EthnicityEthnicity

Chapter 7Chapter 7

IntroductionIntroduction

As citizens of the US, we are AmericansAs citizens of the US, we are Americans Our nationalityOur nationality

Many Americans also identify with an Many Americans also identify with an ethnicityethnicity

A group that they share a common culture withA group that they share a common culture with

Ethnicity is a source of pride to manyEthnicity is a source of pride to many

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Ethnicity-Ethnicity- identity with a group of people identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearthparticular homeland or hearth

Not the same as Not the same as racerace Identity with a group of people who share a Identity with a group of people who share a

biological ancestorbiological ancestor

Geographers are interested in where Geographers are interested in where ethnicities are distributed across spaceethnicities are distributed across space

Distribution of Ethnicities Distribution of Ethnicities in the United Statesin the United States

2 most important are Hispanics (Latinos) 2 most important are Hispanics (Latinos) at 14% of pop. and African Americans at at 14% of pop. and African Americans at 12% of pop.12% of pop.

Also have about 4% Asian American and Also have about 4% Asian American and 1% American Indian1% American Indian

Clustering of EthnicitiesClustering of Ethnicities

Clustering occurs on two scalesClustering occurs on two scales

1.1. Particular regions of a countryParticular regions of a country

2.2. Particular neighborhoods of citiesParticular neighborhoods of cities

Regional Concentrations Regional Concentrations of Ethnicitiesof Ethnicities

African Americans are clustered in the African Americans are clustered in the SE, Hispanics in the SW, Asian SE, Hispanics in the SW, Asian Americans in the West, and American Americans in the West, and American Indians in the SW and Plains statesIndians in the SW and Plains states

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Comprise at least ¼ Comprise at least ¼ of the pop. of AL, of the pop. of AL, GA, LA, MD, and SCGA, LA, MD, and SC

More than 1/3 of MSMore than 1/3 of MS 9 states have fewer 9 states have fewer

than 1% African than 1% African Americans– ME, NH, Americans– ME, NH, VT, ID, MT, ND, SD, VT, ID, MT, ND, SD, UT, and WYUT, and WY

Hispanic or LatinoHispanic or Latino

Most identify with a Most identify with a more specific ethnic more specific ethnic group or nationalitygroup or nationality

64% from Mexico, 64% from Mexico, Puerto Rico 10%, Puerto Rico 10%, Cuba 4%Cuba 4%

More than 1/3 of pop. More than 1/3 of pop. in AZ, NM, and TX in AZ, NM, and TX

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CA is home to 30% of all Hispanics in the CA is home to 30% of all Hispanics in the USUS Hispanics are more than ¼ pop. of CAHispanics are more than ¼ pop. of CA

TX home to 20% TX home to 20% FL and NY home to about 15% each of FL and NY home to about 15% each of

all Hispanics in the USall Hispanics in the US

Asian AmericansAsian Americans

Chinese account for 23% of Asian Chinese account for 23% of Asian AmericansAmericans

19% are Indian19% are Indian 18% Filipino18% Filipino Korean 10%Korean 10% Vietnamese 10%Vietnamese 10% Japanese 7%Japanese 7%

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Largest Largest concentration of concentration of Asian Americans is in Asian Americans is in Hawaii- more than Hawaii- more than 40% of that State40% of that State

Half of all Asian Half of all Asian Americans live in CA, Americans live in CA, where they make up where they make up 12% of pop.12% of pop.

American Indians and American Indians and Native AlaskansNative Alaskans

Most numerous in Most numerous in the SW and Plains the SW and Plains statesstates

Concentration of Concentration of Ethnicities In CitiesEthnicities In Cities

African Americans are highly clustered African Americans are highly clustered within citieswithin cities

Only ¼ of all Americans live in cities, but Only ¼ of all Americans live in cities, but more than ½ of African Americans domore than ½ of African Americans do

African Americans make up 7% of state African Americans make up 7% of state of Michigan, but 85% of Detroitof Michigan, but 85% of Detroit

Chicago is more than 1/3 African Chicago is more than 1/3 African American, state of Illinois only 1/12 American, state of Illinois only 1/12

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Chicago is more than 1/3 Chicago is more than 1/3 African American, Illinois African American, Illinois only 1/12 black only 1/12 black

