Table of Contents 1. History of Concrete 2. Excavation and Earthfil 3. Angle of Repose 4. Concrete Proportioning 5. Concrete Mixture 6. Approximate Time Limit before the Removal of Forms and Supports 7. Amount of water per bag of cement 8. Approximate quantity of surface water carried by average aggregates 9. Fuller’s Formula 10. Masonry/ CHB 11. Plaster, CHB Finish per Sq. M. 12. Mortar 13. Volume of cement per CHB 14. Materials required for 1000 square ft. of varying thickness of mortar 15. Quantity of mortar per 1000 bricks 16. Requirements for mortar 17. Concrete Pipe Joint Collars 18. Factor per adobe stone 19. Mortar 1 cm. Thick for adobe stone concrete factor 20. Concrete footing for CHB 21. Adobe stone for zocalo wall and foundation 22. Adobe Plaster 23. Red ceramic blocks 24. Miscellaneous Bricks and Stone 25. Adobe Buttress 26. Decorative blocks mortar 27. Lumbering (board measure/ Bd. Ft.) 28. Floor Joists 29. T & G Flooring 30. External Sidings 31. Studs Bd. FT. of Studs Per Square Meter 32. Ceiling Joist/ Ceiling Board 33. Trusses and Rafters 34. Quantity of nails per 1000 board Ft. 35. Size of Posts 36. Roofings 37. Purlins for Standard Corrugated G.I. Roofs 38. Corrugated Roofing Sheets 39. Estimating Procedures 40. Roofing Hardwares 41. Plain G.I. Straps per sheet 42. Roofing Nails and Hardwares 43. Kinds of Asbestos Roofing
Transcript
Table of Contents
1. History of Concrete2. Excavation and Earthfil3. Angle of Repose4. Concrete Proportioning5. Concrete Mixture6. Approximate Time Limit before the Removal of Forms and Supports7. Amount of water per bag of cement8. Approximate quantity of surface water carried by average aggregates9. Fuller’s Formula10. Masonry/ CHB11. Plaster, CHB Finish per Sq. M.12. Mortar13. Volume of cement per CHB14. Materials required for 1000 square ft. of varying thickness of mortar15. Quantity of mortar per 1000 bricks16. Requirements for mortar17. Concrete Pipe Joint Collars18. Factor per adobe stone19. Mortar 1 cm. Thick for adobe stone concrete factor20. Concrete footing for CHB21. Adobe stone for zocalo wall and foundation22. Adobe Plaster23. Red ceramic blocks24. Miscellaneous Bricks and Stone25. Adobe Buttress26. Decorative blocks mortar27. Lumbering (board measure/ Bd. Ft.)28. Floor Joists29. T & G Flooring30. External Sidings31. Studs Bd. FT. of Studs Per Square Meter32. Ceiling Joist/ Ceiling Board33. Trusses and Rafters34. Quantity of nails per 1000 board Ft.35. Size of Posts36. Roofings37. Purlins for Standard Corrugated G.I. Roofs38. Corrugated Roofing Sheets39. Estimating Procedures40. Roofing Hardwares41. Plain G.I. Straps per sheet42. Roofing Nails and Hardwares43. Kinds of Asbestos Roofing44. 4-V Corrugated Sheets45. Placa Romana46. Tencor Corrugated sheets47. Ardex Corrgated sheets48. Ceramic roofing tiles49. Tile work50. Precast Terrazo and Granulithic tiles51. Vinyl and rubber tiles52. Moldings53. Bathroom tiles and accessories
54. Reinforcement55. Weights and Hook allowance of rod Philippine Standard56. No. of Pcs. Of Lateral tie in one 6.0M bar57. Lateral tie and tie wire computation by direct counting method58. Length of spiral reinforcement59. Concrete slab reinforcement60. CHB – reinforcement61. CHB – rebar62. Horizontal bar spacing63. Electrical estimates64. Painting works65. Spreading rate of paint66. Kinds of paint67. Paint coverage68. Labor estimate69. Construction work capacities in manhours70. Capabilities of manual labor per hour71. Capabilities of equipment72. Longitudinal section of septic vault73. Inside dimensions of the digestion chamber74. Important features of septic vaults75. Average pol consumption for various construction equipment76. Rough estimates77. General checklist78. Checklist of items to be considered79. Site excavation and siteworks80. Sample computations81. Excavation and backfil82. Lumbering, roofing, tilework83. Reinforcing bars84. CHB reinforcement85. Drawings86. Symbols87. Switches88. Common nails and spikes89. Mensuration formulas90. Materials symbols plans and sections91. Feet head of water to PSI92. Water pressure to feet head93. Simplified table for conversion94. Conversion from Inches to meter95. List of abbreviations
History of Concrete
Concrete, as we know it today, had its beginning in 1824, when Joseph Aspdin took out a patent in England on “Portland” cement. Concrete became widely used in Europe during the late 1800’s and was brought to the United States late in that century and in all over the world. Its used continued to spread rapidly as knowledge about it and experience with it grew.
Concrete
Concrete = is a stone like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, gravel and sand or other inert materials, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structures.
Estimating = is a project study of determining the quality, quantity and cost of every material used in a mass, or in every finished work.
Excavation & Earth Fill
Excavation = a hallow cavity formed by cutting or digging out earth, an open earth cutting.
Excavator = one who or that which excavates a digging machine.
Please refer to Table 1-1 for Angle of Repose Slope and Weight of Earth.
EARTH FILL:Compact Volume = 1.25 VWhere: V = Loose VolumeOne truck load = 4 to 6 cu. meter
Angle or ReposeTable 1-1
Type ofMaterials
ApproximateSlope: A/B
Angle of Repose Wt./ Cu. Ft. Lbs.
