Ethical Issues in Foreign Policy
Syllabus
John Norton Moore
Walter L. Brown Professor of Law Director, Center for National Security Law
David Little
T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor Emeritus of the Practice of Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict
Harvard University Divinity School
Class Web site: http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/jnmoore/ethicalissues/
January Term 2012
University of Virginia | School of Law | Charlottesville, Virginia
1
Ethical Issues in Foreign Policy
January Term 2012
Syllabus
(NOTE: Reading assignments begin on page 3)
Professor John Norton Moore University of Virginia
Walter L. Brown Professor of Law School of Law
Director, Center for National Security Law Monday-Friday, 1:30-4:00 p.m.
Professor David Little
T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor Emeritus of the Practice of
Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict
Harvard Divinity School
Date Topic
January 16 I. What is Ethical Thinking?
A. Contemporary Overviews of Ethics and International Affairs (Hoffmann and
Cohen)
B. Classical Positions
1. Realism (Machiavelli, Kennan)
2. Realism, Modified (Hume)
3. Idealism, Statist (Kant)
4. Idealism, Internationalist (Grotius)
January 17 II. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
A. The History of International Law on the Control of Aerial Bombardment
B. Conventional Bombing Methods during WWII (Including the Firebomb Raids
on Tokyo)
C. The Human Cost
D. The Decision to Use the Bomb
E. Japan’s Decision to Surrender
F. The Role of Intelligence Information
January 18 III. Torture and Intelligence Gathering
A. National and International Prohibitions against Torture
B. The Israeli Experience
2
C. Decisions by the Bush Administration to “Take off the Gloves” (Dumbing
Down the Prohibitions Against Torture)
D. Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo & Abu Ghraib
E. The Costs of Detainee Abuse
F. The Broader Debate about Torture
January 19 IV. The Crisis in Rwanda
A. Moral Issues: Humanitarian Intervention
B. Legal Issues
C. Clinton Policies
D. Policy Debates
January 20 V. The War in Iraq
A. Policy Background
B. Policy Debate
C. Legal Issues
D. Moral Issues
3
Ethical Issues in Foreign Policy
Reading Assignments
Professor John Norton Moore January Term 2012
Walter L. Brown Professor of Law University of Virginia
Director, Center for National Security Law School of Law
Monday-Friday, 1:30-4:00 p.m.
Professor David Little
T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor Emeritus of the Practice of
Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict
Harvard Divinity School
Texts for Reading Assignments
2012 Reader: A two-volume compilation of documents and reading materials prepared by Professor
Moore and Professor Little for this course is available in the Copy Center.
Reserve Materials: Materials indicated here as “Readings, On Reserve” are available in the Law Library. In addition to reading material, three films (DVD copies) have been placed on reserve
at the library as optional viewing for the sessions on “The Decision to Drop the
Atomic Bomb” and “Torture and Intelligence Gathering.” Original Child Bomb is an
hour in length (note: the DVD is slow to load), The Torture Question is 90 minutes
and Ghosts of Abu Ghraib is 78 minutes.
Online Materials: Note that some of the readings in the section on Rwanda can be found online.
Date Topic and Assignments
January 16 I. What is Ethical Thinking?
A. Contemporary Overviews
2012 Reader, Volume 1 (required): Insert 1 L.H. Gelb & J.A. Rosenthal, “The Rise of Ethics in Foreign Policy:
Reaching a Values Consensus,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2003
Readings, On Reserve (required):
#1 Stanley Hoffmann, “Ethics and International Affairs,” ch. 1 in Duties
Beyond Borders, pp. 1-43.
#2 Marshall Cohen, “Moral Skepticism and International Relations,” ch. 1
in International Ethics (Charles R. Beitz, ed.), pp. 3-50.
#2a Mark R. Amstutz, “Morality and Foreign Policy,” ch. 1 in
International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global
Politics, 2008, pp. 7-26. (Includes case study of 1999 NATO
intervention in Kosovo).
