of 21
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
1/21
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
2/21
History of Animal ResearchHistory of Animal Research
First recorded experimentation on animalsFirst recorded experimentation on animalsoccurred in ancient Romeoccurred in ancient Rome William Harvey (1578-1657) discovered bloodWilliam Harvey (1578-1657) discovered blood
circulation via experiments on live deer.circulation via experiments on live deer.
French philosopher Ren Descartes (1596-French philosopher Ren Descartes (1596-1650), animals are incapable of feeling pain.1650), animals are incapable of feeling pain. Bentham declared, "The question is not, canBentham declared, "The question is not, can
theythey reasonreason? Nor, can they? Nor, can they talktalk?? But can theyBut can theysuffersuffer??
"1876 Cruelty to Animals Act" in England"1876 Cruelty to Animals Act" in England 1960s- the amount of attention, activism, and1960s- the amount of attention, activism, and
scholarship related to animal use has increasedscholarship related to animal use has increasedat a rapid pace.at a rapid pace.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
3/21
Proverbs 12:10, we areProverbs 12:10, we aretaught:taught:
"A righteous man has regard"A righteous man has regardfor the life of his beast,for the life of his beast,But the compassion of theBut the compassion of the
wicked is cruel."wicked is cruel."
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-cage-07.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-bush-07.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-cage-22.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-04.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-03.html8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
4/21
Horrified looks ofBiomedical Research
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-03.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-04.html8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
5/21
Legalized SadismLegalized Sadism
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-usa-09.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-usa-02.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-exp-25.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-exp-07.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-22.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-04.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-05.html8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
6/21
Hopeless FacesHopeless Faces
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-bush-06.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-bush-01.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-abuse-02.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-09.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-04.html8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
7/21
Fast Facts of Biomedical ResearchFast Facts of Biomedical Research
Worldwide, approximately 35 million animalsWorldwide, approximately 35 million animalsare used in research each yearare used in research each year
United States alone uses 12 million animalsUnited States alone uses 12 million animals
annually.annually. Laboratory rats, mice, and birds, whichLaboratory rats, mice, and birds, which
comprise about 90 percent of all animals usedcomprise about 90 percent of all animals usedin research, but are not covered by the Animalin research, but are not covered by the Animal
Welfare Act (AWA), and therefore, are notWelfare Act (AWA), and therefore, are notcountedcounted The most frequently used species in the UnitedThe most frequently used species in the United
States is mice, followed by rats, rabbits, guineaStates is mice, followed by rats, rabbits, guinea
pigs, pigs, dogs, sheep, primates, and cats.pigs, pigs, dogs, sheep, primates, and cats.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
8/21
The majority of animals used in BiomedicalThe majority of animals used in BiomedicalResearch are bred specifically for thatResearch are bred specifically for thatpurpose by USDA licensed suppliers.purpose by USDA licensed suppliers.
An estimated 17 to 22 million vertebrateAn estimated 17 to 22 million vertebrate
animals are used each year in research-animals are used each year in research-less than 1% of the number killed forless than 1% of the number killed forfood.food.
Humans now live an additional 20.8 yearsHumans now live an additional 20.8 years
because of the discoveries made frombecause of the discoveries made frombiomedical research.biomedical research.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
9/21
Rats and mice comprise 85 to 95%Rats and mice comprise 85 to 95%of all animals used in research.of all animals used in research.
10 to 17 million dogs and cats are10 to 17 million dogs and cats areeuthanized in pounds and shelterseuthanized in pounds and sheltersannually.annually.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
10/21
Main Features of U.S. LegislationMain Features of U.S. Legislation
Public Health ServicePublic Health Service Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,
administered by the Office for Laboratory Animaladministered by the Office for Laboratory Animal
Welfare of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Welfare of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Animal Welfare Act (AWA),Animal Welfare Act (AWA), specifically named animal speciesspecifically named animal species
administered by the Animal and Plant Healthadministered by the Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service (APHIS) of the United StatesInspection Service (APHIS) of the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA).Department of Agriculture (USDA).
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
11/21
Animals in EducationAnimals in Education Experimentation or surgery on live animals (vivisection)Experimentation or surgery on live animals (vivisection)
raises a host of concerns about unnecessary pain andraises a host of concerns about unnecessary pain andsuffering and the unethical use of animals.suffering and the unethical use of animals.
