7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

1/20

Ethical analysis

What is ethical study?

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

2/20

Definition of ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of

morality

Morality involves doing the right thing

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

3/20

What is the right thing?

At least two approaches to determining

the right thing

Teleological, that is, look at ends orconseuences of what we do

!eontological, that is, look at the intrinsic

nature of what is done or the act ratherthan conseuences

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

4/20

Example deontological

approach

"ying is intrinsically #ad, irrespective of

the conseuences$

Authority% &t$ Augustine% "ying is alwaysmorally impermissi#le$ 'a#solutist(

&ource of &t$ As proposition% his

interpretation of &criptures ')i#le( *hat is a lie+ alse statement made

with intent to deceive$ -f$ raud dfn

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

5/20

Deontological approach

(contd.)

Even &t$ A recogni.ed some deceptions

were not lies$

/false statement that speaker actually#elieves is true is not a lie 'no intent to

deceive(

/0ocose lies 1$2$ #3c no intent todeceive

&t$ A% some lies are e4cused #ut still

wrong% 5e#rew midwives lied to 6haroh

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

6/20

Deontological (contd)

*hy e4cuse some lies+ &t$ A% )3c moral

immaturity of person committing them

6ro#lems% "ying to defeat a competitor'&t$ A% wrong7 #3c one must not do evil

that good might come of it(

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

7/20

Deontological (contd)

-asuistry% overly su#tle reasoning

8aymond 6ennafort treated as founder

gist% apply general moral principles to

specific situations 'precursor of situation

ethics(

hypo% 5itler% Are there any 9ews here+

-asuist 'who knows of hiding 9ew(%

:o response7 1r, 9ews dont eat here$

&t$ A% !ont co/operate7 'pro#lem% death(

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

8/20

Case prolem! Contl

"ending #. $oth

*ho was #ad guy+

*ho was made to look #ad #y the #ad

guy+ *ho was criminally convicted+

*ho was e4onerated+

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

9/20

Examples of teleological

approach

;tilitarianism% greatest good for greatest

num#er, that is, ma4imi.ing utility

e$g$, star athlete gets caught red/handedstealing from appliance store7 is

e4onerated on specious reasoning so

teams winning potential is not0eopardi.ed

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

10/20

%ositi#e la&

*hat is it+ 8ule7 from political superior to

political inferior7 sanctions

6hilosopher3e4ponents% 9ohn Austin7)entham7 5$"$A$ 5art

E4amples% -onstitutions7 statutes7

regulations7 0udicial decisions 'commonlaw(

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

11/20

%ositi#e la& (contd.)

&trengths% structure7 predicta#ility7 order

*eaknesses% could #e uncivil, #ad

order '5itler7 &adam 5ussein7 &talin(

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

12/20

's positi#e la& replacing

ethics in setting rightness

*hat is the authors thesis+

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

13/20

atural a&

*hat is it+ *hat is right and 0ust7 what

ought to #e done

6hilosophers% ancient &toics, )lackstone,9efferson7 Martin "uther 2ing

E4amples% :urem#erg *ar -rimes

Trials7 ;$&$ -onstitutions )ill of 8ights'includes due process7 ;--s =/>?=

unconsciona#le contracts

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

14/20

atural a& (contd.)

&trengths% appeals to individuals sense

of right

*eaknesses% multiple consciencepro#lem 'individuals have different senses

of what is right(

&ource% @od7 rationality

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

15/20

Ethic of %o&er

*hat is it+ Might7 a#ility to do the wrong

thing and get away with it7

6hilosopher3e4ponent% 6lato '0ustice isthe will of the stronger(

E4amples% E4ecutives with power to close

a plant7 a#ility to evaluate someone7 &trengths% 6rovides structure, order

*eakness% corrupt order7 perverse

system 'do the right thing and punished(

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

16/20

*istorical +urisprudence

!efinition% longstanding custom7

volksgeist or spirit of the people

philosopher% &avigny e4amples% private property7 the a#ility to

make private, enforcea#le agreements

strengths% people are familiar withcustoms

weaknesses% possi#ly #ackward,

oppressive

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

17/20

,ociological +urisprudence

!efinition% :orms7 everyone does it

6hilosopher% Ehrlich

E4amples% < had to cook the #ooks#ecause my competitors would look

artificially good7 law of eual cheating

strength% follows what people actually do

weaknesses% ethical standards de#ased

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

18/20

egal realism

!efinition% what trial 0udges and 0uries do

in fact irrespective of the positive law

6hilosopher% 9erome rank E4ample% *idows always win against @M

&trengths% follows what people do and

desire

*eaknesses% ignores positive law

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

19/20

%olicy-sciences e#aluati#e

+urisprudence

!efinition% planning applied to positive

law

6hilosophers% 5arold "aswell MyersMc!ougal7 "ouis Mayo

E4ample% :E6A7 #ackup studies for

regs &trength% -onsider, weigh alternatives

*eaknesses% cooked or tendentious

studies

7/27/2019 Ethics-SHARED

20/20

"alue 'ntegration

Balue congruence+ Ces, sometimes

Balue incongruity% *hen+ em#e..ling

parts manager hypo7 cooking the #ooks'write/downs prior to mergers to enhance

post/merger profita#ility

*e all ethically integrate7 5ow+ The ideal% ethical unity

E4amine cases in Te4t ch D for this