4
B. Classical Positions: Realism, Modified Realism, Statist Idealism, Internationalist
Idealism
Readings, On Reserve (required):
#4 George Kennan, “Morality and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 205-
218 (Winter 85/86).
Jan. 16 (cont.) Readings, On Reserve (recommended):
#3 Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, chs. 15, 18; Discourse, chs. 34, 40-
42.
#5 David Hume, “Of the Law of Nations,” Bk. III, Sect. 11, Treatise of
Human Nature.
#6 Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, Appendix I and II.
#7 Hugo Grotius, Prologomena to the Law of War and Peace.
#8 Arnold Wolfers, “Statesmanship and Moral Choice” and “National
Security as an Ambiguous Symbol,” chs. 4 and 10 of Discord and
Collaboration: Essays on International Politics.
#9 David Little, “Hugo Grotius and the Doctrine of the Just War,” from
Suche nach Frieden: Politische Ethik in der Fruhen Neuzeit, I.
#10 W.B. Gallie, “Kant on Perpetual Peace,” in Philosophers of Peace and
War.
January 17 II. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Skim the readings in this section for an overall assessment
A. The History of International Law on the Control of Aerial Bombardment
2012 Reader Vol. 1 (skim): 1-31 Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, chapters 5 and 6 (1976).
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
#11 Hays Parks, “Air War and the Law of War,” 32 The Air Force Law
Review, 1-225 (with emphasis on pages 1-55) (1990).
B. Conventional Bombing Methods during WWII (Including the Firebomb Raids
on Tokyo)
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
#12 The Strategic Air War against Germany 1939-1945, foreword, xxxiii-
xxxiv, 5-10, 88-98 (Frank Cass Publishers, 1998).
#13 Stephen Harper, Miracle of Deliverance, 109-150 (Stein and Day,
1985).
C. The Human Cost
On Reserve (optional):
Film: “Original Child Bomb”
5
D. The Decision to Use the Bomb
Jan. 17 (cont.) 2012 Reader (skim):
32-38 Richard B. Frank, “Why Truman Dropped the Bomb,” 44 The
Weekly Standard (August 8, 2005).
39-48 Robert P. Newman, Truman and the Hiroshima Cult, 185-197
(Michigan State University Press, 1995).
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
#13a Sean L. Malloy, Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision
to Use the Bomb Against Japan, 2008, chp. 5 “The Ordeal of
Henry L. Stimson,” pp. 96-119
#14 J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the
Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan, Revised Edition, 75-110
(University of North Carolina Press, 2004).
#15 Robert P. Newman, Enola Gay and the Court of History, Preface, 1-
50 (Peter Lang Publishing, 2004).
Book: Hiroshima in History and Memory (Michael J. Hogan, ed.,
Cambridge University Press, 1996).
E. Japan’s Decision to Surrender
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
#16 Japan’s Longest Day, 13-60 (Corgi Books, 1968).
F. The Role of Intelligence Information
2012 Reader (skim):
49-102 Douglas J. MacEachin, The Final Months of the War With Japan:
Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb
Decision, Center for the Study of Intelligence (December
1998).
January 18 III. Torture and Intelligence Gathering
Skim the readings in this section for an overall assessment
A. National and International Prohibitions against Torture
2012 Reader Vol. 1 (skim):
103-109 Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
(Articles 2-3, 12-14, 17, 20, 25, 78, 129-131) (August 12, 1949).
110-149 Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons
in Time of War (August 12, 1949).
150-159 UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment; U.S. Reservations
(December 10, 1984).
160-171 Army Field Manual 34-52 on Intelligence Interrogation (May 8, 1987).
6
172-173 18 USC Sec. 2340A; Title 18 – Crimes and Criminal Procedure
(January 5, 1999).
Jan. 18 (cont.) B. The Israeli Experience
2012 Reader (skim):
174-201 H.C. 5100/94, Pub. Comm. Against Torture in Isr. v. Gov't of Israel,
53(4) P.D. 817, 845.