Sand Dry 1/ 2.8 to 1/ 1.4 20 to 35 90 to 110Sand Moist 1/ 1.75 to 1/ 1.0 30 to 45 100 to 110Sand Wet 1/ 1.8 to 1/ 1.2 20 to 40 110 to 120Ord. Earth, Dry 1/ 2.8 to 1/ 1.0 20 to 45 80 to 100Ord. Earth, Moist 1/ 2.1 to 1/ 1.0 25 to 45 80 to 100Ord. Earth, Wet 1/ 2.1 to 1/1.75 25 to 30 100 to 120Gravel 1/ 1.75 to 1/ 0.90 30 to 48 100 to 135Gravel, Sand & Clay 1/ 1.80 to 1/ 1.30 20 to 30 100 to 115
Concrete ProportioningTable 1-2QUANTITY FOR 1 CU.M. CONCRETE
Let C = No. of Part Cement, S = Sand G = Gravel or Stone, Then:
Px = 1 = no. of barrel portland cement required for one cu. yd. of concrete C+S+G
Pm = 32.2875 Px = no. of barrel portland cement required for one cu. m. of concrete
Pm x S x 3.8 = no. of cubic meter sand for one cubic meter of concrete
32.2875
Pm x G x 3.8 = no. of cubic meter gravel for one cubic meter of concrete
32.2875
NOTE: 1 barrel = 4 bags of 96 Lbs. Portland cement = 3.76 Cu. Ft.
Masonry
There are different kinds of sizes and patterns of locally available materials classified under masonry. Three kinds are as follows:1) Block 2) Brick 3) Tile
CHB = Concrete Hollow Block
Table 2-1
Stock Cell Volume Per Block Plas. Vol/ Blk.Width 1 Cell 2 Cells 3 Cells 4 Cells 1 Face 2 Faces
1. Cross Footing …………………… 0.00065 cu. one side2. Buttress and Stairs ……………… 0.001575 cu. two sides one end3. Wall ……………………………… 0.009 cu. m. one side one end
Mortar 1 Cm. Thick for Adobe StoneTable 2-7
Stock Size Cubic Meter/ Stone No. of Pcs./ Sq. M6” x 6” x 16” 0.002 18
6” x 12” x 16” 0.004 10
Concrete Footing for CHB(Jackbilts Specification)
Table 2-8
Concrete Hollow Footing Footing VolumeThickness Thickness Width Meter
4” x 4” 8 10.66 13.33 16 18.66 21.33 245” x 5” 12.5 16.66 20.83 25 29.66 33.33 37.5
Floor Joists(Board Ft. of Floor Joist Per Square Meter)
Table 3-2
SIZE INCHES SPACING ON CENTER10” (0.25) 12” (0.30) 14” (0.35)
2 x 4 12.26 10.78 9.502 x 5 18.08 13.81 11.742 x 6 18.11 16.10 14.082 x 7 21.12 18.78 16.422 x 8 24.15 21.33 17.72
2 x 10 30.18 26.73 23.473 x 4 18.11 16.10 14.083 x 5 22.63 20.12 17.603 x 6 24.18 24.15 21.123 x 7 31.70 28.17 24.653 x 8 36.22 32.20 28.17
3 x 10 45.27 39.00 35.21
Steps:
1. Subtract all floor openings from gross floor area.2. Round total to 100 bd. ft.3. For girts, girders, post, etc. – Estimate by direct counting
T & G FlooringTable 3-3
Stock Size No./ M. Run Bd. Ft./ Sq. M.1” x 3” 18.30 20.001” x 4” 12.50 13.701” x 6” 8.0 10.801” x 8” 5.8 8.34
Solve gross area and subtract all openings.
External SidingsTable 3-4
Stock Size Effective Width Bd. Ft./ Sq. M.1” x 3” 2 1/ 8 16.221” x 4” 3 1/ 8 14.831” x 5” 4 1/ 8 13.341” x 6” 5 1/ 8 13.001” x 8” 6 1/ 8 12.86
Studs Board Ft. of Studs Per Square MeterTable 3-5
SROCK SIZE S P A C I N G0.40 X 0.40 0.40 X 0.60 0.60 X 0.60
2 x 2 6.410 5.50 4.502 x 3 9.630 8.40 6.802 x 4 12.840 10.90 9.00
Ceiling JoistTable 3-6
Stock BOARD FT. PER SHEET OF CEILING PANELSize 3” x 6” 4’ x 8’ 5’ x 10’
18” x 24” 18” 24” 24” x 18” 16 24” x 20” 20o.c o.c. bw. o.c. bw. o.c. o.c. bw. o.c. o.c. bw.
1” x 2” 3.85 4.4 5.862 7.326 8.800 10.076 11.002” x 2” 7.70 8.8 11.726 14.663 17.400 20.152 22.002” x 3” 11.55 18.20 17.600 22.000 26.400 30.250 33.002” x 4” 15.40 17.60 29.450 29.330 35.200 40.300 44.00
Ceiling BoardTable 3-7
Size No. of Pcs./ Sq.M. Size No. of Pcs. Sq.M.12” x 12” 11.30 24” x 24” 2.8316” x 16’ 6.35 3” x 6” 0.6516” x 24” 2.82 4” x 8” .038
Trusses and Rafters
1. Estimate by direct counting and measuring method2. Make a checklist of components:
a) Top chordb) Bot. Chordc) Collar Plated) Strut or web membere) Bracef) Wind or sway bracing