Animal dissection raises many ethical andAnimal dissection raises many ethical andenvironmental concerns:environmental concerns: the practice involves the unnecessary killing of animals;the practice involves the unnecessary killing of animals;
ignores welfare standards during animal capture, preparation,ignores welfare standards during animal capture, preparation,and shipping;and shipping;
releases formaldehyde into the environment;releases formaldehyde into the environment;
focuses on descriptive biology to the detriment of creativefocuses on descriptive biology to the detriment of creativescientific thinking and research;scientific thinking and research;
causes some students to abandon further science educationcauses some students to abandon further science education weakens the respect for life and the humane treatment ofweakens the respect for life and the humane treatment of
animals.animals.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
12/21
Using Animals for Human PurposesUsing Animals for Human Purposes
Benefits to human from Animal ResearchBenefits to human from Animal Research Philosophical Perspective- animals do not havePhilosophical Perspective- animals do not have
moral standing because they do not have:moral standing because they do not have:
self-consciousnessself-consciousness freedom to act and engage in purposive behavior.freedom to act and engage in purposive behavior.
reasons fro actions and ability to appreciate reasons forreasons fro actions and ability to appreciate reasons foractionsactions
capacity to communicate with humans using languagecapacity to communicate with humans using language
capacity to make moral judgmentscapacity to make moral judgments rationalityrationality
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
13/21
Effects of Research on AnimalEffects of Research on Animal
WelfareWelfare
Cost top the animal- avoiding crueltyCost top the animal- avoiding crueltyto animal subjects of researchto animal subjects of research
3 Rs3 Rs
Reduce the pain and used in researchReduce the pain and used in research
Refine the endpoints and proceduresRefine the endpoints and proceduresof the experimentof the experiment
Replace animals with non-animalReplace animals with non-animalmodels whenever possible suffering andmodels whenever possible suffering andthe number of animals.the number of animals.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
14/21
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
15/21
ConsiderConsider
Are your judgments governed by a:Are your judgments governed by a:
Teleological perspective (the ends justifyTeleological perspective (the ends justifythe meansthe means
Deontological perspective (individualDeontological perspective (individualautonomy/ animal rights are moreautonomy/ animal rights are moreimportant than the potential benefits.important than the potential benefits.
What is the most consistentWhat is the most consistentprinciple/ rationale you can offer toprinciple/ rationale you can offer todefend your approach?defend your approach?
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
16/21
Investigator ResponsibilitiesInvestigator Responsibilities
Design experiments with concern forDesign experiments with concern foranimal welfare.animal welfare.
Administer research protocols withAdminister research protocols withconcern for animal welfare.concern for animal welfare.
Report results to the scientificReport results to the scientificcommunity.community.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
17/21
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
18/21
Administration of ProtocolsAdministration of Protocols
Adequate training of research personnelAdequate training of research personnelin:in: Animal handlingAnimal handling
Specific experimental procedures (eg.Specific experimental procedures (eg.Injections, blood collection, anesthesia)Injections, blood collection, anesthesia)
Animal health and careAnimal health and care
Knowledge of research protocolKnowledge of research protocol
Minimize exposure to:Minimize exposure to: Animal-inflicted injuriesAnimal-inflicted injuries
Zoonotic diseasesZoonotic diseases
Biological, chemical and or radiation hazards.Biological, chemical and or radiation hazards.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
19/21
Reporting ResultsReporting Results
Research results cannot be beneficialResearch results cannot be beneficialif they sit on a shelf!if they sit on a shelf!
Researchers should report theirResearchers should report theirefforts to conduct animal research inefforts to conduct animal research ina humane manner, includinga humane manner, includingapproval from the campus animalapproval from the campus animal
use and care committeeuse and care committee
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
20/21
How can I help stop the pain andHow can I help stop the pain and
suffering of animals?suffering of animals? The use of interactive 3-D computerThe use of interactive 3-D computer
models, video footage, and plasticmodels, video footage, and plastic
life-size models in schools.life-size models in schools.
Speak out against all forms of animalSpeak out against all forms of animalexploitation and cruelty.exploitation and cruelty.
Buy only cruelty-free makeup,Buy only cruelty-free makeup,
toiletries, and household products.toiletries, and household products. Buy only cruelty-free makeup, toiletries,Buy only cruelty-free makeup, toiletries,
and household products.and household products.
Products that are not tested on animals.Products that are not tested on animals.
8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals
21/21
Prepared by:Prepared by:Glein M. SayatGlein M. Sayat
Q3A BS BiologyQ3A BS Biology