C. Decisions by the Bush Administration to “Take off the Gloves” (Dumbing Down
the Prohibitions against Torture)
Class Handout (required):
Selections from M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Institutionalization of Torture by the
Bush Administration: Is Anyone Responsible? (Intersentia, 2011)
2012 Reader (skim):
202-251 Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales Re: Standards of Conduct for
Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A (August 1, 2002).
252-263 Department of Defense memos (October 11, 2002).
264 Memo for Secretary of Defense from William J. Haynes, General
Counsel of the Department of Defense regarding Counter-
Resistance Techniques (November 27, 2002).
265-316 Working Group Report on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War
on Terrorism: Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy, and
Operational Considerations (March 6, 2003).
317-322 Department of Defense Memo on Counter-Resistance Techniques in
the War on Terror (April 16, 2003).
323-333 Department of Defense Directive Number 3115.09 (Nov. 3, 2005).
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
#17 David Luban, “Torture, American-Style,” Washington Post (November
27, 2005, B01).
#17a Darius Rejali, “Five Myths about Torture and Truth,” Washington Post
(December 16, 2007, B03).
D. Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo & Abu Ghraib
On Reserve (optional):
DVD of TV program: Frontline’s “The Torture Question”
DVD of HBO documentary: “Ghosts of Abu Ghraib”
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
Book: Seymour M. Hersh, Chain of Command, 1-72
(HarperCollins, 2004).
2012 Reader (skim):
334-350 Press briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD
General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel
Daniel Dell’Orto and Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
General Keith Alexander (June 22, 2004).
7
E. The Costs of Detainee Abuse
Students are requested to reflect on the full national and international
implications of detainee abuse.
2012 Reader (skim):
351-352 Michael Walzer, Arguing about War, 9 (Yale University Press, 2004).
Jan. 18 (cont.) F. The Broader Debate about Torture
Readings, On Reserve (skim):
#18 Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection, title page, 3-18,
183-198, 257-305 (Oxford University Press, 2004).
#19 Wayne McCormack, Legal Responses to Terrorism, 571-598
(LexisNexis, 2005).
#20 Wayne McCormack, Legal Responses to Terrorism, 625-626,
666-667 (LexisNexis, 2005).
2012 Reader (skim):
353-412 Jeremy Waldron, “Torture and Positive Law: Jurisprudence for the
White House,” (unpublished paper, 2005).
413-414 “The Cleveland Principles of International Law on the Detention and
Treatment of Persons in Connection with the ‘Global War on
Terror’” (2005).
415-467 Jordan J. Paust, “Executive Plans and Authorizations to Violate
International Law Concerning Treatment and Interrogation of
Detainees,” 43 Columbia J. Transnatl Law 811-863 (2005).
Readings, Online (recommended):
Sharon Begley, “The Tortured Brain: Extreme Pain and Stress can Actually
Impair” Newsweek, Sept 21, 2009. http://www.newsweek.com/id/215922
January 19 IV. The Crisis in Rwanda
A. Moral Issues: Humanitarian Intervention
Readings, On Reserve (required):
#21 Michael Walzer, Arguing about War, 67-81 (2004).
2012 Reader, Volume 2 (required) :
467A Terry Nardin, “The Moral Basis for Humanitarian Intervention,”
insert in Anthony F. Lang (ed.), Just Intervention. (Georgetown Univ.
Press, 2003), pp.11-27.
467B Michael Barnett, “Bureaucratizing the Duty to Aid: The United
insert Nations and Rwandan Genocide” (175-191), in Anthony F. Lang
(ed.), Just Intervention. (Georgetown Univ. Press, 2003),
pp. 174-191.
8
467 C David Little, “Ground to Stand On: A Philosophical Reappraisal of
insert Human Rights Language,” 2010 (unpublished paper).
B. Legal Issues
Readings, On Reserve (recommended):
#22 Lee Feinstein and Anne-Marie Slaughter, “A Duty to Prevent,” 84
Foreign Affairs, 136-150 (Jan/Feb, 2004).
