ETHIOPIAENDING HUNGER & UNDERNUTRITION CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

M A R C H 2 0 1 6 DRAFT SCOPING REPORT FOR ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION

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Drafted by the Compact2025 team with input from Dr. Bezabih Emana, Agricultural Economist and General Manager, HEDBEZ Business & Consultancy PLC.

Compact2025, launched in November 2015, is a bold new initiative for ending hunger and undernutrition by 2025. It brings stakeholders together to set priorities, innovate and learn, fine-tune actions, build on successes, and synthesize sharable lessons in order to accelerate progress. The purpose of this document is to inform the Compact2025 roundtable discussions to be held in Addis Ababa on March 28, 2016. It will be revised following the roundtable discussions.

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Executive Summary Ethiopia has made great progress in reducing hunger and undernutrition alongside impressive economic

growth. However, food security and nutrition remain key challenges: 32 percent of Ethiopians are

undernourished, and 40 percent of children under 5 suffer from undernutrition in the form of stunting

(low height for age). Along with the human and social costs, hunger and undernutrition have huge

economic costs—for example, in 2009 Ethiopia lost an estimated 16.5 percent of its GDP due to

undernutrition.

Ethiopia’s policy environment for food security and nutrition has evolved in recent years. Food security

has historically been a main concern, and policies to boost agricultural productivity and provide disaster

relief have helped reduce hunger drastically. Now nutrition has been elevated in the national agenda,

and has been integrated into policy at the highest levels: the Second Growth and Transformation Plan

(GTP-II) includes food security and nutrition as foundational to long-term economic growth. Greater

attention to multisectoral collaboration has led to the formation of the National Nutrition Coordination

Body, the highest body that oversees the National Nutrition Programme.

In order for Ethiopia to reach the goals set in the Second Growth and Transformation Plan as well as the

Seqota Declaration—which set a goal of ending child undernutrition by 2030 among other goals—

progress must be accelerated. To determine what is holding back progress, this study identifies several

key knowledge and action gaps, including the need for more evidence on scaling up effective

interventions, building capacity, and improving horizontal and vertical coordination for more effective

implementation.

This draft scoping report aims to inform the roundtable discussion by providing an overview of the food security and nutrition challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. It reviews the current food security and nutrition policy landscape across key sectors and actors in Ethiopia and identifies critical knowledge, policy, and implementation gaps. Additionally, the scoping report presents a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) that crystallizes the main elements that drive or hamper food security and nutrition in the country. The roundtable discussion will serve to validate these preliminary findings and further build on the overall commitment of Ethiopia to accelerate progress toward ending hunger and undernutrition. After the roundtable discussion the draft scoping report will be updated to include inputs from the discussion and a preliminary road map to achieve the objectives of Compact2025 in Ethiopia.

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Overview of Ethiopia’s food security and nutrition challenges Ethiopia has made progress in reducing hunger and, to a lesser extent, undernutrition. This is a testament to the country’s commitment and priority action plans to address food insecurity and undernutrition as discussed in subsequent sections. However, despite improvements in productivity of staple food production, hunger and undernutrition remain big challenges that Ethiopia must address in order to achieve food security and nutrition for all. Over the past 20 years, poverty has been steadily decreasing, and incomes and agricultural production have been rising, yet the prevalence of undernourishment and child stunting are still high. This reflects a disconnect between the traditional focus of food security, namely agricultural production, and improved nutrition. Beyond agriculture, sectors such as sanitation, education, women empowerment, and others play key roles in improving nutrition. This section of the scoping report discusses the current poverty, food security, and nutrition situation in Ethiopia, along with past trends and progress.

Poverty Ethiopia is a low-income country with high yet declining rates of poverty. The proportion of the population

living under $1.90 a day fell precipitously from 68 percent to 33 percent from 1995 to 2010 (Figure 1).The

majority of the population live in rural areas, and close to three-quarters of the population are employed

in agriculture (World Bank 2016). The rural population experiences the highest levels of poverty and

hunger in the country (MoFED 2012).

Underlying the drastic reductions in poverty has been the impressive economic growth in Ethiopia. From

2000 to 2014, Ethiopia averaged an annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 9.6 percent. In

comparison, Africa south of the Sahara averaged an annual GDP growth rate of 4.6 percent (World Bank

2016). GDP per capita in Ethiopia has shown great improvement over the years, more than doubling (in

purchasing power parity) from 2000 to 2014 (World Bank 2016).

Figure 1: Gross domestic product per capita (PPP, 2011 International dollar) and poverty headcount

ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP, % of population)

Source: IMF (2015); World Bank (2016).

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In 2009, Ethiopia signed the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) compact, with the goals of raising public agriculture spending to 10 percent and agricultural growth to 6 percent. From 2009 to 2014, average annual share of agricultural expenditures in total public expenditure in Ethiopia was 12.4 percent (ReSAKSS). In comparison, the East Africa region contributed 5.1 percent of public expenditures to agriculture in the same time frame. Ethiopia reached the agricultural growth goal several times, and their average annual agricultural GDP growth rate from 2009 to 2014 was 6.8 percent, whereas the average for Africa was 3.4 percent (ReSAKSS).

Food security In Ethiopia, ensuring food security has consistently been among the highest priorities. Several decades

ago, food shortages and famines seemed to be unavoidable, but better understanding of the complex

drivers of famines have helped provide ways forward for the country (Webb and von Braun 1994). The

natural conditions for agricultural production are deemed favorable, with fertile soils and high average

rainfall amounts. Yet, at the same time food security is constantly threatened by highly erratic weather

conditions and a growing population that requires more food. Consequently, the country has a long

history of food crises triggered by natural calamities, at times exaggerated by policy and market failures

(von Braun and Olofinbiyi 2007).

Considering the high rates of hunger several decades ago, Ethiopia has shown great progress in

improving the state of food security. From 1990 to 2015, prevalence of undernourishment was more

than halved, from 75 percent to 32 percent (Figure 2). Yet despite Ethiopia’s strides toward achievement

of international development goals—the Millennium Development Goal 1C target has been achieved

ahead of time (FAO, IFAD, and WFP 2014)—a huge number of people remain exposed to

undernourishment. Although the prevalence of undernourishment has been significantly reduced,

undernourishment remains high in absolute terms. The number of undernourished in Ethiopia has only

fallen marginally, from 37 million to 32 million from 1990 to 2015. Progress therefore must be

accelerated to fully eliminate hunger.

FIGURE 2: Undernourishment in Ethiopia

Source: FAO, IFAD, and WFP (2015).

Food production and productivity in Ethiopia have increased over the years. From 2000 to 2013, staple

crops such as cereals increased in yield by almost 60 percent. Maize and wheat yields doubled in the

same time frame. However, there is room for improvement, as about 23 percent of the smallholders in

Ethiopia used improved seeds and only 8.4 percent of the cropland was planted with improved seeds. In

addition, only 8.6 percent of the smallholders irrigated their cropland (CSA 2014). Production of roots

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and tubers, significant components of the Ethiopian diet, increased by 80 percent from 2000 to 2013

(FAO 2016). Cereals, including maize, wheat, sorghum, and teff, constitute the majority of domestic

consumption. Teff has suffered low yields compared to other cereals. In 2012–2013, teff yields were 1.4

metric tons per hectare compared to 3.1 for maize and 2.1 for sorghum and wheat (CSA 2013). Despite

its nutritional benefits, teff productivity is limited by agronomic constraints and by limited national and

international attention to agricultural research and development (R&D) for teff (Baye 2014; Berhane, et

al. 2011; Fufa, et al. 2011).

Despite some progress in improving national food access, Ethiopia remains a food deficit country. As of

2015, the average undernourished person would require 236 more kilocalories per day (according to the

average dietary energy requirement estimated by FAO) to be lifted out of hunger. In comparison, the

average food deficit for all of Africa south of the Sahara is 176 more kilocalories per day (FAO 2016).

Food expenditures make up 55 percent of total consumption expenditures for the poor (Hassen, et al.

forthcoming).

Nutrition and diet outcomes Nutrition is a persistent challenge in Ethiopia. Child stunting (low height for age) has decreased over

time, yet 40 percent of children under five were stunted in 2014 (Figure 3). Prevalence of child stunting

varies widely by income group. In 2011, for example, less than 30 percent of children from the

wealthiest families were stunted, yet nearly half of children from all other wealth quintiles were stunted

(Bredenkamp, Buisman, and Van de Poel 2014).

Figure 3: Prevalence of under-5 stunting (%)

Source: UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank (2015).

At the regional and zonal level, stunting is concentrated in the Northern and Southern regions, with the

highest prevalence of stunting in Tigray, Amhara, and Benishangul-Gumuz regions. The lowest

prevalence of stunting is in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Harari, Gambela, and Somali (Figure 4).

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Figure 4: Stunting prevalence by zone

Source: Mason, et al. (2015).

As for other nutritional indicators, Ethiopia’s situation is mixed. In 2014, 9 percent of children under five

were affected by wasting, or low weight for age. As of 2011, 19 percent of women of reproductive age

had anemia, which is well below the prevalence in Africa of 38 percent (WHO 2015). Vitamin A

deficiency among children is particularly high—in 2013, 50 percent of children were deficient (Stevens,

et al. 2015). While overweight and obesity are not prominent in the country, the percentage of

overweight Ethiopian women is double that of Ethiopian men, and in general 19 percent of adults are

overweight (WHO 2015).

There are severe social and economic costs to undernutrition in Ethiopia. According to the Cost of Hunger in Ethiopia study, the total losses associated with child undernutrition were estimated as 55.5 billion Ethiopian birr—equivalent to 16.5 percent of GDP in 2009 (WFP 2013). Further, undernutrition was associated with 24 percent of all child mortalities from 2004 to 2009. The loss in working hours as a result of undernutrition-related mortalities represented the highest costs. Nutritional outcomes depend on several key underlying determinates, including diet quality and

diversity. In Ethiopia, the proportion of available of calories available from nonstaple crops was below

25 percent in each year from 1991 to 2012; in comparison, the annual average for Africa south of the

Sahara was 35 percent during the same period. Availability of fruits and vegetables in Ethiopia has

increased, from 47 to 71 grams per capita from 2000 to 2011, but this is exceedingly below the average

for low-income food deficit countries (324 grams per capita).

Access to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure is highly associated with better

nutrition (Spears and Haddad 2015). In Ethiopia, improved drinking water coverage increased from 13 to

57 percent from 1990 to 2015. Improved sanitation coverage increased from 7 to 42 percent in the

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same time span (WHO and UNICEF JMP 2015). In particular, Ethiopia achieved rapid reductions in open

defecation. From 2000 to 2010, the percent of rural households that did not use a toilet decreased from

91.5 percent to 46.3 percent. This change was achieved through the Community-Led Total Sanitation

(CLTS) initiative; the approach was scaled up and mainstreamed in the national sanitation strategy and

integrated into the Health Extension Worker program and other programs (Headey 2015). Recent

evidence in Ethiopia suggests that improved WASH infrastructure can contribute to child nutrition

outcomes, with varying impact across rural and urban areas (Headey 2015).

Parental education—and particularly maternal education—is associated with lower rates of child

stunting (Semba, et al. 2008). Female secondary enrollment increased from 14 percent to 22 percent

from 2002 to 2006. Additionally, women’s empowerment has also been shown to improve nutritional

outcomes in Ethiopia (Yimer and Tadesse 2015). However, Ethiopia still has much to improve upon in

terms of gender equality, ranking 126th out of the 146 countries in the World Economic Forum Global

Gender Gap Index (WEF 2015).1 Achieving gender equity has implications for agricultural production, as

agriculture extension in Ethiopia has been found to be skewed in favor of men (Mogues, et al. 2011).

Cultural practices can also affect nutrition outcomes. For example, the fasting practices (220 days per

year for the Orthodox church) in which no animal products may be eaten were observed to exacerbate

maternal undernutrition in the Empowering New Generations to Improve Nutrition and Economic

Opportunities (ENGINE) project in Ethiopia. While pregnant women and children under the age of seven

are excused from fasting, it was observed that many still fast in solidarity with the rest of the family

(ENGINE 2014).

Improved road infrastructure has also been found to improve diet quality (Rosegrant, et al. 2015). In

Ethiopia, road infrastructure has improved in the last decades—the share of population within 3 hours

of the city tripled from 1998 to 2010 (IFPRI 2013). Further, improving infrastructure can complement

other factors that impact food security and nutrition. Recent research has found that, in areas with good

market access (as indicated by improved road infrastructure), nutrition knowledge leads to considerable

improvements in children’s diets (Hiroven, et al. 2016).

Strategies, policies, and programs to address food security and nutrition This section highlights strategies, policies, and programs being implemented by the government of

Ethiopia and partners. It also provides an overview of the various stakeholders working to address hunger

and undernutrition in Ethiopia.

National development frameworks The highest level plan that defines the national development framework is Ethiopia’s Second Growth

and Transformation Plan (GTP-II). It has been designed to help realize Ethiopia’s vision of becoming a

lower-middle income country by 2025 by achieving an annual average real GDP growth rate of 11

percent. The plan involves macroeconomic stabilization while pursuing rapid industrialization and

structural transformation (National Planning Commission 2015). GTP-II defines strategic pillars for

1 Developed by the World Economic Forum, the Global Gender Gap Index ranks economies on how well they leverage their female talent pool based on economic, educational, health-based, and political indicators.