Hispanic distribution is Hispanic distribution is similar to African similar to African Americans in large Americans in large Northern citiesNorthern cities

NYC more than ¼ NYC more than ¼ Hispanic, state of New Hispanic, state of New York only 1/16York only 1/16

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Clustering of ethnicities is especially Clustering of ethnicities is especially pronounced on the scale of neighborhoods pronounced on the scale of neighborhoods within citieswithin cities

Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit attracted Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit attracted ethnic groups from Southern and Eastern ethnic groups from Southern and Eastern Europe to work in steel and auto industries Europe to work in steel and auto industries during the early 1900sduring the early 1900s

Their children and grandchildren moved out of Their children and grandchildren moved out of original inner-city neighborhoods during the original inner-city neighborhoods during the 2020thth century century

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An abundance of ethnic restaurants are the An abundance of ethnic restaurants are the only visible signs of what was once an ethnic only visible signs of what was once an ethnic neighborhoodneighborhood

Today, African Americans, Latin Americans, Today, African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans increasingly make up and Asian Americans increasingly make up ethnic concentrations at the neighborhood levelethnic concentrations at the neighborhood level In many cases they have moved into neighborhoods In many cases they have moved into neighborhoods

once dominated by European ethnicitiesonce dominated by European ethnicities

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Los Angeles has large Los Angeles has large groups of African groups of African Americans, Asians, and Americans, Asians, and HispanicsHispanics

African Americans are African Americans are locate din South Central locate din South Central LA, Hispanics in East LA, Hispanics in East LA, and Asians in the LA, and Asians in the South and WestSouth and West

African American African American Migration PatternsMigration Patterns

The clustering of ethnicities in the United States is The clustering of ethnicities in the United States is partly a function of migrationpartly a function of migration

Three migration flows have shaped the current Three migration flows have shaped the current distribution of African Americans in the USdistribution of African Americans in the US

1.1. Forced immigration from Africa in the 18Forced immigration from Africa in the 18thth century century2.2. Immigration from the Us South to northern cities Immigration from the Us South to northern cities

during the first half of the 20during the first half of the 20thth century century3.3. Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban

neighborhoods during the second half of the 20neighborhoods during the second half of the 20thth century and first decade of the 21stcentury and first decade of the 21st

Forced Migration From Forced Migration From AfricaAfrica

Most African Americans are descended from Most African Americans are descended from slaves slaves

The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown in The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 16191619

In 1700s 400,000 African slaves were brought In 1700s 400,000 African slaves were brought to the American coloniesto the American colonies

In 1808 the US banned the importation of new In 1808 the US banned the importation of new African slaves, but it is estimated 250,000 more African slaves, but it is estimated 250,000 more were brought in illegallywere brought in illegally

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The large-scale slave trade was a response to The large-scale slave trade was a response to a shortage of labor in the sparsely inhabited a shortage of labor in the sparsely inhabited AmericasAmericas

b/w 1710 and 1810 more than 10 million b/w 1710 and 1810 more than 10 million Africans were sold into slavery in the Western Africans were sold into slavery in the Western HemisphereHemisphere

The British and Portuguese each shipped The British and Portuguese each shipped about 2 million during this periodabout 2 million during this period Most British went to Caribbean Islands, most Most British went to Caribbean Islands, most

Portuguese to BrazilPortuguese to Brazil

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Triangular slave trade-Triangular slave trade- practice of practice of European ships transported slaves from European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africagoods from Europe to Africa ““Middle passage” was middle leg where Middle passage” was middle leg where

slaves were transported to the Americasslaves were transported to the Americas

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In the American colonies, the need for In the American colonies, the need for large scale agricultural labor was large scale agricultural labor was greatest in the Southgreatest in the South Mostly for cotton and tobaccoMostly for cotton and tobacco

After the Emancipation Proclamation, the After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Civil War, and the 13Civil War, and the 13thth Amendment Amendment slavery was outlawedslavery was outlawed

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Most freed slaves remained in the South Most freed slaves remained in the South during the late 19during the late 19thth century working as century working as sharecropperssharecroppers

Farmer who works land owned by someone else, Farmer who works land owned by someone else, turning over a portion of proceeds for use of the turning over a portion of proceeds for use of the landland