C. Clinton Policies
Readings, Online (recommended):
“U.S. and Genocide in Rwanda, 1994: Information, Intelligence, and US
Response.” 2004, by W. Ferroggiaro, available at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB117/index.htm
“U.S. and Genocide in Rwanda, 1994: Evidence of Inaction.” 2001,
W. Ferroggiaro, ed. available at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html
Jan. 19 (cont.) “U.S. and Genocide in Rwanda, 1994: Assassination of the Presidents and
the Beginning of the Apocalypse.” 2004, by W. Ferroggiaro,
available at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB119/index.htm
“U.N. Congo Report Offers New View on Genocide,” by Howard French, New
York Times 27 Aug 2010, available at
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/world/africa/28congo.html
UN Report: Democratic Republic of Congo, 1993-2003 (August 2010), skim the
Executive Summary, pp. 2-32 of this 566 p. document. Helpful maps
are in Annex IV beginning on p. 545. Available at
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ZR/DRC_MAPPING_RE
PORT_FINAL_EN.pdf
Readings, On Reserve (recommended):
#23 James Bennet, “Clinton in Africa: The Overview; Clinton Declares
U.S., with World, Failed Rwandans, New York Times (March 26,
1998).
D. Policy Debate
Readings, On Reserve (required):
#24 Samantha Power, “Rwanda, ‘Mostly in a Listening Mode,” A
Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide, 328-389
(2002).
#25 Alan J. Kuperman, “Rwanda in Retrospect,” 79 Foreign Affairs 94-
118 (Jan./Feb., 2000).
#26 Alison L. Des Forges and Alan J. Kuperman, “Shame: Rationalizing
Western Apathy on Rwanda,” Foreign Affairs (May/June,
2000).
#27 Jonathan Rauch, “Now is the Time to Tell the Truth about Rwanda,”
National Journal (April 21, 2001).
#27a Larissa van den Herik, “The Schism between the Legal and the Social
Concept of Genocide in Light of the Responsibility to
Protect,” in The Criminal Law of Genocide: International,
Comparative and Contextual Aspects, (eds. Henham &
9
Behrens, 2007) pp.73-95. (Includes comparison of genocides
in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Darfur).
Readings, Online (recommended):
Ellis Cose, “A Message of Hope from a Pile of Bones,” Newsweek,
April 4, 2009 http://www.newsweek.com/id/192462
January 20 V. The War in Iraq
A. Policy Background
2012 Reader, Vol. 2 (required):
468-501 “Bush National Security Strategy (NSS) Report” of September 17,
2002.
502-507 Bush’s “Axis of Evil” speech of January 29, 2002.
508-512 Bush’s West Point speech of June 1, 2002.
513-517 Bush’s UN speech of September 12, 2002.
518-525 Bush’s Naval Academy speech, November 30, 2005
526-563 National Security Council’s “National Strategy for Victory in Iraq”
(November 2005).
Readings, On Reserve (required):
#28 John Lewis Gaddis, “Grand Strategy in the Second Term,” 84 Foreign
Affairs 2-15 (Jan./Feb, 2005).
Readings, On Reserve (recommended):
#29 Fouad Ajami, “Iraq and the Arabs’ Future,” 82 Foreign Affairs 2-18
(Jan./Feb., 2003).
B. Policy Debate
Readings, On Reserve (recommended):
#30 George Lopez and David Cortright, “Containing Iraq: Sanctions
Worked,” 83 Foreign Affairs 90-103 (July/August, 2004).
#31 Larry Diamond, “What Went Wrong in Iraq?” 83 Foreign Affairs 34-56
(Sept./Oct., 2004).
#32 “Iraq Policy Briefing: Is There an Alternative to War?” International
Crisis Group Middle East Report No. 9 (Feb. 24, 2003), pp. 1-28.
#33 Gregory Gause, “Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?” 84 Foreign Affairs
62-76 (Sept./Oct., 2005).