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development and transformation in the country. It includes stunting reduction as a key indicator and

emphasizes food security and nutrition as main priorities of economic development.

Recognizing that sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved without addressing malnutrition, the

Ethiopian government launched the Seqota Declaration to express its commitment to end child

undernutrition by 2030. Additional components of the declaration include goals around sectors of social

protection, education, WASH, and others. The Seqota Declaration implementation is planned for three

phases:

(i) Innovation Phase: Learning by doing [2016 – 2018]

(ii) Expansion: To reach more vulnerable communities [2019 – 2020]

(iii) National Scale Up [2020 – 2030]

The Health Sector Transformation Plan (HSTP, 2015/16–2019/20) is the five-year plan for

implementation of health interventions and monitoring key indicators, including nutrition indicators,

and is under the purview of the Ministry of Health. While the country has so far been focusing on

expanding the coverage of health services, the HSTP places more emphasis on quality and equity of

services.

Further information on national development frameworks and sector strategic plans relevant to food

security and nutrition are available in Table 1 (see Annex).

Cross-cutting policies and action plans The National Nutrition Strategy (NNS), coordinated under the leadership of the Ministry of Health, was

formulated during 2005–2006 based on an assessment that highlighted the importance of a

multisectoral approach in addressing diverse factors related to health and nutrition. The strategy brings

together isolated and uncoordinated interventions into one comprehensive sector-wide approach, led

by the government under one coordination framework. The overall goal of the National Nutrition

Strategy is to ensure that all Ethiopians are able to achieve an adequate nutritional status in a

sustainable manner.

The National Nutrition Programme (NNP, 2013–2015) was developed to implement the National

Nutrition Strategy. It aims to ensure that all Ethiopians attain adequate nutritional status in a

sustainable manner, which is an essential requirement for a healthy and productive life. The National

Nutrition Programme was signed onto by sector stakeholders including the Ministry of Health, Ministry

of Education, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development,

Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Ministry of Water and Energy, and Ministry of

Women, Children and Youth Affairs (GoE 2013). The program identifies the following strategic

objectives:

i. Improve the nutritional status of women (15–49 years) and adolescents (10–19 years) ii. Improve the nutritional status of infants, youth children, and children under five

iii. Improve the delivery of nutrition services for communicable and noncommunicable/life-style related diseases (all age groups)

iv. Strengthen implementation of nutrition-sensitive interventions across sectors v. Improve multisectoral coordination and capacity to ensure National Nutrition Programme

implementation

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Some initiatives and actions under the national Nutrition Programme have been rolled out widely.

Others are still in pilot phase, and some planned actions have not yet been initiated. For example, many

interventions have been designed and implemented to improve the nutritional status of infants, youth

and children under five. Yet low rates of implementation to improve the nutritional status of women

and adolescents have been reported (Ljungqvist 2015). An overview of ongoing initiatives and actions

based on the National Nutrition Programme Strategic Objectives are included in Table 2 (see Annex).

Other major cross-cutting policies, plans, and programs are:

- The Agricultural Growth Program (AGP-1, 2010–2015) was developed to address agricultural growth problems in areas well-endowed with natural resources, and aimed to contribute to the government’s poverty reduction strategy and the MDGs. AGP II (2015–2020) builds on the successes of AGP I and aims to contribute to GTP II objectives by expanding its implementation areas beyond the beneficiaries of AGP I to 157 woredas.

- The Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture Strategic Plan, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR), has a direct effect on food security and nutrition of households in Ethiopia. The strategic plan for Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture is to align MoANR activities along with the strategic objectives of the NNP, especially strategic objective 4, result 4.1: “Strengthening implementation of nutrition sensitive interventions in the agriculture sector” (MoANR 2015).

- The National School Health and Nutrition Strategy (SHN), developed by the Ministry of

Education, enables improved access to better health and nutrition services for millions of school-age children as well as hundreds of thousands of teachers throughout government and non-government schools. Schools promote quality health and nutrition services for school-age children and adolescents, who constitute 15 percent and 35 percent of the nation’s total population, respectively (CSA 2007).

- The Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) was initiated with the objective of protecting and

creating household assets for chronically food insecure households in rural Ethiopia. These activities comprise (1) safety-net grants which include: labor-intensive public works that provide transfer to able-bodied households; (2) direct support that provides transfers to labor-poor households, (3) drought risk financing—to provide timely resources for transitory food insecurity in response to shocks; (4) improving capacity to administer risk finance facility; (5) strengthening the delivery of demand-driven and market-oriented advice; and (6) improve the efficiency and effectiveness of financial service delivery to food insecure households.

Additional policies, programs, and action plans are summarized in Table 3 in the Annex.

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Stakeholder mapping

The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) is the prime actor and driving force in the country’s fight to end

hunger and undernutrition; GoE sets the policy agenda and oversee its implementation. Additionally,

there are numerous local, national, regional, and global stakeholders working in Ethiopia. For example

the country hosts the largest regional as well as the largest national program of the World Food

Programme (WFP), both in terms of operations and budget. Similarly many partners from the donor

community and civil society focus on Ethiopia. The Development Assistance Group (DAG) comprises 27

bilateral and multilateral development agencies (DAG 2014). Furthermore, more than 330 international

and local NGOs comprise the Consortium of Christian Relief and Development Association (CCRDA)

including non-faith-based organizations (CCRDA, 2014).

Figure 5 depicts the main coordination architecture of food security and nutrition bodies in Ethiopia

(Droppelmann, et al. 2015).

Food security and recently nutrition are usually referred to Drought Risk Management and Food Security

Sector (DRMFSS) within the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR). The Drought Risk

Management and Food Security Sector interfaces closely with other coordination structures, namely the

humanitarian response (HR) co-led by the UN Organizations and the Rural Economic Development and

Food Security (RED&FS) in partnership with the donor community. Civil society organizations primarily

connect with the humanitarian response structure, but their active participation in the coordination

process is not as far advanced as that of the multinational institutions of the UN. Aspects of nutrition

security have only recently become a center of attention in Ethiopia. In 2013 the Government put strong

emphasis on mainstreaming nutrition interventions through the National Nutrition Programme (NNP).

The highest level coordinating body that oversees the National Nutrition Programme in Ethiopia is the

National Nutrition Coordination Body (NNCB). It is chaired by the Minister of Health and co-chaired by

Food & Nutrition Security Coordination by

Government through DRMFSS

Humanitarian

Response with coordination through UN cluster approach

Agricultural Development with donor coordination

through RED&FS

Nutrition Mainstreaming through NNBC & NNP Linkage to

NGO group

Figure 5: Elements of the food and nutrition security architecture in Ethiopia

Source: Adapted from Droppelmann, et al. (2015).

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the Ministers of Agriculture and Education. The NNCB convenes nine ministries from relevant sectors

and also includes representatives from United Nations (UN) agencies, donors, and academia. It is

supported by the National Nutrition Technical Committee (NNTC). The NNCB is planning to expand

membership and develop regional coordination platforms. See Figure 6 for the organizational structure

around the National Nutrition Programme oversight.

Figure 6: National Nutrition Coordinating Body

Source: Government of Ethiopia, National Nutrition Program 2015.

Ethiopia has a Nutrition Development Partner Group (NDPG), which engages UN agencies, donors, and

civil society. The Department for International Development (DFID) and the UN Children’s Fund act as

donor conveners and civil society participates in the NDPG and other relevant platforms. The Emergency

Nutrition Coordination Unit within the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR) convenes

partners implementing emergency nutrition interventions. In 2013, the Ethiopian Civil Society Coalition

(ECSC) was established in order to galvanize efforts to alleviate the burden of malnutrition. The business

community has rallied its support through the Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce; for example, the Multi-

stakeholder Food Fortification Working Group that has been instrumental in setting quality standards

for salt iodization and flour and oil fortification. International initiatives such as the Scaling Up Nutrition

(SUN) movement help to guide and coordinate national efforts.

Development partners are the major funders of the projects they implement. See Table 4 in the Annex

for further details on select development partners. A description of select NGOs and their projects being

implemented in Ethiopia are given in Table 5 in the Annex.

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The Agriculture Transformation Agency (ATA) is governed by the Agricultural Transformation Council,

chaired by the Prime Minister. It is a time-bound organization that aims to fulfill its mandate within a

15–20 year lifespan. The ATA was created to enhance the capacity of key stakeholders to achieve

agricultural transformation. In particular, the Agency strives to:

- Introduce new technologies and approaches that can address systemic bottlenecks and catalyze

transformation of the sector

- Play a catalytic role to support partners to effectively execute agreed upon solutions (many of

which may not be new) in a coordinated manner

In addition, it (1) maintains a balance between a subsectoral and geographic focus to address

bottlenecks throughout the entire commodity value chain and the many regions and agricultural

systems, and (2) balances a focus on capacity building in a “learning by doing” approach with delivering

results quickly.

CGIAR, including IFPRI, plays a role in generating and advancing agricultural and policy research in

Ethiopia and beyond. The recent CGIAR Site Integration National Consultation Workshop held in Ethiopia

demonstrate that CGIAR centers and programs aim to continue to align their plans with Ethiopia’s

strategies. For example, IFPRI’s Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP) has an integrated set of both

research and capacity strengthening initiatives to support policy-making processes in the country. Some

of the current strategic policy research areas are agricultural and nutrition, poverty, nutrition, safety

nets, productivity, technology adoption, and agricultural transformation. In terms of knowledge sharing

and capacity strengthening, ESSP is working through several activities with a number of partners,

including the ATA, Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), and Ministry of Agriculture and

Natural Resources (MoANR). The CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health

(A4NH) is also aligning its activities with strategies in Ethiopia. The program recently met with

stakeholders around the topic “Food Systems for Healthier Diets” to shape its proposal around

Ethiopia’s development strategy.

Knowledge and action gaps The government of Ethiopia together with development partners have designed and implemented a

number of food security and nutrition policies and programs. Yet food and nutrition insecurity remained

a huge challenge for the country. This section discusses key knowledge, policy, and implementation gaps

that, if filled, can lead to accelerated progress in ending hunger and undernutrition in Ethiopia.

Knowledge (e.g. gaps in evidence, data, capacity) There are key knowledge gaps that have slowed progress in Ethiopia. Generating and sharing actionable,

context-specific knowledge can help shape, advocate for, and implement policies efficiently and

effectively in Ethiopia. Opportunities for new research areas include:

1. Evidence on agriculture-nutrition pathways in Ethiopia, with particular emphasis on the lack of

nutrition knowledge within the agricultural sector. Pathways include women’s empowerment,

increasing incomes and productivity of nutritious foods, and using behavior change

communication (BCC) to promote dietary diversity.

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2. Research on women empowerment and household control of assets and resources in order to

understand patterns of undernutrition—e.g. the reasons for high rates of stunting in areas with

high agricultural productivity.

3. Clear evidence and synthesis of stories of success in nutrition, especially looking beyond food

security (e.g. WASH).

4. Better understanding of how agricultural programming can have adverse impacts on nutrition—

e.g. land allocation to cash and export crops may overlook the need for local consumption of

nutrient-dense crops.

5. Context-specific strategies and solutions across Ethiopia’s changing and diverse landscape

(cultural and geographic)—e.g. different extension strategies for different farm typologies.

6. Identification of the “low-hanging fruit” in terms of quick-win food security and nutrition

interventions in Ethiopia.

7. Understanding of why investments in agriculture not have resulted in surplus production—

identifying the supply-side constraint.

8. Consensus on what should be done to create access to nutritious food for women and

children—what are the constraints to reaching a larger number of those in need?

9. Focus on key food distribution and processing challenges—what are the marketing and food

processing constraints?

Research system and capacity The Ethiopian Agricultural Research system responds to agricultural development programs and

strategies, but needs to conduct more policy and strategic research to proactively support the

agricultural development process. Challenges to the research system include:

Low human resources capacity: 46 percent of the research staff holds a BSc degree and only 17 percent holds a PhD (EIAR 2015)

Inadequate research facilities: laboratory facilities, capacity for advancements in biotechnology

Logistics challenges: Lack of transport and resources for field activities

Limited staff incentives: High staff turnover

Lack of knowledge repository: database on research findings

Additionally, capacity development is needed at the individual, community, organizational, and structural levels, including greater capacity for data analysis and research dissemination.

Policy and strategy gaps As Ethiopia continues its impressive economic growth, guiding and managing economic transformation

is increasingly important. Ethiopia’s strategy of using agricultural growth as a driver of economic growth

has far-reaching positive implications for increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction

(Mellor and Dorosh 2011). Agricultural growth also boosts growth in nonagricultural sectors (Diao, et al.

2007). While the Second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP-II) is consistent with the objective of

economic transformation via agricultural growth, filling gaps—such as promoting improved seed and

fertilizer use, facilitating increased private sector participation, and strengthening capacity of extension

agents—through policy can help to improve the chances of reaching the GTP-II’s goals (Mellor and

Dorosh 2011). At the same time, greater investment in agricultural R&D to sustain growth will be key.

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Along with this, scaled-up investments in strengthening the capacities of agricultural research staff is

also crucial.

Along with filling policy and investment gaps in the agriculture sector, a key priority for policy should be

to continue to improve nutritional outcomes. Ethiopians consume significantly less fruits and vegetables

per capita than the rest of Africa south of the Sahara, and improving diet diversity and quality has been

identified as a major task for improving child growth in Ethiopia (Headey 2015). Doing so requires a

comprehensive approach that examines and improves key policies driving diet diversity and quality, such

as those that promote household asset-building, parental education, and antenatal care exposure.

