Ethical Philosophies Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)

Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant)

Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws) Principles willed into Universal laws Treat people as ends (not means)

Virtues (Aristotle)

Ethics of Character

Philosophical Ethics Teleological

Results oriented Actions have no intrinsic ethical

character (acquire moral status from their consequences) or

Deontological Act oriented Actions are inherently right or wrong

(e.g., lying, cheating, stealing)

Philosophically Based Ethics (another perspective)

Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)

Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant)

Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws) Principles willed into Universal laws Treat people as ends (not means)

Virtues (Aristotle)

Ethics of Character

Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus

Bentham (not originally called Utilitarianism) Moral science (vs. ascetic religious)

Quantifying pleasure Pleasure good, pain bad Hedonistic calculus (7 aspects)

1. Intensity (Intrinsic strength of the pleasurable or painful feelings produced.)

2. Duration (how long they last)3. Certainty / Uncertainty (likelihood of

sensations being produced by given action.4. Propinquity / Remoteness (how soon they will

be felt)5. Fecundity (whether actions lead to pleasure)6. Purity (whether actions lead to pain)7. Extent (number of people affected)

Open, public, objective, fair Mill’s types of pleasure (quality vs.

quantity)

Business Systems Economic systems (underlying ideologies)

“normative” beliefs Motivation? Basic purpose(s)? Function of society

Market Free-Market

John Locke’s (rights) All are free and equal Rights of freedom, property, and protection

Negative / positive rights? Rights versus justice? Individualistic assumption?

Adam Smith’s (utilitarian) Market competition serves society better than

government Unrealistic assumptions of perfect

competition

Business Systems Keynesian

Free-markets alone are not enough Not the most efficient

Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest

Penalties for incompetence and ignorance Naturalistic fallacy

Free-Trade Benefits of specialization and trade

Comparative (rather than absolute) advantage

Production costs are not constant Means of production is portable.

Business Systems Command

Marx’s economic substructure / social superstructure

Exploitation of workers “surplus” Separation (alienation) of workers from

product Subordination of government to ruling class’

interests State control is victimized by individuals

Mixed Economy Retains Market and Private Property

system Relies on governmental policies

Cell X

Cell 1

Cell2Cell 3

EthicalResponsibility

LegalResponsibility

Economic Responsibility

Business Ethics

Cell X

EthicalResponsibility

LegalResponsibility

Economic Responsibility

Business Ethics

Cell “X”

Profitable, Legal and Ethical

Proceed with enthusiasm!

Cell 1EthicalResponsibility

LegalResponsibility

Economic Responsibility

Business Ethics

Cell 1

Legal and Ethical

Not Profitable:

Seek Profitable alternatives

Cell2

EthicalResponsibility

LegalResponsibility

Economic Responsibility

Business Ethics

Cell 2

Profitable and Legal

Proceed cautiously

Cell 3

EthicalResponsibility

LegalResponsibility

Economic Responsibility

Business Ethics

Cell 3

Profitable and ethical

Likely, also legal;

Proceed cautiously

Bremer’s “big picture” perspective

Question1 2 3 4

Level What is? What ought to be? Getting from 1 - 2? Motivation?

Personal

Organizational

Industry or Professional

Societal

Three Models of Managerial Ethics

Moral Management

ImmoralManagement

AmoralManagement

IntentionalUnintentional

Ethical Standards?

1. Integrity• Possessing and adhering to high principles

2. Honesty• Fair, just, truthful and morally upright

3. Fidelity• Loyalty, allegiance, accuracy

4. Charity• Voluntarily helping those in need

5. Tolerance• Ability to endure hardship, accepting different views

6. Responsibility• Accountable, willing to take a stand

7. Self-Discipline• Ability to motivate or restrain oneself