3. For components of shorter lengths, compute according to their sizes combined together and adjust to commercial size.
4. Lumber over 24” shall have splicing with 8-1 / 2” diameter bolt per splice.5. Add 20% for waste and splicing or 15% for waste alone.6. Round to 10 bd. ft. for each truss or rafter.7. Truss bolt size – 1 2 diameter minimum8. Minimum truss bolt requirements
a) Top joints = 5 boltsb) End joints = 2 boltsc) Intermediate at bottom chord = 1 boltd) Intermediate at top chord = 2 bolts
Quantity of Nails Per 1000 Board Ft.Table 3-8
Rafters 6 KG 3” – 4” CWNPurlins 9-10 KG 3” CWNFloor Joist 11 KG 4” CWNFlooring 1” x 2” 5 KG 3” CWN 7/ 8” x 2” 9 KG 1 1/ 4” – 3” CWN 1 1/ 2” x 2” 14 KG 3” CWN 1” x 4” 10-12 KG 3” CWN 1” x 6” 8 KG 2 1/ 2” CWNCeiling Joist 8 KG 2 1/ 2” CWNStuds 4 KG 3” CWNSidings 8 KG 2” CWNBaseboards 7 KG 2 1/ 2” FIN. NDoor and Window Frame 1/ 2 KG 2 1/ 2” CWNBridging 1” x 4” 14 KG 2 1/ 2” CWN 2” x 4” 23 KG 3” CWNTrusses 10 KG 4” CWNFascia Board 11 KG 2 1/ 2” CWNBalustrade 8 KG 2 1/ 2” FIN. NT & G Forms 7 KG 2 1/ 2” CWN
Size of PostsTable 3-9
As Required by the Department of Engineeringof the City of Manila (Ipil or its Equivalent)
Type of Bldgs. Max. Ht. 1st Flr. (M)
Max. Total Ht. (M)
Max. Spacing of Post (M)
Req’d Min. Size of Post
One storey 3.00 5.00 4” x 4”One storey 4.00 4.00 4” x 4”One storey 5.00 4.00 5” x 5”Chalets 100-150 5.00 3.50 5” x 5”Two storey 300 6.00 3.00 5” x 5”Two storey 3.50 7.00 4.00 6” x 6”Two storey 4.00 8.00 4.50 7” x 7”Two storey 5.00 9.00 4.50 8” x 8”Three storey 4.50 10.00 4.50 8” x 8”House 4.50 10.00 400-500 9” x 9”House 5.00 12.00 5.00 10” x 10”
Purlin Size 2 WD Block BD FT/ SM 2” x 2” WD Cleat BF/ SM2” x 3” 3.271 3.4402” x 4” 4.369 4.5112” x 5” 5.321 5.4582” x 6” 6.335 6.500
Corrugated Roofing Sheets(Effective Coverage)
Table 4-3
Commercial 10” End Lap 2”Corr. Side Lap
12” End Lap 2”Corr. Side Lap
Size English Metric English Metric32” x 6” 27” x 5” – 2” 1.03 SM 27” x 5’ 1.05 SM32” x 7” 27” x 6” – 2” 1.29 SM 27” x 6” 1.255 SM32” x 8” 27” x 7” – 2” 1.50 SM 27” x 7” 1.465 SM
32” x 12” 27” x 11” – 2” 2.335 SM 27” x 11” 2.300 SM
Estimating Procedure
1. Solve for total flat area2. Add pitch factor (see table 4-1 for roof pitch)3. Sum of 1 and 2 is called sloped area which the actual covered area.4. Solve for purlin based on table 4-2 and round up to 10 bd. ft5. Solve for roofing sheets and round up to 10 sheets.
Roofing Hardwares
6. Roofing Rivets = 180 pcs. Per kgs.7. Corr. G.I. sheet – 6 rivets per sheet8. Corr. G.I. sheet – 9 rivets per sheet9. Corr. G.I. sheet – 9-12 rivets per sheet10. 2’ corr. G.I. sheet – 12 rivets per sheet11. Lead washers = 86 pcs. Per kilo12. Plate (washer) = 152 pcs. Per kilogram
Plain G.I. Straps Per Sheet( 36” x 8” – 0”)
Table 4-4
Purlin Size Strap Size No. of Strap2” x 3” 1” x 8” 3802” x 4” 1” x 10” 3402” x 5” 1” x 11” 3102” x 6” 1” x 12” 285
Roofing Nails
102 pieces per kg. 2 ½188 pieces per kg. 2 ½
No. of Roofing Nails
6’, 7’ & 8’ Length = 12 pcs. Per sheet9’ & 10’ Length = 16 pcs. Per sheet12 Length – 18 pcs. Per sheet
No. of washers per sheet = no. of rivets for 3 purlins per G.I. sheet.12 straps7 pcs. Rivets non-engaging26 pcs. Rivets engagingFor 4 purlins per G.I. sheet16 straps, 7 pcs. Rivets non-engaging32 pcs. Rivets engagingNon-engaging rivets 3/ 8” x 1/ 4” = 189 pcs. Per kg.Engaging rivets 1/ 2” x 1/ 4” = 153 pcs. Kg.
Rivets Needs2 ………. G.I. Washers1 ………. Lead Washer
Strap Needs2 pcs. Rivets engaging2 pcs. Lead washer2 pcs. G.I. washer2 pcs. 1 1/ 2 flatheadNails 0.06 kg. Per sheet2 pcs. 2 ½” roof nails0.082 kg. Per sheet
Plain G.I. Gutter, Ridge Roll, Fascia FlashingStandard Lengths = 8FT.No. of sheets required = total linear Mt. X 0.44
Nikolite Soldering LeadGutterNo. of bars = no. of pcs. Of gutter + 4DownspoutNo. of bars = no. of pcs. Of downspout + 5Muriatic acid = 10 cc. Per bar
Std. Width 0.52 M. 1.05 m.Effective Width 0.45 M. 0.95Nominal Length 2.5 – 10.5 ft. 8 – 12 ft.