Ethiopia has strong potential to address nutrition multisectorally due to a policy environment that

recognizes the role of agriculture and related sectors in improving nutrition. For example, the

agricultural sector, as outlined in its Nutrition Sensitive Strategy, implements programs that can greatly

contribute to the achievements of the objectives of the National Nutrition Programme (NNP). Yet still,

stakeholders participating in the Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in East Africa (LANEA) Ethiopia

study reported “siloed” perspectives on nutrition and stressed the need for stronger emphasis on

nutrition within the Agricultural Sector Policy and Investment Framework (PIF), as well as defining a

clear role for agriculture in the NNP. Research shows that linking agriculture and social protection

through the Productive Safety Net Programme leads to investments by beneficiaries with potential long-

term benefits (Hoddinott, et al. 2015). In addition, the NNP was agreed upon by nine ministries, and the

extent to which the activities of the other ministries are aligned with the NNP is not as clear.

Mainstreaming nutrition into policies for the other sectors that have agreed upon the National Nutrition

Programme could help fill this gap.

Another gap is determining how to ensure stable investments in nutrition. Such investments may not

have immediate visible impacts—leading to potential challenges for maintaining political will to address

undernutrition. Clear communication of evidence and linkages across sectors is necessary. Lastly, there

is need to establish a framework for the developing food chain in which challenges along the chain (food

supply, marketing, distribution, processing, and utilization) can be addressed in an integrated manner.

Implementation/programming/scaling-up capacity While there are many strategies, policies and programs in place throughout the country,

implementation gaps exist in terms of coverage of existing programs. There is a strong need for

coordination for nutrition both horizontally (within and across ministries, donors, and other actors) and

vertically (across tiers of government down to community-level implementation). Challenges to

integrating nutrition and agriculture include the lack of an institution to oversee implementation of

multisectoral nutrition policies and programs. Further, program implementation (across the sectors) is

constrained by human and logistic constraints.

Coverage Targeted coverage for specific interventions or programs in areas of most need can help counter the uneven impact of food security or nutrition interventions or programs. For example, better coverage of WASH infrastructure can help reduce undernutrition especially in these targeted areas. Figure 7 depicts areas where need for WASH programs is highest, based on undernutrition (child underweight) and lack of improved WASH infrastructure. The top priority areas suggested by this analysis are mainly in the center-southwest of the country.

15

Figure 7: Highest need areas for WASH programs

Source: Mason, et al. (2015). Likewise, when looking at coverage of infant and young child feeding practices mapped against prevalence of child undernutrition, analysis gives highest priority to Affar and Somali, and also southern SNNP (where pastoralism is common). Areas in Gambela and western Oromia are also of priority (see Figure 8).

Figure 8: Highest need areas for Infant and Young Child Feeding programs

Source: Mason, et al. (2015).

16

The coverage of current nutrition-sensitive programs remains limited, with large-scale programs like the

Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) and Agriculture Growth Program (AGP) only reaching 10 to 15

percent of the population. This is partly a question of funding—study participants reported that there is

no funding for nutrition outside the Ministry of Health, and without a government mandate to integrate

nutrition and agriculture, commitment to funding and investment in multisectoral approaches to

nutrition will remain limited.

Human capital development Human resource capacity is instrumental for program implementation. But there is lack of adequate and

qualified staff to implement program activities at the local level. Due to increased demand for nutrition

intervention, providing sufficient training is also constrained. For example, studies indicate that health

extension workers (HEWs) are overburdened (see Teklehaimanot, et al. 2007; Amouzou, et al. 2015).

This challenge was induced after the government changed the modality of health service delivery at

community level. Supporting human resources for implementation can help to effectively deliver

services and scale up programs and interventions.

Improving capacity of cooperatives can also help to fill implementation gaps. Cooperatives help their

members with input supply, output marketing, and access credit. For example, rural savings and credit

cooperatives (RUSACCOs) were supposed to provide credit services for Household Asset Building

Program beneficiaries, but limited capacity of RUSSACOs to handle the fund management has been a

major challenge facing roll out the program (Berhane et al., 2013).

In general, capacity development is key to filling the gap between knowledge and implementation.

Nutritionists need to understand the agricultural sector and the agriculture sector needs to understand

nutrition, especially considering that the government, NGOs, donors, and the private sector all have

limited experience with nutrition-sensitive agriculture. Capacity development is also needed at district

and kebele levels. Stakeholders suggested that this could begin with better dissemination of the NNP

and engagement in dialogues, as well as creating nutrition focal points within each of the nine

ministries.

Logistic and transport constraints Research findings identified the logistic constraints in implementing nutrition programs. For example,

evaluation of PSNP progress (Berhane, et al. 2013) shows that the woreda early warning team is

constrained by lack of facilities, including transport for effective monitoring. Other challenges include

delays in transfer of funds, limited funds relative to needs, lack of technical support, limited staff

capacity to prepare contingency plans, and lack of time to implement planned activities. Moreover, the

agricultural extension system was under-resourced with too few development agents with sufficient

skills to play their role effectively.

SWOT analysis Ethiopia has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to achieving the goal of ending

hunger and undernutrition by 2025. The SWOT analysis includes Ethiopia’s internal strengths and

weaknesses related to achieving this goal, as well as the external, or global opportunities that may be

helpful, or threats that may impede progress.

17

Strengths Throughout all levels of government, Ethiopia has strong political will to tackle hunger and

undernutrition, and targets and goals have been formalized in its development framework and key

strategic plans. Their commitment to accelerating progress to end hunger and undernutrition has been

recently reconfirmed through the Seqota declaration. Ethiopia also recognizes the importance of

multisectoral collaboration and of streamlining nutrition into other strategies and programs.

The Productive Safety Net Programme continues to be a strength for Ethiopia in their fight against

poverty, hunger, and undernutrition. It has been shown to help protect households from the impact of

shocks such as drought and food price inflation, and has helped mitigate the reduction in cognitive skills

associated with these shocks (Berhane, et al. 2016). Combining PSNP with asset-building programs

increases agricultural incomes, asset building, and food security further than the PSNP alone (Berhane,

et al. 2014). It also helps promote fertilizer use and investment in agriculture (Hoddinott, et al. 2012).

The PSNP also has the potential to be a strong nutrition-sensitive program by acting as an effective

delivery mechanism for nutrition interventions (Ruel and Alderman 2013). Relatedly, another strength of

Ethiopia is the strong framework for implementing current and potential interventions and programs.

Community health workers and extension agents are already in place throughout the country.

Weaknesses While there are many programs and interventions to promote food security and nutrition throughout

the country, coverage of such programs is not always concentrated in areas of the most need. Better

targeting of food security and nutrition programs and interventions—along with better and more timely

data on who and where vulnerable populations reside—can help to accelerate progress. Avenues to

experiment with innovative modalities for gathering or obtaining data (e.g. through ICTs) should be

explored to address this area. Further, there is a lack of capacity to implement nutrition-sensitive

agriculture, especially at the community level.

Strengths

•High level of political will for food security and nutrition

•Political structure in place for multisectoral collaboration

•Strong social protection (i.e. PSNP)

•Delivery mechanisms for nutrition in place, e.g. PSNP, Community health workers/ extension workers

Weaknesses

•Incomplete coverage of nutrition programs

•Lack of capacity for multisectoral collaboration at community level

Opportunities

•Momentum from Sustainable Development Goals, global initiatives supporting Ethiopia

•Integrating nutrition into social protection

•Investing in local production of staple and nonstaple crops

Threats

•Climate change

•Risk of natural disasters

•Population growth/demographics

18

Opportunities There are numerous multinational, nonprofit, for-profit, and research organizations, as well as

development partners, working in Ethiopia. The great global momentum from the Sustainable

Development Goals along with the many institutions working in the country can help provide and

maintain attention to issues of food security and nutrition.

Ethiopia has an opportunity to take advantage of its strong social protection mechanism (that is, PSNP

and related programs) by mainstreaming nutrition interventions and providing more nutritious foods.

Initial assessments of PSNP found little to no impact on child nutrition status (Gilligan, et al. 2009). Later

studies found that the PSNP provides positive short-term nutritional benefits for children, especially in

those households that are able to leverage underemployed female labor (Debela 2015). The new PSNP

will be nutrition-sensitive and therefore may have impacts on nutrition outcomes—careful monitoring

and evaluation systems are required to assess impact.

Analyses suggest that smallholder teff producers in Ethiopia have considerable room for yield

improvements. Factors that explain the differences in productivity between the average households and

the most optimal households include, among others, schooling, access to credits, and access to

information on modern production methods directly through extension (Bachawe, et al. 2015). By

leveraging local crops, Ethiopia can boost food production and productivity while supporting

smallholders.

Threats Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economic Strategy recognizes the threat of climate change to ongoing

economic growth in Ethiopia. Further, climate change is projected to have significant impacts on

agriculture, food security, and human well-being (Springmann, et al. 2016). Climate-related events such

as heavy rainfall or too little rainfall occur more frequently than in years past. Droughts are often

responsible for famine, food shortages, a reduction in plant and animal species, and displacement of

people in search of food and pasture.

Conclusion Ethiopia has made good progress in reducing poverty, hunger, and undernutrition in recent decades.

National commitments buttressed by support from numerous partners and stakeholders who work at

national and subnational levels throughout the country help advance food security and nutrition.

However, in order for Ethiopia to meet its goals, including ending hunger and undernutrition by 2030,

progress must be accelerated.

There are many opportunities to fill gaps in research, policy, and implementation in order to accelerate

progress. Developing research on context-specific, agriculture-nutrition pathways can help improve

implementation. Further, generating more evidence, synthesizing lessons on success stories in food

security and nutrition, and effectively communicating those findings can help to influence decision

makers and inform practitioners. Agricultural policies, technologies, and partnerships can help increase

food production while achieving simultaneous wins of accelerated economic growth, poverty alleviation,

resilience building, climate-smart action, and resource efficiency. Implementation of nutrition policies

and interventions must be rolled out to all districts, especially those that face higher rates of hunger and

undernutrition. Providing mechanisms for tracking and monitoring will be critical for learning,

19

correcting, and improving programs and interventions and for effective scale-up of successes.

Stimulating innovations for new solutions in policy, technology, and implementation and sharing

knowledge on what works can help fill these gaps within Ethiopia and beyond.

20

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24

A

nn

ex

Tab

le 1

: Nat

ion

al D

eve

lop

me

nt

Fram

ew

ork

s an

d S

ect

or

Stra

tegi

c P

lan

s re

leva

nt

to F

oo

d S

ecu

rity

an

d N

utr

itio

n

Po

licy/

Stra

tegy

/P

rogr

am/A

ctio

n

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Po

licy

ob

ject

ive

(s)

Ke

y o

utc

om

e in

dic

ato

rs a

nd

tar

gets

fo

r Fo

od

Se

curi

ty a

nd

Nu

trit

ion

O

bse

rvat

ion

Seco

nd

Gro

wth

and

Tran

sfo

rmat

ion

Pla

n (

GTP

-II)

Go

vern

men

t o

f

Eth

iop

ia (

Go

E),

Min

istr

y o

f Fi

nan

ce

and

Eco

no

mic

Dev

elo

pm

ent

(MO

FED

)

- R

each

ing

low

er-m

idd

le in

com

e st

atu

s

by

20

25

.

- A

chie

vin

g an

nu

al a

vera

ge r

eal G

DP

gro

wth

rat

e o

f 1

1 p

erce

nt

wit

hin

stab

le m

acro

eco

no

mic

en

viro

nm

ent

- P

urs

uin

g ag

gre

ssiv

e m

easu

res

tow

ard

rap

id in

du

stri

aliz

atio

n a

nd

str

uct

ura

l

tran

sfo

rmat

ion

a) S

ust

ain

rap

id, b

road

–bas

ed, a

nd

eq

uit

able

eco

no

mic

gro

wth

an

d d

evel

op

men

t;

b)

Incr

ease

pro

du

ctiv

e ca

pac

ity

and

eff

icie

ncy

of

pro

du

ctiv

e se

cto

rs (

agri

cult

ure

an

d m

anu

fact

uri

ng

ind

ust

ries

);

d)

Bu

ild t

he

cap

acit

y o

f th

e d

om

est

ic c

on

stru

ctio

n

ind

ust

ry, b

rid

ge c

riti

cal i

nfr

astr

uct

ure

gap

s;

f) A

ccel

erat

e h

um

an d

evel

op

men

t an

d

tech

no

logi

cal c

apac

ity

bu

ildin

g;

g) B

uild

dem

ocr

atic

inst

itu

tio

ns

and

go

od

gove

rnan

ce

h)

Pro

mo

te w

om

en a

nd

yo

uth

em

po

wer

men

t

i) B

uild

clim

ate

resi

lien

t gr

een

eco

no

my

The

Seq

ota

Dec

lara

tio

n

Go

E El

imin

ate

mal

nu

trit

ion

in a

ll it

s fo

rms

to

imp

rove

way

s th

at p

rop

el s

ust

ain

able

dev

elo

pm

ent

a) Z

ero

stu

nti

ng

in c

hild

ren

less

th

an 2

yea

rs

b)

10

0%

acc

ess

to

ad

equ

ate

foo

d a

ll ye

ar r

ou

nd

c) T

ran

sfo

rm s

mal

lho

lder

pro

du

ctiv

ity

and

inco

me

d)

Zero

loss

of

foo

d

e) S

ust

ain

able

fo

od

sys

tem

s

f) W

ater

, San

itat

ion

an

d H

ygie

ne

g) E

du

cati

on

h)

Soci

al p

rote

ctio

n

The

Seq

ota

Dec

lara

tio

n is

pla

nn

ed

to b

e im

ple

men

ted

in t

hre

e

ph

ases

:

(i)

Inn

ova

tio

n P

has

e: L

earn

ing

by

do

ing

[20

16

–20

18

]

(ii)

Exp

ansi

on

to

mo

re v

uln

erab

le

com

mu

nit

ies

[20

19

–20

20

]

(iii)

Nat

ion

al s

cale

up

[2

02

0–

20

30

]

Hea

lth

Sec

tor

Tran

sfo

rmat

ion

Pla

n (

HST

P,

20

15

/16

-

20

19

/20

)

Nu

trit

ion

, hyg

ien

e, a

nd

san

itat

ion

are

am

on

g th

e

pri

ori

ties

of

the

HST

P.

