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111/06/27 1 Ethnicity and Women: Ethnicity and Women: Conquest Dynasties Conquest Dynasties Background Background
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Ethnicity and Women: Ethnicity and Women: Conquest Dynasties Conquest Dynasties
Background Background
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BackgroundBackground Central and Inner AsiaCentral and Inner Asia
The GeographyThe Geography The TundraThe Tundra Forest ZoneForest Zone Steppe ZoneSteppe Zone Desert ZoneDesert Zone
The ClimateThe Climate The Peoples of Central/Inner AsiaThe Peoples of Central/Inner Asia Central/Inner Asia in World HistoryCentral/Inner Asia in World History
Nomadic Empires of Central/Inner AsiaNomadic Empires of Central/Inner Asia Central Asia TodayCentral Asia Today Central Asia and ChinaCentral Asia and China Alien dynasties in ChinaAlien dynasties in China Non-Han Rule in Pre-Imperial ChinaNon-Han Rule in Pre-Imperial China Non-Han Rule in Imperial ChinaNon-Han Rule in Imperial China
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Central Asia/Inner Asia: Central Asia/Inner Asia: The GeographyThe Geography
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Geography: the TundraGeography: the Tundra The Tundra is an Arctic wasteland with plants that The Tundra is an Arctic wasteland with plants that
are mostly moss, dwarf shrubs, and berry carrying are mostly moss, dwarf shrubs, and berry carrying bushes. bushes.
Its climate is bitterly cold with the temperatures Its climate is bitterly cold with the temperatures during the long winter at -100F; the summers are during the long winter at -100F; the summers are short and cool with average July temperature less short and cool with average July temperature less than 60F.than 60F.
Strong arctic winds often sweep across the Strong arctic winds often sweep across the unprotected landscapes.unprotected landscapes.
The soil is often frozen and there is deep snow cover The soil is often frozen and there is deep snow cover in many areas.in many areas.
It is close to the Arctic and this contributes to a high It is close to the Arctic and this contributes to a high frequencyfrequency of clouds and fogs over the land. of clouds and fogs over the land.
The reindeer is the dominant animal.The reindeer is the dominant animal.
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Geography: Geography: Forest ZoneForest Zone The coniferous – evergreen – forests form the The coniferous – evergreen – forests form the
most extensive tree cover.most extensive tree cover. This area has a sub-arctic climate with long This area has a sub-arctic climate with long
winters — average January temperatures ranging winters — average January temperatures ranging from -40F in the north to 14F in the south.from -40F in the north to 14F in the south.
Brief, cool summers, with a fairly uniform July Brief, cool summers, with a fairly uniform July average temperature of about 65F. average temperature of about 65F.
The southern part are mixed forest as in The southern part are mixed forest as in northeastern Manchuria.northeastern Manchuria.
In addition to reindeers there are many kinds of In addition to reindeers there are many kinds of large animals, including elk, deer, bear and lynx large animals, including elk, deer, bear and lynx as well as tigers in the southern parts of Siberia as well as tigers in the southern parts of Siberia and Manchuria.and Manchuria.
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Geography: Geography: Steppe ZonesSteppe Zones The typical landscape consists of meadow steppes – a broad The typical landscape consists of meadow steppes – a broad
belt of grasslands from north of the Black Sea to the plains of belt of grasslands from north of the Black Sea to the plains of Manchuria.Manchuria.
The western steppe include the Ukraine, the northern The western steppe include the Ukraine, the northern Caucuses and southern Urals and the Kirgiz steppe.Caucuses and southern Urals and the Kirgiz steppe.
The eastern steppes includes the extensive grasslands in the The eastern steppes includes the extensive grasslands in the eastern and central areas of Mongolia and the Manchurian eastern and central areas of Mongolia and the Manchurian prairies.prairies.
The winters are cold and dry and the summers are moderately The winters are cold and dry and the summers are moderately warm. warm.
Dry air masses come into the steppe lands during the Dry air masses come into the steppe lands during the prolonged winter and bring average January temperature to -prolonged winter and bring average January temperature to -10F and 10F. 10F and 10F.
The most severe winters are in Mongolia because of its interior The most severe winters are in Mongolia because of its interior location and mountain borders – January temperature at location and mountain borders – January temperature at Urumuchi, of -17F and at Harbin it drops down to -4F. For Urumuchi, of -17F and at Harbin it drops down to -4F. For both areas, the average number of sub-freezing months is 5. both areas, the average number of sub-freezing months is 5.
Summers are warm with a July temperature between 65-75F.Summers are warm with a July temperature between 65-75F.
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Geography: Desert ZonesGeography: Desert Zones The Gobi merges into the Ala Shan The Gobi merges into the Ala Shan
Desert, north of the Gansu Desert, north of the Gansu Corridor and the Ordos Desert, Corridor and the Ordos Desert, located in the bend of the Yellow located in the bend of the Yellow River north of the Great Wall.River north of the Great Wall.
The western part of the Ala Shan The western part of the Ala Shan is known as the Little Gobi.is known as the Little Gobi.