Ridge Roll Eff. Length 0.9525 M. 0.9525 M.Outside Flashing 5 to 10 ft. 5 to 10 ft.
Side Lapping 6 inches 6 inches
Ceramics Roofing TilesTable 4-6
Description Wt. / Pc. Pcs. Required PerMarceille Type (Flat) 3.6 Kg. Sq. M. 14Ondula Type (Wavy) 4.0 Kg. Sq. M. 15
SR (STD. Ridge) 2.8 Kg. Lin. M. 2.5Half-Marceille 2.0 Kg. Line 1.0
JRT - 1 3.0 Kg. Sq. M. 13JRT – 2 3.75 Kg. Lin. M. 4JRT – 3 3.2 Kg. Line 1JRT – 4 3.2 Kg. Line 1JRT – 5 2.2 Kg. Lin. M. 4SRT – 1 4.0 Kg. Sq. m. 13SRT – 2 2.2 Kg. Line 1SRT – L 2.25 Kg. Line 1SRT – R 2.25 Kg. Line 1
JRS - 2.0 Kg. Lin. M. 1SRT – U 1.75 Kg. Sq. M. 25SRT – T 1.50 Kg. Sq. M. 25
1. Round values to 50 pcs. Except for 20 x 20 cement tile, capping and internal bead which are to be rounded to 10 pcs.
2. Tile cement mortar shall be 1 cm. Thick3. Mortar volume shall be based on rounded values of tiles4. Aggregates for mortar shall be rounded as follows: Cement =
5 bags; Sand = 1 cu.m./Lime = 5 bags5. Use 5 – points hexagonal tiles along shorter lengths6. Use 4 – points hexagonal tiles along shorter lengths7. For wainscoting corner moulding, estimate by direct count. White
cement filler mortar = 1 kl. Per square meter Portland cement paste = 0.08 bag/ square meter
Precast Terrazo and GranulithicTiles
Table 5-2
Stock size Pcs. Sq. M. Cem. Bags Sq. M. Sand Brass Div.Class A Class B Cu.M. M. Sq. M.
8” x 8” 25 0.34 0.22 0.18 11.009” x 9” 20 0.34 0.22 0.018 10.00
10” x 10” 16 0.34 0.22 0.018 9.0012” x 12” 12 0.34 0.22 0.018 8.0014” x 14” 8.5 0.34 0.22 0.018 6.0016” x 16” 6.5 0.34 0.22 0.018 5.90
VINYL AND RUBBER TILES
Stock size Pieces Gallons of AsphaltPer Sq. M.T. Per Sq. M.T.
1/ 8” x 8” x 8” 25.00 0.0421/ 8” x 9” x 9” 19.75 0.042
1/ 8” x 10” x 10” 16.00 0.0421/ 8” x 12” x 12” 11.11 0.042
Reinforcement
Available lengths of commercial bars:20 ft. (6.0M); 25 ft. (7.5M); 30 ft. (9.0)
Lateral Tie and Tie Wire Computation by Direct Counting Method:
Let N = no. of pcs. Of bars required
N = no of pcs. In one bar (see table # 6-3)L = total length of all columnsS = spacing of lateral tie
N = ( L + 1) + n S
Round value to next 10.
FOR TIE WIRE:
Let N = no. of kilos of tie wire required V = no. of vertical bars L = length of tie wire/ tying points = 12 inches = 0.30 m. on the average T = no. of tying points = (L/S + 1) V1 kl. No. 16 tie wire = 53 m approximately
N = L” T + 53 = 0.30 (L/S + 1) V 53
N = 0.00566 (L + 1) V S
Length of Spiral ReinforcementTable 6-4
Col. Pitch Length of Col. Pitch Length ofDiam. Spiral/ M. Ht. Diam. Spiral/ M. Ht.12 2 14.85 M 20 2 28.05 M
Install thin-wall conduit withOutlet boxes 1/ 2 & 3/ 4 in. 100 L.F. 4 – 6 4 – 6
1.0 in. 100 L.F. 4.3 – 7 4.3 – 7 1.25 in. 100 L.F. 4.5 – 7.5 4.5 – 7.5 1.50 in. 100 L.F. 5.5 – 9 5.5 – 9
Install flexible conduitWith outlet boxes
1/ 2 & 3/ 4 in. 100 L.F. 3 – 5 3 – 5 1 & 1.25 in. 100 L.F. 4 – 6 4 – 6
Install service Entrance cap and conduit
Each 0.5 – 1.0 0.5 – 1.0
Install conduit & fuse panel Each 0.5 – 1.0 0.5 – 1.0Install heavy rigid conduit with outlet boxes
1/ 2 & 3/ 4 in. 100 in. F. 5.0 – 10 5.0 – 101 & 1.25 in. 100 in. F. 50 – 11 50 – 11
1 1/ 2 in. 100 in. F. 30 – 13 30 – 132 100 in. F. 12 – 17 12 – 17
2 1/ 2 in 100 in. F. 15 – 21 15 – 213 100 in. F. 20 – 28 20 – 284 100 in. F. 25 - 35 25 - 35
Painting Works
A. Wood:1. First coating for wood = 1 gal. Per 20 sq. m.2. Second coating for wood = 1 gal. Per 25 sq. m.B. Masonry:1. First coating for wood = 1 gal. Per 25 sq. m.2. Second coating for wood = 1 gal. Per sq. m.