Fou

r tr

ansf

orm

atio

n a

gen

das

to

h

elp

ach

ieve

HST

P g

oal

s:

(i)

Tran

sfo

rmat

ion

to

war

d q

ual

ity

and

eq

uit

y in

hea

lth

ser

vice

(i

i)

“wo

red

a t

ran

sfo

rmat

ion

”*

(iii)

a m

ove

men

t to

war

d

com

pas

sio

nat

e, r

esp

ectf

ul,

and

car

ing

hea

lth

p

rofe

ssio

nal

s

25

Po

licy/

Stra

tegy

/P

rogr

am/A

ctio

n

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Po

licy

ob

ject

ive

(s)

Ke

y o

utc

om

e in

dic

ato

rs a

nd

tar

gets

fo

r Fo

od

Se

curi

ty a

nd

Nu

trit

ion

O

bse

rvat

ion

(iv)

in

form

atio

n r

evo

luti

on

Agr

icu

ltu

re

sect

or

stra

tegi

c/

tran

sfo

rmat

ion

pla

n?

Oth

er k

ey s

ecto

r

pla

ns?

Tab

le 2

: Ove

rvie

w o

f o

ngo

ing

stra

tegi

c o

bje

ctiv

es a

nd

act

ion

s b

ase

d o

n t

he

Nat

ion

al N

utr

itio

n P

rogr

amm

e St

rate

gic

Ob

ject

ives

St

rate

gic

Ob

ject

ive

Se

lect

ed

imp

lem

en

tati

on

m

ech

anis

ms/

mo

dal

itie

s O

verv

iew

/ob

serv

atio

ns

1: I

mp

rove

th

e n

utr

itio

nal

sta

tus

of

wo

men

(1

5–

49

yea

rs)

and

ad

ole

scen

ts (

10

–19

yea

rs).

An

te-

and

po

stn

atal

car

e,

targ

eted

su

pp

lem

enta

ry

feed

ing,

sch

oo

l-b

ased

dew

orm

ing

and

fee

din

g, s

cho

ol

clu

bs

- Lo

w r

ate

of

imp

lem

enta

tio

n a

cro

ss a

ll p

lan

ned

init

iati

ves

and

act

ivit

ies

- M

ost

init

iati

ves

are

‘sch

oo

l-b

ased

’; d

iffi

cult

y re

ach

ing

ou

t-o

f-sc

ho

ol a

do

lesc

ents

- St

ron

ger

par

tici

pat

ion

of

edu

cati

on

sec

tor

in n

ext

ph

ase

of

NN

P m

ay a

llow

fo

r

acce

lera

tio

n o

f p

lan

ned

nu

trit

ion

act

ivit

ies

2: I

mp

rove

th

e n

utr

itio

nal

sta

tus

of

infa

nts

, yo

uth

child

ren

an

d c

hild

ren

un

der

5

Gro

wth

-mo

nit

ori

ng

an

d

pro

mo

tio

n (

GM

P),

an

te-

and

po

stn

atal

car

e, V

itam

in A

sup

ple

men

tati

on

, dew

orm

ing,

on

eWA

SH n

atio

nal

pro

gram

,

Join

t A

ctio

n P

lan

, PSN

P

- M

ost

on

goin

g N

NP

init

iati

ves

and

act

ivit

ies

are

nu

trit

ion

-sp

ecif

ic in

terv

enti

on

s ta

kin

g

pla

ce u

nd

er t

his

ob

ject

ive

- M

ain

ch

alle

nge

s ar

e o

n im

ple

men

tati

on

, i.e

. th

e co

vera

ge a

nd

qu

alit

y in

ser

vice

del

iver

y, a

nd

pu

blic

un

der

stan

din

g o

f p

urp

ose

/im

po

rtan

ce o

f th

e se

rvic

e

3: I

mp

rove

th

e d

eliv

ery

of

nu

trit

ion

ser

vice

s fo

r

com

mu

nic

able

an

d n

on

com

mu

nic

able

/lif

e-st

yle

rela

ted

dis

ease

s

Hea

lth

Ext

ensi

on

Pro

gram

(HEP

), W

om

en D

eve

lop

men

t

Arm

y

- M

ovi

ng

tow

ard

fu

ll in

tegr

atio

n o

f n

utr

itio

n a

ctio

ns

into

‘ro

uti

ne’

hea

lth

ser

vice

s

del

iver

y sy

stem

s

- N

utr

itio

n ‘m

ain

stre

amin

g’ p

roce

ss is

sti

ll o

ngo

ing

and

pac

e o

f th

e p

roce

ss s

ho

uld

be

adap

ted

to

th

e ex

pan

sio

n a

nd

str

engt

he

nin

g o

f th

e ca

pac

ity

of

the

Hea

lth

Ext

ensi

on

Pro

gram

4: S

tren

gth

en im

ple

men

tati

on

of

nu

trit

ion

sen

siti

ve in

terv

enti

on

s ac

ross

sec

tors

Ho

me

stea

d/c

om

mu

nit

y/

urb

an/s

cho

ol g

ard

enin

g,

- Li

mit

ed a

nd

sca

tter

ed im

ple

men

tati

on

, oft

en w

ith

lim

ited

co

vera

ge o

f o

nly

a f

ew

keb

ele

and

ho

use

ho

lds

26

Stra

tegi

c O

bje

ctiv

e

Sele

cte

d im

ple

me

nta

tio

n

me

chan

ism

s/m

od

alit

ies

Ove

rvie

w/o

bse

rvat

ion

s

Nu

trit

ion

un

it in

Mo

A, F

arm

ers

Trai

nin

g C

ente

rs

- M

ost

pro

po

sed

nu

trit

ion

sen

siti

ve p

rogr

ams

are

wit

hin

th

e ag

ricu

ltu

re s

ecto

r w

her

e

imp

lem

enta

tio

n h

as b

een

slo

w; h

ow

eve

r, a

wid

e ra

nge

of

init

iati

ves

are

star

tin

g u

p

5: I

mp

rove

mu

ltis

ect

ora

l co

ord

inat

ion

an

d

cap

acit

y to

en

sure

NN

P im

ple

men

tati

on

Trai

nin

g fo

r p

rim

ary

hea

lth

care

un

its,

NN

P c

oo

rdin

atio

n

com

mit

tee,

NN

P m

on

ito

rin

g

too

l

- N

NP

co

ord

inat

ing

mec

han

ism

has

bee

n a

t p

lace

at

nat

ion

al le

vel s

ince

20

08

bu

t o

nly

rece

ntl

y at

wo

red

a le

vel

- W

ore

da

off

icia

ls c

on

veye

d e

xcit

emen

t ar

ou

nd

inte

grat

ed n

utr

itio

n t

rain

ing

sess

ion

s

- C

on

cern

th

at o

ne

trai

nin

g se

ssio

n w

ou

ld n

ot

be

eno

ugh

to

man

age

nu

trit

ion

pla

nn

ing,

imp

lem

enta

tio

n, a

nd

rev

iew

s

- O

ffic

ials

em

ph

asiz

ed n

eed

fo

r co

nti

nu

ed h

igh

leve

l an

d e

ffec

tive

ad

voca

cy a

nd

com

mu

nic

atio

n a

ctio

ns

to m

ain

tain

str

on

g p

ub

lic s

up

po

rt o

n n

utr

itio

n

Ad

apte

d f

rom

lju

ngq

vist

20

15

Tab

le 3

: Go

vern

me

nt

and

Par

tner

s cr

oss

-cu

ttin

g p

olic

ies

and

act

ion

pla

ns

rele

van

t to

Fo

od

Se

curi

ty a

nd

Nu

trit

ion

Po

licie

s an

d

pla

ns

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Ob

ject

ive

(s)

K

ey

targ

ets

/mile

sto

ne

s O

bse

rvat

ion

Nat

ion

al

Nu

trit

ion

Stra

tegy

(N

NS)

/

Nat

ion

al

Nu

trit

ion

Pro

gram

me

(NN

P)

Nat

ion

al

Nu

trit

ion

Co

ord

inat

ing

Bo

dy

(ch

air:

Mo

H, c

o-

chai

rs: M

oA

NR

and

Mo

E)

Ensu

re t

hat

all

Eth

iop

ian

s ar

e ab

le t

o

ach

ieve

an

ad

equ

ate

nu

trit

ion

al s

tatu

s

in a

su

stai

nab

le m

ann

er

i. Im

pro

ve t

he

nu

trit

ion

al s

tatu

s o

f w

om

en (

15

–49

year

s) a

nd

ad

ole

scen

ts (

10

–19

yea

rs)

ii. I

mp

rove

th

e n

utr

itio

nal

sta

tus

of

infa

nts

an

d

child

ren

un

der

5

iii.

Imp

rove

th

e d

eliv

ery

of

nu

trit

ion

ser

vice

s fo

r

com

mu

nic

able

an

d n

on

com

mu

nic

able

/lif

e-s

tyle

rela

ted

dis

ease

s (a

ll ag

e gr

ou

ps)

iv.

Stre

ngt

hen

imp

lem

enta

tio

n o

f n

utr

itio

n-s

ensi

tive

inte

rven

tio

ns

acro

ss s

ecto

rs

v. I

mp

rove

mu

ltis

ecto

ral c

oo

rdin

atio

n a

nd

cap

acit

y to

ensu

re N

NP

imp

lem

enta

tio

n

..

Nu

trit

ion

Sen

siti

ve

Agr

icu

ltu

re

Stra

tegi

c P

lan

Min

istr

y o

f

Agr

icu

ltu

re

and

Nat

ura

l

i. In

crea

se t

he

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

acc

ess

to d

iver

se, s

afe,

an

d n

utr

ien

t-d

ense

foo

ds

for

all a

t al

l tim

es.

i. Le

vera

ge n

utr

itio

n in

to a

gric

ult

ura

l po

licy,

stra

tegi

es, a

nd

pro

gram

do

cum

ents

at

all l

eve

ls;

Ove

rall

goal

: To

co

ntr

ibu

te t

o t

he

NN

P G

oal

of

red

uci

ng

child

an

d

wo

men

un

der

nu

trit

ion

by

incr

easi

ng

the

qu

anti

ty a

nd

qu

alit

y o

f fo

od

27

Po

licie

s an

d

pla

ns

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Ob

ject

ive

(s)

K

ey

targ

ets

/mile

sto

ne

s O

bse

rvat

ion

Res

ou

rce

(Mo

AN

R)

ii. I

mp

rove

ho

use

ho

ld c

on

sum

pti

on

of

nu

trit

iou

s, d

iver

se, a

nd

saf

e fo

od

by

all E

thio

pia

ns.

iii.

Pro

tect

vu

lner

able

po

pu

lati

on

s

usi

ng

soci

al t

ran

sfer

sch

em

e o

r

pro

gram

s, p

ro-p

oo

r fo

od

sec

uri

ty

inte

rven

tio

ns,

an

d e

mer

gen

cy f

oo

d

relie

f.

ii. E

stab

lish

an

d s

tren

gth

en s

tru

ctu

re r

esp

on

sib

le f

or

nu

trit

ion

mai

nst

ream

ing,

an

d b

uild

th

e ca

pac

ity

of

the

agri

cult

ure

sec

tor;

iii. E

nh

ance

res

ilien

ce o

f vu

lner

able

co

mm

un

itie

s an

d

ho

use

ho

lds

at r

isk

fro

m c

limat

e ch

ange

an

d d

rou

ght;

iv. I

ncr

ease

yea

r-ro

un

d a

vaila

bili

ty, a

cces

s, a

nd

con

sum

pti

on

of

div

erse

, saf

e, a

nd

nu

trit

iou

s fo

od

;

v. G

end

er (

wo

men

em

po

wer

ing

and

pro

mo

tin

g la

bo

r-

and

en

ergy

-sav

ing

tech

no

logi

es);

an

d

vi. D

evel

op

ing

stro

ng

mu

ltis

ecto

ral c

oo

rdin

atio

n

avai

lab

le, a

cces

sib

le, a

nd

aff

ord

able

,

and

pro

mo

tin

g u

tiliz

atio

n o

f

div

ersi

fied

fo

od

s fo

r al

l Eth

iop

ian

s

Agr

icu

ltu

ral

Gro

wth

Pro

gram

II (

AG

P-I

I) (

20

15

–

20

20

)

Mo

AN

R

Co

ntr

ibu

te t

o t

he

hig

he

r-le

vel

ob

ject

ive

s o

f p

ove

rty

red

uct

ion

, an

d

clim

ate

ch

ange

mit

igat

ion

an

d

adap

tati

on

th

rou

gh s

up

po

rted

clim

ate

-sm

art

agri

cult

ure

init

iati

ves.

