ETHICS in SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

N. Yasemin YALIM, MD. PhD

Professor of Bioethics

Ankara University School of Medicine

RESEARCH

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A structured work,

consists of the development of methods

for producing, testing and evaluation of

knowledge,

in order to improve and contribute to

the generalizable knowledge.

RESEARCH in ENGINEERING

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An engineering research is a professional

study in the fields of Engineering,

and the general purpose of it is not to solve

the immediate practical problems,

but to take advantage of the newly created

knowledge for the future.

It is important not to forget the experimental

nature of engineering paradigms in general.

STEPS of a SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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Planning

Application

Publication

PLANNING

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Determining research subject

Selecting research question

Deciding about the method

Subject recruitment

Financial support

Confidentiality

RESEARCH QUESTION

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Time allotted

Financial sources

Human resources

Labor

Scientifically significant

Expected outcomes must be important

DETERMINING the METHOD

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Scientific validity

Appropriateness for the question

Applicability

Trofim Lisenko

IDENTIFYING RESEARCH SUBJECTS

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Adequate number

Voluntariness

First the least vulnerable groups (e.g. scientists, academics etc.)

Last the most vulnerable groups (e.g. immigrants, prisoners etc.).

[Hans Jonas]

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

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Government funds

Private sector funds

Research funds (University, NGOs etc.)

RELIABILITY

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Who owns the data?

Which terms of confidentiality is in effect?

PUBLICATION

BASIC SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE is a publication, which

(1) consists of the results of an original research,

(2) in a format that enables other scientists to repeat the tests conducted and to assess the results

and

(3) published in a periodical or in another scientific literature that is easily accessible for the scientific community.

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SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION

is the last step of every scientific study. It is

subject to definite rules and a certain

structure. Besides informing the scientific

community about the results, the ends of

these rules are to enable the colleague

scientists to check, use and reproduce the

knowledge.

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A GOOD SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

should have

Correct information

Appropriate presentation

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CORRECT INFORMATION

Dry Lab

Pruning

Normalization

Plagiarism

Piracy

Salamization

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Hwang Woo-Suk

TERMS

Dry Lab: Publishing the results of research that has not been done

Pruning: Manipulating the data by declaring the results which support the hypothesis

Normalization: Manipulating the data in order to achieve statistically more accurate results

Plagiarism: Publishing someone else’s article as a whole or partially

Piracy: Using someone else’s results or ideas without referring to him/her

Salamization: Dividing the data into smaller sections and publishing them seperately

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APPROPRIATE PRESENTATION

Writers

Title

Abstracts

Methods

Discussion

References

Acknowledgements

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WRITERS

The one who finds the question

The one who puts the hypothesis

The one who creates the method

The one who writes the article

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Routine lab works

Statistical analysis

Mentorship

Translation

do not deserve authorship.

TITLES & ABSTRACTS

Title should reflect the content

Slogan-like titles are unscientific

Abstracts should contain the results

A scientific article is not a popular novel

in which the mystery will be solved at the

end.

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METHODS

is the most important part of a scientific

paper and should be well written.

No hiding or distortion is allowed.

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REFERENCES

The writer should personally see all the

material he/she refer to.

“…” shows a direct quote.

Self-reference (continuous); referring to

foreign writers while overlooking the local

studies are inappropriate.

Arrogance is also unethical in science.

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TAKE HOME MESSAGES

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Research activities are regulated by international, national and institutional (local) rules.

It is O.K. to err in science, but being unethical or immoral is a great dishonor for a scientist.

Scientific publication is the last step of a scientific study and the ethical status of a scientific paper is important for the entire scientific community.

All scientists have the responsibility of investigating the ethical basis of a scientific paper, either as a writer, an editor, a reviewer or a reader.

No scientific achievement is more valuable than a single human life (or suffering)