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Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16a1

Red Beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18-


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Figure 16.1: Schematic representation

of the three states of matter


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Figure 16.2:

(a) The

electrostatic

interaction of

two polar

molecules.

(b) Theinteraction of

many dipoles

in a

condensedstate.


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Figure 16.3: The polar water molecule.


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Figure 16.4: The boiling points of the covalent

hydrides of elements in Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A.



Figure 16.5: An instantaneous polarization can

occur on atom a, creating instantaneous dipole.



Figure 16.6: A molecule in the interior of a liquid is attracted to the

molecules surrounding it, whereas a molecule at the surface of liquid is

attracted only by molecules below it and on each side of it.



Figure 16.7:

Nonpolarliquid

mercury

forms a

convexmeniscus in

a glass tube.



Figure 16.8: Several crystalline solids



Figure 16.9: Three cubic unit cells and the

corresponding lattices.



Figure 16.10: X-rays scattered from two different

atoms may reinforce (constructive interference) or

cancel (destructive interference) one another.



Figure 16.11: Reflection of X rays of

wavelength



A conch

shell on abeach.

Source: Corbis



Figure 16.12: Examples of three types of

cyrstalline solids.



Figure 16.13: The closest packing

arrangement of uniform spheres.



Figure 16.14: When spheres are closest packed so that the spheres

in the third layer are directlly over those in the first layer (aba),

the unit cell is the hexagonal prism illustrated here in red.



A toy slide puzzle


20/38Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16b20

A section of a surface containing copper atoms

(red) and an indium atom (yellow).



Figure 16.15: When spheres are packed in the abc

arrangement, the unit cell is face-centered cubic.



Figure 16.16:

The indicatedsphere has

12 equivalent

nearest

neighbors.



Figure 16.17: The net number of spheres

in a face-centered cubic unit cell.



Volume of a

unit cell(2r, 4r, r)



Figure 16.18: In the body-centered cubic unit cell

the spheres touch along the body diagonal.



Figure 16.19: The body-centered cubic unit

cell with the center sphere deleted.


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Figure 16.21: The relationship of the body

diagonal (b) to the face diagonal (f) and the edge

(e) for the body-centered cubic unit cell.


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Figure 16.22:

The electron

sea model for

metals

postulates a

regular array of

cationsin a "sea" of

valence

electrons.

G i f h ll di ifi d


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Grains of nanophase palladium magnified

200,000 times by an electron microscope.

Source: Nanophase Technologies Corporation

Figure 16 23: The molecular orbital energy


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Figure 16.23: The molecular orbital energy

levels produced when various numbers

of atomic orbitals interact.

Fi 16 24 A t ti f th


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Figure 16.24: A representation of the energy

levels (bands) in a magnesium crystal


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Figure 16.25:

Two types ofalloys


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Figure 16.26:

The

structures of

(a) diamond

and (b)

graphite.

Fi 16 27 P ti l t ti f th MO


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Figure 16.27: Partial representation of the MO

energies in (a) diamond and (b) a typical metal


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Graphite consitst of layers of carbon atoms.

Figure 16 28: The p orbitals (a) perpendicular to the plane of


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Figure 16.28: The p orbitals (a) perpendicular to the plane of

th carbon ring system in graphite can combine to form

(b) an extensive pie bonding network.

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