It

aim

s to

ach

ieve

incr

eas

ed

yie

ld o

f

cro

ps

and

live

sto

ck,

incr

eas

ed

sal

es

of

cro

p a

nd

live

sto

ck p

rod

uct

s, a

nd

incr

eas

ed

ho

use

ho

ld d

ieta

ry d

ive

rsit

y.

Per

cen

tage

incr

ease

in a

gric

ult

ura

l yie

lds

of

par

tici

pat

ing

ho

use

ho

lds

and

per

cen

tage

incr

ease

in

tota

l mar

kete

d v

alu

e o

f ta

rget

ed c

rop

s an

d li

vest

ock

pro

du

cts

per

par

tici

pat

ing

ho

use

ho

ld w

ill b

e u

sed

as

key

pro

gram

dev

elo

pm

ent

ob

ject

ive

-le

vel i

nd

icat

ors

.

Pu

blic

agr

icu

ltu

ral s

up

po

rt s

ervi

ces

(ext

ensi

on

, cro

p a

nd

live

sto

ck h

ealt

h,

soil

fert

ility

, NR

M, s

calin

g u

p b

est

pra

ctic

es);

re

sear

ch (

adap

tati

on

an

d

gen

erat

ion

of

tech

no

logi

es,

po

pu

lari

zati

on

); s

mal

l-sc

ale

irri

gati

on

;

agri

cult

ura

l mar

keti

ng

and

val

ue

chai

ns;

an

d c

apac

ity

bu

ildin

g

East

ern

Afr

ica

Agr

icu

ltu

ral

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

Pro

gram

II

(EA

AP

P-I

I)

(20

15

–20

19

)

..

E

nh

ance

reg

ion

al s

pec

ializ

atio

n in

ag

ricu

ltu

ral r

esea

rch

;

E

nh

ance

co

llab

ora

tio

n in

agr

icu

ltu

re

trai

nin

g an

d t

ech

no

logy

d

isse

min

atio

n; a

nd

F

acili

tate

incr

ease

d t

ran

sfer

of

agri

cult

ura

l tec

hn

olo

gy,

info

rmat

ion

, an

d k

no

wle

dge

acr

oss

n

atio

nal

bo

un

dar

ies.

..

Cap

acit

y b

uild

ing,

tec

hn

olo

gy

gen

erat

ion

, tra

inin

g &

tec

hn

olo

gy

dis

sem

inat

ion

, tec

hn

olo

gy

mu

ltip

licat

ion

in n

ine

regi

on

al s

tate

s,

Dir

e D

awa

& A

dd

is A

bab

a C

ity

Ad

min

istr

atio

ns

Pas

tora

l

Live

liho

od

s

..

..

..

..

28

Po

licie

s an

d

pla

ns

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Ob

ject

ive

(s)

K

ey

targ

ets

/mile

sto

ne

s O

bse

rvat

ion

Res

ilien

ce

Pro

gram

(P

LRP

)

Pro

du

ctiv

e

Safe

ty N

et

Pro

gram

IV

(PSN

P-I

V)

(20

15

–

20

20

)

Mo

AN

R,

DR

MFS

S

Tech

nic

al

Co

mm

itte

e

un

der

Ru

ral

and

Eco

no

mic

Dev

elo

pm

ent

& F

oo

d

Secu

rity

(RED

&FS

)

Enh

ance

re

silie

nce

to

sh

ock

s an

d

live

liho

od

s, a

nd

imp

rove

fo

od

se

curi

ty a

nd

nu

trit

ion

fo

r ru

ral

ho

use

ho

lds

vuln

era

ble

to

fo

od

in

secu

rity

. It

con

trib

ute

s to

ac

hie

vem

en

t o

f fo

ur

po

licy

ob

ject

ive

s: G

TP, s

oci

al p

rote

ctio

n

po

licy,

dis

aste

r ri

sk m

anag

em

ent,

cl

imat

e r

esi

lien

t gr

een

eco

no

my,

an

d

Nat

ion

al N

utr

itio

n P

rogr

amm

e.

Tim

ely

and

ad

equ

ate

tran

sfer

of

foo

d t

o t

he

mo

st

foo

d-i

nse

cure

peo

ple

in t

he

mo

st f

oo

d-i

nse

cure

area

s; in

com

e ge

ner

atio

n a

ctiv

itie

s; c

apac

ity-

bu

ildin

g,

cred

it s

erv

ice

for

abo

ut

10

mill

ion

ch

ron

ical

ly f

oo

d

inse

cure

(8

.5 m

ill)

and

tra

nsi

tory

fo

od

inse

cure

(1

.7

mill

) h

ou

seh

old

s in

all

regi

on

s ex

cep

t G

amb

ella

an

d

BSG

PSN

P IV

fo

cuse

s o

n s

yste

m

dev

elo

pm

ent

(to

gra

du

ally

inte

grat

e

into

reg

ula

r go

vern

men

t sy

ste

m (

in

10

yea

rs)

Ho

use

ho

ld A

sset

Bu

ildin

g

Pro

gram

(H

AB

P)

Mo

AN

R,

DR

MFS

S

Tech

nic

al

Co

mm

itte

e

un

der

RED

&FS

Imp

rove

fo

od

sec

uri

ty s

tatu

s fo

r m

ale

and

fe

mal

e m

em

ber

s o

f fo

od

inse

cure

ho

use

ho

lds

in c

hro

nic

ally

fo

od

inse

cure

(CFI

) w

ore

da

s

Go

al: g

rad

uat

ing

80

per

cen

t o

f P

SNP

ben

efic

iari

es

by

20

14

E

mp

loym

ent

crea

tio

n f

or

ru

ral

you

th a

nd

wo

men

fo

r la

nd

less

an

d

un

der

emp

loye

d h

ou

seh

old

m

em

ber

s th

rou

gh p

rod

uct

ive

acti

viti

es

V

alu

e ad

dit

ion

th

rou

gh a

gric

ult

ura

l p

roce

ssin

g

S

tren

gth

enin

g o

f ru

ral d

eve

lop

men

t ce

nte

rs t

hro

ugh

ser

vice

de

live

ry

D

evel

op

men

t o

f co

mm

erci

aliz

atio

n

and

intr

od

uct

ion

of

mo

der

n

tech

no

logi

es

into

ru

ral a

reas

I

nco

me

gen

erat

ion

fo

r p

eop

le li

vin

g w

ith

HIV

/AID

S

N

ine

regi

on

al s

tate

s &

Dir

eD

awa

Cit

y A

dm

in.

Sust

ain

able

Lan

d

Man

agem

ent-

II

(SLM

-II)

(2

01

3–

20

19

)

Mo

A,

Tech

nic

al

Co

mm

itte

e

Red

uce

lan

d d

egra

dat

ion

, lea

din

g to

the

pro

tect

ion

an

d/o

r re

sto

rati

on

of

eco

syst

em

fu

nct

ion

s an

d d

ive

rsit

y in

agri

cult

ura

l lan

dsc

ap

es.

..

Lan

d a

nd

wat

er c

on

serv

atio

n,

affo

rest

atio

n/r

efo

rest

atio

n,

reh

abili

tati

on

of

deg

rad

ed a

reas

,

pro

tect

ion

of

eco

logi

cally

cri

tica

l

29

Po

licie

s an

d

pla

ns

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Ob

ject

ive

(s)

K

ey

targ

ets

/mile

sto

ne

s O

bse

rvat

ion

Sust

ain

able

Lan

d

eco

syst

em

s in

Tig

ray,

Am

har

a,

Oro

mia

, an

dSN

NP

R d

egra

ded

are

as

Nat

ion

al S

cho

ol

Hea

lth

an

d

Nu

trit

ion

Stra

tegy

(SH

N)

Min

istr

y o

f

Edu

cati

on

(Mo

E)

Pro

mo

te jo

int

pla

nn

ing,

des

ign

, an

d

imp

lem

enta

tio

n o

f su

stai

nab

le a

nd

qu

alit

y h

ealt

h a

nd

nu

trit

ion

inte

rven

tio

ns

acro

ss t

he

edu

cati

on

sect

or.

Stre

ngt

hen

co

ord

inat

ion

, lin

kage

, an

d

par

tner

ship

of

SHN

inte

rven

tio

ns

by

rele

van

t m

inis

trie

s, c

om

mu

nit

ies,

an

d

oth

er s

take

ho

lder

s.

Enab

le im

pro

ved

acc

ess

to b

ett

er h

ealt

h a

nd

nu

trit

ion

serv

ices

fo

r 1

8,8

50

,98

6 s

cho

ol-

age

child

ren

an

d s

om

e

37

6,9

37

tea

cher

s th

rou

gh 3

3,2

84

go

vern

me

nt

and

no

n-g

ove

rnm

ent

sch

oo

ls (

MO

E, 2

01

2)

To im

pro

ve a

cces

s an

d e

du

cati

on

al

ach

ieve

men

t o

f sc

ho

olc

hild

ren

thro

ugh

hea

lth

an

d n

utr

itio

n

inte

rven

tio

ns

in e

du

cati

on

al

esta

blis

hm

ents

in E

thio

pia

.

Hea

lth

Ext

ensi

on

Pro

gram

me

Mo

H

S

hif

t h

ealt

h c

are

reso

urc

es

fro

m

pre

do

min

antl

y u

rban

to

ru

ral

area

s,

I

mp

rove

acc

ess

an

d e

qu

ity

of

hea

lth

ser

vice

s at

vill

age

and

ho

use

ho

ld le

vels

E

nsu

re o

wn

ersh

ip b

y in

crea

sin

g

hea

lth

aw

aren

ess

, kn

ow

led

ge,

and

ski

lls a

mo

ng

com

mu

nit

y

me

mb

ers

P

rom

ote

gen

der

eq

ual

ity

in a

cces

s

I

mp

rove

th

e u

tiliz

atio

n o

f

per

iph

eral

hea

lth

ser

vice

s

thro

ugh

hea

lth

ext

ensi

on

wo

rker

s

(HEW

s)

R

edu

ce m

ater

nal

an

d c

hild

mo

rtal

ity

P

rom

ote

an

ove

rall

hea

lth

y

life

styl

e

..

By

mid

-20

08

/09

, th

e FM

oH

has

succ

ess

fully

dep

loye

d o

ver

30

,19

0

hea

lth

ext

ensi

on

wo

rker

s th

rou

gho

ut

Eth

iop

ia

30

Po

licie

s an

d

pla

ns

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Ob

ject

ive

(s)

K

ey

targ

ets

/mile

sto

ne

s O

bse

rvat

ion

Agr

icu

ltu

re

Exte

nsi

on

Pro

gram

me

Mo

AN

R

..

..

Sim

ilar

to H

ealt

h E

xten

sio

n

Pro

gram

me,

th

e A

gric

ult

ure

Exte

nsi

on

Pro

gram

me

has

com

mu

nit

y-le

vel s

tru

ctu

re

Smal

l-Sc

ale

Irri

gati

on

(SS

I)

Pro

ject

(2

01

1–

20

16

)

Min

istr

y o

f

Wat

er,

Irri

gati

on

, an

d

Ener

gy

Exp

and

irri

gate

d a

gric

ult

ure

; im

pro

ve

irri

gati

on

wat

er-u

se e

ffic

ien

cy a

nd

agri

cult

ura

l pro

du

ctio

n e

ffic

ien

cy;

dev

elo

p ir

riga

tio

n s

yste

ms

that

are

tech

nic

ally

an

d f

inan

cial

ly s

ust

ain

able

;

and

ad

dre

ss w

ater

logg

ing

pro

ble

ms

in

irri

gate

d a

reas

an

d in

crea

se p

rod

uct

ion

and

pro

du

ctiv

ity.

Irri

gati

on

pro

ject

s ar

e ex

pec

ted

to

ben

efit

far

mer

s

and

pas

tora

lists

loca

ted

in d

iffe

ren

t re

gio

ns

by

bri

ngi

ng

51

0,6

03

ha

un

der

irri

gati

on

wh

en c

om

ple

ted

in 2

01

6

Targ

eted

fo

r sm

all-

scal

e fa

rmer

s,

Wo

red

a e

xper

ts, D

as in

Am

har

a,

Tigr

ay, O

rom

ia, S

NN

PR

, an

d H

arar

i

regi

on

s

Pas

tora

l

Live

liho

od

s

Res

ilien

ce

Pro

gram

(P

LRP

)

(20

13

–20

17

)

IGA

D, l

ed in

Eth

iop

ia b

y

Mo

AN

R

Co

ntr

ibu

te t

o p

ove

rty

red

uct

ion

, fo

od

secu

rity

, an

d s

ust

ain

able

eco

no

mic

gro

wth

th

rou

gh e

nh

ance

d r

ura

l

inco

me

s.

..

