboutph.v. tocausesomethingtohappensyn. generate

The invention of the cell phone brought about an end to the popularity of

traditionaltelephones.The newly elected president of the club promised to bring about positivechanges.

enlightenn. enlightenmentadj. enlightenedv. togiveinformationorunderstandingtosomeonesyn. instruct

Booksoftenenlightenreaderstodifferentwaysofthinking.Thespeakerenlightenedtheaudienceonhowtosucceedincollege.

hastenadj. hastilyadj. hastyn. hastinessv. tocausetogofaster;moveforwardmorequicklysyn. accelerate

After notifying thedriver’s familyof the accident, theofficerhastened to addthattheirsonhadnotbeenhurt.Youshouldnotmakeimportantdecisionshastily.

huen. colorsyn. color

Thehueofthesunsetwasbeautiful.Thehueoftheroomgaveitawarmfeeling.

inactiven. inactionn. inactivityadj. notmoving;notinvolvedsyn. idle

Thevirusremainsinactiveforalongperiodoftime.Herinactionhascausedhertomissmanyopportunitiestoadvancehercareer.

intricateadv. intricatelyn. intricacyadj. havingmanyparts;finelydetailedsyn. complex

Theintricatedesignofthevasemadeitavaluablepieceforhercollection.Icannotbegintounderstandalloftheintricaciesofmodernautomobilemotors.

magnitudeadv. magnificentlyadj. magnificentv. magnify*n. magnification*n. ofgreatsizeorimportance

*toincreasesyn. dimension

Themagnitude of shock waves determines the damage that occurs during anearthquake.Theinventionofthetelephonewasamagnificentachievementformankind.

obligeadv. obliginglyadj. obligingadj. obligatoryn. obligationv. tohavetodosomethingsyn. require

Sheobligedherfriendtochooseanewlabpartner.Paymentofthestudentactivityfeewasobligatory.

overlookadj. overlookedv. toignoreorneglectsyn. disregard

Scientistsmustnotoverlookanyaspectofexperimentalprocedure.

Theoverlookederrorraisedhisscoreonthetest.

polln. pollingn. pollstern. questionnaire;avoteofpublicopinionsyn. survey

Thepoll indicated that conservation of the environment was the number oneissuewithcollegestudents.Thepollsteraskedthequestionsinanonpartisanmanner.

practicaladv. practicallyadj. practicablen. practicalityadj. convenientoreffectivesyn. functional

Herambitiousplanwasnotverypractical.Spacetraveltodistantplanetsisnotpracticableatthistime.

predominantadv. predominantlyn. predominaten. predominanceadj. themostnoticeableorpowerfulelementsyn. principal

ThepredominantexportoftheMiddleEastispetroleum.ManycitiesintheSouthwestarepredominantlyHispanic.

promptadv. promptlyn. promptnessv. tocausesomethingtohappen;doquickly;beontimesyn. induce

Hisemotionalpleapromptedthedirectortogivehimasecondchance.

Promptnessisanimportantfactorinmanysocieties.

provoken. provocationadj. provocativev. tocauseorproducenegativebehaviororresultsyn. trigger

Theinstallationofspeedcamerasprovokedanangryresponsefromthepublic.Themanagerdidnotdeliberatelyprovoketheargumentamonghisworkers.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.intricate(A)functional(B)complex(C)predominant(D)inordinate

2.disregard(A)overcome(B)disperse(C)decline(D)overlook

3.idle(A)initiated(B)inundated(C)inactive(D)intrinsic

4.archaic(A)plentiful(B)ancient(C)placid(D)absurd

5.bringabout(A)generate(B)heighten(C)hasten(D)ignite

6.provoke(A)oblige(B)heighten(C)disregard

(D)trigger

7.size(A)allocation(B)magnitude(C)expand(D)advent

8.color(A)hue(B)paint(C)facet(D)scenery

9.require(A)survey(B)induce(C)oblige(D)relinquish

10.account(A)currency(B)poll(C)bank(D)story


1.SoutheastAsianculturehasmanythemes.Themostpredominantofthesehavebeeninreligionandnationalhistory.InreligionthemaininterestwasnotinactualdoctrinebutinthelifeandpersonalitiesoftheBuddhaandtheHindugods.Innationalhistorytheinterestwasinthecelebratedheroesofthepast.Thisthemeappearedonlyafterthegreatempireshadvanishedandthememoriesoftheirgloryandpowerendured.

Thewordpredominantinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto principalinactive archaic overlooked 2. The experience of the American

frontier fostered raucous politics and rude manners. Conventions weredisregardedandcontemptforintellectualandculturalpursuitsflourished.Brazen waste and the exploitation of natural resources abounded. Thepredominantspiritwastotakewhilethetakingwasgood.Frontierhistoryincludesmany accounts ofmenwho created empires and acquired greatwealthwithinashorttime.

Theworddisregardedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto hasteneddefied overlooked induced 3. For religious reasons, the EgyptiansconsideredCanisMajorthemostimportantconstellationinthesky.ManyEgyptiantempleswerealignedsothatattherisingorsettingofSirius,thestarlight reached the interior altar. In the Egyptian calendar, the firstpracticalcalendarcreated,theadventofSiriusinthemorningskybeforesunrisemarkedthebeginningoftheannualfloodingoftheNile.

Thewordpracticalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto functionalaccurate standard celestial 4. Airplanes have extensive agriculturalvalue. They are used to distribute fertilizer, to reseed forest land, and tocontrol forest fires.Many ricegrowersuseplanes to seed, fertilize, spraypesticides, and even tohasten crop ripening by spraying hormones fromtheair.

The word hasten in the passage is closest in meaning to heightenenable curtail accelerate 5. The CD is an improvement over theconventionalrecordandtaperecordingbecauseofitscompleteabsenceof

backgroundnoiseandwiderdynamicrange.TheCDisalsomoredurablesincenothingmechanicaltouchesthesurfaceofthediscwhenitisplayed.In addition to its audio recording applications, recent computer trademagazinepolls confirm that thecompactdisc is thepreferredmediumofrecordingdata.

Thewordpollsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto surveys accountsarticles advertisements6.Scientistsarestillseekingtoaccountforthe

suddenappearanceofpreciselypatternedcirclesingrainfieldsinthenorthofEngland.Knownascropcircles, theyrange insize fromtwo toeightymetersindiameter.Theircirculargeometricpatternisnotexplainedbytheway the grain was planted; nor is their flattened appearance easilyexplained by weather conditions. The farmers whowork the land are asmystifiedaseveryoneelsebythesestrangephenomena.

Instatingthatscientistsareseekingtoaccountforcropcircles,theauthormeansthattheyaretryingto measuretheminmeters.

describetheirgeometry.explainwhatcausesthem.growthemingrainfields.

7.Treebudsmaybevegetativeorreproductive.Vegetativebudsproduceheightgrowthuntilthegrowthprocessinducestheformationofflowers.Exactlywhatisresponsiblefortheformationofareproductivebudvaries,butchangesinthenumberofdaylighthoursisacommonsignalinmanyplants.

The word induces in the passage is closest in meaning to obligesprompts evolves creates 8. Some leaders of theHan period in Chinaexerted enormous pressure for the simplification and standardization ofwriting.Theresultwasanewcategoryofscriptcalledclericalscript.Thearchaicsealscriptwasoftenretainedforformaltitles.ItwasalsoadaptedtothesmallsealsthathavebeenusedassignaturesfromtheHanperiodtothe present. These small red stamps, often present on documents, letters,books,andpaintings,signifyeitherauthorshiporownership.

Thewordarchaic in thepassage is closest inmeaning to antiquateddurable ancient persistent 9. There are six general classes of map

symbols:size, lightnessanddarkness,direction, texture,shape,andcolor.Themixtureofthese“visualvariables”createsthevarietythatisfoundonmaps. For example, hue is used on urban planning maps to showdifferences in land use. Different shades may be used to indicateinformationsuchaschangesinelevationorpopulationdensity.

Thewordhueinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto color dim

facet element10.Sleepisanintricateformoftherestingstate.Itisobservedinanimalsthathavehighlydevelopednervoussystems.Whentheysleep,theirnervoussystemsshiftintoinactivemodesthataredifferent,butnolessactivethanthosethattheydemonstratewhileawake.

Thewordinactiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto astute deep

dormant idle

LESSON23•analogous•approximately•compel•compile•formidable•intrusive•periodic•prone

•prophetic•proportions•readily•reliably•reluctantly•renown•revive•triumph

analogousn. analogyadj. alikeinsomewaysyn. similarto

Theactionoflightwavesisanalogoustotheactionofsoundwaves.Theanalogybetween thebehaviorof thebacteria in the laband in thehumanbodyisnotclear.

approximatelyadj. approximatev. approximaten. approximationadv. almostcorrect;notexactsyn. around

Thereareapproximately500billiongalaxiesintheuniverse.Theresultsofthisstudyapproximatethoseofapreviousstudy.

compeladv. compellinglyadj. compellingv. tomakesomethinghappenbynecessityorforce

syn. obliged

The representativeswere compelled to vote in favor of the legislation despitetheirpersonaloppositiontoit.Thelawyer’spleawasmadeinacompellingmanner.

compilen. compilationv. tocollectsyn. assemble

Thefilmclubaskedeachofitsmemberstocompilealistofhisorherfavoritemovies.ThebookisacompilationofShakespeare’splays.

formidableadv. formidablyadj. difficult;causingworryorfearsyn. overwhelming

Theirformidableopponentsgavenosignofweakness.Theman’svoiceechoedformidablythroughoutthehallway.

intrusiveadv. intrusivelyv. intruden. intrusionn. intruderadj. thestateofbeinginsidewhennotdesiredtobethereby

otherssyn. annoying

Theintrusivebacteriacausedhisconditiontoworsen.Theintrusionofthehazardousgasmadeitdifficulttoliveinthehouse.

periodicadj. periodicaladv. periodicallyadj. occurringatspecific,determinedperiodsoftime

syn. regularly

Periodicpaymentsmustbemadeonhomeloans.Somepeopleneedperiodicdosesofmedicine.

proneadj. likelytodosomethingsyn. inclinedto

Mostliquidsarepronetocontractwhenfrozen.Sheispronetostudyhardthenightbeforehertests.

propheticadv. propheticallyv. prophesyn. prophecyn. prophetadj. correctlytellingaboutfutureeventssyn. predictive

Hispropheticpowerswereinvestigatedbyateamofpsychologists.The brilliant student fulfilled his teacher’s prophecy that he would be asuccessfuldoctor.

proportionsadv. proportionallyadj. proportionaladj. proportionateadv. proportionatelyn. therelationshipofsizeorimportancewhencomparedto

anotherobjectorpersonsyn. dimensions

The goal of establishing a space station will take a team effort of majorproportions.Thepilot’ssalaryisproportionaltothatofpilotsofotherairlines.

readilyadj. ready

v. readyn. readinessadv. willingly;easilysyn. freely

Theworkersreadilycomplainedaboutthefoodinthecafeteria.Herreadinesstocooperatewasanimportantfactorintheinvestigation.

reliablyadj. reliableadj. reliantv. relyn. reliabilityn. relianceadv. inatrustedwaysyn. dependably

Anappliancemustperformitstaskreliablytobepopularwithconsumers.Satellitephotosshowthesmallestdetailswithgreatreliability.

reluctantlyadj. reluctantn. reluctanceadj. unwillinglysyn. hesitatingly

Although not completely satisfied with the contract, the officials reluctantlyagreedtosignit.Theelectricianwasreluctanttoestimatethecostoftherepairwork.

renownadj. renownedn. famesyn. prominence

Thisschoolisofgreatrenown.Therenownedconductormadeaguestappearanceattheconcert.

revive

n. revivaladj. revivedv. torestoretolifeorbringbackintomemorysyn. renew

Thestudentsrevivedtheoldtraditionofhavingahomecomingdance.Old plays are sometimes revived by applying modern interpretations to theircontent.

triumphadv. triumphantlyadj. triumphantadj. triumphalv. triumphn. avictory;asuccesssyn. achievement

Hiscareerwascharacterizedbyonetriumphafteranother.Hetriumphedoverallofhisdifficulties.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.intrusive(A)inactive(B)intricate(C)predictive(D)annoying

2.obliged(A)distorted(B)dependable(C)compelled(D)settled

3.assemble(A)compel(B)accelerate(C)compile(D)renew

4.formidable(A)predictive(B)overwhelming(C)functional(D)practical

5.similarto(A)unlike(B)analogous(C)archaic(D)prone

6.around(A)obviously(B)likely(C)entirely(D)approximately

7.hesitatingly(A)reluctantly(B)readily(C)compellingly(D)practically

8.achievements(A)triumphs(B)phenomena(C)dimensions(D)approximation

9.regularly(A)routinely(B)actually(C)periodic(D)gradually

10.renown(A)domination(B)prophecy(C)prominence(D)position

LESSON23—MULTIPLE–CHOICETESTQUESTIONS

1.Newannualgrowthoftreesproducesgrowthrings.Inmostinstances,theageofatreecanbereliablydeterminedbycountingtheringsofatrunk’scrosssection.Mostofthegrowthringwoodcellsaredead.Onlyyoungxylemcells,thosethatgrowduringthecurrentgrowingseason,arealive.Asaresult,theratioofdeadtolivingwoodcellsincreasesasthegirthofthetreeincreases.

Thewordreliablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto periodicallydependably approximately ordinarily2.Lightshipsandbuoyshaveanimportant function in coastal waters. They mark channels and therebysafely guide passing ships around hazards or shallowwaters. Their greatadvantageismobility,makingthemreadilyredeployabletomeetchangingconditions.Forexample,submergedhazardssuchassandbarscanchangelocationrapidlyundertheinfluenceofthesea.Theuseofbuoysmakesitpossibletoefficientlymarksafechannelsatalltimes.

Thewordreadilyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto freely

reluctantly repeatedly occasionally3.TheconstructionoftheSaintLawrenceSeawaywasanundertakingofgreatproportions.ConstructingalinkbetweentheGreatLakesandtheAtlanticseaboardhadbeenproposedsince1535.Locksbuiltinthe1800sbyCanadabecameoperationalin1901ontheupperSaintLawrenceRiver.Butthisoriginalseawaywasnotdeeporwideenoughformodernships.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesconstructedthenewseaway,whichbecameoperationalin1959.

Thewordproportionsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto triumphsrenown

dimensions strength4.InEuropeanfolklore,mermaidsaremythicalbeingswho,likesprites,havemagicalandpropheticpowers.Theylovemusicandsong.Though

verylong-lived,theyaremortalandhavenosouls.Althoughsometimeskindly,mermaidsaregenerallydangeroustoman.Theirgiftshavetypicallybroughtmisfortune,and,ifoffended,theyhavecausedfloodsorotherdisasters.Toseeoneonavoyageisanomenofshipwreck.

Thewordpropheticinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto formidableintrusive predictive renowned5. InWesterncultures, theabsenceofaformaldefinitionofresponsibilitieshasproducedanambiguousandoftenconflictingsetofexpectationsforyoungpeople.At thesametime,youngpeoplearepronetoexperienceproblemsofpeerpressure.Theyaretoldtobehavematurely,whilebeingdeniedaccesstotherightsandprivilegesofadults.

The word prone in the passage is closest in meaning to obligedpositioned cautioned inclined 6. Among the great orchestras of theworld,thePhiladelphiaOrchestrastandsoutforseveralreasons.Oneistheoverallqualityofitsmusicians,althoughitisespeciallyrenownedfor itsviolinplayers.Anotheristheorchestra’sfamousrecordingsofnineteenth-centurymusic,includingtheninesymphoniesofLudwigvonBeethoven.Athird is the orchestra’s many international concert tours. For example, itwasthefirstU.S.orchestratovisitChina.

In saying that this orchestra is especiallyrenownedfor its violinists, theauthormeansthatit hasanunusualviolinsection.

isfamousfortheviolinplayers.hasmadealotofrecordings.paystheviolinistsmoremoney.

7.Thebodyofscalesorbractsofaconecontainsthereproductiveorgansofcertainflowerlessplants.Thecone,adistinguishingfeatureofpinesandotherevergreens,iscrudelyanalogoustotheflowersofotherplants.

Thewordanalogous inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto apparentconstant speculative similar 8. Most physicians participate incontinuing education to keep upwith themassive amount of informationbeing discovered each year in their fields. Many states require that

physicians periodically prove that they have actively participated incontinuing medical education in order to maintain their certification topracticemedicine.

Thewordperiodicallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto nominallypartially persistently regularly9. Peace pipes are the large, ornately

decorated tobacco pipes of the Indians of eastern North America. Theyfunctionedassymbolsoftruceandwereceremoniallysmokedforpurposesof binding or renewing alliances. Peace pipes attained somuch symbolicimportancethatitwasthoughtthatsmokingthepipewithotherscompelledeveryonepresenttobeunitedinfriendship.

Thewordcompelled in thepassage is closest inmeaning to obligedsheltered shifted dependable10.TheSpanishconquerorsattempted toreplace Aztec medicine with their own. When Aztec medical personnelresistedtheywerekilledandSpanishmedicineintrudedintoAztecculture.However, some elements of Spanish medicine were compatible with thefolkmedicalpracticesandbecamepartofanewfolksystem.Mexicanfolkmedicinethrived,yetthereweremanyregionaldifferences.

Theword intruded in the passage is closest in meaning to enactedimported emphasized imposed

LESSON24•affordable•contaminated•discernible•flourishing•maintain•mediocre•negligible•parallel

•peculiar•potent•remarkable•scattered•solid•somewhat•stemfrom•tedious

affordableadv. affordablyv. affordadj. abletobedone,usuallyreferringtosomethingyoucando

withoutdamageorlosssyn. economical

Thenewdictionaryisquiteaffordable.Hecouldaffordthehousebecauseofcurrentlowinterestrates.

contaminatedv. contaminaten. contaminationadj. tomakesomethingimpurebyaddingsomethingdirtyora

poisonoussubstancesyn. pollute

Thiscontaminatedwatersupplymustbeclosedofftothepublic.Bacteriaandinsectsarefrequentlyagentsoffoodcontamination.

discernibleadv. discerniblyv. discern

n. discernmentadj. noticeable;easilyseensyn. detectable

Afeelingofanxietywasdiscernibleamongthemembersoftheteam.Thenewstudentwasunabletodiscernthehumoroftheteacher’sjoke.

flourishingv. flourishadj. activeandgrowing;healthysyn. thriving

Small flourishing companieswouldbeharmedbyan increase in theminimumwage.Ayoungmindwillflourishwiththeproperguidance.

maintainn. maintenancev. tosupport;tokeepingoodconditionsyn. preserve

Thebuildinghadtoberenovatedbecauseitwasnotwellmaintained.Propermaintenanceofacar’senginewillpreserveitsperformanceandvalue.

mediocren. mediocrityadj. ofaveragequality;notgoodorbadsyn. average

Thisisamediocreresearchreport.Themediocrityofhisworkwasdisappointing.

negligibleadv. negligiblyadj. neglectedadj. neglectfuladj. negligentn. neglectn. negligence

v. neglectadj. hardlynoticeable;scarcelydetectablev. toignore;togivelittleattentionsyn. insignificant

Theamountofbacteriaintheculturewasnegligible.Hisnegligencecausedhimtolosealloftheworkhehaddoneonthecomputer.

parallelv. paralleladj. beingalmostofthesametypeortime;comparablesyn. similar

Thereweremanyparallelsbetweenhislifeandmine.Herbackgroundparallelsmine.

peculiaradv. peculiarlyn. peculiarityadj. unusual;uncommonsyn. strange

Thisplastichasapeculiartexture.Thepuffinhasmanypeculiaritiesnotsharedbyotherbirds.

potentadj. verystrongsyn. powerful

Hegaveapotentspeechattheconvention.Thevenomofthecoralsnakeisextremelypotent.

remarkableadv. remarkablyadj. worthyofmention;uncommonsyn. exceptional

Theinventionoftheradiowasaremarkableachievement.Theactorwasremarkablycalmbeforehisperformance.

scatteredv. scatteradj. spreadoutorseparatedwidelysyn. dispersed

HurricaneAndrewleftdebrisscatteredthroughoutMiami.Thecrowdscatteredwhenitbegantorainheavily.

solidadv. solidlyv. solidifyn. solidificationadj. havinggoodquality;beingwellmade,firm;notagasor

liquidsyn. steady

Thelawyerforthedefenseportrayedhisclientasamanofsolidintegrity.Theunionattemptedtosolidifyitspositionintheworkplace.

somewhatadj. alittlesyn. slight

Theyfeelsomewhattiredafterthemilerun.Buyingfoodataconveniencestorecanbesomewhatexpensive.

stemfromph.v. toemergeordevelopfromsomethingsyn. originate

Theauthor’stalentinwritingstemsfromhisloveofreadingbooks.Manyopportunitieshavestemmedfromhisdecisiontoattendtheuniversity.

tediousadv. tediouslyn. tediumadj. longandtiringsyn. monotonous

Thetediouslectureboredmostoftheaudience.Somepeoplebecomefrustratedbythetediumofdailyliving.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.discernible(A)exceptional(B)detectable(C)solid(D)negligent

2.average(A)ample(B)approximate(C)slight(D)mediocre

3.originate(A)stemfrom(B)preserve(C)maintain(D)disperse

4.potent(A)powerful(B)reliable(C)firm(D)durable

5.affordable(A)remarkable(B)formidable(C)economical(D)proportional

6.similar(A)prophetic(B)substantial(C)parallel

(D)varied

7.strange(A)peculiar(B)vanishing(C)somewhat(D)renowned

8.negligible(A)exceptional(B)intricate(C)insignificant(D)scattered

9.thriving(A)flourishing(B)vanishing(C)polluting(D)astounding

10.monotonous(A)ambiguous(B)hazardous(C)prosperous(D)tedious


1.TheCeratosaurus,agenusoflargecarnivorousdinosaursfoundasfossilsinLateJurassicrocksofNorthAmerica,wassimilarto,andpossiblycloselyrelatedto,theAllosaurus.Ceratosaurusweighedupto2tons.ThisdinosaurwassomewhatsmallerthanAllosaurus.Ithadadistinctivehornonitssnout,arowofbonyplatesdownthemiddleofitsback,andfourclawedfingersratherthanthree.

Thewordsomewhat in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to potentlyuniquely slightly peculiarly 2. The countries of Scandinavia wereinfluenced by the spirit of improvement prevalent throughout Europeduring the eighteenth century, but showed less advanced agriculture thanothers. Danish farmers were somewhat slowed in using new methodsbecauseofpolitical restrictions. Itwasnotuntil theendof thenineteenthcenturythatsolidadvancesinfarmingtechniquesoccurred.

The word solid in the passage is closest in meaning to sluggishnegligible mediocre substantial3.Tourists throng toBaltimore’s InnerHarboryear-round.TheInnerHarborwasbuiltinanareathatwasonceacontaminated industrial port. This area underwent rapid development inthe1980s. It isnowawatersidearrayofhigh-fashion stores,newhotels,outdoorperformances,movingboats,dockedships,and locales foreatinganddrinking.

Thewordcontaminatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto desertedpolluted dangerous flourishing 4. The Northwest Territories are

Canada’smostsparselysettledarea.Mostsettlementsconsistofonlyafewhundred people. About two-thirds of Canada’s Inuit Eskimos live there,scattered throughout the Arctic sector.Most Europeans who live in thisterritoryliveintheMackenzieValley.

Thewordscatteredinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto maintainedsheltered organized distributed5.Plasticsareavastgroupofsyntheticmaterialswhosestructuresarebasedonthechemistryofcarbon.Theyarealso called polymers because they aremade of extremely long chains of

carbon atoms. An important characteristic of plastics is that they can bereadily molded into finished products by the application of heat. As afinished product, one of its well-known properties includes remarkableresistancetoheat.

Thewordremarkableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto periodicproportional exceptional practical 6. Extensive water storage ispeculiar to a classof animals called ruminants.Theclass includes sheepandcattle,buttheclassmemberbestknownforstoringwateristhecamel.There are two types of camel, the single-humped dromedary and thedouble-humped Bactrian camel found in the dry steppes of central Asia.Theabilityoftheseanimalstostorewatermakesthemtheidealbeastsofburdenonlongtreksacrossthedesert.

Insayingthatextensivewaterstorageispeculiartoruminants,theauthormeansthat onlytheseanimalshavethiscapacity.

camelshaveanunusualappearance.desertlifeisdifficultformostanimals.camelsstorewaterintheirhumps.

7.Ascomputersystemsimprove,databaseswillplayanincreasinglyimportantroleassourcesofinformationforthegeneralpublic.Asdatabasesbecomemorerefined,theneedforawarenessofaparticulardatabasewillbecomemoreimportant.Userswillneedtobeabletodiscernhowreliableinformationcomingfromadatabaseis.

The word discern in the passage is closest in meaning to maintainaccount determine classify8.The late1970sand1980swereyearsofdelirious skyscraper construction. This was found in the cities thatexperiencedeconomicprogress,suchasDallas,Houston,andAtlantainthesouthern United States, and also Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Singapore.Although New Yorkers, in particular, had reason to complain that thebuilding of mediocre skyscrapers was choking Manhattan, fewdistinguishedprofileswereaddedtotheskylinesofmoderncities.

Thewordmediocre in the passage is closest inmeaning to averagerenowned functional contemporary 9. The deserts of the world aredistributedinapairofparallelbeltslyingapproximately25degreesnorth

andsouthoftheequator.Ofthese,theworld’slargestdesertisfoundintheNorthernHemisphere.TheSaharaandsmallerdeserts,formingmuchofthearid portion of the Middle East, are located in high-pressure regionsdirectlyinfluencedbyglobalcirculationoftheatmosphere.

Thewordparallelinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto proportionalnoticeable broad

similar10.ThelifeoftheAtlanticsalmonistypicalofallsalmon.Theyoungfishleavethestreamsoftheiroriginanddisperseintothefeedingwaterofthecoldseas.Whentheyaresexuallymaturetheyreturntotheirhomestreams.Inearlysummer,vastnumbersoffishcanbeobservedintheirrunupstream.Itisnotknownhowtherightriversystemandthespecificnestingsitesareidentified,butresearchindicatesthatthefishsenseachemicalcodepeculiartotheirhomestream.

Thewordpeculiar in the passage is closest inmeaning to arbitrarydistinctive mysterious intricate

LESSON25•briefly•circulate•consistently•exhibit•found•improperly•impulsively•infrequently

•isolated•overtly•profoundly•sharply•situated•subsequently•unmistakable•upstanding

brieflyadj. briefn. brevityadv. short,usuallyintimesyn. concisely

Thevisitingprofessorspokebrieflyatthefacultymeeting.SolareclipsesarebriefmomentswhentheEarthandMooncrosstheSun’sfixedpositioninthesolarsystem.

circulateadj. circulatoryn. circulationv. tocausetomovealongafixedpath;movefreelysyn. distribute

Thenewsofthepresident’svisitcirculatedquicklythroughoutthecity.Adollarbillremainsincirculationforapproximatelyoneandahalfyears.

consistentlyadj. consistentv. consistn. consistency

adv. withoutchanging;keepingthesameprinciples,ideas,orquality

syn. dependably

Thetemperaturemustbemaintainedconsistentlyat75°centigrade.Thepolicyofthegovernmentconcerningunemploymenthasbeenconsistent.

exhibitn. exhibitn. exhibitionn. exhibitorv. toshowordemonstratesyn. display

Thecompoundexhibitsthequalitiesofanacid.ItwasthebestexhibitionoftalentthatIhaveeverseen.

foundn. foundation*n. founderv. toestablish;startup;*aphilanthropicorganizationsyn. establish

Thewealthywomanfoundedahospitalinherhometown.Thefoundationmaintainedanumberofphilanthropicactivities.

improperlyadj. impropern. improprietyadv. notfollowingestablishedrules;notdesirablesyn. inappropriately

Thedisappointingoutcomewasaresultofanimproperlypreparedpetridish.Therewasanimproprietywiththewaythefundswerespent.

impulsivelyadj. impulsiven. impulsen. impulsiveness

adv. actingwithoutthinkingsyn. capriciously

Shereactedimpulsivelytotheloudnoise.Manyshoppersbuyitemsonimpulse.

infrequentlyadj. infrequentn. infrequencyadj. almostneversyn. rarely

TornadoesoccurinfrequentlyintheeasternpartoftheUnitedStates.Desertsarecharacterizedbytheirinfrequentrainfall.

isolatedv. isolaten. isolationadj. tokeepseparatedfromotherssyn. secluded

Thefailureofthecommunicationssystemleftthetownsisolated.Thedoctorswereunabletoisolatethecauseoftheepidemic.

overtlyadj. overtadv. inawayclearlyseen;notdonesecretlysyn. openly

Heovertlydisregardedtheregulations.Herovertattempttotakecontrolofthediscussionfailed.

profoundlyadj. profoundn. profundityadv. inadeepway;showingdeepknowledgeofasubjectsyn. significantly

Everyonewasprofoundlyimpressedbythenewsreports.

TheNobelPrizeisaprofoundrecognitionofoutstandingachievement.

sharplyadj. sharpv. sharpenn. sharpnessadv. showingsensitivityorquickthinking;showingaquick

changeindirectionsyn. quickly

Carpricesrosesharplyoverthepastyear.Therewasasharpchangeinthehumidityafterthestorm.

situatedn. situation*v. situateadj. beingfoundinacertainplace

*acurrentconditionsyn. located

The resort town of Cancun is situated in the northern part of the Yucatanpeninsula.Theyfoundthemselvesinaverydifficultsituation.

subsequentlyadj. subsequentadv. following;comingaftersomethingsyn. afterward

Thepublicapplaudedthepresident’sactionsandsubsequentlyhisratingsinthepollsimproved.Thisreport,andallsubsequentreports,mustbewrittenintheappropriatestyle.

unmistakableadj. unmistakablyadj. clearlyabletobedeterminedsyn. indisputable

Themarkings of the insect provided for anunmistakable identification of the

species.Itisunmistakablyclearthatthereportmustbefinishedbynoon.

upstandingn. upstandingnessadj. markedbyintegrity;good,honestsyn. moral

Theschoolonlyacceptsupstandingyoungadults.The neighborhood has been kept clean and beautiful thanks to its upstandingresidents.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.consistently(A)dependably(B)significantly(C)readily(D)diligently

2.capriciously(A)impulsively(B)profoundly(C)reluctantly(D)scarcely

3.moral(A)diligent(B)outstanding(C)generic(D)upstanding

4.circulated(A)sharpened(B)distributed(C)maintained(D)encircled

5.briefly(A)rarely(B)reliably(C)concisely(D)severely

6.exhibited(A)displayed(B)founded(C)located(D)highlighted

7.overtly(A)entirely(B)openly(C)evenly(D)actually

8.inappropriately(A)disapprovingly(B)approximately(C)improperly(D)unintentionally

9.secluded(A)situated(B)isolated(C)established(D)shifted

10.indisputably(A)severely(B)infrequently(C)significantly(D)unmistakably


1.ThecolossalStatueofLibertyissituatedinNewYorkharboronasmallislandparknearEllisIsland.Standing302feethighincludingitsbase,itshowsawomanholdingatorchinherraisedrighthand.Inherleft,thereisatabletproclaimingliberty,bearingthedateJuly4,1776.Anelevatorrisestothebalconylevel,andaspiralstaircaseleadstoaobservationplatforminthestatue’scrown.

Thewordsituatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto visited

exhibited isolated located

2.Initsearliestforms,astrologyconsistedofsimpleomensthatastrologersinterpretedfromthecelestialbodiesinthesky.Initsdevelopedform,astrologyanalyzesthepresumedeffectsoftheSun,Moon,planets,andstarsontheEarthforaspecifictimeandplace.Astrologistsalsocontendthatthepositionofconstellationsatthemomentofyourbirthprofoundlyinfluencesyourfuture.

The word profoundly in the passage is closest in meaning tosubsequently significantly unmistakably consistently 3. When alanguageisdevisedasameansofcommunicationbetweenpersonshavingnolanguage incommon, it iscalleda linguafranca.This linguafranca isnative to none of those using it.A lingua francawith a sharply reducedgrammar and vocabulary is called a pidgin. When a whole speechcommunitygivesupitsformerlanguageorlanguagesandtakesapidginasitsnativetongue,thepidginbecomesacreole.

The word sharply in the passage is closest in meaning to severelyovertly

impulsively improperly4.Cedarwoodisalight,soft,resinous,anddurablewood,evenwhenitmakescontactwithsoilormoisture.Itisanimportanttimberusedinconstructioninregionswhereitisfound,butisinfrequentlyusedelsewhere.ManyvarietiesoftheAtlas

cedararepopularornamentaltreesinNorthAmerica,especiallyalongthePacificandGulfcoasts.

Thewordinfrequentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto rarely

brieflyselectively continually5.In1876theJohnsHopkinsUniversitywasfoundedinBaltimoreasthefirstU.S.institutiontoincorporatetheGermanidealofuniversityeducation.Sincethattime,graduateeducationhasbecomeanimportantaspectofmanyinstitutions.Olderuniversities,suchasHarvardandYale,andnewerones,suchasStanfordandChicago,haveembracedtheaimsofadvancedlearningconductedinaspiritoffreedomandautonomy.

Thewordfoundedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto erected

distinguished criticized established6.Recentstudiesinpsychologyhaveexploredthereasonswhysomepurchasesaremadeonimpulsewhileothersaregivenasignificantamountofforethought.Onefindingisthatshoppersaremorelikelytoimpulsivelybuyclothesthangardentools.Itsuggeststhatbuyingonimpulseisstronglyrelatedtoshoppers’attitudesaboutthemselvesandtotheir“self-images.”Usefulobjectssuchasgardentoolsengageshopperslesspersonallythanitemsthatenhancetheirappearance.

In discussing purchases made on impulse, the author is referring topurchasesthatshoppersmake afterweighingalltheplusesandminuses.

onamoment’snoticeandwithoutthinking.inboutiquesratherthandepartmentstores.toalterthefeelingsofpeoplearoundthem.

7.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnbyMarkTwaincanbeinterpretedonseverallevels.Onthesurface,itisapicturesquenovelinwhichyoungHuckFinnrelateshisadventuresashetravelsdowntheMississippiRiverwitharunawayslavenamedJim.Onanotherlevel,itisasocietalsatireon

theconstraintsofcivilization.HuckleberryFinnbecomesastudyofnature’sindifference;theriver,likesociety,issometimesbenevolent,sometimesmalicious,andalwaysimpulsive.

Thewordimpulsiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto abundantbaffling capricious philanthropic8.BecauseofNewZealand’slocation,there was no higher animal life in the country when the Maori arrived.Thereweretwospeciesoflizard:thegecko,andthetuatara,areptilethatwasextincteverywhereelsefor100,000,000years.Therewerealsoafewprimitive species of frogs and two species of bats. These are all livingtoday,butareconfinedtooutlyingislandsandisolatedpartsofthecountry.

Theword isolated in the passage is closest in meaning to secludednegligible protected unlikely9.TheAmericanpainterFrankDuveneckwasanimportantinfluenceonotherAmericanartistsofhisgeneration.In1870,hewent toMunichtostudyat theRoyalAcademy,wherehehadabriefacquaintancewithWilliamMerrittChase.Duveneckwasanadmirerof the realismofGustaveCourbet,buthisMunichworkalso showshowwellhehadassimilatedthemasterfulbrushworkandtheskillincapturingexpressionsoftheDutchportraitistFransHals.

Thewordbriefinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto thriving fleetingsuperficial fertile

10.Adramaticmonologueisaspeechoflongdurationmadebyacharactertoasecondperson.Infiction,aninteriormonologueisatypeofmonologuethatexhibitsthethoughts,feelings,andassociationspassingthroughacharacter’smind.

The word exhibits in the passage is closest in meaning to clarifiesexamines displays answers

LESSON26•chaotic•controversial•exemplify•factorin•gratifying•interpret•launch•legitimate

•lethargy•particular•radiant•ridge•span•spontaneous•stream•striking

chaoticn. chaosadj. beingincompletedisorderandconfusionsyn. disorganized

ThetrafficinSeoulisoftenchaotic.Therewascompletechaoswhentheworldchampionsarrivedattheairport.

controversialadv. controversiallyn. controversyadj. causingdisagreementorargumentsyn. divisive

Thegovernormadeacontroversialdecisiontoraisetaxes.Thecontroversywascausedbytheproposaltobuildanairportinthearea.

exemplifyadj. exemplaryv. togiveanexamplesyn. symbolize

The recent downturn in the housing industry exemplifies the poor economic

conditions.Herexemplaryacademicachievement is representativeofmoststudentsat thisinstitution.

factorinph.v. toaccountforsomethingwhilemakingadecisionoranalysissyn. consider

Thefamilyhadtofactorinthepriceofgasolineastheyplannedtheirroadtrip.The architect did not factor in the required distance from the sidewalk in hisdesign.

gratifyingadv. gratefullyadj. gratefulv. gratifyn. gratificationn. gratefulnessadj. givingpleasureorafeelingofaccomplishment;showing

thankssyn. satisfying

Studyingabroadcanbeaverygratifyingexperience.Shewasgratefulforalltheworkhehaddoneforher.

interpretn. interpretern. interpretationn. interpretingv. tounderstandthemeaningofsomethingsyn. clarify

Theambiguousspeechwasverydifficulttointerpret.Theirinterpretationofthestorygeneratedsomeinterestingdiscussion.

launchn. launchn. launching

v. tocausesomethingtobeginsyn. initiate

Thecompanylaunchedanewprogramtoattractmoreclients.Thelaunchingof thefirstSovietSputnikcreatedconcernamong theAmericanpublic.

legitimateadv. legitimatelyn. legitimacyadj. reasonable;lawfulsyn. authentic

Theengineerhadalegitimatereasonforchangingthedesignofthebuilding.Thelegitimacyofthetheoryhasyettobedetermined.

lethargyadj. lethargicadv. lethargicallyn. alackofenergyorcommitment;lazy;indifferentsyn. sluggishness

Thehippopotamusbaskinginthesundisplayedalmosttotallethargy.Whenitistimetodohomeworkassignments,manystudentsbecomelethargic.

particularadv. particularly*adj. acertainwayorthing;unusual;hardtoplease;

*especiallysyn. specific

Thespeakerhasaparticularwayofpersuadinghisaudience.Thatgroupofworkersisparticularlydifficulttosatisfy.

radiantadv. radiantlyn. radiancen. radiationn. radiator

adj. sendingoutinalldirections,especiallyheatorlightsyn. bright

Theactor’sradiantsmilecaptivatedtheaudience.Theradianceofthefirepreventedthefirefightersfromenteringthehouse.

ridgen. thetopofamountainrange;araisedpartofanysurfacesyn. crest

Abaldeaglestoodontheridgeofthetallofficebuilding.Themountainridgewasheavilyforested.

spann. spanv. thelengthoftimeordistancefromonelimittotheother;to

crosssyn. cover

Theoldman’slifespannedtwocenturies.Thespanofthebridgeisthreemiles.

spontaneousadv. spontaneouslyn. spontaneityadj. unplanned;uncontrolledsyn. instinctive

Thespontaneouscombustioninsidethecylindercreatesthepowerofthemotor.Thecrowdreactedspontaneouslytothedanger.

streamv. streamn. anaturalflowofsomething;apouringoutsyn. river

TherewasaconstantstreamofinformationcomingfromtheWhiteHouse.Waterstreamedfromthedamasworkersattemptedtomaketherepairs.

striking

adv. strikinglyadj. drawingspecialattentiontosyn. remarkable

Hisstrikingproposalsavedthecompanyfrombankruptcy.Thatwasastrikinglyconvincingargumentthatthespeakerdelivered.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.gratifying(A)spontaneous(B)thriving(C)satisfying(D)analogous

2.disorganized(A)disrupted(B)chaotic(C)instinctive(D)discernible

3.factorin(A)compile(B)tolerate(C)consist(D)consider

4.launch(A)initiate(B)isolate(C)compel(D)stream

5.lethargic(A)spontaneous(B)analogous(C)sluggish(D)conscientious

6.symbolize(A)radiate(B)exemplify(C)span

(D)synthesize

7.legitimate(A)peculiar(B)authentic(C)sharp(D)subsequent

8.ridge(A)crest(B)current(C)stream(D)radiance

9.interpret(A)specify(B)investigate(C)clarify(D)initiate

10.radiant(A)covered(B)bright(C)potent(D)tedious


1.Inthecommunicationsandcomputerfields,researchinopticalswitchingismotivatedbytheneedtotransmitdatastreamsatconstantlyhigherspeedsmoreefficiently.Atthesametime,customersdemandtransmissionandswitchingratesfarhigherthancanbeprovidedbyapurelyelectronicsystem.Duetodevelopmentsinsemiconductorlasersandinfiberoptics,transmissionathigherspeedsisnowpossible.

Thewordstreamsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto flows piecesfiles particles2.Astrikingexampleofasuccessfulmultiethniccountry

is Switzerland,where French,German, and Italian speakers fromdiversereligiousgroupsliveandworkinharmonyandprosperity.Ethnicdiversityin Switzerland appears to have stimulated rather than divided the Swisspopulation.StudiesofconditionsinSwitzerlanddemonstratethatharmonycancoexistwithdiversitywhencertaincharacteristicsareshared.

Thewordstrikinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto spontaneouscharacteristic legitimate remarkable 3. In one of the most influentialbooks on education ever written, Émile Rousseau argued that societyshould protect children from the corrupt nature of civilization andcautiously nurture their natural, spontaneous impulses, which, inRousseau’smind,were always healthy.He furthermaintained that itwasimportant to avoid premature intellectualization of emotion so that thechild’sintellectcoulddevelopwithoutdistortion.

Thewordspontaneousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto chaoticgratifying instinctive uninterrupted 4. The water available to fulfill aparticularneedisknownasthewatersupply.Whentheneedisdomestic,industrial, or agricultural, thewatermust fulfill bothquality andquantityrequirements. Water supplies can be acquired by several types of waterresourcesprojects,suchasdams,reservoirs,orwells.

Thewordparticular in the passage is closest inmeaning to criticalcommon gratifying specific5.JosephHaydnwasundoubtedlythemostprolificofallsymphonywriters;hisworksspannedwhathasbeencalled

theClassicalEra.Heismostcelebratedfortakingtheestablishedformsofthe symphony and shaping them into the forceful media for musicalexpressionthroughinventionandexperimentation.Thesewererecognizedasinnovationsbycomposerswhofollowed.

Thewordspannedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto exemplifiedcovered launched interpreted6.Writingmorethan2,500yearsago,theGreekhistorianHerodotusclaimedthatittook100,000people20yearstobuild Khufu, one of the largest pyramids in Egypt. However, HerodotusvisitedEgyptalmost2,700yearsafterKhufuwasbuilt,andhistoricalfactsarealwaysopentointerpretationanyway.ModernEgyptologistsestimatethatittookasfewas5,000mentoquarrythestone,haulittothesite,andassemblethepyramid.

Instatingthathistoricalfactsarealwaysopentointerpretation,theauthormeansthatthey arechangedwiththepassageoftime.

canbeanalyzedinavarietyofways.arefactsandthereforeindisputable.accumulateslowlythroughouthistory.

7.Anintaglioisanengravedgemthat,whenpressedintosoftenedwax,producesanimageinrelief.Thiswaxsealwasonceusedasameanstoidentifylegitimatelettersanddocuments.Thefirstengravingofhardstonesexistedasearlyasabout4000B.C.inMesopotamia,butthestyleoftypicalintaglios,whichwereusuallymountedonrings,wasdevelopedbytheancientGreeks.

Thewordlegitimateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto normalizeauthentic robust secure 8. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, thetruckingindustrywasquitechaotic.Itwasdominatedbylargenumbersofitinerantowner-operators.Theindustrywasconsideredtobeunstableandin need of regulation. The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933brought together two organized groups of trucking officials to developstandards of fair competition. This action led to the formation of theAmericanTruckingAssociations.

Thewordchaoticinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto disorganizedinordinate formidable imposing9.Singaporeistheonlynationoutside

of mainland China and Taiwan where the majority of the population isethnicChinese.ItscultureexemplifiesthisChineseheritage,coupledwithvarious diverse cultural influences. Its British colonial architecture andChinese,Hindu,andMuslimshrinesreflecttheculturaldiversityfoundinthisinternationalsetting.

Thewordexemplifiesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto symbolizesradiates shelters cultivates 10. The field of opera once belonged

exclusively to the Europeans. Successful American opera seemed to beconfinedtoGershwin’sPorgyandBessandotherobscureoperaticworks.Morerecentlytheoperaworldhaswitnessedgrowthinsuccessfuloperaticworks byAmericans. In addition, new opera companies and small operagroups have been established. These developments are particularlygratifyingtothosewhofavorbringingamoreAmericanflavortotheoperastage.

Thewordgratifyinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto propheticremarkable bizarre satisfying

LESSON27•aptly•demonstration•ingredients•involuntarily•marvel•moderate•motivate•odd

•profuse•reflection•succinct•supposedly•sustained•symbols•synthesis•tangible

aptlyadj. aptn. aptnessadv. havingatendencytodosomething;likelysyn. appropriately

Itwasanaptlytimedremark.Emotionalproblemsareapttodamagepersonalrelationships.

demonstrationadv. demonstrablyv. demonstrateadj. demonstrative*adj. demonstrablen. ashoworexhibit

*overtlyshowingemotionsyn. display

Thedemonstrationclarifiedtheprocedureforeveryone.Ihaveneverseenthepoliticianssodemonstrativeoftheirfeelings.

ingredientsn. thingscombinedtomakesomething;thecontentsof

somethingsyn. elements

Theingredientsoftheproductarekeptsecret.Goodstyle,punctuation, andgrammarare the important ingredients of a goodessay.

involuntarilyadj. involuntaryadv. inanunthinkingmanner;notchosensyn. automatically

Heinvoluntarilyworkedovertime.Reflexesareinvoluntaryreactionstoexternalstimuli.

marveladv. marvelouslyadj. marvelousn. somethingthatsurprisesorimpressessyn. wonder

TheGreatWallofChinaisoneoftheworld’smarvels.Theweatherwasmarvelousforanafternoonget-togetherinthepark.

moderateadv. moderatelyv. moderate*n. moderationadj. nottoomuch,nottoolittle;*toreducesyn. medium

Shemadethebestofhermoderatedancingability.TheBroadwayplaywasmoderatelysuccessful.

motivaten. motivationadj. motivatedv. toprovideareasonorpurposefordoingsomethingsyn. encourage

Gradesmotivatemoststudentstodowellintheirstudies.Thespeakergaveamotivationalspeechthatinspiredeveryoneintheaudience.

oddadv. oddlyn. oddityadj. unusualsyn. strange

Itisoddtofindapersonwhospeaksmanylanguages.Themoonrockisanoddityavailableatthemuseumforalltoview.

profusen. profusenessadv. profuselyadj. tobeverygenerous,ofteninexcesssyn. abundant

Thecompanyapologizedprofuselyforthedefectsinitsproduct.Shedeservedtheprofusepraisefromherteacher.

reflectionadj. reflectedv. reflectn. apictureorelementthrownbacksyn. image

Hisbrightsmilewasareflectionofhissatisfaction.Inorderforus toperceivesomethingvisually, lightmustbereflected fromtheobject’ssurface.

succinctadv. succinctlyadj. shortandtothepointsyn. concise

Sinceshehadlittletimetospeak,thebiologistmadeherpresentationsuccinct.Theclassassignmentistosummarizethebook’splotassuccinctlyaspossible.

supposedlyadj. supposedv. supposen. suppositionadv. accordingtoreportsorhearsay;widelybelievedoracceptedsyn. presumably

Thenewtrainsaresupposedlyabletoreachspeedsof150milesperhour.Thestockbroker’ssuppositionisthattheeconomywillimprove.

sustainedv. sustainadj. sustenanceadj. continuinginaconstantway;remainingstrongsyn. consistent

Sustainedrainfallistheonlyhopetheyhaveforrelieffromthedrought.Luckily,thetreesdidnotsustainanydamagefromtheattackofthelocusts.

symbolsadv. symbolicallyadj. symbolicv. symbolizen. signsorobjectsthatrepresentsomethingorsomebodysyn. marks

The strange symbols found in Egyptian tombs have intrigued historians forcenturies.Thispaintingsymbolizestheuniversalthemesofhumanity.

synthesisadv. synthetically*adj. synthetic*v. synthesizen. themixingofseparatethingstoformawhole;

*notmadebynaturesyn. combination

ThelanguageofPapiamentoisasynthesisofDutchandnativeIndianlanguages

ofCuraçao.Vitaminsaresyntheticallyproduced.

tangibleadv. tangiblyn. tangibilityadj. real;thatwhichcanbefeltsyn. concrete

The work of a teacher seldom produces tangible results until years after astudenthasgraduated.Thesolutiontothisproblemcanbetangiblydemonstrated.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.marvel(A)ridge(B)chaos(C)wonder(D)combination

2.display(A)disperse(B)decline(C)disguise(D)demonstration

3.succinct(A)odd(B)moderate(C)strange(D)concise

4.appropriately(A)supposedly(B)aptly(C)tangibly(D)durably

5.moderate(A)sustained(B)medium(C)sharp(D)periodic

6.involuntary(A)infrequent(B)substantial(C)automatic(D)immeasurable

7.elements(A)ingredients(B)measurements(C)marks(D)spans

8.motivate(A)travel(B)isolate(C)sustain(D)encourage

9.reflection(A)image(B)synthesis(C)solid(D)tightness

10.tangible(A)firm(B)consistent(C)concrete(D)tedious


1.Themechanicaltrapsofvariouscarnivorousplantscanbeobservedinmanyvarieties.However,thesnaptrap,suchasthatfoundontheVenusFlytrap,isfoundonlyinthesundewfamilyofplants.Whenananimaltouchesitssensoryhairs,thepreyistrappedbyarapidautomaticclosureofasetoflobesthatsurroundtheanimal.Afterthat,thedigestionprocessstarts.AnyinsectthatlandsontheVenusFlytrapwillbecomeamealfortheplant.

Thewordautomaticinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto temporaryincessant involuntary impartial2.IntheWesternworld,contemplationon art began with the philosophers of ancient Greece. Plato discussedproportion as the sourceof beauty, and imitation as theprimarymodeofart.Aristotle identifieddifferentkindsof imitation,andXenocrateswrotetechnical dissertations on painting and sculpture that examined the idealsynthesis of proportion and imitation in terms of the lives of classicalGreekartists.

The word synthesis in the passage is closest in meaning to imagesymbolism display combination 3.Anthropologistswho study humancommunicationtendtofocusonitscentralroleinthesurvivalofasociety.Communicationservestopreserveandtransmittheundefinedaspectsofaculture.Societycommunicatesculture throughsignificantsymbols.Theseare embodied in language and represent the concepts of honor, bravery,love,cooperation,andhonesty.

Thewordsymbolsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto marvels signspatterns exaggerations 4. Based on the inscriptions called codices,

linguistsbelievethattheMayaspokealanguagecloselyrelatedtomodernNativeAmerican groups.During the classical period, theMaya also hadsustained contact with warriors and traders from Teotihuacan in centralMexico,thelargestandmostpowerfulstateoftheera.Thereisnoproofofa conquest, but the Maya embraced some foreign deities, symbols, andstylesofclothingofothergroups.

Theword sustained in the passage is closest inmeaning to tangibleconsistent moderate measurable 5. The Oregon Trail followed theSweetwater River westward from the vicinity of Casper to South Pass.IndependenceRock,agranitemonolithonthenorthbankoftherivernearareservoir, was a significant trail landmark. The river was supposedlynamedbyGeneralWilliamAshleyin1823becauseitswatertastedsweettohistrappers.

Thewordsupposedlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto presumablyoddly aptly predictably6.At46,000gross tons, theTitanicwas the

largestfloatingobjecteverbuilt.Itwas853feetlong,93feetwide,and61feethigh.Asmanypeoplesaid,itwasaptlynamedtheTitanic—inancientGreek mythology, the Titans ruled the universe until Zeus defeated andreplaced them. The mighty Titanic was also overthrown: while carryingover 2,200 passengers, it crashed into an iceberg off Newfoundland andsankonApril14,1912.

In stating that theTitanicwasaptly named, the authormeans that theship’scaptainwascriminallynegligent.

thereweretoomanypassengersonboard.theship’sname,Titanic,wasappropriate.thewordTitaniccomesfromGreekhistory.

7.ThedateoftheearliestUFOsightinginhistoryisunknownandtheevidenceforsuchsightingsisscantyandpurelyspeculative.ThebeginningoftheUFOphenomenonbeganwiththesightingofdirigiblelike“mysteryships”overtheUnitedStatesin1896–1897.In1946,peopleinScandinaviareportedlarge-scalesightingsof“ghostrockets,”odd-looking“rockets”thatmadenonoise.Noneofthesephenomenahasbeensatisfactorilyexplained.

Thewordoddinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto strange ampleintriguing elusive8.A living cell is amarvel of detailed and complexstructure.When examinedwith amicroscope, it gives the appearance ofalmost chaotic activity.Onadeeper level, it isknown thatmolecules arebeing synthesized at a tremendous rate. Almost any enzyme causes thesynthesis ofmore than100othermolecules per second. In 10minutes, alargepercentageofthetotalmassofametabolizingbacterialcellhasbeen

synthesized.

Thewordmarvel in the passage is closest in meaning to inventionwonder magnification swiftness 9. In the 1790s, a variety ofagriculturalmachinerywasdeveloped.At that time,anefficientseeddrillhad been designed but still required demonstrations in the 1830s toconvincefarmersofitsvalue.Afewthreshingmachineswereinusebefore1800, andgradually increased inpopularity.However, in the1830s, farmlaborersinEnglandrebelledbecausethemachinesdeprivedthemofwinteremployment.

The word demonstrations in the passage is closest in meaning toillustrations circulations displays preconceptions 10. The oxygensupply in the Earth’s atmosphere is a result of photosynthesis by greenplants. Plants require all the essential ingredients of photosynthesis tobuild the vital compounds and structures.Water is required, because cellenlargementisaresultofinternalwaterpressureextendingthewalls.Thisexplainswhyinperiodsofdrought,plantstendtohavesmallerleaves.

The word ingredients in the passage is closest in meaning tocharacteristics parts basics elements

LESSON28•aggravating•amusement•conceivably•convert•curative•debilitating•deplete•finite

•perceive•security•takeon•toxic•tranquility•trap•undeniably•underestimated

aggravatingn. aggravationv. aggravateadj. makingworse;annoyingsyn. irritating

Theaggravatingdelaywascausedbyroadrepairs.Theshortageofworkaggravatedthecrisisinthesmalltown.

amusementadv. amusinglyadj. amusingv. amusen. somethingthatholdsinterestandisenjoyablesyn. diversion

Welistenedinamusementashetriedtoconvincehisfriendtolendhim$50.Hisamusingcommentmadeeveryonelaugh.

conceivablyadj. conceivablev. conceiveadv. feasibly;believably

syn. possibly

Theycouldconceivablyearnfirstplacewiththeirscienceproject.Itisconceivablethathumanswilltraveltodistantplanetsoneday.

convertadj. convertiblen. conversionv. tochangefromoneformorstatetoanothersyn. alter

Whenboiled,liquidsconvertintogases.TheconversionfromFahrenheittocentigradecanbeeasilymade.

curativen. cureadj. beingabletorestoretogoodconditionsyn. healing

Thecurativepropertiesofcertainplantshavebeenwelldocumented.Thereisnosimplecurefortheillsofsociety.

debilitatingn. debilityv. debilitateadj. weakeningsyn. weakening

Thelackofinvestmentsavingshasadebilitatingeffectontheeconomy.Thepatient’sdebilitylimitedhismobility.

depleteadj. depletedn. depletionv. touseup;reducegreatlysyn. consume

Shedepletedallofhersavingstobuythewordprocessor.ThedepletionoftheEarth’soilreservesposesathreattoourcurrentwayoflife.

finiteadj. ofacertainamount;havinganend;notinfinitesyn. limited

Thereareafinitenumberofexplanationsfortheunusualresults.Isthereafinitenumberofstarsintheuniverse?

perceiveadv. perceptiblyadj. perceivableadj. perceptiveadv. perceptivelyn. perceptionv. tosense;becomeawareofsyn. observe

Weperceivemajordifferencesbetweenthetwopoliticalparties.Porpoisesareveryperceptivemammals.

securityadv. securelyadj. securev. securen. thefeelingoffreedomfromdanger,doubt,orworrysyn. safety

Hersenseofsecurityincreasedashergradesimproved.Wesecuredallofthedoorsofthelabbeforeleaving.

takeonph.v. toacceptatask;todealwithsomethingsyn. undertake

Certain programs take on the task of protecting a computer from harmfulInternetviruses.Theathleteenjoystakingonnewfitnesschallenges.

toxicn. toxicity

adj. harmful;capableofbeingfatalsyn. poisonous

Disposaloftoxicwastesisanongoingenvironmentalissue.Thisproducthasthehighesttoxicityofanyknowntoscience.

tranquilityadv. tranquillyadj. tranquilv. tranquilizen. calm;quietnesssyn. peacefulness

Thetranquilityofthelakeatsunriseinspiredaprofoundsenseofwell-being.Histranquilmannerofexpressionmadeusallfeelmoresecure.

trapadj. trappedn. trapv. tocatchandholdonto,usuallybytrickery;deceivedsyn. retain

Iwastrappedintopayingforthemeal.The trapped animals were released after being tagged by the wildlifeconservationists.

undeniablyadj. undeniableadv. clearlytruesyn. absolutely

Ofalltheplanetsinoursolarsystem,theEarthisundeniablythemostconducivetosupportinglife.Itisundeniablethathehasskill,butheneedstoshowmoreinitiative.

underestimatedv. underestimateadj. guessedlowerthantheactualquantitysyn. miscalculated

Theunderestimateddemandforticketsmadethetheatermanagerplanbetterforthenextperformance.Thetreasurerunderestimatedthecostofthenewfurniture.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.curative(A)healing(B)gratifying(C)toxic(D)conceivable

2.limited(A)sustained(B)ample(C)finite(D)approximate

3.amusement(A)peacefulness(B)demonstration(C)diversion(D)marvel

4.security(A)power(B)safety(C)trap(D)cure

5.debilitating(A)convincing(B)formidable(C)accelerating(D)weakening

6.undertake(A)takeon(B)bringabout(C)stemfrom

(D)factorin

7.conceivably(A)absolutely(B)aptly(C)possibly(D)tranquilly

8.alter(A)sustain(B)launch(C)foster(D)convert

9.depleted(A)retained(B)consumed(C)polluted(D)inundated

10.perceive(A)deny(B)miscalculate(C)observe(D)estimate


1.Lessthanonepercentofallfreightcargoiscarriedbyair,mostbeingcarriedbysurfacemethods.Nevertheless,thiscuriousfactsignificantlyunderestimatestheimportanceofairfreight.Intermsofvalueofcargocarried,airtransportisgreaterthanallothermodes.Bytheearly1990sTokyo’sNaritaAirportandNewYork’sJohnF.KennedyAirportwerehandlinginexcessofonemilliontonsofcargoperyear.

The word underestimates in the passage is closest in meaning tounderstands assesses highlights miscalculates 2. Margaret Mead, awell-known cultural anthropologist, was associated with the AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYorkCityfrom1926untilherdeath.Inthe 1980s, herwork, in particular her famous study of Samoa, became asubjectofcontroversy.Hercriticsallegedthatherbeliefinthepredominateinfluenceofcultureinshapingpersonalityledhertomisreadevidenceandovergeneralize.Herdefendersendorsedherundeniablykeenobservations.

Thewordundeniablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto absolutelyinconsistently presumably unexpectedly 3. Ice, a nearly pure solid,

containsfewforeignionsinitsstructure.Itcontainsparticlesofmatterandgases,which are trapped in bubbles in the ice. A change inmakeup ofthesematerialsover time is recorded in thesuccessive layersof ice.ThishasbeenusedtointerpretthehistoryoftheenvironmentofEarth’ssurfaceandtheinfluenceofhumanactivitiesonthisenvironment.

Thewordtrappedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto found

reflected retained converted4.WangWeiwasaChinesepoet,painter,andscholaroftheTangdynasty.Heleftbehindbothasignificantbodyoflyricalpoetryanddelicatelydepictedlandscapepaintings.ThesepaintingsreflectedaloveofnatureandaninnertranquilityderivedfromBuddhismandmeditation.HeistraditionallycreditedwithfoundingtheSouthernschoolofChineselandscapepainting.

Thewordtranquilityinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto peacefulnessamusement fulfillment security5.Theproblemofoceanpollutionhas

beenacknowledgedatnationalandinternationallevels.TheU.S.Congresspassed an act in 1988 that phased in a complete prohibition of oceandumpingby1991.Also in 1988, 65nations agreed to stopburning toxicwasteatseaby1994.Thelegalityofthelattermeasureremainsdebatableandmaybeprovenunenforceable,mirroringtheexperienceofa1977lawthatattemptedthesameprohibition.

The word toxic in the passage is closest in meaning to inordinatedebilitating poisonous dispersed6.BeforeAlexanderFlemingmadehisgreatdiscovery,hehadbeenstudyinglosozyme,anenzymefoundintearsthat prevents infection. However, he wanted to find a substance withcurative powers, something that would keep bacteria from growing andmultiplyingaltogether.Byaccident,henoticedamoldgrowing inoneofhislaboratorydishesthathadthiseffect.Itturnedouttobepenicillin,oneofthemostwidelyusedantibioticstoday.

Instating thatFlemingwanted to findasubstancewithcurativepowers,theauthormeansthathewaslookingforamedicinethatwould regulateapatient’sexposuretogerms.

combatdisease-causingbacteria.controlapatient’sbodytemperature.increaseapatient’slevelofinfection.

7.So-calledpropheticdreamsinancientMiddleEasterncultureswereoftenusedtohelpthesick.InclassicalGreece,ailingpeoplecametodreaminspecialtempleswherepriestsandpriestessesadvisedthemabouttheirdreams’curativebenefits.AsimilarpracticeknownasdreamincubationisknowntohaveexistedintheancientculturesofBabylonandEgypt.

Thewordcurative in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to correctivefertile healing ample

8.Chronicfatiguesyndromeisadisordercharacterizedbyatleastsixmonthsofdebilitatingfatiguethatbeginsabruptlyandisusuallyaccompaniedbymildfever,sorethroat,tendermuscles,jointpain,headache,sleepdisorders,confusion,memoryloss,andvisionproblems.Onceconsidered

animaginedratherthanaspecificphysicalcondition,chronicfatiguesyndromeremainscontroversial.

Theworddebilitatinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto weakeningdisruptive tangible persistent 9. Fireworms are marine worms that

inhabit warm tropical waters. They produce an aggravating stingingsensation if touched.Oneparticular species,H.carunculata, found in thecoral reefs of the Caribbean Sea, has a body covered with fine, white,brittlebristlesthatembedthemselvesinhumanskiniftouched.

Thewordaggravatinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto disruptiveannoying irritating formidable10.Scientistshavetriedtofindaway

tomakehurricaneslessdangerousbyanalyzingtheircomponentpartsandneutralizing them. A hurricane contains huge quantities of supercooledwaterandsilver iodide.Seedingthehurricanecouldconceivablyproducesome changes in storm behavior. Aircraft seeding experiments haveobtained some minor, short-lived changes resulting in decreased windspeedsforafewhours.

Thewordconceivablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto presumablyconsistently possibly noticeably

LESSON29•acknowledge•acquire•assimilate•assortment•caliber•condensed•contradictory•disregard

•precious•prominent•requisite•stable•unravel•vague•vast•volume

acknowledgen. acknowledgmentadj. acknowledgedv. toknow,remember,andaccepttheexistenceofsomethingsyn. recognize

Theforemanacknowledgedthefactthattherehadbeenamistakeinthedesignofthehouse.Thepromotionhereceivedwasanacknowledgmentofhisexcellentwork.

acquireadj. acquisitiven. acquisitionv. togainorcometopossesssyn. obtain

HeacquiredtwobeautifulpaintingsduringhisvisittoTaipei.Theoffice’smostrecentacquisitionwasanewphotocopier.

assimilaten. assimilationv. tobecomeapartofsyn. incorporate

TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasassimilatedpeoplefromallpartsoftheworld.Assimilationofanewculturalenvironmentcanbedifficult.

assortmentadj. assortedn. avarietysyn. selection

Youhaveanassortmentofelectivecoursesfromwhichtochoose.Heboughtaboxofassortedbooksatthebookfair.

calibern. thestandardof;thedegreeofgoodnesssyn. quality

Thehighcaliberofherworkearnedheraraiseinpay.Onlypartsofthehighestcalibercanbeusedtomakerepairsonthespacecraft.

condensedv. condenseadj. madesmaller;shortened;mergesyn. summarize

Thisisacondensedversionoftheoriginalresearchreport.Trytocondensethetwochaptersintoone.

contradictoryv. contradictn. contradictionadj. notagreeingwiththefactsorpreviousstatementsmadeon

thesubject;declaredwrongsyn. inconsistent

It iscontradictory tosay thatyouknowFrenchafterstudying it foronly threemonths.Theexpertcontradictedhimselfduringhispresentation.

disregardn. disregard

v. topaynoattentionsyn. ignore

Theydisregardedthenoparkingsignsandwereticketedbythepolice.Hisdisregardofthelabinstructionscausedhimtomakemanyerrors.

preciousadj. havingmuchmonetaryorsentimentalvalue;beautifulsyn. cherished

Thisgoldenringismymostpreciouspossession.Thepreciousstonewasoneofakind.

prominentadv. prominentlyn. prominenceadj. famous;havingahighpositionsyn. renowned

Their talent for locating oil deposits made them prominent geologists in thecorporation.Hegainedprominencethroughhistelevisionappearances.

requisitev. requiren. requirementv. requisition*n. requisition*adj. neededforaspecificpurpose;*aformalrequestsyn. demanded

Hereisthelistofrequisitecoursesforthemaster’sdegreeinbiology.Theprojectteammadearequisitionforanewsetofreferencebooks.

stableadv. stablyn. stabilityadj. experiencingfewornochanges;notmovingsyn. steady

Besuretheladderisstablebeforeclimbingit.Mostpeoplebelievethatmaintainingeconomicstabilityisanimportantgoalofeverygovernment.

unraveln. unravelingv. toorganize;makeclearsyn. separate

Thedetectivewasnotabletounravelthemysteryofthemissingmoney.TheunravelingoftheSovietUniontookplaceinthespanofafewmonths.

vagueadv. vaguelyn. vaguenessadj. notclear;ambiguoussyn. unclear

Shehasonlyvaguememoriesofherchildhood.Thevaguenessofhisdirectionscausedustogetlost.

vastadv. vastlyadj. verymuch;verylargesyn. huge

IhavenoticedavastimprovementinyourEnglishvocabulary.Unfortunately,thewaterqualityhasdeterioratedvastlysincemylastvisithere.

volumeadv. voluminously*adj. voluminous*n. theamountofsomethingcontainedinaspace;

*holdingalotsyn. quantity

Thevolumeofinformationthataflashdrivecanholdisastounding.Thisvoluminousreportwilleraseyourdoubtaboutthefinancialconditionofthecompany.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.caliber(A)volume(B)marvel(C)quality(D)acclaim

2.ignore(A)disregard(B)separate(C)deplete(D)withstand

3.acknowledged(A)exaggerated(B)recognized(C)exemplified(D)accentuated

4.assortment(A)assertion(B)selection(C)pattern(D)ingredient

5.obtain(A)acquire(B)unravel(C)relinquish(D)perceive

6.steady(A)stable(B)precious(C)staple(D)tangible

7.condensed(A)summarized(B)emphasized(C)legitimized(D)conformed

8.assimilate(A)illustrate(B)incorporate(C)investigate(D)isolate

9.renown(A)reaction(B)vast(C)prominent(D)requisite

10.contradictory(A)ambiguous(B)requisite(C)inconsistent(D)disregarded


1.Bytheendof1998,theInternet’sWorldWideWebhadbecomesocommonplaceinthepublicconsciousnessthatevennontechnicaladultswerelikelytoacknowledgehavingheardofthe“Net”andthe“Web.”Companieslargeandsmallbeganincludingaweb-siteaddressintheiradvertising.Furthermore,largetelecommunicationsfirmsbeganofferingtheircustomersInternetaccessservices.

Thewordacknowledge in thepassage isclosest inmeaning to denyremember concede cherish 2. Traditionally, the South PacificMelanesianscompleted therequisite destruction of their art objects oncetheir ceremonial purposes were achieved. Part of the artistic traditionincluded theneed todestroy and then recreate art objects as ritualisticorsocial needs arose. As a result of this behavior, the Melanesian artistictraditionexistedsolelyasanartisticconceptinthemindoftheartistwhooftenworkedwithoutmodelsofpreviousworks.

Thewordrequisite in the passage is closest inmeaning to requiredrenowned reluctant reliable3.Nuclearfamiliesof thepreindustrialerawere bound to a set of social obligations that made the nuclear familysubordinatetothewishesofthelargerfamily.ThisextendedfamilysystembegantounravelwiththeadventoftheIndustrialRevolution.Aspirationsforgreaterpersonalfreedomandchangingeconomicconditionsproducedaslowmovementtowardmoreindependentnuclearfamilies.

The word unravel in the passage is closest in meaning to formcondense assimilate separate 4. In 1941 President Franklin D.RooseveltdraftedTheFourFreedoms.Itwasalistofbasichumanrights:freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom fromwant, and freedom from fear. Later in the same year, these wereincorporatedintotheAtlanticCharter,aBritishandAmericanstatementofgoalsforapeacefulworld.SomeleaderscriticizedTheFourFreedomsforbeingtoovaguetoserveasaguideforprudentstatesmanship.

Thewordvagueinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto contradictory

prominent specific unclear 5. The earliest-known handcrafted carpet,about2,500yearsold,wasdiscoverediniceinatombatPazyryk,Siberia.Rugswere alsomade in Persia approximately 200 years later during thereign of Cyrus, whose tomb was covered with precious carpets. By thesixteenth century, rugmakingwas ahighlydeveloped craft inPersia andTurkey.

The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to finemarvelous intricate astounding6.Abarcodeisatinyclusterofverticallinesandhorizontalnumbersagainstawhitefieldfoundonmanyproductstoday. This electronic code is not prominently displayed; rather, it isusually tucked away somewhere on the backside of the packaging. Thedigits in the code indicate the name and price of the product; moreimportantly, theyhelpmerchantsmaintain their stockbysubtractingeachpurchasefromthestore’sinventory.

Insayingthatbarcodesarenotprominentlydisplayed, theauthormeansthatthey covermostofthepackaging.

canbescannedbyacomputer.areinvisibletothenakedeye.maybesomewhatdifficulttofind.

7.Scientistsbelievethatthevolumeofwaterintheoceanshasnotchangeddrasticallyduringthelastfewhundredmillionyears.Thisconclusionisdrawnfromevidenceindicatingthattheinteriorsofthecontinentshaveneverbeencoveredbytheoceans.

The word volume in the passage is closest in meaning to quantityproportions magnitude depth 8. The dynamic growth ofcommunicationsnetworksafter1995,especiallyinthescholarlyworld,hasaccelerated the establishment of the “virtual library.” At the core of thisdevelopment is public-domain information. Residing in databasesdistributed worldwide, a growing portion of this vast resource is nowaccessiblealmostimmediatelythroughtheInternet.

Thewordvast in the passage is closest inmeaning to dense hugeextensive core9.Discountstoressellproductsatpriceslowerthanthosefoundinconventionalretailoutlets.Some,suchasdepartmentstores,offer

wide assortments of goods. Other discount chains specialize, offeringspecial types of merchandise such as jewelry, electronic equipment, orelectrical appliances. Discount stores have become internationalphenomena. They have spread to Western Europe, Latin America,Australia,andJapan.

The word assortments in the passage is closest in meaning toamusements patterns proportions selections10.Themajorreasonsforestablishing a wildlife refuge are to acquire protection for a group ofanimals thathavebecomesignificantlyreducedinnumberandtosuitablyimprove the habitat so that animals will breed and flourish. Often,restrictions or prohibitions are placed on development, hunting, trapping,trespassing,orfishing.

The word acquire in the passage is closest in meaning to obtainendorse receive access

LESSON30•charisma•clever•convince•endure•forfeit•precarious•severe•sporadic

•superior•truncate•wanton•weak•widespread•wisdom•witticism•woo

charismaadj. charismaticn. aspecialqualitythatendearsotherpeopletothepersonwho

hasthisqualitysyn. appeal

Shehascharismathatnoothercandidatepossesses.JohnF.Kennedywasknownforhischarismaticpersonality.

cleveradv. cleverlyn. clevernessadj. intelligent;resourcefulsyn. astute

Everyoneappreciatedtheircleveridea.Hisclevernessenabledhimtorisequicklyintheorganization.

convinceadv. convincinglyadj. convincingv. tomakesomeoneseethingsyourwaysyn. persuade

Theycouldnotconvincethegirlstogotothedancewiththem.The videomade a convincing argument for the recycling of paper and plasticmaterials.

endureadj. endurableadj. enduringn. endurancev. tolast;sufferpainsyn. persevere

Howheisabletoendurelivingnexttotheairportisbeyondmycomprehension.Theendurancedisplayedbytheathletegaveevidenceofhisrigoroustraining.

forfeitn. forfeitv. togiveup;havesomethingtakenaway,usuallybyruleor

regulationsyn. relinquish

Usuallyyoumustforfeityournativecountry’scitizenshiptobecomeacitizenofanothercountry.Theforfeitoccurredbecausenotenoughplayersshowedup.

precariousadv. precariouslyadj. notsafe,firm,orsteadysyn. hazardous

Thediverputhimselfinaprecarioussituationamongthesharks.Thecupwaspositionedprecariouslyontheedgeofthetable.

severeadj. extreme;harmfuladv. severelyn. severitysyn. intense

TheweatherserviceissuedaseverestormwarningformostofMichigan.

Theseverityofhisconditionwillnotbeknownuntilthetestresultsarestudied.

sporadicadv. sporadicallyadj. notconsistent;irregularsyn. erratic

Theradiocommunicationsweresubjecttosporadicsunspotinterference.ViolentstormsoccursporadicallyintheSouthwest.

superiorn. superiorityadj. excellentquality;abovealltherestsyn. exceptional

Thisisasuperiorfossilofatrilobite.Therestaurant’ssuperioritywasestablishedshortlyafteritopened.

truncateadj. truncatedv. toshorten;toendsomethingsuddenlysyn. cut

Thetelevisionprogramwastruncatedbecausethesoccermatchwentintoextratime.Thepublishersofthenewspaperaskedthewritertotruncateherreport.

wantonadv. wantonlyadj. donewithoutthoughtorconsideration;grosslynegligentsyn. senseless

Herwantondisregardoftheruleswasunexplainable.Thejealousmanwaswantonlyimpolitetothewinner.

weakadv. weaklyv. weakenn. weakness

adj. notstrong;incapablesyn. ineffective

Theweaklightwasinadequateforreading.Mostpeoplehaveatleastoneareaofweakness.

widespreadadj. foundeverywheresyn. extensive

ThereisawidespreadrumorthattherewillbenoclassnextThursday.Thepoliticalinfluenceofthedevelopedcountriesoftheworldiswidespread.

wisdomadv. wiselyadj. wisen. knowledgeandunderstandingsyn. insight

Itisoftensaidthatwisdomistheproductofexperience.Itwasawisedecisionforyoutobuyacar.

witticismadv. wittilyadj. wittyn. witn. wittinessn. ajoke;afunnystorysyn. humor

Hiswitticismscaptivatedtheaudience.MarkTwainwasfamousforhissharpwit.

woov. tomakeeffortstoattainorgainsomethingsyn. attract

Thedirectorstriedtowoothesupportoftheunion.Theopponentsoftheproposedhighwaywooednearbyresidentstodefendtheir

position.

MATCHING

Choosethesynonym.

1.astute(A)acknowledge(B)extensive(C)clever(D)weak

2.sporadic(A)prophetic(B)intrinsic(C)erratic(D)archaic

3.relinquish(A)recover(B)disperse(C)forfeit(D)deplete

4.persevering(A)enduring(B)ineffective(C)secure(D)sincere

5.superior(A)prosperous(B)sustained(C)superficial(D)exceptional

6.truncate(A)impress(B)cut(C)uphold

(D)postpone

7.precarious(A)peculiar(B)dangerous(C)widespread(D)aggravating

8.persuade(A)convince(B)conform(C)confirm(D)conceal

9.wisdom(A)acceleration(B)insight(C)caution(D)marvel

10.intense(A)instant(B)hazardous(C)severe(D)robust


1.ThecirculationwarofthetabloidsthattookplaceinNewYorkCityinthe1920swascopiedinBritaininthe1930s.Thisbroughtnumerouscirculation-boostingschemes.Prizesforreaderswereintroducedinthe1890sandhadbecomepopularmeasurestowoonewsubscribersbythe1900s.AlthoughthepracticewascondemnedbytheNewspaperProprietors’Association,giftschemesgrewalongwiththenumberofnewspapersformanyyears.Theycontinuetoday.

Thewordwoointhepassageisclosestinmeaningto forfeit attractconvince deceive 2. Intensity, intimacy, and omnipresence have beenidentifiedasthedistinctivecharacteristicsofthemotion-pictureimage.Itsintensity stems from its power to capture the complete attention of thetheatergoer. Outside the theater, a person’s attention is usually dividedamong the elementsof the limitless reality aroundhimorher, except forsporadic moments of concentration on what is selected for closerexamination.

Thewordsporadicinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto occasionalcharismatic recurrent splendid 3. Established in 1942, the Voice ofAmericaistheinternationalradionetworkoftheU.S.InformationAgency.Its charge is thewidespread decree of a favorable understanding of theUnitedStatesabroad.Itachievesthistaskwithawiderangeofprograms,includingnews,editorials,features,andmusic.TheVOAhasestablishedalong-term modernization plan to increase its number of broadcastinglanguagesfrom42to60.

Thewordwidespreadinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto unlimiteddiscernible extensive alluring 4. Jellyfish feed on organisms such asplankton, fish, and other jellyfish. They capture their prey by usingnematocysts, small stinging organs found on their tentacles. Theirmovement is produced through rhythmic contractions of the bell’sperimetersurface,whichdischargeswater.Thiscauseswater tomove theanimal forward by jet propulsion. Some varieties of jellyfish are able to

swimwell,butmostareweakswimmersthatdriftwithseacurrents.

The wordweak in the passage is closest in meaning to ineffectivechaotic harmful agile 5.During his administration, Thomas Jeffersonpursued a policy of expansion.He seized an opportunitywhenNapoleonBonaparte decided to forfeit French ambitions in North America byoffering the Louisiana Territory for sale. This remarkable acquisition,purchased for a few cents per acre, more than doubled the area of theUnited States. Jefferson had no constitutional right to complete thetransaction.Nevertheless,hemadeuptherulesashewentalong,broadlyinterpretingtheConstitution.

Theword forfeit in the passage is closest in meaning to acceleraterestrain relinquish disrupt 6. In some countries, high-speed driving isseverely punished, while in others speed is ignored, tolerated, orencouraged.Forexample,Frenchpolicefinedriversasmuchas380eurosonthespotfordrivingmorethan110kilometersperhour,whilethefamousGermanexpresswayknownasthe“Autobahn”hasnospeedlimit,althoughsectionsofitmayhaverecommendedlimits.Thelackofaspeedlimitandlighterpolicesurveillanceturnmanydriversintoskillfulcompetitors.

Instating thathigh-speeddriving isseverelypunished, the authormeansthat offendersaresuretobearrestedatonce.

exceedingthelimitcarriesthedeathpenalty.authoritiesimposealargefine.speedingisofficiallyencouraged.

7.AsaU.S.congressman,DavyCrockettwonareputationasawitty,shrewd,andoutspokenbackwoodsman.ItwasinWashingtonthatthelegendofthismanasacoonskin-hattedbearhunterandtall-taletellerwascreated.There,hispoliticalalliespromotedthisimagesohecouldcompetewithPresidentJackson’simageasademocrat.

Thewordwittyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto robust scatteredhumorous instinctive 8. The volcanic areas of southern Guatemala

containsomeofthenation’smostrichestsoils.However,thenorthernpartsofthisregionareparticularlysubjecttoerosionencouragedbysteepslopesanddeforestation.WithintheSierraregion,heavierrainfallcombinedwith

thinnersoilsonthesteepslopesandthewantondestructionofforestshaveledtowidespreaderosion.

Thewordwanton in the passage is closest inmeaning to senselesssustained proportional outlandish 9. In all the Apache groups, thefamily structure was matrilocal. The women cared for the children,gathered plant food, and collected firewood and water. The men of thefamily hunted, fought, raided, andmadeweapons and shields. Themostpersuasive,tenacious,andsuccessfulfamilyheadsbecameApacheleaders.Those in authoritywere chosenbecause theyhadpersonalcharisma andsuccessinwarfare.

Thewordcharismainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto obligationsfallacies appeal capriciousness 10. Bishop Wright profoundlyinfluenced the lives of his children.Wilbur andOrville, like their father,wereindependentthinkers.Theyhaddeepconfidenceintheirowntalents,and an unwavering faith in the soundness of their judgment. They weretaught to endure difficulties and continue in the face of disappointment.Thosequalities,whencombinedwith theirunique talents,help toexplaintheaccomplishmentsoftheWrightbrothersasinventors.

The word endure in the passage is closest in meaning to disguiseendorse reject persevere

CHAPTER6

THEiBTPRACTICETEST

GENERALDIRECTIONSEssentialWordsfortheTOEFLprovidesyouwitha39-itemTOEFLpracticetestfor the reading section of the iBT. This section tests reading comprehension,includingspecificvocabularyitemsandwholephrasesorwordsincombination.The ITPTOEFLcontains40–50 items in theReadingComprehension section,whiletheiBTcontains36to70itemsinthissection.ThistestcontainsthekindsofpassagesthatarelikelytobefoundontheiBT.Eachpassageisfollowedby12 questions. The iBT version contains the same kinds of items found on thepaper-basedversion,plus someadditional item formats.Thus, this testwill behelpfultoyouregardlessofwhichversionoftheTOEFLyouplantotake.Afteryouhavestudiedthevocabularylessonsinthisbook,takethetestina

singlesitting.Usingawatchoraclock,timeyourselfwhentakingthetest.Writedownonapieceofpaperyour start timeand the timeatwhichyouwill stop.Allowyourself60minutestotakethetest.Usethefull60minutes.Ifyoufinishearly,gobackandcheckyourwork,followingthehelpfulstrategiesandhintsfortesttakerscoveredinChapter1andChapter2ofthisbook.When taking the test, follow the directions for each question. Formultiple-

choice questions, circle the correct answer in your book. For other types ofquestions,doasindicated.Althoughthistestisnotadministeredonacomputer,everyefforthasbeenmadetomakeitliketheiBTversionoftheTOEFL.Afteryou take the test, score itusing theanswerkeyprovided in thisbook.

Foreachvocabularyitemyouanswerincorrectly,lookupthewordtestedinthisbook.Trytounderstandwhyyoumadethemistakesoyouwon’tmakeitagain.Ifnecessary, lookupthetestedwordor theoptions inyourEnglishdictionary.Thiswillprovideyouwithadditionalinformationonthemeaningofthewordindifferent contexts, and perhaps another example sentence demonstrating itsusage.For information on interpreting your performance and converting it to the

TOEFLscale,followthedirectionsinScoringYouriBTPracticeReadingTestattheendofthischapter.Now,reviewChapters1and2;then,writedownyourstartingtime,andtake

theTOEFLPracticeTest,ReadingComprehensionsection.

iBTREADINGSECTION

InthissectionoftheiBTyouwillreadthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedby13questions.Youshouldanswerallquestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimplied in thepassage.Youwillbeasked toperformavarietyof tasks in thissection.Read and follow the directions for each test question carefully beforeyou answer. After you have completed this test, you may refer to the ScoreConversion Table to determine your approximate iBT or ITP score for theReadingComprehensionsectionoftheTOEFL.

Questions1–13

TransportationAkeycomponentofanyvigorouseconomicsystemisitstransportationsystem.Thegrowthoftheabilityandneedtotransportlargequantitiesofgoodsornumbersofpeopleoverlongdistancesathighspeedsincomfortandsafetyhasbeenanindexofcivilizationand,inparticular,of

(5) technologicalprogress.Communicationandcommercearefacilitatedbythesmoothandrapidmovementofgoodsandpeoplefromoneplacetoanother.Suchmovementrequiresawell-developedinfrastructure.Theterm“infrastructure”isusedtodescribeallthefacilitiesthataneconomicsystemhasinplace,inclusiveofitsnetworkofroadways,railroads,

(10) andports,aswellasthevehiclesandvesselstousethem.Thesefacilitiesmustbeinplacebeforetradecanbehandledonaregularbasis.Transportationsystemsarenecessaryinorderforgoodstoreachmarketswheretheycanbesoldorexchangedforothermerchandiseorservices,andforconsumerstoreachthosegoods.

(15) Therearemanyestablishedbenefitsassociatedwithawell-developedinfrastructure.Infrastructureallowseachgeographicareatoproduceitsgoodsandthentotradeitsproductswithotherregions.[A ]Inadditiontodirect,orback-and-forthtrading,itisalsopossibletousetransportationtolinkanumberofdifferentstepsintheproductionprocess,

(20) eachoccurringatadifferentgeographicsite.Forexample,carpartsmaybemanufacturedatvarioussites,andthenshippedtoandassembledinonespecific,strategicallylocatedsite,whichisdesignedtofacilitateassemblyanddistributionofthecars.Distancesareerasedbyspeedymeansoftransportation.[B ]For

(25) example,airtransportallowsperishablefoodstobedistributedtolargermarketareas.Inadditiontowell-developedsystemsofroadsthatallowworkerstoreachtheirjobsitesquicklyandefficiently,thusenhancingtheopportunitiesforimprovementstoworkerproductivity,awell-developedinfrastructurealsomakesitpossibleforaproducerto

(30) reachalargernumberofmarketsovergreatdistances.Thismeansthatthequantityofproductioncanbelargeenoughtopromoteproductioneconomiesofscaleascompaniescanincreasetheircustomerbaseoverawidegeographicalarea.Theconsumeralsobenefitsfromtheefficientuseasawell-developed

(35) infrastructure.Transportationnetworksmakemarketsmorecompetitive.[C ]Atransportationsystemimprovesthewaygoodsandservicesareusedbecauseitwidensthenumberofopportunitiesforsuppliersandbuyerstotradegoodsandservices.Thisphenomenonincreasesavailabilityandpromotespricingcompetitiontothebenefitoftheconsumer.

(40) Transportationprojectshaveprovedtobeafertilegroundforinvestors,inventors,innovators,andentrepreneurs.[D ]MuchofthevigorousgrowthintheeconomiesoftheUnitedStatesandothercountriesinthetwentiethcenturycanbedirectlyattributedtothedevelopmentoftransportation.Take,forexamplethedevelopmentoftheU.S.

(45) railandroadsystems.Duringthemid-nineteenthcentury,railwaysexpandedwestward,

bringingwiththemdevelopment.Thepresenceoftherailroadspurredthegrowthoftowns,whichwereclusteredaroundrailroadlines.Thesetownsquicklybecamecities.Then,asthesecitiesgrew,streetcarand

(50) buslineswithinthecitiesattracteddevelopment.Theselinesweredeemedsovaluablethatcompaniesweresometimesbribedbylanddeveloperstohavenewlinesservetheirundevelopedland,thusincreasingitsvalue.Eventuallythedevelopmentofinfrastructuremadeitpossibleforcity

(55) dwellerstofleethecentralcity,givingbirthtomassiveresidentialsubdivisions

locatedinareasjustoutsidecitylimits.

Withtheadventofautomobileandtrucktransportation,theneedaroseforameansofswiftandsafepassagefromonecitytoanother.Inthe1930sand’40s,anationalsystemofroadsemerged,constructedby

(60) thefederalgovernment.However,thisnationalsystemofroadswasillequippedtohandleincreasingvolumesofautotrafficandcommerce.Consequently,themammothU.S.InterstateHighwaysystemwasdevelopedinresponsetostrongpublicpressuresinthe1950sforabetterroadsystem.TheClayCommittee,establishedbyPresidentDwight

(65) Eisenhower,studiedthefeasibilityofconstructinganewfederalhighwaysystem.Itrecommendedthataninterstatehighwaysystembeconstructedwithfederalfunding.Takingmorethan25yearstoconstruct,theinterstatehighwaysystemreachedatotallengthofmorethan45,000miles,connectingnearlyallofthemajorcitiesintheUnited

(70) Statesandcarryingmorethan20percentofthenation’strafficonslightlymorethan1percentofthetotalroadandstreetsystem.

1. Why does the author give the example of the car manufacturingprocessinparagraph2?To explain the importanceof a goodgeographical location for abusiness Todemonstratehowregionalmanufacturingstrengthscancontribute to themanufacturingprocess Topointout thebenefits of a strategic location for a business To define therelationshipbetweentheassemblyprocessanddistributionofthefinalproduct2.Lookatthefoursquares[ ]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencecouldbeinsertedintothepassage:Thankstowell-developed infrastructures,productssuchas freshfruitsandvegetablesfromaroundtheworldcanbefoundontheshelvesofmanymoderngrocerystores.


*For INTERNET-BASED TOEFL, click on a [ ] to insert thesentenceintothepassage.

3.Thewordspurredinline47isclosestinmeaningto stimulatedcontrolled

hinderedspread

4. The phrase This phenomenon in line 38 refers to the use oftransportationsystems. the improvement in the way merchandise and services aredelivered.

theincreaseinthenumberofopportunitiesfortrade.thepricingcompetitionthatresultsfromefficientmodelsoftrade.

5. According to the passage, all of the following are mentioned asbenefitsofagoodsystemoftransportationEXCEPT: Merchandisearrivesfastertothemarketplace.Increasedpricecompetitionbenefitsconsumers.Agreaterselectionofgoodsisavailabletotheconsumer.Goodinfrastructuremayprovideemploymentopportunities.

6. According to the author, what caused the expansion of the UnitedStatestowardthewest?Theavailabilityofgoodsandservicesfromthelocalpopulationswholivedthere Thehighvalueoflandaroundcities

TheexpansionoftherailroadsystemMovementawayfromlargecitiesintosuburbs

7.Thetermonaregularbasisinlines11and12isclosestinmeaningto dailyeffectivelywellproductively

8. Which of the following sentences best expresses the essentialinformation in the sentence below? Incorrect answer choices omitimportantinformationorchangethemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceinanimportantway.

Inadditiontowell-developedsystemsofroadsthatallowworkerstoreach their job sites quickly and efficiently, thus enhancing the

opportunities for improvements to worker productivity, a well-developed infrastructure also makes it possible to reach a largernumberofmarketsovergreatdistances.Ahighlydevelopedsystemofroadsnotonlyallowsemployeestoreachtheir jobsitesmorequickly,butalsolimitsthenumberofmarketsaspecificindustrycanserve.

Alongwith the possibility of facilitating access to jobsites andenhancingworkerproductivity,ahighlydevelopedinfrastructuregives businesses greater access to develop distant markets fortheirproducts.

Worker productivity can be improved when employees haveaccess to good roads and public transportation,which can givebusinesses improved access to a larger pool of potentialemployees.

Improvements to worker productivity depend upon a singlesystemof transportationthatgives industrycompleteaccessnotonlytolocal,butalsotodistantmarkets.

9.Accordingto theauthor,whywasasystemof interstatehighwaysanecessity?Becausestreetcarandbuslineswereinadequate Becausefederalfundingwasavailableatthetime Becauseofanincreaseincarownership and interstate commerce Because the ClayCommitteerecommendeditsconstruction10.Thewordfertileinline40isclosestinmeaningto risky

expansiveexcitingproductive

11.Accordingtothedefinitionofinfrastructureinthepassage,allofthefollowingareexamplesofinfrastructureEXCEPT: restaurantsbridgesbicyclesjets

12.Whydoestheauthormentioneconomiesofscaleinparagraph3?

To explain the importance of business competition TodemonstratehowsmallbusinessescangrowintolargecompaniesTopointouthowconsumerscanbenefitfrompricecompetitionTo highlight the need for infrastructure improvements and

maintenance 13. Directions: An introduction for a shortsummaryof thepassageappearsbelow.Complete the summaryby selecting THREE answer choices that mention the mostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotincludedinthepassageorareminorpointsfromthepassage.


Thegrowthofavigorouseconomicsystemdependsupontheextenttowhichitstransportationsystemisdeveloped.

•

•

•

The infrastructuremustbewellorganized tosupportproductionandaccesstonewmarkets.

Rail transportation allows goods to be transported over longdistances.

Well-developedinfrastructurepromotesbusinessopportunitiesforinvestors,entrepreneurs,andinnovators.

Good roads allowed city dwellers to escape from the hecticlifestyleofthecity.

Roadprojects, suchas theU.S. interstatehighwaysystem,havefacilitated quick and efficient transportation across longdistances,thusenhancingeconomicactivity.

The consumer benefits from efficient transportation systemsbecausethecostofgoodsandservicesisreduced.

Questions14–26

Nursing

Theadvancementofthenobleprofessionofnursinghasitsoriginsintwosources,onescientific,theothersocial.FromtheperiodoftheRenaissancetotheeighteenthcentury,therewaslittleadvancementinthefieldofmedicalscience.However,therewasanexplosionofdiscovery

(5) duringthenineteenthcentury.Atthattime,germswerediscoveredastheleadingcauseofdeath.Hencethe“germtheory”ofdiseasewasdevelopedandmethodsofpreventingandtreatinginfectiousdiseaseswerediscovered.Inaddition,anesthesiawasdiscovered.Sincethetimeoftheseadvancements,thesheervolumeofmedicalknowledgehas

(10) challengedhealthcareprofessionalstokeepabreastofthelatestdevelopmentsinthefieldofmedicine.Infact,medicalresearchhasproducedmoremedicalandhealthknowledgesincethe1950sthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Thisexpandingmassofnewinformationtobeappliedbyhealthservicesworkershaschallengedtheeducationalsystems

(15) forphysicians,nurses,andotherhealthcareprofessionals,andappliedpressureonthedeliverysystemofservicestoapublicthatisbetterinformedabouthealthcareissues.Thismedicalrenaissancecreatedanimmediateneedforcaregivers

whocouldbettermeettheeverydayneedsofthesickandwounded.This(20) needgavebirthtomodernnursing.Beforethisexplosionofinformation,

nursingwasviewedasaprofessionwithlowstatus.Thisperceptionwasaproductofthenatureofthedutiesrelatedtothegeneralhygieneandpsychologicalneedsofpatientsthatnursesperformed.Ingeneral,onlylesseducatedwomenelectedtopursuenursing.

(25) However,duringthenineteenthcentury,therewasamovementtowardtheelevationofthestatusofnursingledbyFlorenceNightingale.Nightingalewasaformidablefigurewhohadastrongbackgroundinscience,mathematics,andpoliticaleconomics.Sheresearchednursingpracticesofseveralcountries,formulatedideasabouttheemergentrole

(30) ofnursing,andwroteextensivelyonthechangesthatnursinghadtoundergotomeetthehealthcarechallengesofhertime.HerworkattractedtheattentionofBritishgovernmentofficials.In

1854,Nightingalewasaskedtogotocountrieswheretheabsenceofsewers,launderingfacilities,nutritionalinformation,organizedmedical

(35) services,andnursingledtodeathratesofmorethan50percentamongthesickandwounded.

Theservicesthatshe,andthenurseswhomsherecruited,performed,broughtaboutsufficientimprovementtolowerthedeathratestolessthanthreepercentinsomeofthecountrieswhereshesetupnursing

(40) programs.Asaresultofherwork,FlorenceNightingalereceivedseveralmonetarygiftswhichsheusedtoestablishschoolsofnursingatSt.Thomas’sHospitalinLondon.FlorenceNightingalebelievednursingtobeasuitableandworthy

careerforcapable,trainedwomen,andthatnursingserviceshadtobe(45) administeredbyprofessionalswithspecialpreparation.Sheinsisted

thattherewasasubstantialbodyofknowledgeandrangeofskillstobelearnedinnursingandthatskilledandknowledgeableprofessionalshadtobepreparedforhospitalnursingandcareofthesickathome,iftheyweretoteachgoodhealthpracticestopatientsandfamilies.[A ]

(50) Shestronglybelievedthatateamrelationshiphadtobepresentbetweenphysiciansandnursesinorderforpatientneedstobemet.Shemaintainedthatschoolsofnursingshouldbeestablishedbynursesandphysiciansaspartofthehospitalworkforce.LargelybecauseofNightingale’sefforts,bytheendofthenineteenth

(55) century,thestatusofthenursingprofessionhadbeenelevated.[B ]AndtheideathatanurseneededtobeeducatedandtrainedhadspreadtomostoftheWesternworld.[C ]Modernnursingeducationhashadtochangedramaticallytoprepare

nursesfortheirexpandedroles.[D ]Traditionalhospital-basednursing(60) schoolsdonotprovidecommunitynursingexperience,norcanthey

offertheliberalartscurriculumoftheuniversity.Moreover,traditionalnursingschoolshavetendedtoisolatestudentsfromthemainstreamofhighereducation.Tocorrectthissituation,nursingeducationisnowincreasinglyfoundinacademicratherthaninclinicalsettingsdedicated

(65) solelytotrainingnurses.Indeed,insomecountries,thetrainingofnurseshasmovedexclusivelyintouniversities.

