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Participating in ResearchParticipating in Research
How would you have felt if you participated in Dr. How would you have felt if you participated in Dr. Venkman’s study?Venkman’s study?
History of EthicsHistory of Ethics
1947 – Nuremberg Code1947 – Nuremberg Code Developed post WWII in response to the Developed post WWII in response to the
inhumane research performed by Nazi inhumane research performed by Nazi doctors on prisonersdoctors on prisoners
11stst attempt to develop guidelines for attempt to develop guidelines for research with human participantsresearch with human participants
Nuremberg CodeNuremberg Code
GuidelinesGuidelines1)1) Participation is voluntaryParticipation is voluntary2)2) Subjects must be informedSubjects must be informed3)3) Research must address important questionsResearch must address important questions4)4) Avoid unnecessary harmAvoid unnecessary harm5)5) Benefits > RisksBenefits > Risks6)6) Researchers must be qualified Researchers must be qualified 7)7) Ability to withdrawAbility to withdraw8)8) Research must be discontinued if it is Research must be discontinued if it is
harmfulharmful
APA Guide 1953APA Guide 1953
Based on the Nuremberg CodeBased on the Nuremberg Code Psychologist held to standardsPsychologist held to standards GuidelinesGuidelines
1)1) Informed ConsentInformed Consent
2)2) DeceptionDeception
3)3) Risks vs. Benefits Risks vs. Benefits
4)4) ConfidentialityConfidentiality
Ethical GuidelinesEthical Guidelines
Ethics – people should be treated as ends not Ethics – people should be treated as ends not meansmeans
Designed to protect the rights of human and Designed to protect the rights of human and animals animals
APA ethics code APA ethics code www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.htmlwww.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html
“…“…it has as its goals the welfare and protection of the individuals it has as its goals the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom the psychologists work…”and groups with whom the psychologists work…”
Ethical ResponsibilitiesEthical Responsibilities
Researcher responsibilitiesResearcher responsibilities to scienceto science to participantsto participants
Examples of unethical behaviorsExamples of unethical behaviors fabrication of results fabrication of results harming participants harming participants
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
No harmNo harm
Psychological or physicalPsychological or physical
If P is harmed, benefit > costIf P is harmed, benefit > cost
e.g., an effective treatment with side effectse.g., an effective treatment with side effects
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
Informed ConsentInformed Consent
Information about studyInformation about study Risks and benefitsRisks and benefits VoluntaryVoluntary No coercionNo coercion Withdraw at any timeWithdraw at any time
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
Consent FormConsent Form Ps sign to verify understandingPs sign to verify understanding
Consent – competent PsConsent – competent Ps
Assent – incompetent Ps guardiansAssent – incompetent Ps guardians e.g., developmentally disabled peoplee.g., developmentally disabled people
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
DeceptionDeception
Ps do not know true purpose of researchPs do not know true purpose of research
Two TypesTwo Types
Passive – information is left outPassive – information is left out
e.g., no knowledge of memorye.g., no knowledge of memory testtest
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
Active – information is inaccurateActive – information is inaccurate
e.g., cover storye.g., cover story Milgram (1965)Milgram (1965)
Confederate - role-plays.Confederate - role-plays.
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
DebriefingDebriefing
Purpose of study is explained to Ps upon Purpose of study is explained to Ps upon completioncompletion
Reduces harmful effects of deceptionReduces harmful effects of deception
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
ConfidentialityConfidentiality
Ps information will be kept secretPs information will be kept secret
e.g., memory, opinions, sexual orientation, etc.e.g., memory, opinions, sexual orientation, etc.
AnonymityAnonymity
Ps name is not associated with dataPs name is not associated with data
e.g., Ps are assigned a numbere.g., Ps are assigned a number
Protection of Human Rights - IRBProtection of Human Rights - IRB
Institutional Review Board (IRB)Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Committee who approves research Committee who approves research proposalsproposals
IRB FormsIRB Forms
http://www.psychology.ilstu.edu/research/researchers.hthttp://www.psychology.ilstu.edu/research/researchers.htmlml
Protection of Human Rights - IRBProtection of Human Rights - IRB
IRB CriteriaIRB Criteria
Minimize riskMinimize risk Benefits > RisksBenefits > Risks Equal opportunity samplingEqual opportunity sampling Informed consentInformed consent Documentation of consentDocumentation of consent Data monitoringData monitoring Privacy & ConfidentialityPrivacy & Confidentiality
Animal RightsAnimal Rights
Why do we use animals?Why do we use animals?
To understand animalsTo understand animals
To understand humansTo understand humans
To conduct research that cannot be To conduct research that cannot be conducted on humansconducted on humans
Research with AnimalsResearch with Animals
Overseen by a separate committee at Overseen by a separate committee at many institutionsmany institutions ISU has the Institutional Animal Care and ISU has the Institutional Animal Care and
Use Committee (IACUC)Use Committee (IACUC) Different Guidelines for animal Different Guidelines for animal
subjectssubjects
Research with AnimalsResearch with Animals
1.1. JustificationJustification Justify the use of animalsJustify the use of animals Justify the benefits of the studyJustify the benefits of the study Justify the use of a particular speciesJustify the use of a particular species
Research with AnimalsResearch with Animals
2.2. Care and TreatmentCare and Treatment Only trained researchers can handle Only trained researchers can handle
animalsanimals Animals must be kept in good healthAnimals must be kept in good health Housing must meet federal guidelinesHousing must meet federal guidelines
Degarmo’s lost animal colonyDegarmo’s lost animal colony
Research with AnimalsResearch with Animals
3.3. Acquisition of AnimalsAcquisition of Animals Must be bred humanely ORMust be bred humanely OR Must be obtained from others who Must be obtained from others who
obtianed or bred the animals humanelyobtianed or bred the animals humanely
Research with AnimalsResearch with Animals
4.4. Procedures during studyProcedures during study Minimize discomfort of animalsMinimize discomfort of animals Greater discomfort = Greater need for Greater discomfort = Greater need for
justificationjustification Surgical procedures must be carefully Surgical procedures must be carefully
overseenoverseen Animals raised in the lab cannot be Animals raised in the lab cannot be
released into the wildreleased into the wild
Scientific IntegrityScientific Integrity
Two issues: Fraud & PlagiarismTwo issues: Fraud & Plagiarism
Fraud – a conscious misrepresentation Fraud – a conscious misrepresentation of data by a researcherof data by a researcher
Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideaswork or ideas