C. Legal Issues
Readings, On Reserve (recommended): #34 Anthony Clark Arend, “International Law and the Preemptive
Use of Military Force,” Reshaping Rogue States, 19-36 (The
MIT Press, 2004)
#35 Michael J. Glennon, “Why the Security Council Failed,” Foreign
Affairs (May/June, 2003), pp. 16-35.
#36 Glen Frankel, “Blair Releases Memo Questioning Legality of Iraq
War,” Washington Post, A16 (April 29, 2005).
10
#37 Jeffrey Addicott, Terrorism Law: The Rule of Law and the War on
Terror, Second Edition, 177-226 (Lawyers and Judges,
2004)
Jan. 20 (cont.) 2012 Reader (required):
564-567 Wayne McCormack, Legal Responses to Terrorism, 658-660
(LexisNexis, 2005)
568-573 Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, Second
Edition, 179-186 (Oxford University Press, 2004)
574-576 The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United
States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction: Report to
the President of the United States, 10-11 (March 31, 2005)
577-589 Memo to British Prime Minister Tony Blair from Britain’s Attorney
General Peter Goldsmith concerning the legality of a war
in Iraq (dated March 7, 2003)
590-592 Memo from Matthew Rycroft to members of British government
concerning a Prime Minister’s meeting in Iraq July 23, 2002
(“The Downing Street Memo”).
593-595 Iraq Study Group Report: Executive Summary
D. Moral Issues
2012 Reader (required):
596-604 Steven Simon, “The Price of the Surge,” Foreign Affairs (May/June
2008)
605-617 Janice Love, “Contested Morality in U.S. Foreign Policy,” in
Enemy Combatants, Terrorism, and Armed Conflict Law,
(ed. Linnan, 2008), pp. 51-63. (On morality of the 2003 Iraq
invasion, Christian viewpoints on war, and American
prestige).
618-635 David Little, “Obama and Niebuhr: Religion and American
Foreign Policy,” 2010 (unpublished paper).
Readings, On Reserve (required):
#38 John Langan, “Is There a Just Cause for War against Iraq?, in
Beestermoller and Little, Iraq: Threat and Response, pp. 49-57.
#39 Michael Walzer, Arguing about War, pp. 143-168 (Yale University
Press, 2004).
#40 Anthony F. Lang Jr., “The Role of International Law and Ethics,” in
The Iraq War: Causes and Consequences, (ed. Fawn & Hinnebusch,
2006), pp. 269-280. (Analysis of why the U.S. instigated the Iraq
War and whether moral & legal claims are true).
Readings, Online (recommended): President Obama’s Remarks at the Acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize (2009)
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-acceptance-nobel-peace-prize
JOHN NORTON MOORE
John Norton Moore is the Walter L. Brown Professor of Law at the University of Virginia
School of Law. He also directs the University’s Center for National Security Law and the Center for
Oceans Law & Policy and was the Director of the Graduate Law Program at Virginia for more than
twenty years. Viewed by many as the founder of the field of national security law, Professor Moore
chaired the prestigious American Bar Association’s Standing Committee on Law and National
Security for four terms. He is the author or editor of more than twenty-five books and over 160
scholarly articles and served for two decades on the editorial board of the American Journal of
International Law. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Law Institute,
the American Society of International Law, the Order of the Coif, Phi Beta Kappa, and numerous
other professional and honorary organizations.
In addition to his scholarly career, Professor Moore has a distinguished record of public
service. Among seven Presidential appointments, he has served two terms as the Senate-confirmed
Chairman of the Board of Directors of the United States Institute of Peace and, as the first Chairman,
set up this new agency. He currently serves as a Member of the Director of Central Intelligence’s
Historical Review Board. He also served as the Counselor on International Law to the Department of
State, and as Ambassador and Deputy Special Representative of the President to the Law of the Sea
Conference, Chairman of the National Security Council Interagency Task Force on the Law of the
Sea, and as a member of the United States’ legal team before the International Court of Justice in the
Gulf of Maine and Paramilitary Activities cases.
