Estrategias para Maximizar el Crecimiento y Desempeño del Lechón… …y el impacto que tiene en los animales en la engorda… Dr. Phil Boyd XXV AMVECAJ 2019
Transcript
Estrategias para Maximizar el Crecimiento y Desempeño del
Lechón……y el impacto que tiene en los
animales en la engorda…
Dr. Phil BoydXXV AMVECAJ 2019
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Firstly, I’d like to thank the organizers of this conf. for giving me this slot; it is always an honour to speak at overseas conferences, although if I’m honest, also very nerve wracking, as you don’t have the comfort of your own language on the projector screen to remind you what you are supposed to be talking about. If I do stall at any point, I’m sorry, but hopefully you will give me some leeway. As you can see, I am aiming to look at a no. of management strategies to maximise piglet growth performance + also briefly consider the impact PIGLET growth performance has on lifetime performance…
Estrategias de manejo para maximizer el desempeñodel lechón…
Why would we want to have management strategies to maximise PIGLET growth performance? We would say firstly – because compensatory growth – which is a type of growth in which the growth rate is relatively faster, after a period of slow growth, is not 100% complete or 100% reliable +we would say 2ndly because compensatory growth is not 100% reliable (or complete), that maximising piglet growth performance is necessary to maximise overall nett margins/pig place, maximise return on investment. Or, actually, to put it more simply, (CLICK) because it will make you more money. If it doesn’t, then don’t do it…
Estrategias de manejo para maximizar el desempeño del crecimiento de los lechones…
Todos sabemos qué… La salud
La genética
El peso al nacer
La nutrición (cerda/ suplementaria)
La edad al destete
---->>> tienen influencia en el peso al destete…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I think we all know that health, genetics, birthweight, nutrition (both of the lactating sow and the suckling piglet directly), as well as age at weaning, all influence weaning weight (fairly obvious stuff), but…
Estrategias de manejo para maximizar el desempeño del crecimiento de los lechones…
Todos sabemos mucho acerca de..? La importanciadel consumode calostro…
El impacto de la alimentación antes del destete…
La importancia de la edad al destete…
La importancia del crecimiento temprano post destete…
La importancia vital del consumo temprano de alimento post destete…
---->>> sobre el desempeño post-destete y para toda la vida…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Do we all know as much about… The importance of colostral intake… The impact of pre-weaning creep feed intakes… The importance of age at weaning… The importance of early post-weaning growth And the VITAL importance of early post-weaning feed intakes – on post-weaning AND lifetime performance..? I am going to “look into” some of these factors in a bit more detail as I continue through this talk…
28 días 56 días 156 días Días para el Mercado(113.5 kg)
< 0 14.7 30.1 105.5 183.3
0 – 150 16.0 31.0 108.4 179.2
150 – 230 17.0 32.5 111.4 175.2
>230 18.2 34.8 113.5 173.0
Impacto del peso al nacer - Beaulieu et al., 2010
Impacto del peso al destete –Magowan et al., 2010
Impacto del crecimiento de 1 sem – KSU, 1992
Peso al nacer vs. peso al destete vs. crecimiento temprano post destete…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I said a few slides ago that birth-weight influences weaning weight – which is obvious… But - which is more important in terms of life time performance..? Is birthweight the most impt, is weaning weight the most impt or is early post weaning growth rate the most important..? As you can see from the data presented here (from 3 separate pieces of research), all certainly have an influence…
“La importancia de la ganancia diaria promedio delnacimiento al destete como un determinante del peso en la edad y desempeño final de un cerdo comercializable”…
Más importante = Peso al nacer más la ganancia de peso diario del nacimiento al destete2.-más importante = peso al destete el Día 17
3.- más importante = Ganancia Diaria Promedio Nacimiento al destete4.-más importante = Peso al nacer
Peso al nacer vs. peso al destete vs. crecimiento temprano post destete…
¿Cuál es más importante..?
Fuente: Ilsley et al., 2001
Parámetro deDesempeño Orden de importancia Cambio de peso para
gamar 1 kg en sacrificio % Cambio Comentario
20 día GDP 1 17 g/día 5% Alcanzable
Peso al destete. 2 0.33kg 5% Alcanzable
Peso al nacer 3 0.11kg 10% Difícil
Determinantes de los índices de desempeño en la vida y post destete en cerdos. (Dunshea et al., 2003)
El determinante clave del desempeño de por vida fue el peso del lechón al destete, o por inferencia, al nacimiento.
Fuente: J. Klindt – USDA Anim. Res. Centre
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Ilsley and colleagues in the UK conducted a number of studies looking at this and concluded that weaning wt. + immediate post-weaning growth were more impt than birthweight, whereas Dunshea et al and Klindt (at the USDA research centre) concluded that weaning weight was the most impt factor…Regardless of whether weaning wt. or immediate post weaning growth is the most important, we can conclude that both are vitally impt. to securing good lifetime growth and importantly, more easy to influence than birthweight…
Peso al Nacimiento vs. Peso al Destetevs. Crecimiento temprano pos destete
El peso al nacimientes importante, pero tal vez menos que el peso al destetey que la ganancia de peso pos destetete…
Entonces, cómo maximizamos el peso al destete y el crecimiento tempranoposdestete..?