Inside for wood – use interior paintOutside for wood – use exterior gloss paintMasonry for wood – use monokote paintFor coloring: - interior flat or exterior gloss paint
- Tinting color (assorted)Masonry paint for coloring – Agri colorPaint thinner – 2 gals. Per 20 gals. Of paintsLinseed oil – 1 gal. Per 20 gals. Of paints
Spreading Rate of Paint(No. of Sq. M. Covered by one Gallon)
Table 8-1
Kind of Paint Character of Surface 1 Coat 2 Coats 3 CoatsOil paint Smooth wood 55.76 30.20 20.95Gloss Finish Rough wood 32.53 18.50 12.55
1. Concreting of Plain Flooring 2 men pour 1.2 cu. m. concrete/ day
2. Concreting of Reinf. Flooring2 men pour 0.84 cu. m. concrete/ day
3. Concreting of Column & Beam:2 men pour 0.50 cu. m. concrete/ day
4. Finishing of Flooring (rough):2 men finishes 72 sq. m./ day
5. Finishing of C.H.B. Joints:2 men finishes 420 pcs./ day
6. Plastering of C.H.B.2 men plasters 8 sq. m./ day
7. Laying of C.H.B.2 men lay 100 pcs./ day
8. Breaking Old R.C. Flooring:2 men break 0.30 cu.m./ day
9. Laying of Glazed Tile, 4” x 4”2 men lay 100 pcs./ day
10. Laying of Glazed Tile, 6” x 6”2 men lay 72 pcs./ day
11. Installation of Water Closet:2 men install 1 – set W.C/ 2 days
12. Installation of Lavatory:2 men install 1-set Lav. / 1 1/ 2 day
13. Installation of G.I. sheets 32” x 8 on steel Frames:2 men installs 11 sheets/ day
14. Installation of G.I. sheets 32” x 8” on Wooden Frames2 men installs 20 sheets/ day
15. Installation of G.I. sheets 32” x 12” on Steel Frames:2 men installs 10 sheets/ day
16. Installation of G.I. sheets 32” x 12” on Wooden Frames:2 men installs 15 sheets/ day
17. Fabricating and installation of Gutter Downspout, Ridgeroll:2 men fabricated install 5 sheets:32 x 8” G.I. sheets/ day
18. Installation of G.I. Pipe 1/ 2 Ø x 20”2 men install 20 lights/ day
19. Installation of door and windows jamb:1 man install 3 pcs. 2” x 5” x 16” or 40 bd. ft./ day
20. Installation of Door (Complete with Hinges and Knob):1 man install 2 pcs. Door/ day
21. Fabrication of Door (Excluding Planning of Frames)1 man makes 3 pcs./ day
22. Planning Rough Lumber (including Alignment):1 man planes 4 pcs. 2” x 4” 18” 120 bd. ft./ day
23. Planning Rough Lumber (No Alignment):1 man planes 10 pcs. 2” x 4” x 18” 120 bd. ft./ day
24. Installation of Plywood Board:2 men install 15 sheets 4” x 8”/ day
25. Installation of Wooden Post:2 men install 6 pcs. 4” x 4” x 12” or 96 bd. ft./ day
26. installation of Wood Jalousie Windows1 man install 2 pcs. 30” x 45” or 18.75 sq. ft./ day
Construction Work Capacities in Man-hoursI. EARTH WORK:
a. Excavation – 1.82 to 2.89 man-hour/ cu.m.b. Backfill – 1.34 man-hours/ cu.m.
II. FORMWORKa. Footing, grade beams, column – 2.5 man-hours/ sq.m.b. Beams, bond beams, floor slabs – 2.8 man-hours/ sq. m.c. Roof beams and bond beams – 3.01 man-hours/ sq. m.d. Root slabs – 3.34 man-hours/ sq. m.e. Retaining walls – 2.4 man-hours/ sq. m.f. Stairs and landings – 2.48 man-hours/ sq. m.g. Form oil application – 6.0 man-hours/ 10 sq. m.
III. REINFORCEMENT:a. Reinforcement of footings up to roofing average 9.0 man-hours/ 100 kilosb. B. Grade slab EWP – 13 man-hours/ 100 sq. m.c. Floor membrane – 15 man-hours/ 100 sq. m.
IV. CONCRETE WORKa. Column footings, wall footing grade beam, grade slab and Column – 2.34 man-hours/
cu. m.b. Floor beams and bond beams – 2.82 man-hours/ cu. m.c. Floor slabs (suspended) – 2.60 man-hours/ cu. m.d. Roof beams and bond beams – 2.88 man-hours/ cu. m.e. Stairs – 2.6 man-hours/ cu. m.f. Roof slab – 2.91 man-hours cu. m.g. Curing (water) – 2.0 man-hours/ day for 7 daysh. Equipment
Unit Type of work Capability1. man a. Excavating Loam or sand 0.76 cu. m.
b. Excavating clay or heavy soil 0.61 cu. m.c. Excavating rock 0.38 cu. m.d. Backfilling 1.22 cu. m.e. Spreading, tamping & grading 2.09 cu. m.f. Placing escombro fill 2.0 cu. m.g. Placing binders 4.0 cu. m.h. Cleaning undergrowth and small brush 20 sq. m.i. Cleaning underground and brush 12” Ø 20 sq. m.
2. 1 mason & a. Laying of CHB and Adobe 22 pcs. 1 helper b. Cement finish 28 sq. m.3. 1 carpenter a. Erecting forms 1.86 sq. m. & 1 helper b. Removing forms 1.86 sq. m.