The Ordos is vast and largely bare The Ordos is vast and largely bare of vegetation.of vegetation. There are major corridors of There are major corridors of
movement through them and have movement through them and have been used intensively. been used intensively.
The winters are short and only about The winters are short and only about one or two months in the southern one or two months in the southern areas where the average temperatures areas where the average temperatures are below freezing.are below freezing.
Summers are hot with a mean July Summers are hot with a mean July temperature over 85F.temperature over 85F.
In the south the temperatures In the south the temperatures sometimes rise as high as 120F.sometimes rise as high as 120F.
Central Asia/Inner Asia: Central Asia/Inner Asia: The ClimateThe Climate
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polar desert tundra alpine tundra taiga montane forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate steppe dry steppe
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The Peoples of The Peoples of Central /Inner AsiaCentral /Inner Asia
The migratory cycle of Central Asian nomads had four The migratory cycle of Central Asian nomads had four seasonal components due to the climate of the region. seasonal components due to the climate of the region. The winter was the harshest season and the location The winter was the harshest season and the location
of the winter camp was critical as it had to provide of the winter camp was critical as it had to provide shelter from the wind and sufficient pasture for the shelter from the wind and sufficient pasture for the animals.animals.
In the spring, they moved into the grasslands where In the spring, they moved into the grasslands where the spring rains have helped the grass grow and the the spring rains have helped the grass grow and the melted snow provided drinking water.melted snow provided drinking water.
They moved to the summer pastures when the They moved to the summer pastures when the spring grass dried and the pools of water spring grass dried and the pools of water evaporated; there they would find a second spring.evaporated; there they would find a second spring.
The summer camp would be abandoned at the The summer camp would be abandoned at the beginning of cold weather and they returned to their beginning of cold weather and they returned to their winter quarters.winter quarters.
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Central/Inner Asia in World Central/Inner Asia in World HistoryHistory
Most of the people of present day Central Asian Most of the people of present day Central Asian were nomads who originated from Eastern Asia – were nomads who originated from Eastern Asia – Mongolia (especially the Turkic Mongols) but Mongolia (especially the Turkic Mongols) but migration due to wars took these people migration due to wars took these people westward beginning in the 2westward beginning in the 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd centuries. centuries. These peoples lived in the steppe areas of These peoples lived in the steppe areas of
Central Asia, from the borders of Manchuria Central Asia, from the borders of Manchuria to Ukraine.to Ukraine.
They were of different ethnic origins but They were of different ethnic origins but belonged to major ethnic groups such as the belonged to major ethnic groups such as the Turks, Mongols, Manchus and their ancestors.Turks, Mongols, Manchus and their ancestors.
They They were without a common language, were without a common language, most most without writing.without writing.
Their histories are written by their enemies, Their histories are written by their enemies, the Chinese, the Greeks, the Romans, and the the Chinese, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Persians.Persians.
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Central/Inner Asia in Central/Inner Asia in World History (2)World History (2)
They contributed to exchanges on the Silk Road They contributed to exchanges on the Silk Road and their heirs laid the basis of the Ottoman and their heirs laid the basis of the Ottoman (Turkey) (Turkey) Empire (1299 – 1923) and Mughal Mughal (India) Empire ((India) Empire (1526 – 1858)1526 – 1858)..
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Central/Inner Asia in Central/Inner Asia in World History (3)World History (3)
These nomads threatened settled peoples from China These nomads threatened settled peoples from China to Russia and Hungary, including Iran, India, the to Russia and Hungary, including Iran, India, the Byzantine empire, and even Egypt for 2,000 years – Byzantine empire, and even Egypt for 2,000 years – from 4C BCE to 15C CE.from 4C BCE to 15C CE. They were mounted archers, using harassment and They were mounted archers, using harassment and
indirect maneuver, before delivering the blow indirect maneuver, before delivering the blow enabled them to attack from bases far away and enabled them to attack from bases far away and overcome problems of logistics.overcome problems of logistics.
Periodically, they would be united by a common Periodically, they would be united by a common strategic culture – the culture of the steppe – under strategic culture – the culture of the steppe – under a charismatic leader.a charismatic leader.
When they united under the leadership of a brilliant When they united under the leadership of a brilliant commander, they were empire destroyers.commander, they were empire destroyers.
At times, these nomadic groups would assimilate the At times, these nomadic groups would assimilate the knowledge and culture of settled societies – China, knowledge and culture of settled societies – China, Iran, and Byzantine – and rule over empires.Iran, and Byzantine – and rule over empires.
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Central/Inner Asia in Central/Inner Asia in World History (4)World History (4)
They launched waves of Invasions:They launched waves of Invasions: Middle East: Mainly Iran, Afghanistan, Asia Middle East: Mainly Iran, Afghanistan, Asia
Minor, Mesopotamia – modern Iraq, Egypt (and Minor, Mesopotamia – modern Iraq, Egypt (and Syria). Syria).
Europe: The Greeks and the Romans; Russia, Europe: The Greeks and the Romans; Russia, Central Europe and the Balkans – Western Central Europe and the Balkans – Western Europe was spared by the Mongols who had to Europe was spared by the Mongols who had to return to their homeland at the death of Genghis return to their homeland at the death of Genghis Khan to elect the next great Khan.Khan to elect the next great Khan.