Por qué maximizar el peso al destete y la ganancia de peso en la 1a semana..?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Impt and going back to the title of the talk , so how do we maximise weaning weight and early post-weaning growth..? And again why….? The “again why” is easy - simply to make more money – if maximising weaning weight and early post-weaning growth doesn’t make you more money, then don’t do it…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Genética
Nutrición de las cerdas(consumo de alimento/ especificación de alimento)
Manejo del calostro
Salud óptima del lechón(medio ambiente/programas de vacunación/ perfil del númerode partos en la piara)
Protocolos de crianza cruzada
Alimentación suplemetaria del lechón
Optimizar la edad promedio del destete
Habilidad y motivación del personal *****
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Okay, so firstly – let’s consider how do we maximise weaning weight… As you can see from this slide there are many factors that can impact on weaning weight which we can influence… You will be pleased to hear that I don’t have time to talk about all of these and so instead will focus a little bit of time on only the points in red text… Lactating sow nutrition… Colostrum management… Supplementary piglet feeding (during the suckling period)…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Nutrición de la cerda (consumo de alimento / especificación del alimento)
Maximizar los consumos de alimento en la lactancia (maximizar el consumo de nutrientes)…
Curvas de alimento…
Frecuencia de alimentación/ tiempos de alimentación…
Forma del alimento (harina/ pellets / húmedo/ seco)…
Disponibilidad de agua…
Comodidad de la cerda (temperatura ambiente/sistemas de enfriamiento/diseño de jaulas (y pisos)
~ 95 % del consumo de los nutrientes del lechón (normalmente) viene de la leche de la cerda…
Se hace mal…La mortalidad pre y post destete es significativamente mayor...
Los pesos al destete disminuyen– el desempeño post destete se reduce significativamente…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So firstly, lactating sow nutrition – or more specifically feed intake and feed specification..? How do we maximise lactation sow feed intake…All of these factors listed here are important (and I’m sure you all know this)… Why do I say these are important..? Well, realistically, sow’s milk supplies ~95% of the suckling piglets nutrient intakes; so if we get sow nutrition wrong then we are absolutely going to see weaning weights fall and potentially pre and post weaning piglet mortalities rising…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?¿Se hace mal..?
Lo que más comúnmente se ve…
Consumos de alimento no monitoreados…
Tratar a los animales como un grupo más que como individuos…
Los consumos promedio de alimento no se conocen...
¿Las especificaciones de los nutrientes son incorrectas?
Se ve comúnmente…
Los consumos de alimento aumentaron demasiado lentamente…
Estreñimiento en el parto…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
What do I mean by “get it wrong”..? In terms of lactating sow nutrition, there are obviously many ways to get it wrong. I have listed here some of the more commonly seen “faults” out on-farm. For example, FI’s too low, FI’s not monitored (of individual sows), treating animals as a group rather than as individuals, farms not knowing accurately average FI’s (of the whole herd of P1/P2 animals or during diff. seasons) +incorrect nutrient specs (largely because av. feed intakes are not known). We also see (I think too often), FI’s been increased too slowly and constipation at point of farrowing…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?• Granja de 1,000 cerdas• Sistema de destete de 4 semanas
Aprox. 220 cerdas en las jaulas para parir…
P - ¿Cómo monitorea realmente Los consumos de alimento sin tarjetas individuales para cerdas?
R - No lo hace…
Consumos de alimento no monitoreados..?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I said in the previous slide “feed intakes not been monitored”. A 1000 sow farm with a 4 week wean system will have ~220 sows in the farrow houses at any one time… Question (from a nutritionist obsessed with knowing FI info.), how do you properly monitor FIs of these 220 sows w/out ind. sow cards..? CLICK NOW Unless you are using a system that does record daily intakes (i.e, Gestal/liquid feed systems) it is imposs. to max. FIs+therefore wean wts in the farrow house w/out the use of one of these ind. sow feed cards…These cards are not liked. Last farm i worked was a 6,000 sow farm, which was using them + which was achieving good av. intakes and V. good wean wts. If a 6,000 sow farm can work with these (and you are not) maybe there is room to re-explore their poss. usage on your farm..?
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Los consumos de alimento promedio (en lactancia) no se conocen…
No puede estar hablando seriamente
Pregunta – cómo es que su nutriólogo especificacorrectamente la dieta de su cerda en lactanciasin información del consumo de alimento?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
The other “failings” in terms of lactation feeding that we do see far too often is farms not knowing accurately what their average lactation feed intake really is – and how this varies over different parts of the year…If this figure is not known (AND IT IS VERY EASILY MEASURED), how can you expect your nutritionist to set the correct diet specification..? The correct diet specification is always related to feed intake…If you don’t know this, FOR ANY CLASS OF PIG – then in reality, your nutritionist is not formulating very accurately for you…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Los consumes de alimento promedio (en lactancia) no se conocen …
¿No es difícil..?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
There are a number of ways of accurately measuring lactation feed intakes from the fairly sophisticated i.e. load cells on bins, to the ultra simple – that everyone can do – i.e. use of an excel spreadsheet…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Los consumos de alimento aumentaron demasiado lentamente…
95.4 98.1
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Moderador
Notas de la presentación
We do fairly frequently see FI’s been increased too slowly in the early stages of lactation. PIC published a study where they compared slow increases in the 1st part of lact. vs. more aggressive intakes. They also looked at intakes of sows which had full ad-lib access to feed. As you can see, aggressively increasing FI levels gave a higher av. daily feed intake than slow increases, but actually sows on the ad-lib feeders had much higher levels and better litter performance than both the other 2 treats. I think sometimes when farms are increasing FI’s too slowly, this is because they are concerned about udder congestion/mastitis. If sows are constipated around POF then these problems are more likely to occur…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Comodidad deficiente de la cerda…Efecto de la temperatura sobre el consumo de alimento…
385 g / °C de 25 a 27°C es un número muy grande …
Quiniou et al., 2000
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Clearly, if our lactating sows are not comfortable, then feed intakes won’t be maximised…In many parts of the world and certainly in large parts of Mexico, high temps in the farrowing house are a real challenge. This slide shows the very signif. benefits in reducing high farrowing house temperatures as much as you can…As you can see, dropping temperature from a very high 27 degrees down to a (still) high 25 degrees should result in a feed intake lift of over 750 g/sow/day in the later stages of lact. 22 degrees down to 20 degrees should still give you 300 g/day. Got to be worth having..?