Sharecroppers had to get a line of credit to Sharecroppers had to get a line of credit to buy seeds, tools, living quarters, etc. from buy seeds, tools, living quarters, etc. from the landownerthe landowner The debt was to be repaid with more cropsThe debt was to be repaid with more crops

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Sharecropping burdened African Sharecropping burdened African Americans with a large amount of debt Americans with a large amount of debt and high interest ratesand high interest rates They were forced to grow cash crops They were forced to grow cash crops

instead of food they could eatinstead of food they could eat

Immigration to the NorthImmigration to the North

Sharecropping declined Sharecropping declined in early 20in early 20thth century century with the introduction of with the introduction of farm machinery farm machinery Got pushed off the farmsGot pushed off the farms Pulled to Northern cities Pulled to Northern cities

and the prospect of jobsand the prospect of jobs

Migration happened in Migration happened in 2 main waves2 main waves

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1.1. 1910s-1920s before and after WWI1910s-1920s before and after WWI

2.2. 19402-1950s before after WWII19402-1950s before after WWII Factories had a huge demand for labor Factories had a huge demand for labor

to produce war materials and the to produce war materials and the increase in demand for consumer increase in demand for consumer goods after the warsgoods after the wars

Expansion of the GhettoExpansion of the Ghetto

Most immigrants to big cities clustered in Most immigrants to big cities clustered in the one or two neighborhoods were the one or two neighborhoods were African Americans were already livingAfrican Americans were already living Ex. 500,000 African Americans lived in a 3 Ex. 500,000 African Americans lived in a 3

sq. mile ghetto in Chicagosq. mile ghetto in Chicago

Ghettos were small and overcrowded Ghettos were small and overcrowded and African Americans began to push and African Americans began to push into areas adjacent to the Ghettosinto areas adjacent to the Ghettos

Differentiating Ethnicity Differentiating Ethnicity and Raceand Race

Asian is recognized as a race by US Census Asian is recognized as a race by US Census Bureau– therefore Asian as a race and Asian Bureau– therefore Asian as a race and Asian American ethnicity pretty much mean the same American ethnicity pretty much mean the same thingthing

African American and black are diff. groups– African American and black are diff. groups– some American blacks trace back their some American blacks trace back their heritage to places other than Africaheritage to places other than Africa

Hispanic or Latino in not a race– on the census Hispanic or Latino in not a race– on the census they may choose any race they wishthey may choose any race they wish

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The traits that characterize race are The traits that characterize race are those that can be transmitted genetically those that can be transmitted genetically from parents to childrenfrom parents to children

Biological classification by race can lead Biological classification by race can lead to to racismracism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular raceparticular race

continuedcontinued Contemporary geographers reject the Contemporary geographers reject the

entire biological basis of classifying entire biological basis of classifying humans into a handful of races because humans into a handful of races because these features are not rooted in specific these features are not rooted in specific placesplaces

Only one feature of race matters to Only one feature of race matters to geographersgeographers

The color of skinThe color of skin Matters because in many societies it helps Matters because in many societies it helps

determine where you live, attend school, determine where you live, attend school, recreate, and perform many activities of daily liferecreate, and perform many activities of daily life

Race in the United StatesRace in the United States

2000 census listed 14 races for 2000 census listed 14 races for respondents to choose fromrespondents to choose from 75% indicated they were white75% indicated they were white 12% black12% black 4% Asian4% Asian 1% American Indian1% American Indian 6% other6% other 2% checked more than 12% checked more than 1

““Separate But Equal” Separate But Equal” DoctrineDoctrine

A distinctive feature if US race relations A distinctive feature if US race relations has been the history of discouragement has been the history of discouragement of spatial interaction b/w racesof spatial interaction b/w races In the past thru legal means, today thru In the past thru legal means, today thru

cultural preferences or discriminationcultural preferences or discrimination

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson (1896) (1896) Led to “Jim Crow” laws and legalized Led to “Jim Crow” laws and legalized

segregationsegregation

““White Flight”White Flight”

Segregation laws were eliminated in the 1950s Segregation laws were eliminated in the 1950s and 1960s after Brown v. Board of Education and 1960s after Brown v. Board of Education (1954)(1954)

Rather than integrate, many whites moved into Rather than integrate, many whites moved into area that African Americans could not afford to area that African Americans could not afford to live (white flight)live (white flight) Helped spur the growth of the ghettoHelped spur the growth of the ghetto