Nat

ura

l res

ou

rce

man

agem

ent

(NR

M);

mar

ket

acce

ss &

tra

de

(MA

T);

livel

iho

od

su

pp

ort

(LH

); &

pas

tora

l

risk

man

age

men

t (P

RM

) fo

r p

asto

ral

and

agr

o-p

asto

ral h

ou

seh

old

s w

ith

smal

l her

ds

and

flo

cks

op

erat

ing

in 1

5

wo

red

as

of

Afa

r &

So

mal

i Reg

ion

al

Stat

es o

f Et

hio

pia

On

eWA

SH

Min

istr

ies

of

Wat

er

Res

ou

rces

,

Hea

lth

,

Edu

cati

on

, an

d

Fin

ance

&

Eco

no

mic

Dev

elo

pm

en

Mo

de

rniz

e th

e w

ate

r an

d s

anit

atio

n

serv

ice

del

iver

y; im

pro

ve h

eal

th

situ

atio

n,

de

cre

ase

the

dro

p-o

ut

rate

s

of

child

ren

in s

cho

ols

; m

ake

fin

anci

ng

for

WA

SH m

ore

eff

ect

ive

.

..

..

31

Po

licie

s an

d

pla

ns

Lead

inst

itu

tio

n

Ob

ject

ive

(s)

K

ey

targ

ets

/mile

sto

ne

s O

bse

rvat

ion

Co

mm

un

ity-

bas

ed n

utr

itio

n

(CB

N)

pro

gram

me

Min

istr

y o

f

Hea

lth

, wit

h

ove

rall

resp

on

sib

ility

for

CB

N w

ith

in

the

Wo

red

a

Hea

lth

Off

ice

Nu

trit

ion

se

rvic

e d

eliv

ery

at

com

mu

nit

y le

vel.

..

CB

N a

ctiv

itie

s ar

e co

nd

uct

ed b

y

Vo

lun

teer

Co

mm

un

ity

Hea

lth

Wo

rker

s (V

CH

Ws)

in k

ebel

es

(vill

ages

), s

up

ervi

sed

by

Hea

lth

Exte

nsi

on

Wo

rker

s (H

EWs)

, fro

m

hea

lth

po

sts

The

CB

N a

ctiv

itie

s p

lau

sib

ly h

ad a

sign

ific

ant

ben

efit

fo

r ch

ild

anth

rop

om

etry

an

d o

ther

aim

s, w

ell

exce

edin

g ta

rget

s, f

or

exam

ple

, fo

r

stu

nti

ng.

Tab

le 4

: Sel

ect

dev

elo

pm

ent

par

tner

s o

per

atin

g in

Eth

iop

ia

Imp

lem

enti

ng

agen

cy

Ove

rvie

w

Wo

rld

Ban

k Th

e W

orl

d B

ank

has

pro

vid

ed le

nd

ing

for

mo

re t

han

15

0 p

roje

cts

in E

thio

pia

th

at h

ave

focu

sed

on

infr

astr

uct

ure

, th

e d

eliv

ery

of

bas

ic s

ervi

ces,

an

d f

oo

d s

ecu

rity

an

d e

du

cati

on

, am

on

g o

ther

th

ings

. As

of

Au

gust

20

15

, th

e p

ort

folio

has

25

act

ive

pro

ject

s w

ith

a c

om

mit

men

t va

lue

of

mo

re

than

$7

bill

ion

.

Eth

iop

ia-C

anad

a C

oo

per

atio

n O

ffic

e (E

CC

O)

ECC

O (

was

cal

led

CID

A)

is o

ne

of

the

maj

or

fun

din

g so

urc

es

for

me

ga a

gric

ult

ura

l pro

gram

s su

ch a

s A

GP

, RC

BP

, SLM

an

d s

up

po

rte

rs o

f p

roje

cts

imp

lem

ente

d b

y N

GO

s. E

thio

pia

is a

co

un

try

of

focu

s fo

r C

anad

a’s

inte

rnat

ion

al d

evel

op

men

t as

sist

ance

, an

d C

anad

a is

th

e th

ird

larg

est

bila

tera

l co

un

try

do

no

r to

Eth

iop

ia. C

anad

a’s

bila

tera

l dev

elo

pm

ent

coo

per

atio

n p

rogr

am is

fo

cuse

d o

n f

oo

d s

ecu

rity

, agr

icu

ltu

ral g

row

th a

nd

su

stai

nab

le

eco

no

mic

gro

wth

. In

terv

enti

on

s al

so r

eco

gniz

e th

e im

po

rtan

ce o

f ad

van

cin

g d

em

ocr

acy

and

hu

man

rig

hts

to

en

sure

th

at E

thio

pia

’s

dev

elo

pm

ent

pro

gre

ss is

incl

usi

ve a

nd

su

stai

nab

le.

In 2

01

1–

20

12

, Can

ada

pro

vid

ed $

20

7.6

4 m

illio

n in

de

velo

pm

ent

and

hu

man

itar

ian

ass

ista

nce

to

Eth

iop

ia t

hro

ugh

bila

tera

l an

d m

ult

ilate

ral c

han

nel

s as

wel

l as

thro

ugh

Can

adia

n n

on

gove

rnm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns.

US

Age

ncy

fo

r In

tern

atio

nal

Dev

elo

pm

ent

(USA

ID)

USA

ID s

up

po

rts

dev

elo

pm

ent

and

fo

od

an

d n

utr

itio

n s

ecu

rity

pro

gram

s o

f Et

hio

pia

th

rou

gh it

s d

iffe

ren

t p

rogr

ams:

Fe

ed t

he

Futu

re, A

GP

, New

A

llian

ce f

or

Foo

d S

ecu

rity

an

d N

utr

itio

n. T

hro

ugh

Fee

d t

he

Futu

re, U

SAID

is h

elp

ing

vuln

era

ble

ho

use

ho

lds

par

tici

pat

e in

eco

no

mic

act

ivit

ies

and

ge

ner

ate

de

man

d f

or

pro

du

cts.

Th

e p

rogr

am c

om

po

nen

ts in

clu

de

nu

trit

ion

, clim

ate

chan

ge a

dap

tati

on

, hu

man

itar

ian

ass

ista

nce

, an

d p

riva

te

sect

or

de

velo

pm

ent.

USA

ID's

Fee

d t

he

Futu

re S

trat

egy

in E

thio

pia

fo

cuse

s o

n t

hre

e co

re c

om

po

nen

ts: a

gric

ult

ura

l gro

wth

-en

able

d f

oo

d

secu

rity

, lin

kin

g th

e vu

lner

able

to

mar

kets

, an

d f

ost

erin

g a

regu

lato

ry e

nvi

ron

men

t an

d p

riva

te s

ecto

r co

nd

uci

ve t

o e

con

om

ic g

row

th a

nd

ta

rget

ing

14

9 w

ore

da

s (d

istr

icts

) co

nta

inin

g a

com

bin

ed p

op

ula

tio

n o

f ap

pro

xim

atel

y 1

6 m

illio

n p

eop

le. F

or

exam

ple

, th

ey s

up

po

rt E

mp

ow

erin

g N

ew G

ener

atio

ns

to Im

pro

ve N

utr

itio

n a

nd

Eco

no

mic

op

po

rtu

nit

ies

(EN

GIN

E), i

mp

lem

ente

d b

y Sa

ve t

he

Ch

ildre

n in

10

0 w

ore

da

s.

USA

ID s

up

po

rts

the

Agr

icu

ltu

re G

row

th P

rogr

amm

e (A

GP

), e

spe

cial

ly f

un

din

g th

e m

arke

t an

d v

alu

e ch

ain

co

mp

on

ent

of

the

pro

gram

, wh

ich

is

imp

lem

ente

d b

y A

CD

I/V

OC

A.

32

In a

dd

itio

n, U

SAID

wo

rks

wit

h t

he

Go

vern

men

t o

f Et

hio

pia

to

imp

rove

th

e en

ablin

g en

viro

nm

ent

to s

up

po

rt p

riva

te s

ecto

r gr

ow

th a

nd

in

vest

men

t in

agr

icu

ltu

re t

hro

ugh

th

e N

ew A

llian

ce f

or

Foo

d S

ecu

rity

an

d N

utr

itio

n. M

ore

ove

r, U

SAID

is t

he

larg

est

bila

tera

l d

on

or

to P

SNP

, co

ntr

ibu

tin

g 2

0 p

erce

nt

of

the

bu

dge

t fo

r 2

01

0–

20

14

. Th

e d

esi

gn p

has

e fo

r th

e fu

ture

gen

erat

ion

of

PSN

P a

nd

Ho

use

ho

ld A

sset

Bu

ildin

g P

rogr

am (

HA

BP

) o

ffic

ially

sta

rted

in J

un

e 2

01

3. U

SAID

's

Eth

iop

ia m

issi

on

, wit

h n

ine

oth

er d

on

or

par

tner

s, is

act

ivel

y en

gage

d in

join

tly

shap

ing

the

visi

on

fo

r th

e n

ext

gen

erat

ion

pro

gram

to

geth

er w

ith

th

e G

ove

rnm

ent

of

Eth

iop

ia.

Kin

gdo

m o

f th

e N

eth

erla

nd

s Em

bas

sy

(KN

E)

KN

E d

evel

op

ed a

Mu

lti-

An

nu

al S

trat

egic

Pla

n (

20

14

_2

01

7)

wh

ich

gu

ides

its

sup

po

rt o

f p

rogr

ams

in E

thio

pia

. Th

e Em

bas

sy d

eve

lop

ed p

roje

cts

un

der

th

ree

stra

tegi

c p

illar

s: (

i) R

edu

ce h

ou

seh

old

vu

lner

abili

ty—

sup

po

rtin

g P

SNP

, Res

ilie

nce

Bu

ildin

g, Im

pro

vin

g fo

od

sec

uri

ty a

nd

st

ren

gth

enin

g co

mm

un

ity

coh

esio

n in

Gam

bel

la R

egio

n, a

nd

Co

mp

act

20

25

; (ii)

incr

ease

agr

icu

ltu

ral p

rod

uct

ivit

y an

d m

arke

t ac

cess

—su

pp

ort

ing

AG

P II

, Cap

acit

y B

uild

ing

for

Scal

ing-

up

of

Evid

en

ce-b

ased

Be

st P

ract

ices

in E

thio

pia

(C

ASC

AP

E), I

nte

grat

ed S

eed

Sec

tor

De

velo

pm

ent

(ISS

D),

Sm

all S

cale

an

d M

icro

Irri

gati

on

Su

pp

ort

Pro

ject

(SM

IS),

Se

sam

e B

usi

ne

ss N

etw

ork

(SB

N),

En

han

cin

g D

airy

Sec

tor

Gro

wth

in E

thio

pia

(E

DG

ET),

Bila

tera

l Eth

iop

ian

Net

her

lan

ds

Effo

rt f

or

Foo

d, I

nco

me

and

Tra

de

Par

tner

ship

(B

ENEF

IT)

wh

ich

is a

n u

mb

rella

pro

ject

co

mp

risi

ng

the

fou

r cu

rren

t W

UR

pro

ject

s: C

ASC

AP

E, S

BN

, ISS

D, A

BSF

, en

ablin

g th

em t

o w

ork

in a

mo

re in

tegr

ated

fas

hio

n, S

mal

lho

lde

r h

ort

icu

ltu

re

dev

elo

pm

ent

pro

ject

, iii)

Incr

eas

e co

mp

etit

iven

ess

of

agri

bu

sin

ess

, in

com

e an

d e

mp

loym

en

t -

sup

po

rtin

g A

gri-

Bu

sin

ess

Sup

po

rt F

acili

ty (

AB

SF),

w

ill c

on

tin

ue

un

der

th

e n

ame

Trad

e fa

cilit

y fo

r A

grib

usi

nes

s (T

AG

) u

nd

er t

he

BEN

EFIT

um

bre

lla p

roje

ct, E

thio

-Du

tch

Pro

gram

me

for

Ho

rtic

ult

ura

l D

evel

op

men

t P

roje

ct (

ED-H

DP

), D

airy

Bu

sin

ess

Info

rmat

ion

an

d S

ervi

ce P

roje

ct (

Dai

ryb

iss)

, Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty a

nd

Ru

ral E

ntr

epre

neu

rsh

ip (

FSR

E)

Fun

d; a

nd

(iv

) co

ntr

ibu

tin

g to

oth

er p

illar

s: G

amb

ella

& C

entr

al R

ift

Val

ley

Sust

ain

able

Lan

dsc

apes

Pro

gram

me,

Agr

icu

ltu

ral T

ran

sfo

rmat

ion

A

gen

cy (

ATA

), D

eve

lop

men

t A

ssis

tan

ce G

rou

p (

DA

G)

rou

nd

5. O

vera

ll, K

NE

allo

cate

d 3

3.7

mill

ion

Eu

ro f

or

the

year

20

16

.

DFI

D

DFI

D f

un

ded

pro

ject

s in

clu

de

Wea

lth

Cre

atio

n; C

limat

e C

han

ge; G

ove

rnan

ce a

nd

Sec

uri

ty; E

du

cati

on

; Hea

lth

; Wat

er a

nd

San

itat

ion

; Po

vert

y,

Hu

nge

r an

d V

uln

erab

ility

an

d H

um

anit

aria

n d

uri

ng

20

10

/11

–20

14

/15

wit

h £

19

5 m

illio

n. T

he

pro

gram

aim

s to

(i)

red

uce

ch

ild m

ort

alit

y b

y a

qu

arte

r in

5 y

ears

; (ii)

pu

t 4

mill

ion

mo

re c

hild

ren

in p

rim

ary

sch

oo

l, a

nd

(iii

) p

rote

ct a

lmo

st 8

mill

ion

po

or

peo

ple

fro

m h

un

ger

by

20

15

.