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Mejorar la comodidad de la cerda…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
There are many ways to make the lactating sow feel more comfortable in hot conditions and I’m sure you all know more about this than I do. We do (believe it or not) get some warm weather in Europe and tend to use mostly drip systems or snout coolers where any system in use. In other parts of the world (Asia for example), water curtains dominate. As yet, I have not seen in practice cool pads underneath the sow…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Mejorar la comodidad de la cerda…
Efectos de agua fría para beber en el consumo de cerdas enlactancia y las camadas durante temperaturas altas del ambiente bajo condiciones de la granja
Controles Cerdafresca
No. de cerdas 29 29
No. parto promedio 3.0 3.1
Lechones lactantes 11.2 11.4
Peso al nacer (kg) 1.53 1.55
Duración de lact 26.4 26.5
Lechones destetados 10.6 10.7
Peso tot. al dest (kg) 83.74 90.95
GDP (g) del lechón 242 264
Consumo de la cerda (kg) 4.9 5.5
Efectos del Sistema de Paneles Fríos en el desempeño de las cerdas lactantes y sus camadas
Jeon et al., 2006
Wagenberg et al., 2006
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Again, I never seen in practice cooled water (for lactating sows), but when you do look at the published data, both for cooled drinking water and cool pads, you have got to think – “yes maybe this is worth looking at”…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?¿Tal vez hay una forma más fácil..?
12 Meses a Julio 2017Destetados 12.1 cerdos/camadaDías lactando 30.8Peso prom. del cerdo 8.23 kgPeso prom. de camada
99.38 kg
Tasa de parto 94.7%Total prom. nacidos 14.74Días de alimentación 128Peso al sacrificio 107.26 kgCrecimiento 772 g/día
Yorkwold Pig Pro – 8,000 cerdas, East Yorkshire, UK
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So I have been talking about how we maximise feed intake (or more accurately nutrient intake) by our lactating sows…Maybe there is a real easy “win” – and that is the use of ad-lib lactating sow feeders. The US is absolutely convinced that use of such feeders delivers significant benefits and we are now seeing, even in cold old Europe, our more progressive farmers using such systems. The data on the RHS is from one of our customers in the UK who has installed ad-lib feeders across all their farms. I think we would all agree that the performance data in the table is reasonably good…
Maximizar el peso al destete y el manejo del calostro …Siempre ha sido importante, pero cada vez más con nuestras razas modernas hiper-prolíficas…
La investigación recientemente publicada (Declerck et al., 2015) informa que:
• El rendimiento del calostro (producción) es muy variable entre las cerdas• Cero relación entre el número de lechones nacidos y el suministro de calostro..• La ingesta de calostro tiene efectos de por vida…
Declerck et al., 2015
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I now want to talk briefly about colostrum and it influence on weaning wt. Colostrum has always been impt, but with our hyper-prolific sows is now becoming increasingly impt. Declerck and co-workers at Ghent Uni have recently published data showing that there is zero relationship between the no. of piglets born and colostrum yield, so this resource, with our larger litter size at birth, is becoming ever more critical. This group has spent many years researching this area and have concluded that one of the best ways to influence colostrum yield is to reduce the av. time from birth to first effective suckle (i.e. get the piglets to the teat and suckling quickly, then colostrum yield/sow (and therefore/piglet) will increase)…
Efectos de por vida- ingesta de calostro y mortalidad…
Declerck et al. 2016
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Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Maximising sow colostrum yield and colostrum intake by the piglet is critical as these next two slides show… As you can see, piglets that consume low levels of colostrum are much more likely to die pre-weaning and are also significantly more likely to die in the nursery - if they get to weaning…This is fairly obvious…
Efectos de por vida- ingesta de calostro y rendimiento…
Declerck et al. 2016
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El Calostro es un recurso escaso, pero sumamente vital –particularmente escaso en camadas muy numerosas…
El tiempo al primer amamantamiento reportó un efecto significativo en el rendimiento del calostro...Declerck et al., 2015
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
In addition to its effect on mortalities, Declerck’s work also showed that colostrum intake also impacted on weaning weight and on finished pig weight – with the lightest piglets at birth (i.e. the light blue data line) perhaps most affected by level of colostrum intake…For our modern hyper-prolific sows, with more low birth weight piglets, it is very much worth focusing effort on getting these animals a decent level of colostrum intake…
La ingesta de calostro tiene efectos de por vida…
¿Qué podemos hacer?
Preparar a las cerdas correctamente – en forma, no gordas al momento del parto…
Para evitar periodos de parto excesivamente largos Para asegurar lechones fuertes/vitales al nacer
Tenga cerdas tranquilas/calmadas y un entorno perfecto en la maternidad
Para garantizar a las cerdas estables con periodos de lactancia inalterados Se cree que es útil colocar a las cerdas jóvenes junto a las cerdas mayores y experimentadas
Crear una “área de parto”perfecta detás de la cerda…
Agradable y cálido para los lechones (lámpara de calor detrás de la cerda); 35°C ideal para recién nacidos.
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So, as I have just said, colostrum is a vital but v. scarce resource – what can farmers do to ensure that this resource is maximized+utilized to the very best effect..? I’m not going to read through each point as me speaking in English I’m sure adds very little, but, you need to… Prepare the sows correctly - fit not fat at point of farrowing… Have quite/calm sows and a perfect farrowing house environment… Create perfect “delivery area” behind the sow…
Suoervisar los partos – y registrar lo que sucede!