Ex. DetroitEx. Detroit 1950 1.7 million whites, 300 thousand blacks1950 1.7 million whites, 300 thousand blacks 2000 200 thousand whites, 800 thousand blacks2000 200 thousand whites, 800 thousand blacks

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BlockbustingBlockbusting encouraged white flight encouraged white flight A process by which real estate agents convince A process by which real estate agents convince

white property owners to sell their houses at low white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhoodsoon move into the neighborhood

The agents would then sell the home at a The agents would then sell the home at a higher price to black families hoping to higher price to black families hoping to escape the ghettoescape the ghetto

Neighborhoods went from all white to all Neighborhoods went from all white to all black in a matter of monthsblack in a matter of months

Division b Race in South Division b Race in South AfricaAfrica

While the US was repealing segregation While the US was repealing segregation laws South Africa was enacting themlaws South Africa was enacting them

Done thru a legal system known as Done thru a legal system known as apartheidapartheid The physical separation of diff. races into The physical separation of diff. races into

diff. geographic areasdiff. geographic areas Laws were repealed in 1990s, but policies are Laws were repealed in 1990s, but policies are

still impacting South Africastill impacting South Africa

ApartheidApartheid

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4 classifications of race4 classifications of race White, black, colored (mixed), AsianWhite, black, colored (mixed), Asian 75% black, 14% white, 8% colored, 3% 75% black, 14% white, 8% colored, 3%

AsianAsian Each group had a different legal statusEach group had a different legal status Laws determined where you could live, Laws determined where you could live,

go to school, work, shop, and own land go to school, work, shop, and own land based upon your racebased upon your race

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Blacks were only allowed to do certain Blacks were only allowed to do certain jobs and could not vote or run for officejobs and could not vote or run for office

Read page 228+229 for the colonial Read page 228+229 for the colonial history of South Africa to learn the origin history of South Africa to learn the origin of apartheidof apartheid

Many nations cut off relations with South Many nations cut off relations with South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s because Africa in the 1970s and 1980s because they opposed apartheidthey opposed apartheid

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Ford and GM closed factories in South Ford and GM closed factories in South AfricaAfrica

However, neighboring nations were sill However, neighboring nations were sill compelled to trade with them, Why???compelled to trade with them, Why???

Needed to use their ports to ship goods, Needed to use their ports to ship goods, and needed some of heir natural and needed some of heir natural resources as well– chromium, platinum, resources as well– chromium, platinum, and manganeseand manganese

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Trying to further separate the races the gov. Trying to further separate the races the gov. created 10 “homelands” for blackscreated 10 “homelands” for blacks

The white gov. expected every black to The white gov. expected every black to become a citizen of a homeland and move become a citizen of a homeland and move therethere

Only got around to making 4 homelandsOnly got around to making 4 homelands If it had been fully implemented, the homelands If it had been fully implemented, the homelands

would have been 19% of the land mass, but would have been 19% of the land mass, but 44% of the pop.44% of the pop.

Dismantling of ApartheidDismantling of Apartheid

Laws repealed in 1991Laws repealed in 1991 The African National Congress, was legalized The African National Congress, was legalized

and its leader Nelson Mandela, was released and its leader Nelson Mandela, was released from prison after 27 yearsfrom prison after 27 years

1994 all citizens were allowed to vote for first 1994 all citizens were allowed to vote for first time and Mandela was elected Presidenttime and Mandela was elected President

Blacks have achieved political equality, but are Blacks have achieved political equality, but are still much poorer than whitesstill much poorer than whites

Rise of NationalitiesRise of Nationalities

Nationality-Nationality- identity with a group of identity with a group of people who share legal attachment, people who share legal attachment, cultural tradition, and personal allegiance cultural tradition, and personal allegiance to a particular countryto a particular country

Cultural traditions are different form than Cultural traditions are different form than those of ethnicitiesthose of ethnicities Thinks like voting, civic duties, and obtaining Thinks like voting, civic duties, and obtaining

a passporta passport

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Every citizen of the US is a member of Every citizen of the US is a member of the American the American nationalitynationality and a member and a member of a of a racerace, but not all Americans identify , but not all Americans identify with an with an ethnicityethnicity