India: the Hephthalite Huns* – White Huns -- India: the Hephthalite Huns* – White Huns -- (480) destroyed the Gupta empire (320-550). (480) destroyed the Gupta empire (320-550).
China: northern China except for the Mongol and China: northern China except for the Mongol and Manchu dynasties that conquered all of China.Manchu dynasties that conquered all of China.
*Origin of Huns disputed; some say they are *Origin of Huns disputed; some say they are descended of the Xiongnu but others question descended of the Xiongnu but others question this.this.
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Nomadic Empires of Central Nomadic Empires of Central AsiaAsia
6-2 C BCE6-2 C BCE Scythian empire (Iranians)Scythian empire (Iranians) 3-2 C BCE3-2 C BCE Xiongnu (Turkic Mongols)Xiongnu (Turkic Mongols) 3-5 C AD3-5 C AD Xianbei Empire (Mongols)Xianbei Empire (Mongols) 4-6 C AD4-6 C AD Rouran (Mongols)Rouran (Mongols) 6C (552-c.582)6C (552-c.582) Tujue (Turkic)Tujue (Turkic) 6-7C6-7C Division into – Eastern TurksDivision into – Eastern Turks
(582-657); Western Turks (582- 630)(582-657); Western Turks (582- 630) 7-8C7-8C Second Khaghnate of the E. Turks.Second Khaghnate of the E. Turks.
(682-744)(682-744) 7-9 C 7-9 C Tibetan expansion in central Asia;Tibetan expansion in central Asia;
zenith of the Tibetan zenith of the Tibetan empire (755-797); empire (755-797); Collapse of the Collapse of the Tibetan empire (842).Tibetan empire (842).
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Nomadic Empires of Nomadic Empires of Central AsiaCentral Asia (2) (2)
8-10C (740-840)8-10C (740-840) Uighur (Turkic), Manichaean by Uighur (Turkic), Manichaean by religion religion destroyed by the Kirghiz (Turks).destroyed by the Kirghiz (Turks).
840-924840-924 Kirghiz empire of Mongolia.Kirghiz empire of Mongolia. 1130/1135-12111130/1135-1211 Empire of the Qara-Khitai Empire of the Qara-Khitai
(Mongols, (Mongols, Buddhist by religion).Buddhist by religion). 13-14 C13-14 C Ghenghiskhanid empireGhenghiskhanid empire 15-16C15-16C Uzbek (Turkic) empire founded by Abu’l Uzbek (Turkic) empire founded by Abu’l
Khazyr (1428-1468) (1451-1510)Khazyr (1428-1468) (1451-1510) 15C 15C First Oirot Empire (Mongols) reaching First Oirot Empire (Mongols) reaching
its its zenith (1439-1455)zenith (1439-1455) 15 C15 C Second Oirot empire-- declined after Second Oirot empire-- declined after
attacks attacks from the Manchu emperors (1699).from the Manchu emperors (1699).
Normadic Empires:Sythan (6-2 BCE); Turkic (c.
600CE)
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Gokturk khaganates at their height, c. 600 CE : Western Gokturk: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence. Eastern Gokturk: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.
Tibetan Empire in the Tibetan Empire in the WorldWorld
(c. 800)(c. 800)
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Map of the world, c. AD 820. Colored areas show the extent of influence for the major empires of the period; control over some areas may have been purely nominal. Gray areas showed areas that are mainly inhabited by Indigineous populations, or completely uninhabited.
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Central Asia TodayCentral Asia Today
The descendants of the nomadic empires have The descendants of the nomadic empires have moved and settled west – as far away as Turkey .moved and settled west – as far away as Turkey .
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Central Asia Today (2)Central Asia Today (2)
As these peoples migrated westward they As these peoples migrated westward they conquered the original settlers but in time the conquered the original settlers but in time the lands they conquered became part of the Soviet lands they conquered became part of the Soviet Union.Union. Other nomads migrated further and formed Other nomads migrated further and formed
the nation of Turkey.the nation of Turkey. Many of these groups had once also Many of these groups had once also
conquered China and much of the land within conquered China and much of the land within the Chinese borders were once their the Chinese borders were once their homelands.homelands.
When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, these peoples gained independence.these peoples gained independence.
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Central Asia Today (3)Central Asia Today (3) Soviet Union had been a federation 15 republics Soviet Union had been a federation 15 republics
-- Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR).-- Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR). The republics became independent countries, The republics became independent countries,
with some still loosely organized under the with some still loosely organized under the heading Commonwealth of Independent States.heading Commonwealth of Independent States.
There are four main groupings of these There are four main groupings of these independent republics: independent republics:
Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, Baltic States, Baltic States, Caucasus, andCaucasus, and Central AsiaCentral Asia
The republics* in Central Asia are Kyrgyzstan, The republics* in Central Asia are Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.Uzbekistan.