Para evitar partos prolongados Secar y dar calor a los lechones Acercar a los lechones a la teta lo antes posible
Lactancia dividida
Para dar oportunidad a los lechones que nacieron al final que aseguren calostro y leche Identificar y agrupar a los lechones más grandes, lo mismo con los pequeños. Mantener calientes a los lechones que no están lactando (35°C)
Adopciones
Minimizar lo más posible; tratar de mantener las camadas desde el nacimiento Dejar a los lechones con sus propias madres para que tomen calostro
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
You also ideally need to… Supervise farrowing - and record what’s happening! Utilize split suckling techniques Try to minimize cross fostering – particularly in the first 24 hour colostrum period… Certainly colostrum management is deservedly, because of larger numbers born, receiving more focus than previously. The picture on the RHS shows a “glossy farm aid” published by BPEX (British pig industry executive) to try to promote better practice out on UK farms. I’m sure similar publications exist in Mexico and should be built into farm standard operating procedures…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Alimentación suplementaria del lechón…
Los sistemas de leche pre-destetese usan cada vez más (evaluados) en Europa…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So how else can we maximise weaning weight… We know, even with perfect sow nutrition, that milk supply from the sows is sub-optimal in terms of delivering the growth potential of our suckled litters (partic. for modern sows), so providing a supplementary food source, alongside the sows milk, ought to give benefit…I’m going to look in the next few slides at liquid feeding piglets in the farrowing house, as this practice is becoming more widely promoted and perhaps more widely adopted in certain parts of the world…
28 litros con leche vs 28 sin
+ 0.5 cerdos / camada destetada (11.3 vs 11.8) + 0.33 kg / peso del cerdo al destete (7.56 vs 7.89 kg a los 26 días de edad) + 7.6 kg / la camada aumentó la ganancia de peso (85.3 vs 92.9 kg)
Regreso más rápido al servicio (- 0.13 días) La misma GDP en el sacrificio (???)
Costo: £17.45 /camada; £1.48/cerdo (40 litros/uso de leche en camada) £100/costo de instalación de jaula
Valor: 0.5 cerdo/lechón/ camada aprox. £9.45* 7.6 kg ganancia de la camada aprox. £8.55* Total: £18 /camada; £1.53/cerdo
ROI = £0.55 /camada (no incluye instalación del sistema)
Evaluación de un sistema de leche-Prueba de Primary Diets 2010
*
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
The business I work for first looked (in detail) at a supplementary automated milk systems back in 2010…In this trial, as you can see, the supplementary milk system did deliver performance improvements (increased wean wts, additional piglets weaned (i.e. lower mortality) – but the ROI at £0.55/litter (excl. the system installation cost) was not too exciting… Based on a milk cost of £3500/t and a mixing ratio of 120g/l of water - Based on 105 kg slaughter weight and £1.50/kg dead weight gain @ 75% KO - Cost of production assumed at £99.23/pig (based on AHDB latest UK figure)
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Evaluación de un sistema de leche-Prueba de Primary Diets 2010
No muy emocionante…
Cantidad de amamantados dema-siado pequeña…
Leche muy cara…
Costo de instalación demasiadocaro…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So our initial trials were not very exciting…Why ? – performance improvement was okay, but the ROI was too small.. I think the main reason for the lack of excitement was that the numbers suckled were too small (<12), the milk used too expensive (£3,500/tonne) and the installation cost of the kit too high (£100 per crate). The farmer who did this trial still uses his supplementary milk system but turns the milk off 4 days before weaning (when the piglets are really beginning to consume loads) to give himself what he deems a satisfactory financial return…
Evaluación de un sistema de leche– vea este espacio…
Sarah Icely (2018 - ) Efecto de leche de suplementación en la ingesta de la alimentación gradual, comportamiento pre-destete, desarrollo del intestino y rendimiento de camadas amamantadas por cerdas …
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
More and more companies are now entering this space and therefore costs are coming down. The business I work for has just bought a company that produces a system, so understandably, we are looking in more detail than previously, to really check the benefits of such systems and as part of this closer look, are currently sponsoring a PhD program to evaluate both the lifetime benefits (or not !) of providing a supplementary milk source and gain a better understanding of the economics…
¿Cómo maximizamos el peso al destete?Alimentación suplementaria del lechón…
¿Qué hay de la alimentación gradual (creep feeding)..?
Esta alimentación gradual es importante – pero mayormente por razones que no tienen que ver con el aumento de peso al destete…
Más sobre esto en la plática…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So, in the previous 3/4 slides I have talked about providing a supplementary liquid milk to piglets whilst they are suckling; what about the benefits of supplying a dry feed (which generally speaking, significantly more farmers do)… Well creep feeding (as we call this practice in the UK) is important, actually is vitally impt., but mostly for reasons not to do with increased weaning weights…I’m going to “come back” to this point slightly later in the talk…
Maximizar el crecimiento temprano post-destete…
Fuente: Ilsley et al., 2001
Parámetro deRendimiento
Orden deimportancia
Cambio de pesoPara ganar 1 kg en
sacrificio.% Cambio Comentario
20 días GDP 1 o 2 17 g/día 5% Alcanzable
Peso al destete 2 o 1 0.33kg 5% Alcanzable
Peso al nacer 3 0.11kg 10% Difícil
Estudio Mejora Post destete
Beneficio en el sacrificio
Tokach (1992) + 1.6 kg + 8 kg
Pluske (1995) + 0.9 kg + 12 kg
Dunshea (1997) +0.6 kg + 3kg
Pluske (1999) + 1.1 kg + 1.1 kg
Slade (2000) + 0.25 kg - 5 días (equivalente a + 3 kg)
Kim (2001) + 1.6 kg + 3.3 kg
Lawlor (2003) + 1.05 kg + 1 kg y- 4 días
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I now want to move on to post-weaning growth…I said earlier in my presentation (looking at Ilsley’s work) that growth rate in the period immediately after weaning is recognised as being V. impt. in terms of the pigs lifetime performance; maybe more so than wean wt,, maybe slightly less than wean wt…This fact, has also been recognised by many other research groups (as shown in the bottom table)…As you can see, better performance in the early stages post-weaning normally delivers an increased benefit as pigs move thru finishing…CLICK NOW - So why is early post weaning growth rate so impt..? Why does it have this effect on lifetime performance..?
Maximizar el crecimiento temprano post-destete…¿Porqué es importante el crecimiento temprano post-destete?