In the past, he has served as a consultant to both the President’s Intelligence Oversight Board
and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. He has also been a member of the National
Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, the United States Delegation to the Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Presidential Delegation of the United States to observe
the elections in El Salvador. In 1990, he served, with the Deputy Attorney-General of the United
States, as the Co-Chairman of the United States-USSR talks on the Rule of Law. He also served as
the legal advisor to the Kuwait Representative to the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Boundary
Demarcation Commission.
Professor Moore has recently completed a book entitled Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the
Democratic Peace (Carolina Academic Press, 2004) which summarizes more than a decade and a
half of work concerning the origins of war and means to control war. The book also develops a
theoretical approach to international relations termed “incentive theory.”
His wife, Barbara, is the Director of the National Undersea Research Program in the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and is a former NOAA aquanaut. He is the proud
father of two daughters, Victoria and Elizabeth.
(W&P0701)
DAVID LITTLE
Little is the former T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor of the Practice in Religion, Ethnicity, and
International Conflict at Harvard Divinity School, and former Director of Initiatives in Religion and
Public Life. He was also an Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard
University. He retired from Harvard in 2009. Until the summer of 1999, he was Senior Scholar in
Religion, Ethics and Human Rights at the United States Institute of Peace in Washington, DC, where
earlier he was a Distinguished Fellow. One of his major responsibilities in that capacity was to direct
the Working Group on Religion, Ideology, and Peace, which conducted a multi-year study of religion,
nationalism, and intolerance, with special reference to the UN Declaration on the Elimination of
Intolerance and Discrimination. He was a member of the U.S. State Department Advisory Committee
on Religious Freedom Abroad from 1996 to 1998.
Little was formerly Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He taught previously
at Harvard and Yale Divinity Schools, and from time to time at several colleges and universities. He
was Distinguished Visiting Professor in Humanities at the University of Colorado, and has held the
Henry R. Luce Professorship in Ethics at Amherst College and Haverford College. He has written in
the areas of moral philosophy, moral theology, history of ethics, and the sociology of religion, with a
special interest in comparative ethics, human rights, religious liberty, and ethics and international
affairs. Little was educated at the College of Wooster, Union Theological Seminary (New York City),
and he holds his doctorate from Harvard University.
Little is co-author with Scott W. Hibbard of the USIP publication, Islamic Activism and U.S. Foreign
Policy (1997). Little is author of two of the volumes in the USIP series on religion, nationalism, and
intolerance (RNI), Ukraine: The Legacy of Intolerance (1991), and Sri Lanka: The Invention of Enmity
(1994). The RNI conference report on Tibet, Sino-Tibetan Coexistence: Creating Space for Tibetan
Self-Direction, written by Little and Hibbard, also appeared in 1994. While at Harvard, Little hopes to
produce a volume summarizing the conclusions of the RNI series, and to complete a study tentatively
entitled, "Rights and Emergencies: Protecting Human Rights in the Midst of Conflict." With his wife,
Priscilla, he is also working on a book that will introduce Roger Williams to a European audience.
Little's recently published articles include: "Rethinking Human Rights: Review Essay on Religion,
Relativism, and Other Matters," in the Journal of Religious Ethics, "A Different Kind of Justice:
Dealing with Human Rights Violations in Transitional Societies,” “Religion and Ethnicity in the Sri
Lankan Civil War,” in Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation; “Coming to Terms
with Religious Militancy,” Harvard Divinity School Bulletin; “Religious Freedom and Religious
Minorities” in Protecting the Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe, and Rethinking
Religious Tolerance: Toward an Understanding of Tolerance and Reconciliation (with David
Chidester).
Earlier publications include Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: Freedom of Religion and
Conscience in the West and Islam (with John Kelsay and Abdulaziz Sachedina) (1988), Religion,
Order and Law: A Study in Pre-Revolutionary England (1969, 1984), and Comparative Religious
Ethics (with S.B. Twiss) (1978).
Little is married and he and his wife, Priscilla, have three married children, and seven
grandchildren.