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Central Asia Today (4)Central Asia Today (4) In the post-Cold War era, Central Asia is In the post-Cold War era, Central Asia is
struggling to achieve a sense of national identity.struggling to achieve a sense of national identity. It is a mess of historical cultural influences, It is a mess of historical cultural influences,
tribal and clan loyalties, and religious fervor and tribal and clan loyalties, and religious fervor and so prone to instability and conflicts.so prone to instability and conflicts.
Influence in the area is no longer just Russia, but Influence in the area is no longer just Russia, but also Turkey, Iran, Tibet, Pakistan, India, United also Turkey, Iran, Tibet, Pakistan, India, United States and China.States and China. Russia continues to dominate political Russia continues to dominate political
decision-making throughout the Caucasus, and decision-making throughout the Caucasus, and former Soviet republics although Russia's former Soviet republics although Russia's influence is being slowly reduced. influence is being slowly reduced.
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Central Asia Today (5)Central Asia Today (5) Turkey has some influence because of the ethnic and Turkey has some influence because of the ethnic and
linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Turkey also serves as one of the oil pipeline routes to Turkey also serves as one of the oil pipeline routes to the Mediterranean. the Mediterranean.
Iran has historical and cultural links to the region and Iran has historical and cultural links to the region and is trying to construct an oil pipeline to the Persian Gulf. is trying to construct an oil pipeline to the Persian Gulf.
Tibet is an important power in the region, especially in Tibet is an important power in the region, especially in energy/oil politics.energy/oil politics.
Pakistan, a large and nuclear-armed state exercises Pakistan, a large and nuclear-armed state exercises some influence. some influence. For some Central Asian nations, the shortest route For some Central Asian nations, the shortest route
to the ocean is through Pakistan. to the ocean is through Pakistan. Pakistan needs natural gas from Central Asia, and Pakistan needs natural gas from Central Asia, and
supports the development of pipelines from its supports the development of pipelines from its countries. countries.
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Central Asia Today (6)Central Asia Today (6) India, as a nuclear-armed rising power, exercises India, as a nuclear-armed rising power, exercises
some influence in the region, especially in Tibet some influence in the region, especially in Tibet as it has cultural affinities. as it has cultural affinities.
India is also perceived as a potential India is also perceived as a potential counterweight to China's regional power. counterweight to China's regional power.
The United States with its military involvement The United States with its military involvement in the region, and oil diplomacy, is also in the region, and oil diplomacy, is also significantly involved in the region's politics. significantly involved in the region's politics.
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Central Asia Today (7)Central Asia Today (7)
China is concerned that the independence of the original China is concerned that the independence of the original Soviet republics will encourage independence movement Soviet republics will encourage independence movement of the same ethnic groups who are minorities within of the same ethnic groups who are minorities within China.China.
These major minority groups in China are:These major minority groups in China are: 8 million Uighur Turks who live in Xinjiang – old 8 million Uighur Turks who live in Xinjiang – old
Chinese Turkestan.Chinese Turkestan. More than a million Kazakhs live in China (population More than a million Kazakhs live in China (population
in Kazakhstan – 12 million).in Kazakhstan – 12 million). 3,000 people in Xinjiang (China) speak Uzbek and 3,000 people in Xinjiang (China) speak Uzbek and
Uzbekistan is encouraging the migration of Uzbek Uzbekistan is encouraging the migration of Uzbek speakers to Uzbekistan speakers to Uzbekistan
There are also Kyrgyz speakers in China and the There are also Kyrgyz speakers in China and the Kyrgyz have been involved in trade along the Silk Kyrgyz have been involved in trade along the Silk Road since the 8Road since the 8thth century. century.
Tibetans are struggling with independence issues.Tibetans are struggling with independence issues.
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Central Asia Today (4)Central Asia Today (4) Basic Demographic and Economic Indictors for the Central Asian RepublicsBasic Demographic and Economic Indictors for the Central Asian Republics
(Source: World Development Report, 1993; Nationalities from The Economist, (Source: World Development Report, 1993; Nationalities from The Economist, December 1992).December 1992).
Hong Kong - GNP per capita: 27130; United States 41440 (2004): World BankHong Kong - GNP per capita: 27130; United States 41440 (2004): World Bank
Country Area1000km2
Populationmillion
Urban (%)
Titular Nat. (%)
Main Minorities %
Per Capita (GNP) US$
Tajikistan 143 5.5 32 62 Russians 7Uzbeks 23
1050
Kazakhstan 2717 16.8 57 40 Russians 38Ukrainians 5Germans 5
2470
Kyrgyzstan 199 4.5 38 52 Russians 38Uzbeks 12
1550
Turkmenistan
447 20.9 41 71 Russians 9Uzbek 9
1700
Uzbekistan 447 20.9 21 71 Russians 8Tajiks 5
1350
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Central Asia Today: Central Asia Today: TajikistanTajikistan Has been inhabited continuously since 4,000 BC.Has been inhabited continuously since 4,000 BC.
The Tajik is a non-Turkic republic surrounded by Turks The Tajik is a non-Turkic republic surrounded by Turks except in the south.except in the south.