Los buenos niveles de crecimiento temprano son indicativos de buenos niveles de consumode alimento…
y…
los buenos niveles de consumode alimento…
dan un tracto gastrointestinal sano…
¿Es todo…?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I believe we can say, with a good deal of confidence, that early post-weaning growth is important BECAUSE this is indicative of our piglet having good levels of feed intake (i.e. a pig not eating won’t grow) and good levels of feed intake give a healthy gastro-intestinal tract… Is that it..? Is it really this simple..?
Maximizar el crecimiento temprano post-destete …¿Es realmente tan simple..?- ¿Qué pasa si el alimento no esdigestible.?
No tendrá un buen crecimiento… Tampoco tendráun buenconsumo de alimento… Ciertamente, sabrá de ello
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
What if the feed is not digestible..? Well if the feed is not digestible you won’t get good growth… you won’t get good feed intakes either… You will certainly know about it…
La importanciadel consumotempranode alimento en la salud gastrointestinal…
Ingesta de materia seca– g / día
Altu
ra d
e ve
llosi
dade
s -μm
Pluske et al., 1997
Estructuras de las vellosidades…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
The next few slides I hope support my statement that good levels of feed intake give a healthy gastro-intestinal tract… This first slide shows the +ve influence of higher levels of feed intake on villi structure (as you know the villi and micro-villi lining the pigs GIT are a crucial part of the animals digestive capabilities (secreting enzymes) and its capabilities to absorb feed nutrients)…Damage to the villi signif. reduces these capabilities…
La importanciadel consumotempranode alimento en la salud gastrointestinal …
Una ingesta baja de alimento después del destete reduce la función de barrera
del intestino
Van Dijk, 2012
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
We also know (from the work of Van Dijk and others) that a low feed intake in the immediate post-wean period has a significant –ve impact on the permeability of the piglets intestine; something we don’t want – which is termed “leaky gut”…As you can see from this graph, under conditions of low feed intake, we see a higher % of the normally not well absorbed lactulose in piglets urine (as the lactulose is able to pass through the damaged gut barrier in the low feed intake pigs)…
La importanciadel consumotempranode alimento en la salud gastrointestinal …
Actividades enzimáticas…
Actividad enzimática(μmol / min / g mucosa)
Vientres Destetados Vientres
14 días 3 días 5 días 7 días 21 días
Lactasa 18.7 15.4 12.8 6.9 21.2
Maltasa 0.54 2.11 2.65 2.28 0.89
Glucoamilasa 0.84 4.08 5.55 5.00 2.88
Actividad enzimática(μmol / min / g mucosa)
Alimentado continuamente Restringido Valor de P
Maltase 4.40 3.00 0.040
Glucoamylase 8.90 7.00 0.062
Kelly et al., 1991
Kelly et al., 1991
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
In addition, higher feed intake levels post-weaning also stimulate increased enzymic activity (which is good !)…The two pieces of work on this slide from Kelly et al back in the 90’s hopefully clearly indicate this. Increased enzymic activity leads to better digestion, better nutrient absorption, better growth and (importantly), with less undigested feed passing lower down the piglets GIT, less potential bacterial toxin damage to the GIT and less piglet diarhoea…
Maximizar el crecimiento temprano post-destete …La importancia vital del consumotempranode alimento…
Proteger y mejorar la salud y la función gastrointestinal…
No subestime la importancia del tracto gastrointestinal de los cerdos…(el intestino de un lechón de 10 días tiene una superficie de absorción calculada en ¡114 m² !)…
El tracto gastrointestinal…
Digiere el alimento… Absorbe los nutrientes… Actúa como una barrera en contra de patógenos/ toxinas… Juega un papel importante en el sistema inmune del animal…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So, as you can hopefully see from the preceding slides, getting a good level of feed intake in the immediate post-weaning period is vitally important to protect and enhance gastro-intestinal health and function…This should not be a surprise – the absorptive surface area of the piglets intestine is massive and this organ has some vitally important functions – as listed here…The key message has to be – “We need to look after it”…
Así que ¿cómo aumentamosel consumo de alimento post-destete?Destetar lechones fuertes y sanos (y mantenerlos así)…
Minimizar el estrés…
No destete demasiados lechones demasiado jóvenes…
Proporcione alimentosdigestibles (y adecuados)…
Proporcione alimentos atractivos (considere la forma del alimento…
Asegurar la buena disponibilidad de alimento…
Asegurar la buena disponibilidad de agua…
¿Efectos de la temperatura…?
Iluminación / día duración…?
Alimentación gradual pre-destete…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So, I've just said we need to look after it, and we know that high feed intakes do help maintain the health of the piglets GIT, so how do we achieve these..? There are many, many things we can do to try to stimulate higher feed intakes in the immediate post-weaning period – as shown on this slide…I will go into a little bit more detail for some of them as we continue thru this talk…
Minimizando el Estrés…
Separación de la Madre Cambio en el
ambiente
Vacunaciones
Cambios enla Dieta
Estres por Trasporte
Exposicionincrementada a patógenos
Procesado
Mezclado
No todo el stress es igual,Algunos tienen efectos de por vida
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
A key and critical thing we must do (to achieve high feed intakes) is to minimize stress…I’m sure everybody in this room knows that stress is bad for pigs and that we need to minimise this as much as we can – particularly the types of stress that can have lifetime impacts…
Efecto del Estrés…Intestino Regular “Intestino Permeable”
Barrera Gastrointestinal Barrera Comprometida por Estrés
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
We all know stress is bad, but science is now beginning to un-ravel more and more what stress actually does. The diagram on the LHS shows the structure of healthy intestines in an un-stressed animal or human (this is inside the body, this is outside the body), whereas the diagram on RHS shows the intestinal structure in a stressed animal…As you can see, in a stress situation, the tightly packed cell structure has broken down (again the expression “leaky gut”) such that now, harmful pathogens and toxins can cross into the animals body, resulting in an activation of the animals immune system, as it mounts a response to their presence and to the threat of potential disease…
El Estrés del destete causa intestino permeable
From : Moeser (2007)Permeabilidad Intestinal Aumentada
Resistencia dela Barrera Intestinal
Flujo a través de la Barrera Intestinal
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Moderador
Notas de la presentación
We know, absolutely, that the stress or stresses of weaning cause “leaky gut”, thereby leaving our already vulnerable piglet even more susceptible…These two graphs from the work of Dr Moeser at Michigan State Uni demonstrate clearly the differences in gut barrier resistance (graph on the LHS) and gut permeability (graph on the RHS) between un-weaned (un-stressed) piglets and weaned (stressed) animals…Don’t worry too much about the terms; TER=trans epithelial resistance (which is a measure of the integrity of a cellular layer) and mannitol flux measures the permeability of the piglets gut epithelium. We want high TER (resistance) and low mannitol flux (permeability)…
Que puede hacer usted ?• Destete gradual
• Destete Tardío
• Temperatura• Espacio de comedero• Número de bebederos• Calidad de Agua
• Calostro, calidad y cantidad• Creep feeding• Dietas de alta calidad
• Sistemas todo dentro, todo fuera• Protocolo de Limpieza y desinfección• Vacunaciones
• Cambiar la manera de agrupar los lechones?• Predestete de los lechones en maternidad?