Euro

pea

n U

nio

n (

EU)

EU h

as f

oo

d s

ecu

rity

fac

ility

wh

ich

su

pp

ort

s p

roje

cts

imp

lem

ente

d b

y th

e ci

vic

org

aniz

atio

ns

and

NG

Os.

Dif

fere

nt

pro

ject

s ar

e cu

rren

tly

bei

ng

carr

ied

ou

t ac

ross

a w

ide

-ran

ge o

f se

cto

rs in

Eth

iop

ia. E

U a

ssis

tan

ce f

ocu

ses

in p

arti

cula

r o

n s

up

po

rt f

or

infr

astr

uct

ure

dev

elo

pm

ent,

fo

od

se

curi

ty, g

oo

d g

ove

rnan

ce, a

nd

cap

acit

y b

uild

ing.

EU

fu

nd

ing

for

pro

ject

s in

Eth

iop

ia is

pro

vid

ed in

th

e fo

rm o

f gr

ants

, sec

tora

l su

pp

ort

, an

d

pro

tect

ion

of

bas

ic s

ervi

ces,

an

d p

rod

uct

ive

safe

ty n

ets

sup

po

rt. T

he

pro

ject

s fi

nan

ced

by

EU f

all u

nd

er t

he

follo

win

g th

emat

ic a

reas

: (i)

go

vern

ance

, dem

ocr

acy,

hu

man

rig

hts

an

d s

up

po

rt f

or

eco

no

mic

an

d in

stit

uti

on

al r

efo

rms;

(ii)

ru

ral d

eve

lop

men

t, t

erri

tori

al p

lan

nin

g,

agri

cult

ure

an

d f

oo

d s

ecu

rity

; (i

ii) w

ater

an

d e

ner

gy; (

iv)

hu

man

dev

elo

pm

ent;

(v)

infr

astr

uct

ure

; (vi

) th

e en

viro

nm

ent

and

th

e su

stai

nab

le

man

agem

ent

of

nat

ura

l res

ou

rces

; an

d (

vii)

mu

lti-

sect

ors

. Th

e p

roje

ct c

ove

rs f

oo

d in

secu

re a

nd

mar

gin

al a

reas

, in

clu

din

g p

asto

ral c

om

mu

nit

ies.

Jap

an In

tern

atio

nal

C

oo

per

atio

n A

gen

cy (

JIC

A)

JIC

A's

de

velo

pm

ent

sup

po

rt t

hro

ugh

tec

hn

ical

ass

ista

nce

an

d g

ran

ts in

clu

des

man

y se

cto

rs in

clu

din

g ed

uca

tio

n, h

ealt

h, a

gric

ult

ure

an

d r

ura

l d

evel

op

men

t, w

ate

r re

sou

rce

s an

d d

isas

ter

man

age

men

t, t

ran

spo

rt, a

nd

pri

vate

sec

tor

dev

elo

pm

ent

(in

clu

din

g th

e P

roje

ct o

n C

apac

ity

Bu

ildin

g fo

r D

isse

min

atio

n o

f Q

ual

ity

and

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

Imp

rove

men

t—K

AIZ

EN).

Tab

le 5

: Sel

ect

NG

Os’

dev

elo

pm

en

t p

roje

cts

and

pro

gram

s ar

eas

: ob

ject

ives

an

d a

ctiv

itie

s

33

Imp

lem

en

tin

g ag

en

cy

Maj

or

pro

ject

/pro

gram

ob

ject

ive

s M

ajo

r p

roje

ct/p

rogr

am a

ctiv

itie

s

Sasa

kaw

a G

lob

al 2

00

0 (

SG

20

00

) to

Eth

iop

ia

To

tra

nsf

er e

ffec

tive

ap

pro

pri

ate

tech

no

logi

es o

f lo

cally

an

d

exte

rnal

ly

avai

lab

le

imp

rove

d

foo

d

pro

du

ctio

n

to

loca

l fa

rm-l

evel

cir

cum

stan

ces.

To

in

crea

se p

rod

uct

ion

an

d p

rod

uct

ivit

y an

d h

elp

ach

ieve

fo

od

sec

uri

ty a

nd

incr

ease

far

me

r in

com

es

Po

st-h

arve

st o

pp

ort

un

itie

s, a

nd

esp

ecia

lly o

n im

pro

vin

g th

e ac

cess

of

wo

men

far

mer

s an

d a

gro

-

pro

cess

ing

gro

up

s to

agr

icu

ltu

ral e

xte

nsi

on

ad

viso

ry s

ervi

ces.

Str

en

gth

en p

ub

lic/p

riva

te p

artn

ersh

ips

to

hel

p s

tre

ngt

hen

ext

en

sio

n a

dvi

sory

del

ive

ry s

yste

ms.

Imp

rove

ext

en

sio

n s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

to s

mal

lho

lder

farm

ers

for

incr

ease

d f

oo

d s

ecu

rity

an

d in

com

e at

ho

use

ho

ld le

vel.

Intr

od

uce

div

ersi

fied

an

d

inn

ova

tive

agr

icu

ltu

ral t

ech

no

logi

es a

nd

ap

pro

ach

es t

o t

he

FTC

s, b

uild

s D

A c

apac

ity

and

intr

od

uce

s

reve

nu

e ge

ner

atio

n a

ctiv

itie

s.

Wo

rld

Vis

ion

In

tern

atio

nal

/Eth

iop

ia

To

incr

ease

agr

icu

ltu

ral p

rod

uct

ion

;

To

incr

ease

th

e le

vel o

f h

ou

seh

old

inco

me;

To

en

han

ce lo

cal l

ead

ersh

ip a

nd

tec

hn

ical

cap

acit

y;

To

en

han

ce t

he

cap

acit

y o

f st

ake

ho

lder

s;

To

en

han

ce s

oci

oec

on

om

ic in

fras

tru

ctu

re d

evel

op

men

t;

To

en

han

ce t

he

effi

cien

cy o

f m

anag

emen

t an

d le

ader

ship

ca

pac

ity

of

stak

eho

lder

s; a

nd

To

incr

ease

live

sto

ck p

rod

uct

ion

an

d p

rod

uct

ivit

y.

Smal

l-sc

ale

irri

gati

on

dev

elo

pm

en

t, V

eter

inar

y cl

inic

/po

st c

on

stru

ctio

n, N

atu

ral r

eso

urc

e co

nse

rvat

ion

,

Agr

icu

ltu

ral e

xte

nsi

on

su

pp

ort

, Pes

t an

d d

isea

se c

on

tro

l, C

om

mu

nit

y an

d g

ove

rnm

ent

staf

f ca

pac

ity

bu

ildin

g (t

rain

ing)

.

Irri

gati

on

dev

elo

pm

en

t. F

loo

d p

rote

ctio

n. T

ract

or

op

erat

ion

. Vet

erin

ary

clin

ic c

on

stru

ctio

n. C

apac

ity

bu

ildin

g (t

rain

ing)

. Ho

rtic

ult

ure

dem

on

stra

tio

n. N

atu

ral r

eso

urc

e co

nse

rvat

ion

. Su

pp

ort

ext

en

sio

n

serv

ice.

Su

pp

ort

ear

ly w

arn

ing

syst

em. P

est

and

dis

ease

co

ntr

ol.

Irri

gati

on

dev

elo

pm

en

t. F

arm

ers

an

d li

ne

-off

ices

sta

ff t

rain

ing.

Mat

eria

l su

pp

ort

to

go

vern

men

t p

artn

er

off

ice.

Pro

visi

on

of

vete

rin

ary

faci

litie

s.

Irri

gati

on

dev

elo

pm

en

t. P

rovi

sio

n o

f cr

edit

fo

r th

e p

urc

has

e o

f ag

ricu

ltu

ral i

np

uts

. Pro

visi

on

of

cap

acit

y

bu

ildin

g tr

ain

ing

for

the

com

mu

nit

y, g

ove

rnm

ent

and

Wo

rld

Vis

ion

-Eth

iop

ia s

taff

.

Veg

etab

le p

rod

uct

ion

. Lo

cal l

evel

see

d p

rod

uct

ion

. Pro

mo

tio

n o

f o

rgan

ic f

arm

ing.

Bac

kyar

d li

vest

ock

pro

du

ctio

n. F

ora

ge s

eed

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

dev

elo

pm

ent.

Pro

visi

on

of

loca

l vet

erin

ary

serv

ice.

Sh

eep

pro

du

ctio

n. F

ore

stry

, so

il an

d w

ater

co

nse

rvat

ion

.

Agr

i-Se

rvic

e Et

hio

pia

To

imp

rove

cro

p p

rod

uct

ion

an

d p

rod

uct

ivit

y.

To

en

han

ce li

vest

ock

pro

du

ctiv

ity.

To

co

nse

rve

and

dev

elo

p n

atu

ral r

eso

urc

es.

To

incr

ease

dis

po

sab

le h

ou

seh

old

inco

me

of

fam

ilies

.

To

en

han

ce c

apac

ity

bu

ildin

g an

d c

om

mu

nit

y em

po

wer

men

t

Pro

visi

on

of

awar

enes

s tr

ain

ing

for

the

com

mu

nit

y. V

eget

able

pro

du

ctio

n. L

oca

l lev

el s

eed

pro

du

ctio

n.

Pro

mo

tio

n o

f o

rgan

ic f

arm

ing.

Fo

rage

dev

elo

pm

ent.

Po

ult

ry p

rod

uct

ion

. Bee

-kee

pin

g im

pro

vem

ent.

Pro

visi

on

of

vete

rin

ary

serv

ice.

Soil

and

wat

er c

on

serv

atio

n. R

efo

rest

atio

n. S

mal

l-sc

ale

irri

gati

on

dev

elo

pm

ent.

Su

pp

ort

agr

icu

ltu

ral

exte

nsi

on

. Su

pp

ort

vet

erin

ary

serv

ices

. Su

pp

ort

pes

t co

ntr

ol.

Eth

iop

ian

Eva

nge

lical

Ch

urc

h

Mek

ane-

Yesu

s

To

reh

abili

tate

an

d d

evel

op

deg

rad

ed f

arm

s an

d g

razi

ng

lan

ds.

To

bu

ild t

he

cap

acit

y o

f th

e ru

ral c

om

mu

nit

y, p

arti

cula

rly

rura

l wo

men

.

To

co

nti

nu

e m

anag

eme

nt

of

tree

nu

rser

ies.

To

co

nti

nu

e fo

llow

-up

vis

its

to a

ffo

rest

atio

n a

nd

h

ort

icu

ltu

re c

on

tact

far

mer

s.

To

co

nti

nu

e tr

ain

ing

and

pro

vid

ing

exte

nsi

on

ser

vice

s.

Nat

ura

l res

ou

rces

co

nse

rvat

ion

an

d d

evel

op

me

nt.

Pro

visi

on

of

cred

it a

nd

sav

ing

serv

ice

s. S

up

po

rt

vege

tab

le p

rod

uct

ion

. Tra

inin

g o

f fa

rmer

s in

info

rmat

ion

co

mm

un

icat

ion

an

d in

nu

rser

y

pra

ctic

es/m

anag

emen

t. C

on

du

ct w

ork

sho

ps.

Org

aniz

ing

stu

dy

tou

r fo

r th

e p

roje

ct a

nd

sta

ff o

f lin

e-

off

ices

.

Soil

and

wat

er c

on

serv

atio

n. A

ffo

rest

atio

n. A

nim

al h

usb

and

ry a

nd

dev

elo

pm

en

t. C

rop

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

pro

tect

ion

. In

tro

du

ctio

n o

f ap

pro

pri

ate

tech

no

logy

(w

oo

d p

roce

ssin

g, s

oap

mak

ing,

han

dcr

aft

tech

no

logy

/cl

ay/

etc.

). S

up

po

rt e

xten

sio

n s

erv

ice.

Tra

inin

g o

f fa

rmer

s an

d s

taff

.

34

Imp

lem

en

tin

g ag

en

cy

Maj

or

pro

ject

/pro

gram

ob

ject

ive

s M

ajo

r p

roje

ct/p

rogr

am a

ctiv

itie

s

Aff

ore

stat

ion

. Su

pp

ort

ho

rtic

ult

ura

l pro

du

ctio

n. A

ssis

tin

g liv

est

ock

pro

du

ctio

n. P

rovi

sio

n o

f tr

ain

ing

for

the

targ

et f

arm

ers

in n

urs

ery

man

agem

en

t, g

ard

en m

anag

emen

t, v

eget

able

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

imp

rove

d

fora

ge p

rod

uct

ion

.

Eth

iop

ian

Ort

ho

do

x C

hu

rch

To

incr

ease

agr

icu

ltu

ral p

rod

uct

ion

.

To

mai

nta

in n

atu

ral r

eso

urc

e b

ase.

To

incr

ease

ho

use

ho

ld in

com

e.

To

en

han

ce e

mer

gen

cy r

esp

on

se c

apac

ity.

To

imp

rove

hea

lth

sta

tus.

Div

ersi

fica

tio

n o

f cr

op

s an

d a

pp

licat

ion

of

fert

ilize

r. P

rovi

sio

n o

f fa

rm o

xen

on

cre

dit

bas

is f

or

ho

use

ho

lds

wh

o h

ave

no

oxe

n. D

evel

op

men

t o

f ag

ro-f

ore

stry

. Im

pro

vem

ent

of

irri

gati

on

dev

elo

pm

ent.