14. According to the passage, all of the following are true ofNightingale’sviewsonnursingEXCEPT: Therolesofnurseshadtobeexpanded.Theprofessionhadtoattracteducatedprofessionals.Nursinghadtobetaughtatuniversities.

Nursingcouldgreatlyimprovesurvivalrates.

15.Thewordemergentinline29isclosestinmeaningto developingincreasingimportantvaried

16.Whydoestheauthormentionthe“GermTheory?” To explain how the theory helped to discover anesthesia Toillustrateanimportantstepinthetreatmentandidentificationofdiseases Toidentifytheoriginofgermsandwaystoeradicatethem Toexplainhowdiagnosesbecamemorereliable

17.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutnursingtrainingbeforethenineteenthcentury? Nurses were poorly trained, receiving little or no professionalpreparation.

Nurseswereprovidedwithonlyabasicliberalartseducation.Nursesweremainlytrainedincommunityhealthsettings.Nursesweretrainedinschoolswhoseeducationalprogramshadanarrowfocus.

18.Thewordsheerinline9isclosestinmeaningto totalpreviousuniquesurprising

19.Lookatthefoursquares[ ]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencecouldbeinsertedintothepassage:Infact,asaresultoftheadvancesin nursing, nurses have followed doctors into specialties, includingpediatrics, surgery, orthopedics, ophthalmology, psychiatry, andpublichealth.



20. Which of the following sentences best expresses the essentialinformation in the sentence below? Incorrect answer choices omitimportantinformationorchangethemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceinanimportantway.

The expanding mass of new medical and health knowledge to beapplied by health services workers has compelled educationalsystemsforphysicians,nurses,andotherhealthcareproviderstostayup-to-date, and has applied pressure on the delivery system ofservicestoapublicthatiswellinformedabouthealthcareissues. Alongwith thegrowthof healthcare knowledge,manydoctors,nurses,andhealthcareeducationalinstitutionsfinditchallengingtokeepupwiththelatestadvancesinmedicine.

As the general public ages and becomes more informed abouthealthcare issues, medical professionals have felt considerablepressure to expand the capacity of healthcare clinics andhospitals and to provide for better education of healthcareworkers.

The demands placed on healthcare workers and educationalinstitutionsby themassofnewhealthcare information,has led,in addition to patients who are better informed, to increasedpressure on schools, clinics and hospitals to deliver qualityhealthcare.

The extreme volume of medical information available to thepublic has challenged medical institutions to maintain a highstandardofqualityhealthcaredeliveredbywell-trainedmedicalprofessionals.

21.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheresultsofNightingale’sworkinothercountries? Nursing programs in needy countries were immediatelyestablished.

Theneedforprofessionalnursingtrainingwasacknowledged.Othercountriessetupprogramstofightmajordiseases.Cleanwaterwasidentifiedasakeyelementtohealthyliving.

22.Basedontheinformationinparagraph1,whichofthefollowingbest

explainsthetermtokeepabreastof?tounderstandtoimplementtostayup-to-datetoexplain

23.Allofthefollowingstatementsapplytothefieldofmedicineintheeighteenth century EXCEPT: Doctors often had insufficientinformationtomakegooddiagnoses.Itwasdifficulttoidentifythecausesofillnesses.Medicaltreatmentswerenotreliable.Germswerediscoveredastheleadingcauseofdeath.

24. According to paragraph 8, which of the following is true aboutmodernnursingtraining?Traditionalnursingschoolsremainastheonlytraininggroundfornurses.

Traditional nursing schools are being replaced by colleges anduniversitiesinmanycountries.

Nursingplansofstudyareexclusivelyfocusedoncertainareasofspecialization.

Clinical settings are the most important settings for nursingeducationprograms.

25.ThephraseThisperception in line21refers to theviewthat theexplosionofhealthinformationwouldbenefitpatients.thenotionthatnursingwasnotanimportantprofession.theideathatnurseswerenotwelleducated.theimpressionthatonlywomenwouldchoosetobecomenurses.

26.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passageappearsbelow.Complete thesummarybyselectingTHREEanswerchoicesthatmentionthemostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpress ideasthat are not included in the passage or are minor points from thepassage.


Overtheyears,nursing’sstatusasaprofessionhasbeenelevatedinthe western world from one of a menial, female dominatedprofession, requiring little education, to a highly respected job,requiringspecificskillsandknowledge.

•

•

•

Despite the emerging importance of the nursing profession,modern programs designed to professionally prepare nurses forthe workplace are largely relegated to small, private, hospital-basednursingschools.

LongpromotedbyFlorenceNightingale,theideathatnursingnotonly involved considerable knowledge of a large body ofinformation,butalsospecificskillsinordertodeliverhealthcaretopatients,finallygainedacceptanceinthewesternworld.

The “germ theory” generated an explosion of the medicalknowledgebasewhich, inturn,createdtheneedforanincreaseinthenumberofdoctorsandskilledhealthcareproviders.

DuetotheeffortsofprofessionalssuchasFlorenceNightingale,the idea that nursing is a demanding profession, requiringspecific knowledge and training, has spread across the entireglobe.

Nightingaleinsistedthatapatient’sneedscouldonlybemetifateamrelationshipwasnurturedbetweennursesanddoctors.

Nursing education programs have now expanded from small,hospital-based nursing schools to universities and colleges,giving further recognition to the idea that nursing is a keycomponentofthehealthcaresystem.

Questions27–39

SkyscrapersTheskyscraperwasborninthelatenineteenthcentury,butitwasn’t

borninthatastoundingcitybestknownforiconicskyscrapers,NewYorkCity,homeoftheEmpireStateBuilding.Rather,itwasmuchfartherwest,alongthewesternedgeofLakeMichigan,thatmodernurban

(5) architecture’smoststrikinginnovationfirsttookshape.Priortothe1870s,U.S.architectslookedtoEuropefortheirmodels

andinspiration.Fordecades,theirstylesderivedfromEuropeanhistory.[A ]Townhouses,churches,andbanksthatresembledEuropeantemples,cathedrals,andcastleswerethenorm.[B ]Meanwhile,advances

(10) inengineering,andparticularlyintheuseoftough,flexiblesteelstructurescalledskeletalframes,wereopeningaradicalalternative—namely,thepossibilityofputtingtheskeletonupfirstandhangingabuilding’sexteriorsheathontheframelikeacoatdrapedonahanger.[C ]Oncethatdesignbreakthroughhadbeenachieved,itwaspossibletoimagine

(15) structuresthatcouldgrowtallerbecausetheirweightwassuspendedanddistributedacrossaframework.Itmadeanentirelydifferentcityscapeimaginable.[D ]Chicagowasincorporatedasacityin1837,butitwastherailroad

thateventuallyjoinedtheEastandWestCoastsandputthecityonthe(20) mapeconomically.Therailroadmadeitpossibletotransportbeefcattle

fromtheremoteplainslyingtothewestviathestockyardsinChicagototheslaughterhousesandkitchensinheavilypopulatedEasterncities.Despiteafirethatguttedthecity’sdowntownin1871,itsoonbecameaboomtownagain,hometobigbusinessandinternationalbanking,and

(25) commercialbuildingsconstructedonarevolutionaryprinciple.EconomicconditionsandsocialattitudesinChicagofavoredthebirth

ofanew,assertivearchitecture.Atthecity’scommercialcore,landwasatapremium:propertyvalueshadsoaredafterthedowntownwasrebuiltandunrelentingwestwardexpansioncontinuedtofuelthecity’s

(30) robusteconomy.Thus,anyplantobuildtaller,morenarrowbuildingswasboundtoattractcapitalinvestment.Manyrefugeesfleeinghardtimes,unrest,andeconomicuncertaintyinEuropeandelsewherehadflockedtoChicagotofindwork,andbiggerbuildingsmeantmoreworkandademandformoreworkers.Tallerbuildingsalsoappealedto

(35) Chicago’senergeticbusinesscommunity.Thecityhadgrownupquickly,ithadrecoveredfromafire,ithadprovenitselftobeatoughsurvivor,andnowthetimehadcometodeclareitspreeminence.Itwas

timeforChicagotoclaimtheheights.SkeletalframingwasfirstusedintheWesternUnionTelegraphBuilding

(40) in1873,butitreallytookoffasastructuralprincipleonceLouisSullivanarrivedinChicagoin1875.LouisHenriSullivanwasaBostonianwhohadstudiedarchitectureattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)andinParis.Inthenext40years,hewoulddesigndozensofbuildings,primarilyintheMidwest—theAuditoriumBuilding

(45) (1889),theWainwrightBuilding(1891),theCarsonPirieScottDepartmentStore(1904),theNationalFarmers’Bank(1908).Thoughmanywereonlyafewstorieshigh,Sullivan’sdesignapproachclearlyshowedthattallerbuildingswerenowpossible.Bydistributingabuilding’sweightacrossitssteelunderpinning,hewasabletobuildamoresolid

(50) structurethatcouldsupportgreaterheights.Later,hisfamousaxiom—“formfollowsfunction”—wouldbeadoptedbymanyarchitects.Itmeansthatarchitectsshouldstartwiththefunctionofabuildinginmind,notitsdecorativepotential,andrepresentthatfunctionhonestlyinthebuilding’sdesign.Insteadofsmotheringbuildingsinalotofhistorical

(55) detail,architectsafterSullivanwouldproudlydesignbuildingsthatrevealedhowtheywereconstructedandwhatwasgoingoninside.Bythetimehediedin1924,hehadreplacedanineteenth-centurypreferencefordisguisedandhorizontalbuildingswiththebeliefthatbuildingheightismainlylimitedbyalackofimagination.TheSearsTower,

(60) erected100yearsaftertheWesternUnionTelegraphBuilding,andforatimetheworld’stallestbuilding,waspartofhislegacy.Today,skyscrapersarefoundallovertheworld.Bytheendofthe

twentiethcentury,thetallestonewasnolongerinChicago,oreventheUnitedStates.Thetallestintheworld,at452meters,wasthePetronas

(65) TowerinMalaysia.Buttheskyscraperhadstartedmoremodestlyalongtimebeforethatinatough,enterprisingcityonalake.Itsprangfromtheinsightthatbuildingsdidn’thavetoriseslowly,stonebystone,fromthebottomup.Instead,theycouldbehungonpowerfulsteelframesandtherebysoartounimaginedheights.

27.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?ChicagowasapowerfulU.S.businesshubinthelate1800s.Skyscrapersareindicatorsofeconomicgrowthandtechnological

innovation.TheskyscraperwasanoutgrowthofEuropeanarchitecturalstyles. Louis Sullivan was an important architect in the nineteenthcentury.

28.Whichfactorledtotheconstructionoftallerbuildings?therevivaloftraditionalconstructiontechniques anemphasisonthefunctionofthebuildingtobeconstructed aneedformorespaceincrowdedcities

thedevelopmentofskeletalframingconstructionmethods29.Thewordstrikinginline5isclosestinmeaningto interesting

prominentpeculiarappealing

30.Thewordpreeminenceinline37isclosestinmeaningto honorlegitimacypositionsupremacy

31.All of the following arementioned in the reading as factors in theemergence of the skyscraper as a building type in the nineteenthcentury EXCEPT: The railroad gave Chicago a big economicboost.Skeletalframingwasusedinbuildingcathedrals.Sullivantookadvantageofstructuralinnovations.Fundswereavailableforrealestateinvestment.

32. Why does the author state that Chicago proved to be a toughsurvivor? Because Chicago received many refugees looking for betteropportunities.

BecauseChicagothrivedduetofavorablecircumstances.BecauseChicagoendureddifficultsituations.BecauseChicagolostjobsastherailroadreachedcompletion.

33.Thewordcoreinline27isclosestinmeaningto architecturebusinesseconomycenter

34.Thewordexpansioninline29isclosestinmeaningto isolationdistributionmovementgrowth

35. In stating that form follows function in line 51, the authormeansthat the design of a building should hide or disguise its truepurpose.stresspurposeoverappearance.stressappearanceoverpurpose.revealthearchitect’spersonality.

36. With which of the following statements would the author of thereadingpassagemostprobablyagree?Innovationalwaysstemsfromasinglecause.Engineeringcansometimesinspirearchitects.Chanceistheprimarymotivationforchange.Architectsalwaysfollowpopularpreferences.

37.Lookatthefoursquares[ ]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencecould be inserted into the passage: These structureswere typicallymadeofstoneandbuiltfromthegroundup,likethepyramids,blockbyblock.



38.What can be inferred from the passage about Chicago’s economicsuccess?Chicagowouldnothavedevelopedmuchwithoutthepresenceof

therailroad.Chicagowasdestinedtobecomethehomeofthefirstskyscraper.Chicago’seconomicpowerwasaresultofinnovativearchitecture. Chicago’s modern architecture closely resembles that of oldEuropeanstyles.

39.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passageappearsbelow.Complete thesummarybyselectingTHREEanswerchoicesthatmentionthemostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpress ideasthat are not included in the passage or are minor points from thepassage.


The development of the distinct architectural styles of skyscraperswas influenced by traditional preferences, and advances intechnologyandengineering.

•

•

•

Innovationsinengineeringpermittedbuildingstobeconstructedupon steel frames, which allowed for an even distribution ofweight,whichconsequentlymadeconstructionoftallerbuildingspossible.

Skeletal framingwas first used in Chicago, where theWesternUnion Telegraph Building was constructed in 1873 and theFarmer’sNationalBankin1908.

Modern social and economic attitudes have encouraged thedesigners of modern day skyscrapers to build even higheredifices.

A pivotal change of thought about building construction wasintroduced by Louis Sullivan, whose “form follows function”approach was adopted by many architects who desired toconstructfunctionalbuildings.

In the early stages, architects were limited by antiquatedconstruction methods and traditional building styles found inEurope.

Inthemodernage,mostarchitectsfirstconsideredthedecorativedesignoftheirbuildings,ratherthantheirfunction.

ANSWERSTOiBTPRACTICETEST

1.B

2.B

3.A

4.C

5.D

6.C

7.A

8.B

9.C

10.D

11.A

12.B

13.ACE

14.B

15.A

16.B

17.A

18.A

19.D

20.C

21.B

22.C

23.D

24.B

25.B

26.BCF

27.C

28.D

29.B

30.D

31.B

32.C

33.D

34.D

35.B

36.B

37.B

38.A

39.ADE

SCORINGYOURiBTPRACTICETEST

EssentialWordsfortheTOEFLcontainsapracticetest.Thistestisprovidedsoyou may determine what effect the study of this book has had on yourknowledge of TOEFL vocabulary and on your ability to answer vocabularyquestions in the TOEFL format. The test will also provide you with a fairlyaccurateestimateofhowyouwoulddoonSection3oftheTOEFL.To score your iBT Practice Reading Test, please follow the procedures

describedbelow.SincethisisaneBook,youwillhavetouseaseparatepieceofpaper.

1.Gotothekey(listofcorrectanswers)forthetest.It is locatedatthetopofthispage.

2.Scorethetestusingthekey.PlaceaCnexttoeachcorrectanswerinthebook.

3.CountthenumberofcorrectanswersandwritethatnumberinthespacecalledNumberCorrectbelow.

NumberCorrect iBTScaleScore ITPTOEFLScaleScore___________________ ___________________ ___________________

4.Now,go to theScoreConversionTables, andFindyourNumberCorrect Score in the left column. Using a ruler or straightedge,drawalineunderyourscoreandacrosstothecentercolumntofindthe iBT Scale Score that corresponds to your Number CorrectScore.Writethatnumberinthespaceabove.

5.Now, in the right column, find the ITPTOEFL Scale Score thatcorresponds toyourNumberCorrectScore.Write that number inthespaceabovewhereitsaysITPTOEFLScaleScore.