CAPABILITIES OF EQUIPMENT
Item Type of work Capability1. Dozer a. Clearing 500 sq. m/ hr.
3. Payloader a. Loading 30 cmph4. Crane Shovel a. Loading 35 cmph5.Sheep’s foot a. Static Rolling (12 passes – 15 cm. Lift) Roller b. Vibratory Rolling (4 passes – 15 cm. Lift) 135 cmph6. No. 3 W Road a. Static Rolling (6 passes – 20 cm. Lift) 24 cmph Roller7. Tractor-drawn a. Vibratory Rolling (6 passes – 20 cm. Lift) 240 cmph Roller (1 – D)8. Tandem Roller a. Static Rolling (6 passes – 20 cm. Lift) 24 cmph
b. Vibra Rolling (6 passes – 60 cm. Lift) 72 cmph9. 5-T Dump a. Hauling common borrow 3.5 cmpt Truck b. Hauling selected borrow base coarse 5 cmptNOTE: Cmph – cu. m./ hour; cmpt = cu. m./ truck10. 2-1/ 2-T a. Hauling common borrow 2.5 c.m./ trip Dump Truck b. Hulting SBBC 2.0 c.m./ trip11. Buggy a. Hauling concrete mix 0.17 c.m./ trip12. Wheel barrow a. Hauling aggregates 0.07 c.m./ trip13. Water Truck a. Watering 1000 sq.m./ hr.14 Asphalt a. Spraying Distributor Asphalt prime 300 sq. m./ hr.15. 16-S Concrete 9 cu.m./ hr. Mixer16. Rock Crusher a. Crushing mixed Sand and gravel 30 cu.m./ hr.17. Concrete a. Vibrating concrete mix 40 cu.m./ hr. Vibrator18. Concrete Floor a. Finishing concrete floor 40 sm./ hr. Finisher 19. Scraper Towed a. Hauling heap capacity 1 cu.m./ trip
12 CY Cap20. Scraper Tour- a. Hauling heap capacity 22 cu.m./ trip Mapull 45 ton21. Percussion a. Drillings hard rock 0.23 m/ hr.
1. Septic tanks are no longer allowed in Manila where the sanitary sewer in now in operation. They may still however, be of great service in sub-urban communities.
2. Location: no septic tank shall be installed within or under the house3. Tanks must be built water-tight of concrete, stone or brick4. Both compartments are provided with manholes and tight covers for cleaning and necessary
repairs.5. Inlets and outlets are submerged in such a way that neither scum or sludge be unduly disturb.6. Inlets and outlets are arranged so as to deliver the sewage to the middle third of the tank
depth. For instance, in a tank 1.20 m deep, the inlet and outlet be submerged 0.40 meters.7. The vault is vented thru the sanitary fees in the inlet and outlet, having top ends open and
screened to make-tank mosquito-proof.8. The bottom of the tank should 1:10 min. toward the manhole in the center facilitate cleaning.9. Not less than 0.20 m. of airspace should be left between the top of the sewage and the under
part of the rank over.
Average Pool Consumption forVarious Construction Equipment
I. FOUNDATIONConcrete footing, piers, lumber forms, earthfill, reinforcing bars, hardwares
II. CONCRETE AND MASONRY WORKSReinforced concrete: columns, beams, slabs and zocalo; Slab on fill, CHB zocalo, CHB walls, CHB fence, CHB fillers, Plaster, Forms and Falseworks, Various hardwares materials, mortar
III. LUMBER FRAMEWORKSPosts, Girders, Floor joists, Bridging, T & G Flooring, Ceiling joists hangers, Siding, Various hardwares.
IV. ROOFINGTrusses, Rafters, Purlins, Purlin blocks, Fascia boards, Air ventilators
V. PENESTRATIONSWindow sash/ framing, door sash/ framing, window glass, door glass.
VI. MILLWORKSPanel/ flush doors, baseboards, general moulding, special moulding, various hardwares.
VII. STAIRSStringers, Treads, Riser, Handrails, Balustrades, Paneling, Various hardwares
VIII. STOCK PANELExterior siding, Double wall, Partition, flooring, Ceiling, Various hardwares.
IX. TILE WORKUnglazed floor tiles, Glazed tiles, Face bricks, Mortar, Various hardwares.
X. ROUGH HARDWARESCommon wire nails, G.I. nails with lead washers, Tension bars, machine bolts and washers, post W.I. straps, tie wire.
XI. FINISHING HARDWARESLoose pin hinges, Closets and cabinet hinges locksets, Cabinet handles, Friction catches, Door automatic closer, Cabinet drawer locks, Aluminum screen.
XII. PLUMBING WORKC.I. soil pipes, C.I. soil pipe fittings, Floor drains, Faucet, Stop cock, Shower head, Water heater, Kitchen sink.
XIII. ELECTRICALElectrical wires, Switches, Convenience outlets, Ceiling receptacles, Main switch, Circuit breaker.
XIV. BATH AND TOILET FIXTURESWater closets, Lavatories, bath tubs, Shower stalls, urinals, Bidets, toilet and bath accessories.
XV. SPECIAL CARPENTRY WORKSClosets, built-in cabinets, movable partitions, Cabinets, Cupboards, Covelighting, Various built-in units.