Nation-StatesNation-States

Self-determination-Self-determination- the concept that the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern ethnicities have the right to govern themselvesthemselves Wanted so they can preserve and enhance Wanted so they can preserve and enhance

distinctive cultural characteristicsdistinctive cultural characteristics Modern political leaders have tried to Modern political leaders have tried to

support the right of self-determination support the right of self-determination and have attempted to organize Earth’s and have attempted to organize Earth’s surface into a collection of nation-statessurface into a collection of nation-states

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Nation-states-Nation-states- a state whose territory a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationalitytransformed into a nationality Despite these efforts the territory of a state Despite these efforts the territory of a state

rarely corresponds to the territory occupied rarely corresponds to the territory occupied by an ethnicityby an ethnicity

Nation-States in EuropeNation-States in Europe

During the 19During the 19thth century, ethnicities were century, ethnicities were transformed into nationalities in Europetransformed into nationalities in Europe

By 1900, most of Western Europe was made By 1900, most of Western Europe was made up of nation-statesup of nation-states

They had boundary disagreements and They had boundary disagreements and competed to control Asia and Africacompeted to control Asia and Africa

Eastern Europe did not fit this pattern until the Eastern Europe did not fit this pattern until the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of WWIHungarian Empire at the end of WWI

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The boundaries of Eastern Europe were The boundaries of Eastern Europe were redrawn according to the principles of redrawn according to the principles of nation-statesnation-states

In the 1930 the Nazis used the same In the 1930 the Nazis used the same idea to claim that all German speaking idea to claim that all German speaking peoples should be united into one statepeoples should be united into one state

Denmark: There are No Denmark: There are No Perfect Nation-StatesPerfect Nation-States

Territory occupied by Danish ethnicity Territory occupied by Danish ethnicity closely matches the state of Denmarkclosely matches the state of Denmark However, the southern boundary with However, the southern boundary with

Germany does not divide Danish and Germany does not divide Danish and German nationalities preciselyGerman nationalities precisely

Area is known as Schleswig-HolsteinArea is known as Schleswig-Holstein Historically part of Denmark, taken by Historically part of Denmark, taken by

Germans in 19Germans in 19thth century, voted to return century, voted to return to Denmark after WWIto Denmark after WWI

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Now some native German speakers live Now some native German speakers live in Denmark and some native Danish in Denmark and some native Danish speakers live in Germanyspeakers live in Germany

Denmark also controls two territories that Denmark also controls two territories that are not populated heavily with Danesare not populated heavily with Danes

Faeroe Islands and GreenlandFaeroe Islands and Greenland

NationalismNationalism

A nationality must hold the loyalty of its citizens A nationality must hold the loyalty of its citizens to surviveto survive

Politicians and governments use Politicians and governments use nationalismnationalism to do thisto do this Loyalty and devotion to a nationalityLoyalty and devotion to a nationality Promotes a sense of national consciousness that Promotes a sense of national consciousness that

promotes that nation over all otherspromotes that nation over all others

Mass media is used in many states to foster Mass media is used in many states to foster nationalismnationalism

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In the US, an independent news media is In the US, an independent news media is usedused Most countries regard independent news Most countries regard independent news

sources as a risk to the stability of gov.sources as a risk to the stability of gov.

States also foster nationalism by States also foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the nation-state, promoting symbols of the nation-state, such as flags and songssuch as flags and songs

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Nationalism is an important example of Nationalism is an important example of centripetal forcecentripetal force An attitude that tends to unify people and An attitude that tends to unify people and

enhance support for a stateenhance support for a state

Multinational StatesMultinational States

Multi-ethnic state-Multi-ethnic state- a state that contains more a state that contains more than one ethnicitythan one ethnicity sometimes all ethnicities can contribute cultural sometimes all ethnicities can contribute cultural

features to the formation of a single nationalityfeatures to the formation of a single nationality Ex. Belgium – Flemish and WalloonsEx. Belgium – Flemish and Walloons

Multi-national states-Multi-national states- state that contains two state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct by recognizing each other as distinct nationalitiesnationalities

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In some multi-national states one In some multi-national states one nationality tries to dominant another nationality tries to dominant another (often when they have greater numbers (often when they have greater numbers of people, and in some multi-national of people, and in some multi-national states everyone gets along peacefullystates everyone gets along peacefully