El destete debe ser un proceso tan suave como se pueda
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So what can we do on-farm to minimise stress and therefore to minimise the likelihood or extent of leaky gut (this gastrointestinal tract damage)..? As you can see, there are lots of things that can and should be done on farm to minimise stress…I’m not going to go through every point on this slide; as most are obvious, but I would like to focus for a minute on just one of points listed at the top of the slide – and that is weaning age…
Peso al Destete Edad al Destete
Pequeños≤ 6kg
Medianos6 – 8 kg
Grandes8+ kg
Temprano20 – 24 días
Normal25 – 29 días
Tardío30 – 33 days
Edad al destete (días) 26.7 27.0 27.1 23.0c 27.0b 30.3a
Peso al Destete (kg) 5.30c 7.10b 9.29a 6.96b 7.73a 8.68a
Peso al día 7 (kg) 64.6c 8.22b 10.25a 7.70b 8.80a 9.85a
Peso al día 20 (kg) 11.30c 13.50b 15.90a 12.40c 14.20b 15.56a
GDP 1a semana (g/día) 166a 159a 137a 106c 153b 167a
GDP Totla (g/día) 300c 321b 330a 271c 323b 344a
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Ch Med Gr
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/ g
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GDP 1a Sem GDP Total
Diferencia Sem 1: - 29 g (-18%)
Diferencia Total: +30 g (+10%)
Primary Diets Trial Data 2007-2016 (20,394 pigs)
Destetar por peso o por edad?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
We generate a lot of research data in the business I work for+look at this both on an individual trial basis but also, on occasion, as a “bigger picture”. We have recently analysed a lot of data to try to see what is most impt. wean age or wean wt in terms of piglet growth immediately after weaning and within the first few wks in the nursery. This slide shows that the largest piglets at weaning always do worse in the 1st week after weaning, but overall do better than their smaller counterparts over a longer growth period (3 wks). As you can see, there is a 29g/day diff. between the best performing animals (the smalls) and the worse performing animals (bigs) in the 1st week; this amounts to ~18%. In the 3 wk growth period, the “bigs” do better (30g/day better or ~10%)…
Peso al Destete Edad al Destete
Pequeños≤ 6kg
Medianos6 – 8 kg
Grandes8+ kg
Temprano20 – 24 días
Normal25 – 29 días
Tardío30 – 33 days
Edad al destete (días) 26.7 27.0 27.1 23.0c 27.0b 30.3a
Peso al Destete (kg) 5.30c 7.10b 9.29a 6.96b 7.73a 8.68a
Peso al día 7 (kg) 64.6c 8.22b 10.25a 7.70b 8.80a 9.85a
Peso al día 20 (kg) 11.30c 13.50b 15.90a 12.40c 14.20b 15.56a
GDP 1a semana (g/día) 166a 159a 137a 106c 153b 167a
GDP Totla (g/día) 300c 321b 330a 271c 323b 344a
Diferencia Sem 1: - 61 g (- 58 %)
Diferencia Total: - 73 g (- 27 %)
Primary Diets Trial Data 2007-2016 (20,394 pigs)
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GDP 1a Sem GDP Total
Destetar por peso o por edad?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
However, when you analyse growth rate in the nursery relating to weaning age, we see significantly bigger levels of difference… Early weaned pigs grew 61 g/day slower in the 1st week compared to their later weaned counterparts (a difference of ~58%) and grew 73 g/day slower (27%) in the first three weeks…It is also worth pointing out that in this data set “early weaned” wasn’t actually that early, as the youngest animals weaned were 20 days of age. We do, of course, commonly see younger animals at weaning, out on-farm…
Edad al Destete Temprano: 20 – 24 días Normal: 25 – 29 days Late: 30 – 33 days
GDP general (g/día) 244 280 285 305 323 330 320 329 353
Primary Diets Trial Data 2007-2016 (20,394 pigs)
Destetar por peso o por edad?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
so weaning age, as well as weight is really important – but maybe weaning age is less easy to manage on-farm..? As you can see from this slide, weaning younger pigs is more costly (in terms of animal performance) than weaning light pigs…CLICK, CLICK, CLICK. What we certainly don’t want are young and light pigs (these animals are not growing, absolutely can’t be eating and are a long way behind their older and heavier counterparts)… TAKE TIME TO SHOW THE FIGURES…
Destete Temprano exacerba la permeabilidad intestinal
Moeser (2007)
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Destete temprano Aumenta la Permeabilidad Intestinal
Resistencia de la Barrera Intestinal Flujo a través de la Barrera Intestinal
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Why does earlier weaning result in poorer performance? Dr. Adam Moser’s work may help clarify. Early weaned pigs are more susceptible to leaky gut (gut damage), in other words, early weaning appears to exacerbate the problem of leaky gut+in doing so, leaves the animal more vulnerable to the problems that this brings. As you can see, there are bigger diffs. in both TER measurement (gut barrier resistance/strength)+gut permeability in weaned and un-weaned piglets as/when the piglets are weaned younger. For later weaned animals the diffs are much smaller. The earlier weaned pigs will not be eating as well as animals weaned at a later stage (as these animals will have had more experience of solid feed pre-weaning), with this low FI then causing the GIT damage shown…
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Destete Tardío Control (LWC) Early Weaning Stress (EWS)
***
Destete Temprano exacerba la permeabilidad intestinal…y el daño es de por vida!!