Trai

nin

g o

f fa

rmer

s in

ap

pro

pri

ate

agri

cult

ura

l pra

ctic

es. I

mp

rove

men

t o

f liv

esto

ck d

eve

lop

men

t

To

su

pp

ort

agr

icu

ltu

ral d

evel

op

men

t o

f fa

rmer

s in

reg

ion

s.

Intr

od

uct

ion

of

imp

rove

d s

mal

l-sc

ale

dai

ry f

arm

ing,

po

ult

ry f

arm

ing,

bee

ke

epin

g, f

ruit

orc

har

ds,

seed

ling

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

ve

geta

ble

pro

du

ctio

n.

Car

e In

tern

atio

nal

/ Et

hio

pia

To in

crea

se c

rop

pro

du

ctio

n/

pro

du

ctiv

ity.

To

imp

rove

an

imal

hu

sban

dry

.

To

pro

mo

te in

com

e ge

ner

atin

g ac

tivi

ties

.

Pro

visi

on

of

cred

it f

or

agri

cult

ura

l in

pu

ts. R

iver

div

ersi

on

fo

r ir

riga

tio

n. F

ora

ge d

evel

op

men

t.

Imp

rove

men

t o

f d

airy

pro

du

ctio

n. P

rovi

sio

n o

f ve

teri

nar

y se

rvic

es. I

mp

rove

men

t o

f b

ee k

eep

ing.

Men

sch

en f

ür

Men

sch

en

Fou

nd

atio

n

To

incr

ease

maj

or

agri

cult

ura

l cro

ps

and

live

sto

ck.

To

reh

abili

tate

th

e e

nvi

ron

me

nta

l res

ou

rce

bas

e o

f th

e ta

rget

are

a.

To

incr

ease

th

e le

vels

of

ho

use

ho

ld in

com

e o

f la

nd

less

w

om

en a

nd

yo

uth

.

Pro

visi

on

of

bet

ter

ext

ensi

on

ser

vice

. Pro

visi

on

of

irri

gati

on

fac

iliti

es a

nd

oth

er f

arm

inp

uts

.

Imp

rove

men

t o

f fo

dd

er p

rod

uct

ion

. Im

pro

vem

ent

of

envi

ron

me

nta

l pro

tect

ion

aw

aren

ess

an

d

kno

wle

dge

of

the

dir

ect

ben

efic

iari

es. S

up

po

rt s

elf-

emp

loym

ent

thro

ugh

ski

lls t

rain

ing

and

fac

ilita

tin

g

cred

it.

Can

adia

n P

hys

icia

ns

for

Aid

an

d R

elie

f

To

incr

ease

th

e co

vera

ge &

nu

mb

er o

f h

ecta

res

of

com

mu

nit

y gr

azin

g la

nd

s.

To

incr

ease

th

e ar

ea o

f co

mm

un

ity

fod

der

pro

du

ctio

n t

hat

is

pro

tect

ed

by

soil

con

serv

atio

n m

easu

res

and

/or

man

aged

wit

h t

he

cut

and

car

ry s

yste

m.

To

incr

ease

th

e an

nu

al c

erea

l an

d n

on

-cer

eal c

rop

s p

rod

uct

ion

of

ben

efic

iary

ho

use

ho

lds.

Pro

mo

tio

n o

f ve

geta

ble

an

d f

ruit

pro

du

ctio

n. P

rovi

sio

n o

f tr

ain

ing

for

com

mu

nit

ies

and

lin

e-o

ffic

e st

aff.

Co

nd

uct

ing

of

sem

inar

s/w

ork

sho

ps

to li

ne

-off

ices

/dep

artm

ents

co

nce

rne

d.

Co

mm

un

ity

fod

der

pro

du

ctio

n. H

om

este

ad f

od

de

r p

rod

uct

ion

. Tra

inin

g o

f fa

rmer

s in

use

an

d

app

licat

ion

of

fert

ilize

r an

d im

pro

ved

se

eds,

th

e co

ntr

ol o

f p

re-

and

po

sth

arve

st lo

sses

, an

d t

he

mai

nte

nan

ce o

f th

e n

atu

ral r

eso

urc

e b

ase.

Dem

on

stra

tio

n o

f im

pro

ved

far

min

g p

ract

ice

s o

n 'l

ead

'

farm

ers'

plo

ts. P

rovi

sio

n o

f b

asic

far

m in

pu

ts f

or

po

or

farm

ers

thro

ugh

co

-op

erat

ive

s. Im

pro

vem

ent

of

exis

tin

g sm

all-

scal

e ir

riga

tio

n s

chem

e.

Wat

er A

ctio

n

To

sec

ure

th

e su

rviv

al o

f p

arts

of

the

po

pu

lati

on

wh

o a

re

un

able

to

fee

d t

hem

selv

es, d

ue

to p

oo

r h

arve

sts

or

insu

ffic

ien

t o

wn

pro

du

ctio

n c

apac

itie

s.

To

reh

abili

tate

th

e n

atu

ral r

eso

urc

es a

s a

pre

-co

nd

itio

n f

or

the

po

pu

lati

on

to

reg

ain

th

eir

cap

acit

y fo

r se

lf-r

elia

nce

.

To

en

han

ce t

he

po

pu

lati

on

's p

ote

nti

al f

or

self

-hel

p a

nd

fo

od

sec

uri

ty in

itia

tive

s th

rou

gh a

pp

rop

riat

e m

easu

res

in

dif

fere

nt

agri

cult

ura

l an

d o

ff-f

arm

sp

her

es.

Pro

mo

tio

n o

f af

fore

stat

ion

. Ap

plic

atio

n o

f so

il an

d w

ater

co

nse

rvat

ion

mea

sure

s. D

evel

op

men

t o

f

smal

l-sc

ale

irri

gati

on

pra

ctic

es. P

rom

oti

on

of

sust

ain

able

agr

on

om

ic p

ract

ices

. Dev

elo

pm

ent

of

fora

ge

dev

elo

pm

en

t st

rate

gies

. Id

en

tifi

cati

on

of

suit

able

str

ate

gie

s fo

r liv

esto

ck d

evel

op

me

nt.

Pro

visi

on

of

imp

rove

d v

ete

rin

ary

exte

nsi

on

se

rvic

es. P

rovi

sio

n o

f tr

ain

ing

for

the

targ

et f

arm

ers

, dev

elo

pm

ent

agen

ts e

tc. i

n v

ario

us

acti

viti

es.

SOS-

Sah

el

To

dev

elo

p p

ract

ical

mec

han

ism

s fo

r lo

cal g

ove

rnm

ent

to

pro

mo

te a

nd

su

pp

ort

co

mm

un

ity

init

iati

ves

thro

ugh

a

pro

gram

of

acco

un

tab

le a

nd

eff

ect

ive

emp

loym

ent

sch

emes

, an

d c

om

mu

nit

y-m

anag

ed g

rain

ban

ks.

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

Emp

loym

ent

Ge

ner

atin

g Sc

hem

e (E

GS)

fu

nd

. An

imat

ion

of

com

mu

nit

ies

for

grai

n

ban

k in

itia

tio

n. C

on

stru

ctio

n o

f gr

ain

ban

ks. T

rain

ing

of

com

mu

nit

y m

anag

emen

t co

mm

itte

es. O

n-

goin

g tr

ain

ing

of

loca

l par

tner

s.

35

Imp

lem

en

tin

g ag

en

cy

Maj

or

pro

ject

/pro

gram

ob

ject

ive

s M

ajo

r p

roje

ct/p

rogr

am a

ctiv

itie

s

To

off

er a

var

iety

of

cro

ps

wit

h h

igh

nu

trit

ion

al v

alu

es t

o

20

% o

f ch

ildre

n in

th

e ta

rget

are

a.

Co

nd

uct

ing

cro

p h

usb

and

ry t

rain

ing.

Pro

mo

tio

n o

f co

mp

ost

pre

par

atio

n a

s b

iolo

gica

l fer

tiliz

er.

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

nu

rser

y si

te a

nd

sat

ellit

e si

tes.

Rai

sin

g fr

uit

-bea

rin

g an

d m

ult

i-p

urp

ose

tre

es.

Iden

tifi

cati

on

of

targ

et f

amili

es

for

imp

rove

d li

vest

ock

pro

du

ctio

n. C

on

du

ctin

g an

imal

hu

sban

dry

trai

nin

g. C

on

du

ctin

g b

iolo

gica

l wat

er c

on

serv

atio

n t

rain

ing.

Co

nst

ruct

ion

of

vete

rin

ary

po

sts

and

lives

tock

cru

shes

.

Oxf

am–G

reat

Bri

tain

To

imp

rove

th

e n

utr

itio

nal

co

ver

of

the

foo

d in

secu

re a

nd

vu

lner

able

sec

tio

n o

f th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Su

pp

ort

aff

ore

stat

ion

th

rou

gh t

he

pro

visi

on

of

tree

see

ds

for

the

esta

blis

hm

ent

of

pri

vate

tre

e

nu

rser

ies.

Ass

ist

soil

and

wat

er c

on

serv

atio

n t

hro

ugh

th

e co

nst

ruct

ion

of

chec

k d

ams.

Oxf

am A

mer

ica

Im

pro

vin

g th

e ri

ght

to f

oo

d b

y th

e p

oo

r m

en a

nd

wo

men

In

vest

me

nt

in p

rod

uct

ive

wat

er;

str

engt

he

nin

g ag

ricu

ltu

ral e

xten

sio

n s

yste

m, R

4 R

ura

l re

silie

nt

init

iati

ves;

Incr

easi

ng

Smal

lho

lder

Agr

icu

ltu

ral P

rod

uct

ivit

y th

rou

gh Im

pro

ved

Far

mer

Tra

inin

g C

ente

rs

(ISA

P)

pro

ject

. Th

e p

rogr

ams

invo

lve

cap

acit

y b

uild

ing,

inve

stm

ent

in li

velih

oo

d, c

reat

ing

acce

ss t

o

cred

its,

gen

der

, etc

.

Save

th

e C

hild

ren

To

init

iate

a p

roce

ss o

f d

eman

d-d

rive

n a

gric

ult

ura

l re

sear

ch f

or

mar

gin

al a

nd

dro

ugh

t-p

ron

e ar

eas.

To

eq

uip

agr

icu

ltu

re w

ith

pro

ven

wo

rkin

g m

eth

od

olo

gie

s fo

r ef

fect

ive

farm

er-l

ed e

xten

sio

n.

To

allo

w a

pro

gram

of

scal

ing-

up

to

be

init

iate

d.

Pro

visi

on

of

trai

nin

g fo

r fa

rmer

s, d

evel

op

me

nt

age

nts

(D

As)

, Mo

A e

xper

ts e

tc. E

xten

sio

n p

acka

ge

dem

on

stra

tio

n. S

elec

tin

g an

d t

rain

ing

of

farm

er a

nd

ext

ensi

on

sta

ff. C

red

it a

nd

inp

ut

sup

ply

to

ove

rco

me

con

stra

ints

of

the

exi

stin

g cr

edit

sys

tem

. Im

ple

men

tati

on

of

rese

arch

act

ivit

ies.

To

imp

rove

th

e h

ou

seh

old

fo

od

sec

uri

ty s

itu

atio

n o

f vu

lner

able

far

me

rs b

y re

du

cin

g cr

op

loss

es d

ue

to p

ests

. D

evel

op

men

t o

f in

tegr

ated

pes

t m

anag

emen

t te

chn

olo

gies

an

d m

eth

od

olo

gies

. Tra

inin

g o

f D

As.

Spra

yin

g ch

emic

al p

esti

cid

es.

Est

ablis

hm

ent/

stre

ngt

hen

ing

of

revo

lvin

g fu

nd

s. In

stit

uti

on

al s

up

po

rt.

To

ass

ist

and

bu

ild c

apac

ity

of

targ

et g

rou

ps.

To

imp

rove

inco

mes

by

pro

visi

on

of

exte

rnal

inp

uts

.

To

imp

rove

nu

trit

ion

al v

alu

e o

f fo

od

fo

r p

roje

ct t

arge

t gr

ou

p.

Emp

ow

erm

ent

of

rura

l wo

men

par

tici

pat

ing

in t

he

pro

ject

by

pro

visi

on

of

trai

nin

g re

late

d t

o p

lan

nin

g,

man

agem

ent

etc.

of

thei

r d

aily

act

ivit

ies.

Inco

me

gen

era

tio

n t

hro

ugh

veg

eta

ble

pro

du

ctio

n.

Imp

rove

men

t o

f n

utr

itio

nal

qu

alit

y an

d q

uan

tity

of

foo

d a

vaila

ble

to

pro

ject

par

tici

pan

ts a

nd

th

eir

dep

en

den

ts. I

mp

rove

men

t o

f tr

adit

ion

al m

eth

od

s o

f fi

shin

g an

d p

rovi

sio

n o

f tr

ain

ing

to w

om

en o

n

fish

ing

to in

crea

se q

uan

tity

an

d q

ual

ity

of

fish

cau

ght.

Imp

rove

me

nt

of

tran

spo

rtat

ion

of

fish

to

mar

kets

. Pu

rch

ase

and

pro

visi

on

of

fem

ale

goat

s an

d e

wes

to

pro

ject

par

tici

pan

ts.