Nowlet’spractice theseprocedures inorder toverify thatyouarefollowingthem correctly. Suppose on the Practice iBT you answered 25 questionscorrectly. According to the chart, your iBT Scale Score would be 20. Your

readingscoreisapproximately25percentofyouriBTscore.WhenyoutaketheTOEFLatanofficialadministration,ifyourscoreonthe

ReadingsectionisdifferentfromyourScaleScoreontheiBTortheITPTOEFLReading Practice Test, the difference is probably due to the fact that on anygiven day and on any given set of items your performancewill vary slightly.However, your Scale Score will probably not vary bymore than three pointsfromthescoreyougothere.So,youcanfeelsomedegreeofconfidencethatthescore you obtained here is similar to the score you would obtain on the realTOEFLReadingtest,ifyoutookittoday,afterusingthisbook.

iBTANDITPREADINGSECTIONSCORECONVERSIONTABLES

NumberCorrectScore iBTScaleScore ITPTOEFLScaleScore39 3038 2937 2936 28 6735 27 6634 27 6633 26 6532 25 6431 24 6330 23 6329 23 6128 22 5927 22 5826 21 5725 20 5724 20 5623 19 5622 19 5421 18 5320 18 5219 17 5118 16 5017 16 4916 15 4815 15 4714 14 4613 13 4412 12 4311 11 4110 10 40

09 09 3808 08 3607 07 3406 06 3205 05 3104 04 3103 03 3102 02 3101 01 3100 00 31

ANSWERSTOEXERCISESLESSON1

MATCHING

1.(A)

2.(A)

3.(C)

4.(A)

5.(C)

6.(C)

7.(D)

8.(B)

9.(D)

10.(B)


1.(D)autonomous—independent

2.(C)persistent—constant

3.(A)haphazardly—carelessly

4.(A)disruptive—disturbing

5.(D)adverse—unfavorable

6.(B)condemnoropposetheiruse

7.(C)actually—truly

8.(A)abrupt—sudden

9.(D)acceptable—permissible

10.(B)acclaim—praise

LESSON2

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(A)

3.(D)

4.(B)

5.(C)

6.(B)

7.(A)

8.(C)

9.(C)

10.(D)


1.(C)celebrated—renowned

2.(A)energetic—vigorous

3.(C)distribution—dispensing

4.(A)contemporary—current

5.(D)appealing—alluring

6.(D)viewcitylifeasadvantageous

7.(D)advent—arrival

8.(A)agile—nimble

9.(C)encouraged—stimulated

10.(A)collidewith—areinoppositionto

LESSON3

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(B)

3.(D)

4.(A)

5.(C)

6.(B)

7.(A)

8.(D)

9.(C)

10.(D)


1.(D)intolerable—unbearable

2.(B)enrich—enhance

3.(A)vital—indispensable

4.(A)ongoing—current

5.(D)revitalize—restore

6.(D)looksthesameasitsenvironment

7.(B)analysis—examination

8.(C)annoying—bothersome

9.(A)ancient—old

10.(D)anticipated—predicted

LESSON4

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(B)

3.(A)

4.(D)

5.(A)

6.(B)

7.(A)

8.(D)

9.(A)

10.(D)


1.(B)deceptive—misleading

2.(C)petition—appeal

3.(B)concurred—agreed

4.(B)tempt—entice

5.(A)astounding—astonishing

6.(C)insistonreducingthem

7.(D)asserted—declared

8.(B)arbitrary—haphazard

9.(A)designated—authorized

10.(C)astute—perceptive

LESSON5

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(A)

4.(B)

5.(C)

6.(B)

7.(D)

8.(A)

9.(B)

10.(C)


1.(C)shed—discarded

2.(A)brilliance—radiance

3.(D)unique—rare

4.(A)persuade—convince

5.(A)inconjunctionwith—alongwith

6.(A)interestsalotofscientists

7.(A)cautioned—warned

8.(D)delicate—fragile

9.(A)bears—produces

10.(B)baffle—puzzle

LESSON6

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(C)

3.(A)

4.(C)

5.(A)

6.(B)

7.(B)

8.(A)

9.(D)

10.(A)


1.(A)immense—massive

2.(C)conventional—traditional

3.(A)routinely—ordinarily

4.(B)curious—peculiar

5.(B)rigid—stiff

6.(B)somehavelessofaholdonauser’sattention

7.(D)complex—intricate

8.(A)emitted—released

9.(B)commonplace—standard

10.(C)coarse—rough

LESSON7

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(A)

4.(C)

5.(C)

6.(A)

7.(B)

8.(B)

9.(C)

10.(A)


1.(B)reveals—discloses

2.(D)purposefully—deliberately

3.(C)distort—deform

4.(C)diverse—different

5.(B)prosperous—thriving

6.(A)isentirelyinterestedonlyinitself

7.(D)core—central

8.(D)convenient—practical

9.(C)confirms—proves

10.(A)concealed—hid

LESSON8

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(D)

3.(D)

4.(A)

5.(B)

6.(B)

7.(A)

8.(C)

9.(A)

10.(D)


1.(B)flaws—defects

2.(B)reflect—mirror

3.(D)settle—colonize

4.(A)distinguish—discriminate

5.(D)fragments—particles

6.(D)keptballooningfrombecomingmorepopular

7.(A)cultivated—grown

8.(C)crush—grind

9.(D)creep—crawl

10.(B)engendered—produced

LESSON9

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(D)

3.(A)

4.(B)

5.(A)

6.(D)

7.(B)

8.(A)

9.(A)

10.(D)


1.(B)vibrant—brilliant

2.(D)enduring—lasting

3.(C)gigantic—enormous

4.(A)impressive—imposing

5.(D)depth—thoroughness

6.(C)populationisthelargestpersquarekilometer

7.(A)display—exhibit

8.(D)dense—thick

9.(C)deep—thorough

10.(D)currency—money

LESSON10

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(B)

3.(D)

4.(D)

5.(A)

6.(C)

7.(A)

8.(C)

9.(C)

10.(D)


1.(D)rudimentary—basic

2.(D)superficial—shallow

3.(A)prime—chief

4.(B)hazardous—dangerous

5.(C)phenomenal—exceptional

6.(C)themosttalentedarefewinnumber

7.(C)dramatic—emotional

8.(B)drab—colorless

9.(A)dominant—major

10.(C)distinct—definite

LESSON11

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(A)

3.(B)

4.(B)

5.(D)

6.(A)

7.(A)

8.(D)

9.(C)

10.(C)


1.(C)encircles—surrounds

2.(C)eliminated—deleted

3.(D)elementary—primary

4.(B)element—component

5.(A)dwellings—abodes

6.(B)aremorenumerousthancompacts

7.(B)erratic—inconsistent

8.(D)prevalent—commonplace

9.(D)exaggerates—embellishes

10.(A)dispersed—scattered

LESSON12

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(C)

3.(D)

4.(A)

5.(B)

6.(A)

7.(D)

8.(B)

9.(A)

10.(A)


1.(D)evaporated—disappeared

2.(D)eroded—deteriorated

3.(C)entirely—completely

4.(B)benefit—assistance

5.(B)endorsed—supported

6.(B)wereallegedtoexist

7.(D)burgeoning—thriving

8.(C)broaden—enlarged

9.(A)recovered—retrieved

10.(D)enormous—tremendous

LESSON13

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(B)

4.(A)

5.(C)

6.(B)

7.(C)

8.(B)

9.(D)

10.(A)


1.(A)suitable—appropriate

2.(C)crucial—critical

3.(A)inaccessible—remote

4.(D)predicted—anticipated

5.(B)heroines—idols

6.(B)infrontofeachother

7.(B)evident—apparent

8.(A)exhausted—depleted

9.(C)face—confront

10.(A)facets—aspects

LESSON14

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(D)

3.(A)

4.(B)

5.(A)

6.(A)

7.(D)

8.(D)

9.(D)

10.(A)


1.(B)ample—abundant

2.(C)arid—dry

3.(C)defying—resisting

4.(D)avert—prevent

5.(B)spacious—expansive

6.(A)basicallywelldesignedandbuilt

7.(D)functions—roles

8.(B)freshly—recently

9.(A)fertile—rich

10.(C)feigning—pretending

LESSON15

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(B)

4.(D)

5.(A)

6.(C)

7.(B)

8.(D)

9.(A)

10.(C)


1.(B)halt—stop

2.(A)substantially—significantly

3.(D)mysterious—baffling

4.(A)rejects—refuses

5.(C)boosts—promotes

6.(D)wasnearlyentirelyeliminated

7.(B)perilous—dangerous

8.(D)harmful—unhealthy

9.(B)handle—manage

10.(D)gained—attained

LESSON16

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(C)

3.(A)

4.(B)

5.(B)

6.(D)

7.(B)

8.(D)

9.(B)

10.(B)


1.(D)systematically—methodically

2.(A)recover—retrieve

3.(D)meticulous—conscientious

4.(D)encompass—include

5.(B)unlikely—doubtful

6.(B)moreconsciousofthesituation

7.(B)infancy—beginnings

8.(D)inadvertent—unexpected

9.(C)emphasizes—highlights

10.(A)heighten—intensify

LESSON17

MATCHING

1.(A)

2.(B)

3.(A)

4.(A)

5.(D)

6.(B)

7.(D)

8.(A)

9.(A)

10.(B)


1.(A)evoke—produce

2.(B)inundated—overwhelmed

3.(A)intrinsic—inherent

4.(D)intentionally—deliberately

5.(C)instantly—immediately

6.(B)occursslowlyovertime

7.(A)agitated—disturbed

8.(D)nominal—moderate

9.(C)confidential—secret

10.(A)inordinate—excessive

LESSON18

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(A)

3.(A)

4.(A)

5.(D)

6.(B)

7.(B)

8.(A)

9.(B)

10.(C)


1.(C)narrow—thin

2.(B)means—method

3.(A)absurd—ridiculous

4.(A)limber—flexible

5.(C)lack—shortage

6.(B)informationforandagainst

7.(B)feasible—possible

8.(C)robust—strong

9.(D)swift—fast

10.(C)fallacy—misconception

LESSON19

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(C)

3.(A)

4.(A)

5.(A)

6.(D)

7.(C)

8.(C)

9.(C)

10.(D)


1.(A)antiquated—outmoded

2.(A)novel—original

3.(B)notion—concept

4.(D)triggered—generated

5.(D)normally—typically

6.(D)areagainstitscontinuation

7.(A)unbiased—objective

8.(D)investigate—probe

9.(A)coherent—logical

10.(B)transformed—altered

LESSON20

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(B)

4.(C)

5.(A)

6.(C)

7.(A)

8.(D)

9.(A)

10.(B)


1.(A)pass—approve

2.(A)partially—somewhat

3.(B)overcome—conquer

4.(B)outlandish—bizarre

5.(C)omit—neglect

6.(A)playinanoffensiveway

7.(D)disguise—concealment

8.(A)narrate—relate

9.(D)innovative—inventive

10.(C)accentuate—emphasize

LESSON21

MATCHING

1.(A)

2.(D)

3.(B)

4.(B)

5.(D)

6.(B)

7.(C)

8.(D)

9.(C)

10.(B)


1.(B)plentiful—abundant

2.(D)sheltered—protected

3.(C)philanthropic—humanitarian

4.(D)phenomena—occurrences

5.(A)decrease—decline

6.(A)combineschemicallywiththeacid

7.(C)placid—calm

8.(A)reactions—responses

9.(D)scenic—picturesque

10.(D)vanish—disappear

LESSON22

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(C)

4.(B)

5.(A)

6.(D)

7.(B)

8.(A)

9.(C)

10.(D)


1.(A)predominant—principal

2.(C)disregarded—overlooked

3.(A)practical—functional

4.(D)hasten—accelerate

5.(A)polls—surveys

6.(C)explainwhatcausesthem

7.(B)induces—prompts

8.(C)archaic—ancient

9.(A)hue—color

10.(D)inactive—idle

LESSON23

MATCHING

1.(D)

2.(C)

3.(C)

4.(B)

5.(B)

6.(D)

7.(A)

8.(A)

9.(C)

10.(C)


1.(B)reliably—dependably

2.(A)readily—freely

3.(C)proportions—dimensions

4.(C)prophetic—predictive

5.(D)prone—inclined

6.(B)isfamousfortheviolinplayers

7.(D)analogous—similar

8.(D)periodically—regularly

9.(A)compelled—obliged

10.(D)intruded—imposed

LESSON24

MATCHING

1.(B)

2.(D)

3.(A)

4.(A)

5.(C)

6.(C)

7.(A)

8.(C)

9.(A)

10.(D)


1.(C)somewhat—slightly

2.(D)solid—substantial

3.(B)contaminated—polluted

4.(D)scattered—distributed

5.(C)remarkable—exceptional

6.(A)onlytheseanimalshavethiscapacity

7.(C)discern—determine

8.(A)mediocre—average

9.(D)parallel—similar

10.(B)peculiar—distinctive

LESSON25

MATCHING

1.(A)

2.(A)

3.(D)

4.(B)

5.(C)

6.(A)

7.(B)

8.(C)

9.(B)

10.(D)


1.(D)situated—located

2.(B)profoundly—significantly

3.(A)sharply—severely

4.(A)infrequently—rarely

5.(D)founded—established

6.(B)onamoment’snoticeandwithoutthinking

7.(C)impulsive—capricious

8.(A)isolated—secluded

9.(B)brief—fleeting

10.(C)exhibits—displays

LESSON26

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(B)

3.(D)

4.(A)

5.(C)

6.(B)

7.(B)

8.(A)

9.(C)

10.(B)


1.(A)streams—flows

2.(D)striking—remarkable

3.(C)spontaneous—instinctive

4.(D)particular—specific

5.(B)spanning—covering

6.(B)canbeanalyzedinavarietyofways

7.(B)legitimate—authentic

8.(A)chaotic—disorganized

9.(A)exemplifies—symbolize

10.(D)gratifying—satisfying

LESSON27

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(D)

3.(D)

4.(B)

5.(B)

6.(C)

7.(A)

8.(D)

9.(A)

10.(C)


1.(C)automatic—involuntary

2.(D)synthesis—combination

3.(B)symbols—signs

4.(B)sustained—consistent

5.(A)supposedly—presumably

6.(C)theship’sname,Titanic,wasappropriate

7.(A)odd—strange

8.(B)marvel—wonder

9.(C)demonstrations—displays

10.(D)ingredients—elements

LESSON28

MATCHING

1.(A)

2.(C)

3.(C)

4.(B)

5.(D)

6.(A)

7.(C)

8.(D)

9.(B)

10.(C)


1.(D)underestimates—miscalculates

2.(A)undeniably—absolutely

3.(C)trapped—retained

4.(A)tranquility—peacefulness

5.(C)toxic—poisonous

6.(B)combatdisease-causingbacteria

7.(C)curative—healing

8.(A)debilitating—weakening

9.(C)aggravating—irritating

10.(C)conceivably—possibly

LESSON29

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(A)

3.(B)

4.(B)

5.(A)

6.(A)

7.(A)

8.(B)

9.(C)

10.(C)


1.(C)acknowledge—concede

2.(A)requisite—required

3.(D)unravel—separate

4.(D)vague—unclear

5.(A)precious—fine

6.(D)maybesomewhatdifficulttofind

7.(A)volume—quantity

8.(B)vast—huge

9.(D)assortments—selections

10.(A)acquire—obtain

LESSON30

MATCHING

1.(C)

2.(C)

3.(C)

4.(A)

5.(D)

6.(B)

7.(B)

8.(A)

9.(B)

10.(C)


1.(B)woo—attract

2.(A)sporadic—occasional

3.(C)widespread—extensive

4.(A)weak—ineffective

5.(C)forfeit—relinquish

6.(C)authoritiesimposealargefine

7.(C)witty—humorous

8.(A)wanton—senseless

9.(C)charisma—appeal

10.(D)endure—persevere

ANSWERSTOiBTPRACTICETEST

1.(B)

2.(B)

3.(A)

4.(C)

5.(D)

6.(C)

7.(A)

8.(B)

9.(C)

10.(D)

11.(A)

12.(B)

13.(A),(C),(E)

14.(B)

15.(A)

16.(B)

17.(A)

18.(A)

19.(D)

20.(C)

21.(B)

22.(C)

23.(D)

24.(B)

25.(B)

26.BCF

27.(C)

28.(D)

29.(B)

30.(D)

31.(B)

32.(C)

33.(D)

34.(D)

35.(B)

36.(B)

37.(B)

38.(A)

39.(A),(D),(E)

Date post:	29-May-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	44 times
Download:	4 times

Essential Words for the TOEFL - PDFDrive€¦ · Essential Words for the TOEFL answers these...

Documents