They share culture with Iran but is Muslim in faith.They share culture with Iran but is Muslim in faith. Tajik language is dialect of Persian.Tajik language is dialect of Persian. The country is mountainous, landlocked with no The country is mountainous, landlocked with no
ports.ports. It has been under the rule of different empires It has been under the rule of different empires
mostly the Persian Empire.mostly the Persian Empire. Arabs brought in Islam religion in the 7th century. Arabs brought in Islam religion in the 7th century. The Mongols later took partial control of Central Asia, and The Mongols later took partial control of Central Asia, and
later the land became a part of the emirate of Bukhara – later the land became a part of the emirate of Bukhara – Persian (Sogdian), Greek, Kushan (Yuezhi), Mongol.Persian (Sogdian), Greek, Kushan (Yuezhi), Mongol.
A small community of Jews, displaced from the Middle East, A small community of Jews, displaced from the Middle East, after the Babylonian captivity, migrated to the region and after the Babylonian captivity, migrated to the region and settled there after 600 BCE; the majority of Jews living settled there after 600 BCE; the majority of Jews living there did not migrate to Tajikistan until the 20th century.there did not migrate to Tajikistan until the 20th century.
45,000 Tajik reside in China and is considered an official 45,000 Tajik reside in China and is considered an official minority.minority.
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Central Asia Today: Central Asia Today: KazakhstanKazakhstan
Turkic and Muslim character.Turkic and Muslim character. Kazakhs are a minority in their own republic (40%) Kazakhs are a minority in their own republic (40%)
– close to a quarter of population lost during – close to a quarter of population lost during collectivization.collectivization.
Unspoken policy of encouraging peoples of Kazakh Unspoken policy of encouraging peoples of Kazakh origin to return from China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, origin to return from China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Russia, Turkey, Europe and elsewhere.Russia, Turkey, Europe and elsewhere.
Large numbers of Uzbeks live in the south along Large numbers of Uzbeks live in the south along the Uzbek border.the Uzbek border.
Economic power in hands of Russians, Koreans and Economic power in hands of Russians, Koreans and other Muslim nationalities.other Muslim nationalities.
Anguish at having had their land, dignity, language Anguish at having had their land, dignity, language and culture stripped away by the Russians.and culture stripped away by the Russians.
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Central Asia Today: Central Asia Today: KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan means the "Land of the Kyrgyz."Kyrgyzstan means the "Land of the Kyrgyz." Mountainous and somewhat isolated.Mountainous and somewhat isolated. Borders Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Borders Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west,
Tajikistan to the southwest and the PRC to the southeast. Tajikistan to the southwest and the PRC to the southeast. Limited economic prospectsLimited economic prospects
Large Uzbek minority.Large Uzbek minority. Kyrgyz people are closest to the Kazakhs but are thought Kyrgyz people are closest to the Kazakhs but are thought
of as mountain Kazakhs by the Kazakhs.of as mountain Kazakhs by the Kazakhs. The first known homeland of the Kyrgyz in The first known homeland of the Kyrgyz in
southern Siberia.southern Siberia. Their first appearance in written documents Their first appearance in written documents
appears in the Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand appears in the Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian (compiled 109 BCE to 91 BCE). Historian (compiled 109 BCE to 91 BCE).
The Kyrgyz were once under the rule of the The Kyrgyz were once under the rule of the Gorturks (Turkic) and Uyghurs (the Uyghurs were Gorturks (Turkic) and Uyghurs (the Uyghurs were later defeated and migrated to Xinjiang.later defeated and migrated to Xinjiang. Currently, the Kyrgyz (in China: 143,500 ) form one of Currently, the Kyrgyz (in China: 143,500 ) form one of
the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the PRC.the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the PRC.
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Central Asia Today: Central Asia Today: TurkmenistanTurkmenistan
Isolated from the other Central Asian republics Isolated from the other Central Asian republics by a large expanse of desert.by a large expanse of desert.
Linguistically, they are Oghuz (Western Turk) as Linguistically, they are Oghuz (Western Turk) as the Turks of Turkey.the Turks of Turkey.
Turkmen land is located in the centre of Asia, on Turkmen land is located in the centre of Asia, on the crossroads of the ancient caravan routes and the crossroads of the ancient caravan routes and modern transcontinental communication lines. modern transcontinental communication lines. It is on the only land corridor leading into Iran It is on the only land corridor leading into Iran
and to the Persian Gulf and Turkey.and to the Persian Gulf and Turkey. It was a land through which armies marched It was a land through which armies marched
through to conquer other lands –Alexander the through to conquer other lands –Alexander the Greater, Genghis Khan and others.Greater, Genghis Khan and others.
Possesses major oil and gas reserves that Possesses major oil and gas reserves that make it the richest per capita state of central make it the richest per capita state of central Asia.Asia.
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Central Asia Today: Central Asia Today: Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
Tashkent, its capital, was the Asian capital of the Soviet Tashkent, its capital, was the Asian capital of the Soviet Union.Union.
Uzbeks possess a high degree of education, technical know-Uzbeks possess a high degree of education, technical know-how and advanced scientific and technological institutes.how and advanced scientific and technological institutes.