The people of one nation are sometimes The people of one nation are sometimes assimilated into another, but in some assimilated into another, but in some cases the 2 nationalities remain distinctcases the 2 nationalities remain distinct

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The UK is a multi-national stateThe UK is a multi-national state 4 main nationalities– England, Wales, 4 main nationalities– England, Wales,

Scotland, and Northern IrelandScotland, and Northern Ireland Today they hold little independent powerToday they hold little independent power

Even though Scotland and Wales have Even though Scotland and Wales have separately elected gov.’sseparately elected gov.’s Main element of distinct national identity comes Main element of distinct national identity comes

from sportsfrom sports Each have their own national soccer teamEach have their own national soccer team

Former Soviet Union: The Former Soviet Union: The Largest Multinational StateLargest Multinational State

Its 15 Republics were based on the 15 Its 15 Republics were based on the 15 largest ethnicitieslargest ethnicities Smaller ethnicities were not given enough Smaller ethnicities were not given enough

recognition to get a republicrecognition to get a republic Some of the smaller ethnicities are now Some of the smaller ethnicities are now

divided into more than one statedivided into more than one state

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Former Soviet Republics are broken into f Former Soviet Republics are broken into f different groupdifferent group

Three Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, and LithuaniaThree Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Three European: Belarus, Moldova, and Three European: Belarus, Moldova, and

UkraineUkraine Five Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Five Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and UzbekistanTajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan Three Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Three Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, and

GeorgiaGeorgia RussiaRussia

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Reasonably good examples of nation-Reasonably good examples of nation-states have been created in the Baltic, states have been created in the Baltic, European, and Central Asian statesEuropean, and Central Asian states But the Caucasus states have not been so But the Caucasus states have not been so

lucky, and Russia itself has a difficult time lucky, and Russia itself has a difficult time keeping all its diff. ethnicities happykeeping all its diff. ethnicities happy

New Baltic Nation-StatesNew Baltic Nation-States

All had been independent b/w the end of All had been independent b/w the end of WWI until 1940 when they were annexed WWI until 1940 when they were annexed into the Soviet Union with an agreement into the Soviet Union with an agreement with Nazi Germanywith Nazi Germany

Lithuania is the closet to a true nation-Lithuania is the closet to a true nation-state—83% of pop. are ethnic state—83% of pop. are ethnic LithuaniansLithuanians

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The three Baltic states have distinct cultural The three Baltic states have distinct cultural differencesdifferences

Most Estonians are Lutherans, Lithuanians are Most Estonians are Lutherans, Lithuanians are mostly Catholic, and Latvians are Lutheran with mostly Catholic, and Latvians are Lutheran with a large Catholic Minoritya large Catholic Minority

Estonians speak a Uralic language, while Estonians speak a Uralic language, while Lithuanians and Latvians speak languages Lithuanians and Latvians speak languages within the Balto-Slavic branch of Indo-within the Balto-Slavic branch of Indo-EuropeanEuropean

Russia: Now the Largest Russia: Now the Largest Multinational StateMultinational State

Officially recognizes 39 nationalities, many eager for Officially recognizes 39 nationalities, many eager for independenceindependence

20% of pop. is non-Russian20% of pop. is non-Russian Chechens have been a big problemChechens have been a big problem

They are Sunni MuslimsThey are Sunni Muslims Brought under Russian control in the 1800s after a 50 year Brought under Russian control in the 1800s after a 50 year

fightfight They declared independence in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet They declared independence in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet

Union, but Russians sent in the military to prevent it from Union, but Russians sent in the military to prevent it from happeninghappening Areas contains important petroleum depositsAreas contains important petroleum deposits Also didn’t want other groups to get any ideasAlso didn’t want other groups to get any ideas

Revival of Ethnic IdentityRevival of Ethnic Identity

Europeans believed that ethnicity was a Europeans believed that ethnicity was a thing of the past and that nationalism thing of the past and that nationalism could always be used to unite peoplecould always be used to unite people

In the late 20In the late 20thth century ethnic identity century ethnic identity once again became more important than once again became more important than nationalitynationality

Ethnicity and Ethnicity and CommunismCommunism

Until they lost power in the late 1980s and Until they lost power in the late 1980s and early 1990s communists used centripetal early 1990s communists used centripetal forces to discourage ethnicities from forces to discourage ethnicities from expressing their cultural uniquenessexpressing their cultural uniqueness