XVII. PAINTINGRoof paint, masonry paint, Oil base paint, Varnish, Patching powder, Thinner, Linseed oil, Sand Paper.
Checklist of Items to be Considered:
JOB OVERHEAD
1. EQUIPMENT: rental, delivery, loading, erecting, and dismantling2. PERSONNEL: Salaries, fringe benefits and payroll taxes for superintendent, foreman,
timekeeper, clerk etc.3. FIELD OFFICE : rental, telephone, electricity, office supplies4. TEMPORARY FACILITIES: light and power, water, sanitary facilities, fuel, gas for gas for
welding roads, stair, barricades, runways, fences, tool-shed, warning lights5. PERMIT: building, street, sidewalk water, sewer, for transporting heavy loads over city street,
for use of city dumps.6. QUALITY CONTROL: Soil compaction test and boring, concrete tests for aggregate, slump
and strength manufacturer’s and materials suppliers certifications and samples.7. MEETING AND SUBMITTALS: As-built drawings, progress photographs, shop schedules,
progress report, job meeting.8. TRANSPORTATION AND FREIGHT: Railway, trucking, demurraged, unloading.9. COORDINATING: Cutting and patching, inspecting subcontractor work.10. FINAL CLEAN-UP: Patching, touchup, janitorial work, handling debris final inspection.11. BONDS: Surety, labor and material payment bond, performance, bid, completion supply.12. INSURANCE: General liability, fire, damage etc.13. PROTECTION: Safety requirements, etc.14. REPAIRS: Sidewalk, streets, and curbs.15. Miscellaneous: Professional fee for engineer, attorney, general company overhead, real state
taxes, contingencies.
SITE EXCAVATION AND SITEWORK:
Demolition, clearing and grubbing remove excess materials and debris, strip and stockpile top soil, borrow material from offsite sources. Rough grading, spread back top soil, landscaping, concrete and bituminous walks, driveway, curb. Catch basin and storm drain.
BUILDING EXCAVATING AND BACFILLING STRUCTURAL METALS: handling and erection. ARCHITECTURAL AND MISCELLANEOUS METALS. CONTRACTOR AND OWNER FURNISHED OR BUILT-IN EQUIPMENT.
SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS
CONCRETING
Find the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cu.m. needed for a plain concrete slab on fill 0.10 m thick and 6.0 x 9.0 m in dimension.
Solution:1. Find the volume: V = 0.10 x 9 x 6 = 5.40 cu. m.2. Referring on Table 1-2, Class ‘B’
Cement: 5.4 x 6.48 = 35 bagsSand: 5.4 x 0.44 = 2.5 cu. m.Gravel: 5.4 x 0.88 = 5.0 cu. m.
MASONRY:
The net area of a certain masonry wall is 100 sq. m. Find the no. of 4” x 6” x 8 CHB, bag of cement and lime, and cu. m. of sand. The wall is to be tooled finished on one side. Use 1:3 mixture for plaster and mortar
1. pcs. Of CHB = 100 x 13 = 1300 pcs.2. Mortar volume: referring on and Table 2-1 and 2-4 filler vol. = 1300 x 0.0028 = 3.64 cu. m.
mortar vol.
= 100 (3.28)2 sq. ft. x 6 cu. ft. x cu. m. 100 sq. ft. (3.28) cu. ft.
mortar volume – 1.83 cu. m.
Total mortar volume = 3.64 + 1.83 = 5.47 cu. m. referring on Table 2-3, using 1:3 mixtureCement: 5.47 x 12.07 – 66 bagsSand: 5.47 x 0.97 = 55 cu. m.
3. Plaster Volume: referring on Table 2-3V = 100 x 0.012 = 1.2 cu. m.Cement: 1.2 x 5.5 = 6.6 bagsLime: 1.2 x 5.5 = 6.6 bagsSand: 1.2 x 0.90 = 1.1 cu. m.
Compute the quantity of cement in bags sand in cu. m. and 0.35 x 0.45 adobe stones for a wall supported by buttress as shown.
Solution:
1. Buttress: referring on Table 2-13Total height = 2 x 3 = 6.0 mNo. of stones = 6(12) = 72 pcs.
Mortar volume, referring on page 12 and 13V = 72(0.001575) = 0.1134 cu. m.
Referring on using 1.3 mixtureCement: 0.1134(12.04) = 2 bagsSand: 0.1134(0.97) = 0.11 cu. m.
2. Wall : referring on page 15Area = [10 – 3 (0.35))] (2) = 17.90 sq. m.
No. of stones = 17.9 (13) = 233 pcs.For class ‘A” plaster on two faces<cement : 233 (0.0304) = 7 bagsSand : 233 (0.0017) = 0.5 cu. m.
3. Cross-footing: referring on Table 2-9
No. of stones = 10(6) = 60 pcs.Mortar volume,V = 60(0.0065) = 0.39 cu. m.
Referring on Table 2-3 using 1:3 mixtureCement: 0.39 (12.04) = 5 bagsSand : - .39(0.97) = 0.5 cu. m.
Compute the quantity of cement and sand for mortar to lay 100 pcs. Of 36” Ø concrete pipe for drainage.
No. of joints = no. of pipes – 1 = 99 referrign on Table 2-6Cement: 99(0.70) = 70 bagsSand: 99(0.038) = 4 cu. m.
Excavation and Backfill
Find the total volume of excavation and backfill. Assume the soil to be moist ordinary earth. From page 3, the slope for this kind of soil varies from 1:2.1 – 1:1
Lumbering
Compute the needed materials for the floor system shown using 1” x 6” T&G flooring system shown using 1” x 6” T&G flooring supported by 2” x 6” joist spaced at 12” on center.
Solution:
1. For 1” x 6” T&G Flooring:Referring Table 3-3 10.8 Bd. FT./Sq.M.Total BF = 10.8 (3 x 6) = 194.4; N = 24 pcs.
2. For 2” x 6” x 12’ Floor Joist:Referring to Table 3-2 16.10 bd. ft./ sq.m.Total BF = 16.10 (3 x 6) = 289 bd. ft.N – 2” x 6” x 12’ + 12 = 289.8, N = 24 pcs.