Pohl et al. not yet published
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
This yet to be published data from Michigan State Uni. again confirms that early weaned piglets are more susceptible to leaky gut … As you can see from the red line, the early weaned animals have significantly higher gut permeability compared to the later weaned control animals and whilst gut permeability was reduced in the days post-weaning, it never returns to the levels measured for the later weaned pigs…In other words, this type of GIT damage occurring at weaning (probably due to low FI) lasts a lifetime…
Cómo aumentamos el consumo post-destete..?Dar alimentosaltamentedigestibles…
Wijtten et al., 2011
Whittemore (1993) desarrolló una ecuación para demostrar la relación entre digestibilidad y consume de alimento en lechones recién destetados
FI = 0.013 x Peso(1 – Coeficiente de digestibilidad MS
Digestibilidad MS % 70 75 80 85 90
FI relativo al 70 % 100 120 150 200 300
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So I’ve said high feed intakes are good for GIT health. How do we increase post-wean FIs..? Firstly+I’m sure you would expect me to say this, we must provide highly digestible feeds. Whittemore in 93 recognised the relationship between digestibility+FI in newly weaned pigs+developed an equ. to show this…Whether or not, we agree with this equ, it is clear that even small diffs in digestibility can lead to big diffs in FI…Wijtten reinforces the impt of having highly digestible diets. In terms of key factors that can either +ve or -ve impact on the GIT (in terms leaky gut/gut barrier function), this group rightly refer to both wean age+wean stress as impt factors, but also refer to diet digestibility+level of FI as 2 other factors that can have a sig. impact on GIT health. As you can see, diet digestibility not only impacts directly on GIT health, but also impacts via the effect digestibility has on FI’s…
Cómo aumentamos el consume post-destete..?Dar alimentos digestibles y atractivos para el lechón
So what makes a digestible (and an attractive) feed for newly weaned piglets..? This is relatively easy – we just need to think logically… What has our newly weaned piglet being eating thus far in its life – what can it cope with, what cant it cope with..? High milk levels, High levels of processed starch, Low levels of antigenic protein… Supplementary enzymes, Supplementary acids… Sweetened / flavoured… Soft pellets / liquid..?
Cómo aumentamos el consume post-destete..?Dar alimentos digestibles y apropiados para el lechón Reconocer que NO TODOS los lechones tienen EL MISMO PESO al destete…
Alimentar de manera diferente, con alimentos apropiados, para cada grupo de lechones…
Medir siempre el desempeño del grupo como un R:I –No comprar por costo ($/ton) …
Entender el impacto en el resto del desempeño del cerdo. Agregar este factor al R:I Final…
Estar preparado para realizar evaluaciones
No confíe en nadie mas que en SUS CERDOS
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
As well as providing digestible feeds we must supply appropriate feeds…i.e. we must… Recognise that all piglets are not the same at weaning… Feed different (and appropriate diets) at the correct level to different groups of pigs… Measure whole group performance as ROI – don’t ever buy on $’s / tonne… Understand whole life effects of early feeding and “factor this” into cost + return considerations… Be prepared to trial – but do them correctly… Trust no one but yourself (and your pigs)…
Cómo aumentamos el consume post-destete..?Alta disponibilidad de Alimento / Buena calidad de agua…
Espacio mínimo de comedero recomendado
7 – 8 kg : 75 mm / por cerdo 10 kg : 75 mm / cerdo 12 – 20 kg : 40 mm / cerdo
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
As well as having digestible and attractive feeds, we must never forget that feed availability and water availability can have a signif. impact on feed intake and as FI is so impt. in the first few weeks after weaning, we should consider providing additional feeder space/possibly additional water sources for this critical early period… As you can see from this slide, current recommendations are to give our newly weaned piglets more feeder space than animals that have been weaned for 2 – 3 weeks, with the rational behind this being that whilst suckling all animals ate together…
Alta disponibilidad de Alimento / Buena calidad de agua…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I’m sure the pictures on this slide are self explanatory and familiar to all of you…We know what’s right, but still almost every time I go on-farm I see massive inconsistency in feeder settings within the nursery and quite often incorrect feeder settings. Newly weaned pigs need a little bit of help – don’t set feeders too tight in week 1/week 2 and don’t have the same feeder setting week 6 as in week 1…
Alta disponibilidad de Alimento / Buena calidad de agua…
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gua
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Consumo de Alimento (g/day)
Source: Bartels et al., 1999
Consumo de Alimento esta altamente relacionado con consumo de aguaSi no consumen agua, no comerán!!
Un bebedero adicional x corral cuesta ~ US $30
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Again, an obvious slide, if pigs don’t drink, they don’t eat…Clear, proven linear relationship between water intake and feed intake… …and yet still, far too often, we find ourselves commenting on poor water availability – not enough drinker points, too low water pressure, too high water pressure etc. as/when doing farm visits. To me, as someone rather sadly obsessed with post-weaning feed intakes, I cant understand this. In the UK an additional drinker point costs about US$30.00 -not a huge amount per pig over the lifetime of the drinker surely?