Chief rival with Kazakhstan for regional influence.Chief rival with Kazakhstan for regional influence. Possible conflict with Tajikistan due to the large number of Possible conflict with Tajikistan due to the large number of
Tajiks (20.5% of Tajiks in the former Soviet Union live in Tajiks (20.5% of Tajiks in the former Soviet Union live in Uzbekistan).Uzbekistan).
Tajiks form a majority in Samarqand.Tajiks form a majority in Samarqand. Widespread use of Tajik language.Widespread use of Tajik language. Large Uzbek population in Tajikistan concentrated in the Large Uzbek population in Tajikistan concentrated in the
north.north. 1.5 million Tajik forming 7% of the Uzbek population1.5 million Tajik forming 7% of the Uzbek population 14,800 Uzbeks reside in China in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous 14,800 Uzbeks reside in China in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous
Region.Region.
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Central Asia and ChinaCentral Asia and China
Central Asia and China (northern China except for Central Asia and China (northern China except for the Mongols (Yuan) and Manchus (Qing) dynasties:the Mongols (Yuan) and Manchus (Qing) dynasties: Xiongnu (Turkic Mongols) – 3-5 C BC- 2C ADXiongnu (Turkic Mongols) – 3-5 C BC- 2C AD Tuoba (Xianbei -- proto-Turks) – 5CTuoba (Xianbei -- proto-Turks) – 5C Rouran (Mongols) – 5-6 C.Rouran (Mongols) – 5-6 C. Qidans (Yuwan -- Xianbei and Xiongnu ethnicity Qidans (Yuwan -- Xianbei and Xiongnu ethnicity
residing in Manchuria and Mongolia) – 10-12C.residing in Manchuria and Mongolia) – 10-12C. Jurchens (Manchus) – 12-13C.Jurchens (Manchus) – 12-13C. Yuan dynasty (Mongols) Yuan dynasty (Mongols) Oirots (Mongols) 15C.Oirots (Mongols) 15C. Qing dynasty (Manchus) – 17C.Qing dynasty (Manchus) – 17C. Oirots (Mongols) – 17C.Oirots (Mongols) – 17C.
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Alien Dynasties in Alien Dynasties in Northern ChinaNorthern China
There were three basic types of foreign dynasties:There were three basic types of foreign dynasties: Steppe nomadsSteppe nomads Conservative Manchurian frontier states from the Conservative Manchurian frontier states from the
northeastnortheast Aggressive Manchurian frontier states founded by Aggressive Manchurian frontier states founded by
the leaders of wild tribes, who came either from the the leaders of wild tribes, who came either from the forest or the steppe.forest or the steppe.
Steppe nomads -- Sixteen Kingdoms Period (304-439). Steppe nomads -- Sixteen Kingdoms Period (304-439). Were situated on China’s northern frontier, Were situated on China’s northern frontier, Used their tribal military organization to become Used their tribal military organization to become
rulers of large parts of north China. rulers of large parts of north China. Fought with the Chinese warlords and formed the Fought with the Chinese warlords and formed the
first foreign dynasties in China.first foreign dynasties in China. Fought against each other.Fought against each other. Unable to provide stable administration Unable to provide stable administration Had difficulty in resolving the conflicts of being Had difficulty in resolving the conflicts of being
both tribal and Chinese-style rulers; these problems both tribal and Chinese-style rulers; these problems led to their swift collapse.led to their swift collapse.
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Alien Dynasties in China Alien Dynasties in China (2)(2): :
Conservative Manchurian frontier Conservative Manchurian frontier statesstates Conservative Manchurian frontier states from the Conservative Manchurian frontier states from the
northeast -- Northern and Southern Dynasties Period:northeast -- Northern and Southern Dynasties Period: Began their history as small kingdoms combining Began their history as small kingdoms combining
steppe nomads, forest tribes and Chinese rural and steppe nomads, forest tribes and Chinese rural and urban dwellers.urban dwellers.
The Manchurian states moved into China after the The Manchurian states moved into China after the collapse of the steppe dynasties.collapse of the steppe dynasties.
Had dual administrations, one branch staffed by Had dual administrations, one branch staffed by tribesmen, in charge of tribal affairs and war; while tribesmen, in charge of tribal affairs and war; while the other branch, staffed by Chinese bureaucrats, the other branch, staffed by Chinese bureaucrats, handled civil affairs.handled civil affairs.
Administration under the control of the emperor who Administration under the control of the emperor who used Chinese rule to weaken tribal autonomy and used Chinese rule to weaken tribal autonomy and tribal military organizations to prevent rebellion (this tribal military organizations to prevent rebellion (this type of management took decades to develop and type of management took decades to develop and could only occur in areas away from the major battle could only occur in areas away from the major battle zones). zones).
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Alien Dynasties in China Alien Dynasties in China (3)(3): :
Aggressive Manchurian Aggressive Manchurian frontier statesfrontier states
Aggressive Manchurian frontier states Aggressive Manchurian frontier states These were founded by those who came either These were founded by those who came either
from the forest or the steppe.from the forest or the steppe. Originally they were frontier clients of the Originally they were frontier clients of the
conservative Manchurian states. conservative Manchurian states. They took advantage of the weaknesses of the They took advantage of the weaknesses of the
conservative Manchurian states to displace conservative Manchurian states to displace them and begin an aggressive policy of them and begin an aggressive policy of expansion to bring all of north China under their expansion to bring all of north China under their rule.rule.