Thought differences would serve as an Thought differences would serve as an obstacle for unified support for communist obstacle for unified support for communist ideologyideology

Russian language was promoted as a unifying Russian language was promoted as a unifying force in Soviet Union and taught as a second force in Soviet Union and taught as a second language n other communist countrieslanguage n other communist countries

Ethnic Competition to Ethnic Competition to Dominate NationalityDominate Nationality

Sub-Saharan Africa is a region plagued Sub-Saharan Africa is a region plagued by conflicts among ethnic groups by conflicts among ethnic groups competing to become dominant within competing to become dominant within the various countriesthe various countries The Horn of Africa and central Africa are two The Horn of Africa and central Africa are two

regions where conflicts have been brutalregions where conflicts have been brutal

Ethiopia and EritreaEthiopia and Eritrea

Both were Italian colonies at one timeBoth were Italian colonies at one time After WWII Ethiopia was granted After WWII Ethiopia was granted

independence and given control of independence and given control of EritreaEritrea Italians thought Ethiopia would give Eritrea Italians thought Ethiopia would give Eritrea

local authority, but they didn’t local authority, but they didn’t Actually banned their language and dissolved its Actually banned their language and dissolved its

legislaturelegislature

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Led to civil war that lasted 30 years Led to civil war that lasted 30 years (1961-1991)(1961-1991)

Eritrean rebels defeated Ethiopians in Eritrean rebels defeated Ethiopians in 1991 and became independent1991 and became independent 1998 disputes broke out again over the 1998 disputes broke out again over the

location of the borderlocation of the border In 2000 Ethiopia won, and took the territory In 2000 Ethiopia won, and took the territory

in disputein dispute

SudanSudan

Civil war has been raging since 1980sCivil war has been raging since 1980s Christian and animist rebels in the south Christian and animist rebels in the south

vs. Arab-Muslim dominated forces in the vs. Arab-Muslim dominated forces in the NorthNorth

Southerners are resisting gov. attempts Southerners are resisting gov. attempts to make Sudan a totally Muslim stateto make Sudan a totally Muslim state Gov. has instituted many sex segregation Gov. has instituted many sex segregation

lawslaws

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More than 2 million died during the warMore than 2 million died during the war 2005 peace accords called for autonomy for 2005 peace accords called for autonomy for

southern Christians and sharing power in the southern Christians and sharing power in the national gov.national gov.

As the religion based civil war was winding As the religion based civil war was winding down an ethnic war erupted in the western down an ethnic war erupted in the western Darfur regionDarfur region Gov. has killed more than 450,000 and more than Gov. has killed more than 450,000 and more than

2.5 million are living in refugee camps2.5 million are living in refugee camps

SomaliaSomalia

Somalia is overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim and Somalia is overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim and they speak the same language, Somalithey speak the same language, Somali

On surface they should get alongOn surface they should get along However, there are six major ethnic groups or However, there are six major ethnic groups or

clans that make up the populationclans that make up the population 1991 the gov. fell apart and since then the 1991 the gov. fell apart and since then the

clans have been fighting for powerclans have been fighting for power

Ethnic Competition in Ethnic Competition in LebanonLebanon

4 million people living in 4000 sq. miles4 million people living in 4000 sq. miles Since 1970s country has been damaged by Since 1970s country has been damaged by

religious fightingreligious fighting Estimated that Lebanon is 60% Muslim, 30% Estimated that Lebanon is 60% Muslim, 30%

Christian, and 10% otherChristian, and 10% other Became independent in 1943, the constituion Became independent in 1943, the constituion

required that each religion be represented in required that each religion be represented in the Chamber of Deputies according to the Chamber of Deputies according to percentage from 1932 censuspercentage from 1932 census

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Chrisitians were the majority when the Chrisitians were the majority when the gov. was createdgov. was created But now Muslims are the majorityBut now Muslims are the majority War broke out in 1975 and each religious War broke out in 1975 and each religious

group formed a private army to guard its group formed a private army to guard its territoryterritory

Israel and the US sent troops into Israel and the US sent troops into Lebanon to try to restore peace several Lebanon to try to restore peace several times unsuccesfullytimes unsuccesfully