Cómo aumentamos el consumo post-destete..?Un buen Creep-feed pre destete
7398
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11 to 18 11 to 20 11 to 22 11 to 25 11 to 28
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No esperen milagros, entonces para que molestarse..?
Bruininx et al., 2006
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I mentioned earlier in the talk that I was going to mention creep feeding later on in the talk…I also said that creep feeding is impt – but mostly for reasons not to with increased wean wt…This graph hopefully explains what I meant here…In 28 day weaning systems we might expect a creep feed intake per pig of around 375 g/pig – during the suckling period, whilst in 21 day systems we would expect – on average – around 150, maybe 200 g…These levels of creep feed consumption – particularly in a 21 day system – are not going to have a huge effect on weaning weight – so why bother..?
Source: Sulabo et al., 2010
499491
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No Creep Non Eaters Eaters
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ay)
Later Weaning - 28 Days
370 370
390
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ADG
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ay)
Earlier Weaning - 21 Days
Source: Bruininx et al., 2002
Un buen consumo en la maternidad para recibir recompensas en el destete
Un buencreep -feed Pre destete, para mejorarel desempeño Post destete…
Destete Temprano – 21 días Destete Tardío – 28 días
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
There is a significant amount of published data that VERY much indicates a benefit in terms of post-weaning performance from animals that have eaten reasonable levels of piglet feed pre-weaning…As you can see from this slide (showing data from both 21 and 28 day weaning systems) the piglets that had consumed creep feed pre-weaning did significantly better in the nursery, growing faster that the non-creep fed animals…
Sulabo et al (2010)
Un buen Creep Feed?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Sometimes we hear people say that creep feeding is a waste of time – particularly in 21 day systems…It is a waste of time if we cant get the piglets to eat the creep feed (absolutely), but with effort and by starting earlier, it is possible to secure a decent level of feed intake…Historically, people have not really bothered with creep feed until the piglets are 10/12 days of age; which we would say is absolutely wrong; there is clear data showing that a higher % of piglets will consume feed the earlier you start feeding it (with, then the reported post-weaning benefits that this consumption brings)…
Un buen Creep feed?
Alimento Simple Alimento Alta Calidad
Ref: Sulabo el al 2010
Use dietas de alta calidad para estimular el consumo…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
There is also data – again from Sulabo and colleagues showing the benefits of a complex creep feed (containing milk proteins/fish meal etc) over a simple cereal /soya diet in terms of the % of pigs that eat the creep before they are weaned…Interestingly (but perhaps not surprisingly) in this research, we can see that the lightest piglet weaned (i.e. probably the ones on the poorest teats) responded most to the higher quality feed; with over 80% of them measured as having consumed creep feed…
Un buencreep -feed Pre destete, para mejorarel desempeño Post destete…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
These pictures are from a UK farm I was on about four weeks ago. The farm was doing something very simple to help improve feed intakes in the immediate period post weaning. They were using the same creep feed trough design in the nursery pens as they had used in the farrowing pens for the first 5/6 days post-weaning…The newly weaned piglets obviously recognised the feeders in their new accommodation and accordingly start eating earlier. Very simple – but I’m a bit embarrassed to admit 29 years in the pig industry and I had never thought of this…As Albert Einstein said (or at least meant) - we must ensure we “never stop learning”…
De que otraforma podemosmejorarel consume dealimentopost destete?
Temperature can also have a significant impact on a newly weaned piglet’s feed intake as this table shows…Starting piglets too warm and keeping them too warm (i.e. 32 degrees C for the 1st week, 29 degrees C for the 2nd week) reduced feed intake cf 28 degrees C (1st week), 26 degrees C 2nd week) in this data presented by Le Dividich. Ideally – if at all possible, rather than setting one temp that all piglets have to “live with”, try to give diff. temp possibilities (use of stock boarding/space heaters etc). All piglets are not the same; there are very large diffs in wt (and therefore surface area) and all piglets have diff feed intakes (and therefore heat production)…One temp. does not optimally suit all…
De que otraforma podemosaumentarel consumopost destete?
Iluminación…
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
I think possibly less well known is the impact of lighting on piglet feed intake and piglet growth…This data, from Bruninex (back in 2002) shows a clear benefit of leaving the nursery lights on in the early post-weaning period i.e. for 23 hours / day (particularly in the first week)…Not many people do this and of course in some countries a minimum period of dark is required (to abide by animal welfare regulations) so this would obviously preclude this…
Lechones de bajo desempeño: Hay diarreas en la caseta...?
Revise si hay alguna enfermedad Elimine factores de estrés
(incluyendo alimentos mala calidad!)
Y después revisar…
Sus lechones están comiendo suficiente?> 400 g a los 50 días de edad
El bajo consumo de alimento no es bueno…pero cual es la causa...?
Moderador
Notas de la presentación
So finally, what should be looking for if piglets are not performing well in the nursery in terms of growth rate or have diarhoea? Firstly we should obviously check for disease; is any challenge (PRRS/influenza etc) running through the herd? After this has been done; check that there are no stressors + eliminate these, this includes poor quality feed. After that (or actually at the same time), look very closely at feed intake; is it where it should be/is it too low? If it is why? Feed intake is impt across the whole farm, BUT securing good FIs in the early part of the nursery sets the pig up for life + as such, should be given the absolute care, attention and focus that they deserve. Thank you.
60
Muchas gracias
…y tiene impacto en el posterior eficiencia del cerdo…Que hay sobre el crecimiento compensatorio..? Algunos creen que no importa no invertir en la alimentación del lechón
Que los cerdos después se recuperarán en la engorda…
That would be great - we could feed cheaper feeds…
Primary Diet’s sponsored a PhD at Leeds University to look more closely at the reality or otherwise!) of compensatory growth…
Our conclusions: Compensatory growth – don’t bet on it.Nuevas Apliaciones en la nutrición y manejo del Lechómn.
Dr. Ian Wellock – London, Ontario Swine Conf. 2013
Consumo de Alimento en lechones recién destetados..?