They used both the dual organization and They used both the dual organization and incorporated most of the old ruling class into the incorporated most of the old ruling class into the new political order.new political order.
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Non-Han Rule in ChinaNon-Han Rule in China These alien dynasties:These alien dynasties:
Employed Han officials for government services but Employed Han officials for government services but resisted sinicization.resisted sinicization.
Retained control by dual administration.Retained control by dual administration. The most successful non-Han rule was the Qing The most successful non-Han rule was the Qing
dynasty dynasty who who was identified as the ruler of five was identified as the ruler of five peoples – Manchus, Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and peoples – Manchus, Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Chinese.Chinese.
These languages were the official languages of the These languages were the official languages of the Qing.Qing.
Developed their own writing systems; bilingual and Developed their own writing systems; bilingual and multi-cultural.multi-cultural. but appointments of high positions went but appointments of high positions went to tribal relatives or allies.to tribal relatives or allies.
Adopted Chinese practices but Chinese civilization also Adopted Chinese practices but Chinese civilization also changed over time as they absorbed foreign elements changed over time as they absorbed foreign elements and so the concept of “Chineseness” is broadened.and so the concept of “Chineseness” is broadened.
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Non-Han Rule in China Non-Han Rule in China (2)(2)
As the alien emperor felt more secure he usually As the alien emperor felt more secure he usually preferred to adopt the Chinese system of preferred to adopt the Chinese system of government as it allowed him to:government as it allowed him to: Centralize power,Centralize power, Control succession, and Control succession, and Gain the acceptance of the majority of his Gain the acceptance of the majority of his
subjects who are Chinese.subjects who are Chinese. This, most often, would lead to rebellion of the This, most often, would lead to rebellion of the
tribal leaders who see the erosion of their tribal leaders who see the erosion of their powers.powers.
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Non-Han Rule in China Non-Han Rule in China (3)(3)
Chinese historians have all seen these alien/non-Han Chinese historians have all seen these alien/non-Han rulers as legitimate Sons of Heaven.rulers as legitimate Sons of Heaven. Most of the officials believed in two important Most of the officials believed in two important
elements in the legitimacy of a dynasty:elements in the legitimacy of a dynasty: Being virtuousBeing virtuous Ruling China as a unified empireRuling China as a unified empire
The quality of their governance is judged from a The quality of their governance is judged from a pragmatic point of view with little reference to the pragmatic point of view with little reference to the ethnic factor.ethnic factor.
Their ethnic identities are not highlighted nor are Their ethnic identities are not highlighted nor are they hidden.they hidden.
While the Chinese accepted foreign rule, there were While the Chinese accepted foreign rule, there were power struggles between the Chinese and the tribal power struggles between the Chinese and the tribal leaders and racial hatred was a problem for the leaders and racial hatred was a problem for the emperor.emperor.
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Non-Han Rule in Pre-Non-Han Rule in Pre-imperial Chinaimperial China
The first dynasty described in The first dynasty described in Chinese historical records is the Xia Chinese historical records is the Xia Dynasty Dynasty 夏 夏 – – its its people are people are considered to be Han. considered to be Han.
Around 1700 BCE, the Shang people Around 1700 BCE, the Shang people – to the east – defeated the Xia and – to the east – defeated the Xia and founded the Shang/Yin dynasty.founded the Shang/Yin dynasty.
The people of the Shang are thought The people of the Shang are thought to have spoken a different language to have spoken a different language and may not have been of Han origin.and may not have been of Han origin.
They eventually adopted the They eventually adopted the language of their subjects – the language of their subjects – the people of the Xia.people of the Xia.
The last Shang king, committed The last Shang king, committed suicide after his army was defeated suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou. by the Zhou.
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Non-Han Rule in Pre-imperial Non-Han Rule in Pre-imperial China (2)China (2)
The ancestors of the Zhou dynasty may have come from The ancestors of the Zhou dynasty may have come from the Rong the Rong 戎 戎 ethnic group rather than from the Chinese ethnic group rather than from the Chinese line of the Xia people.line of the Xia people. The two most prestigious names of the Zhou were Ji The two most prestigious names of the Zhou were Ji 姬 姬
and Qiang and Qiang 羌 羌 and they were also names of the Rong.and they were also names of the Rong. The mother of the ancestor of Zhou (Houji The mother of the ancestor of Zhou (Houji 后稷后稷 ) was ) was
Qiang Yuan.Qiang Yuan. Ji was the name of the royal house of Zhou and Qiang Ji was the name of the royal house of Zhou and Qiang
was the clan from whom the Zhou royal house got its was the clan from whom the Zhou royal house got its brides.brides.
The Rong lived in the Shensi area and there were Rong The Rong lived in the Shensi area and there were Rong groups in the Huanghe groups in the Huanghe 黄河 黄河 area as early as the Spring area as early as the Spring and Autumn Period.and Autumn Period.