Compute the needed materials for the ceiling frame shown. Use 3’ x 6’ joist 18” o.c.
2. For ceiling joist:Referring to Table 3-6 8.8 bd. ft./ sht.No. of pcs. W/o considering cuttingWastage = (4 x 10) + (9 x 1.8) = 25 pcs.Total BF = 25 (8.8) = 220 bd. ft.N – 2” x 2” x 12’ + 12 = 220, N = 55 pcs.
3. Nail from Table 3-8No. of Kis (1 1/ 2) CWN = 8 (334.4) x 10 = 2.7 kis.
Roofing
As shown in the figure, find the mat’ls needed using 32” x 6” corr. G.i. with 12” end lapping and two corrugation for side lapping, and 2” x 4” purlins.
Flat area = 4 x 9 = 36 sq. m.Slopped area = 36 + 36 (0.055) = 37.98 sq. m.
From p. 28, effective coverage = 1.05 sq.m./ sht.No. of sheets = 37.98 + 1.05 = 36 shts.From pp. 29 and 30 using 3 purlins per sheets pcs. Of straps = 13 x 36 = 468 pcs.Referring on pages 30 to 31
No of engaging rivets = 2 x 468 = 936 pcs.No. of kilos = 936 + 153 = 5 kls.
Lead washer: 86 pcs. Per kiloNo. of pcs. = 936, no. of kilos = 936 + 86 = 11 kls.
G.I. washer: 152 pcs. Per kiloNo. of kilo = 2 (468) + 152 = 6 kls.1 1/ 2” flathead Nails = 36 (0.06) = 2.5 kls.2 1/ 2” Roofing Nails = 36 (0.082) = 3.0 kls.Wood block referring to table 4-2
Total bd. ft. = 37.98 (4.369) = 166 bd. ft.N – 2” x 4” x 10’ + 2 = 166, N = 25 pcs.
Wood Cleats; referring to Table 4-2Total BF = 37.98 (4.511) = 171.33 bd. ft.N – 2” X 4” X 10’ + 12 = 171.33; N = 26 pcs.
Purlins; by direct counting42 pcs. Of 2” x 4” x 10’
Tile work
Find the quantity of file work materials for a bathroom shown. Use 12” x 12” mosaic tiles and 4 1/ 2” x 4 1/ 2” unglazed tiles.
A. Mosaic Tiles: refer to table 5-1A = 1.15 (2.25) = 2.59 sq. m.
No. of pcs. = 2.59 (12) = 32 pcs.B. Glazed Tiles
A wall = 1.5 [2 x 2.25 + 1.15 + 0.45] = 9.15 sq. m. No. of pcs. = 9.15 (95) = 870 pcs.C. External Bead 4 1/ 2”
Linear meter = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3.0 m No. of pcs. = 3(9) = 27 pcs.D. Internal Bead : 4 1/ 2
L.M. = 2.25 x 2 + 1.15 + 0.45 = 6.1 m No. of pcs. = 6.1 (9) = 55 pcs.E. Capping:
L = 6.1 m; No. of pcs. = 6.1 (9) = 55 pcs.F. Internal Corner Angel Bead = 4 pcs.G. Internal Corner Angle Capping = 4 pcs.H. External Corner Angle Bead = 2 pcs.I. Portland cement paste: refer on 38
No. of bags = 0.08 (2.59 + 9.15) = 1 bagJ. White cement mortar:
No. of kls. = 1(2.59 + 9.15) = 12 kls.
K. Mat’ls for setting preparation: class “A”Cement = 0.012 (11.74) (8.5) = 2 bagsLime – 0.012 (11.74) (8.5) = 2 bags
Sand = 0.012 (11.74) (0.9) = 0.5 cu. m.
Reinforcing Bars
In a certain building plan, 10 columns have identical cross-section and height. Estimate the needed rebars and tiewire.
1. Vertical bars: using 16mm x 6.0m barNo. of pcs. = 4 x 10 = 40 pacs. Vert. Bar
2. Lateral tie: using 6mm x 6.0 m barRefer to table 6-3 43; for 9” x 9” lateral tie,n = 5 L = 10 (5.5) = 55m; S = 0.20mN = (L/S + 1) + n = (55/0.2 + 1) + 5 = 56 pcs. Order56 pcs. Of 6mm x 6.0 m lateral tie
3. Tie wireV = 4 bars; L = 55m; S = 0.20 m
N = 0.0056 (L/S + 1) V = 0.0056 (55/ 0.2 + 1) 4 = 6.5Order 6.5 kls. Of no. 16 tie wire
CHB Reinforcement
Copute the require 10 mm x 6.0 m deformed rebars of a masonry fence 2.0m high and 100 m in perimeter. It is reinforced with vertical bars spaced at 0.80m o.c. and a horizontal bar at every three layers.
Solution:
Referring to Table 6-6Area of masonry fence = 2 x 100 = 200 sq.m.
For vertical rebars:No. of pcs. = 200 (1.5) + 6 = 50 pcs.
For horizontal rebars:No. of pcs = 200 (1.9) + 6 = 64 pcs.
One foot of water at 62º Fahrenheit equal .433 pound pressure per square inch for any feet head not given in the table above, multiply the feet head by .433.
Water Pressure to Feet Head
Pounds Square Inch Feet Head Pounds Per Square Inch
One pound of pressure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water at 62 Fahrenheit. Therefore, to find the feet head of water for any pressure not given in the table above, multiply the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.