They were different from the Chinese in customs and They were different from the Chinese in customs and culture as well as language.culture as well as language.
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Non-Han Rule in Imperial Non-Han Rule in Imperial ChinaChina
Important groups of Non-Hans rulers in China:Important groups of Non-Hans rulers in China: XiongnuXiongnu 匈奴匈奴 (Huns) (Huns) during the Sixteen during the Sixteen
Kingdoms Era (304-439). Kingdoms Era (304-439). Xianbei Xianbei 鮮卑 鮮卑 during the 3during the 3rdrd Century. Century. Qidan Qidan 契丹 契丹 in late 5in late 5thth-mid 13-mid 13thth C. C. Tanguts Tanguts 黨項黨項 mid-6mid-6thth C to present. C to present. Turks Turks 突厥 突厥 mid 6mid 6thth to early 9 to early 9thth C. C. Jurchens Jurchens 女真 女真 (Manchurians) since early 10(Manchurians) since early 10thth
C.C. Mongolians Mongolians 蒙古 蒙古 since late 8since late 8thth C. C. For comprehensive listing go to:For comprehensive listing go to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_historyEthnic_groups_in_Chinese_history
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Non-Han Rule in Imperial Non-Han Rule in Imperial China (2)China (2)
Yan dynasties (Xianbei) Yan dynasties (Xianbei) (285-437)(285-437) Sixteen States era Sixteen States era (316-399):(316-399):
Zhao dynasties Zhao dynasties (319-349)(319-349) Former Zhao (Xiongnu) Former Zhao (Xiongnu) (319-329)(319-329) Later Zhao (Jie/Xiongnu) Later Zhao (Jie/Xiongnu)
(330-340) (330-340) Qin dynasties Qin dynasties (350-417)(350-417)
Former Qin (Di) Former Qin (Di) (350-394)(350-394) Later Qin (Qiang) Later Qin (Qiang) (384-417)(384-417)
Northern Dynasties era (non-Han)(399-581)Northern Dynasties era (non-Han)(399-581) Liang, Northern (Xiongnu) Liang, Northern (Xiongnu) (397-439) (397-439) Wei (Xianbei) Wei (Xianbei) (399-557)(399-557) Xia (Xiongnu) Xia (Xiongnu) (413-431)(413-431) Northern Qi (Xianbei) Northern Qi (Xianbei) (550-577) (550-577) Northern Chou (Xiongnu) Northern Chou (Xiongnu) (557-581)(557-581)
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Non-Han Rule in Imperial Non-Han Rule in Imperial China (3)China (3)
Sui (Mixed) Sui (Mixed) (581-617) (581-617) Tang (Mixed) Tang (Mixed) (618-906) (618-906) Liao (Qidan) Liao (Qidan) (907-1125) (907-1125) Later Tang (Turkic) (923-936)Later Tang (Turkic) (923-936) Later Qin (Turkic) (936-948)Later Qin (Turkic) (936-948) Later Han (Turkic) (946-950) Later Han (Turkic) (946-950) Xi Xia (Tangut)Xi Xia (Tangut) (c.982-1227)(c.982-1227) Jin (Jurchen) Jin (Jurchen) (1115-1234) (1115-1234) Yuan (Mongol) Yuan (Mongol) (1260-1368) (1260-1368) Qing (Manchu) Qing (Manchu) (1644-1911) (1644-1911)
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The Xiongnu FederationThe Xiongnu Federation
Barfield, Thomas, Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier,” The Perilous Frontier,” Ch. 2, "The Xiongnu Ch. 2, "The Xiongnu Empire", Ch. 3, “The collapse of Central Order,”Empire", Ch. 3, “The collapse of Central Order,”
Sinor, Denis, Sinor, Denis, Cambridge History of Early AsiaCambridge History of Early Asia, Ch 5, pp 118-, Ch 5, pp 118-149; 149;
William Montgomery McGovern, William Montgomery McGovern, The Early Empires of The Early Empires of Central AsiaCentral Asia:, pp. 87-310.:, pp. 87-310.
Optional:Optional: Paper from former students – check course website.Paper from former students – check course website. Topic: Topic:
The The “Palace Living and Influence of Princess in Han Dynasty,” “Palace Living and Influence of Princess in Han Dynasty,” 2007.2007.
司馬遷司馬遷︰《︰《史記史記》》。北京。北京︰︰中華書局，中華書局， 19591959 年。年。 ((主要參考主要參考〈〈本紀本紀〉〉、、〈〈劉敬列劉敬列傳傳〉〉、、〈〈匈奴列傳匈奴列傳〉〉 ))
班固班固︰《︰《漢書漢書》》。北京。北京︰︰中華書局，中華書局， 19621962 年。年。 ((主要參考主要參考〈〈本紀本紀〉〉、、〈〈韓安國傳韓安國傳〉〉、、〈〈匈奴列傳匈奴列傳〉〉 ))
范曄范曄︰《︰《後漢書後漢書》》。北京。北京︰︰中華書局，中華書局， 19651965 年。年。 ((主要參考主要參考〈〈本紀本紀〉〉、、〈〈南匈奴列南匈奴列傳傳〉〉 ))
