ETI 204Translation of Texts on Media and

Communication

Basic Principles of Communication and Journalism

The Process of Communication

Receiver

“understands”

message

Receiver

“understands”

message

Sender

has

idea

Sender

has

idea

Possible additional

feedback to

receiver

Possible additional

feedback to

receiver

Sender

encodes

message

Sender

encodes

message

Receiver

decodes

message

Receiver

decodes

message

Channel carries message

Feedback

travels to

senderNOISE

NOISE

The Process of Communication

How may the sender encode a message?

Verbally or nonverbally. By speaking, writing, gesturing.

What kinds of channels carry messages?

Newspapers, letters, e-mail, memos, TV, telephone, voice, body, Internet. Others?

How does a receiver decode a message?

Hearing, reading, observing.

When is communication successful? When a message is understood as the sender intended it to be.

How can a communicator provide for feedback?

Ask questions, watch responses, don’t dominate the exchange.

What is News?

• News is an account of what is happening around us.

• It may involve current events, new initiatives, ongoing projects, or issues.

• It may also involve background analysis, opinions, or human interest stories.

• Stories are normally selected because of their importance, emotion, timeliness, and interest.

Hard News (news of the day)• Hard news is a chronicle of current

events/incidents and the most common news style on the front page of a typical newspaper.

• Examples of hard news stories include reports on crime, court cases, government announcements, awards ceremonies, plane crashes, international events, etc.

• It starts with a summary lead: What happened? Where? When? To/by whom? Why?

• It is usually brief and simple.

Hard News • Headline: NATO restricts Afghan ops amid attacks

• Caption: A daunting transition in Afghanistan

• Summary lead: NATO troops in Afghanistan have been ordered to halt some joint operations with Afghan security forces after a spate of attacks by their local allies and amid fallout from a controversial anti-Islam video.

Soft News• A term for all the news that is not time-sensitive, soft

news is commonly referred to as infotainment.

• It usually features light topics such as entertainment, celebrity news and other news about human interest.

• Soft news is usually included in the entertainment and lifestyle section of a newspaper.

• It also includes information about movie releases and recent art exhibits.

Soft news• Headline: Usher, Shakira to join 'The Voice' in the spring

• Caption: Three seasons in and NBC's "The Voice" is making some changes.

• Body: The network announced Monday that current coaches Christina Aguilera and CeeLo Green will step away from those revolving chairs with the fourth season in the spring, relinquishing their spots to Usher and Shakira [...]

Feature articles• Detailed pieces of writing which explore a range of issues,

opinions, experiences and ideas.

• Can be informative, entertaining, persuasive or they may simply satisfy the reader's curiosity about a particular topic.

• A feature article may – provide more information about an important issue, – offer an opinion about current affairs or – simply present a personal or humorous perspective on

modern day life.

• Unlike news reports which can quickly go out of date, they have a more general focus and do not go out of date after a few days.

Feature article• Headline: Thailand's 'longneck' women, a controversial tourist

attraction

• Caption: Inside one of the country's fabricated "cultural preservation centers," visitors pay a fee to snap photos of hill tribe villagers

• Body: Described by many as "human zoos," northern Thailand’s Padaung Karen hill tribe villages are among the country’s most controversial tourist attractions. For a fee, travel companies take tourists to see these artificial hill tribe villages—set up purely for tourism purposes [...].

Editorial

• expresses an opinion

• lets the writer comment on issues in the news

• personal but topics are still relevant to the reader

Editorial• The Guardian view on Scotland’s day of decision • Tomorrow Scotland could give yet another gift to Britain: the chance to forge

our union anew

• In the coming hours, a hush will descend on Scotland. After these final weeks of loud, full-throated argument, the culmination of a two-year campaign, there comes the special quiet of the polling booth. In silence, millions of voters in Scotland will make their choice, a simple yes or no to a profound question: Should Scotland be an independent country?

• •

Structure of a News Article

The lead: The opening paragraph or two of the news story.– Summarizes the story and draws the reader in.– Usually incorporates as many of the 5 W’s of

journalism (who, what, where, when, why) as possible.

The Body: Involves combining the opinions of people interviewed and some factual data.

Newspaper Terms• Banner: The main headline that runs across the top

of the front page.

• Byline: A line at the beginning of an article that gives the name of the writer.

• Caption: The title or brief description of a picture; a cutline.

• Columnist: A writer using the same space daily, in contrast to a reporter.

Newspaper Terms• Credit line: Type that identifies the photographer, artist,

illustrator, or an agency usually placed at the bottom right corner of the art.

• Cutline: Caption or text near a photo that describes the action or identifies the subject(s).

• Dateline: Line at the beginning of a story identifying the place of origin of the story, but not the date.

• Editorial: An article presenting the opinions of the newspaper.

Newspaper Terms• Headline: The title of a story or an article.

• Nameplate: The newspaper’s name on page one, also called the flag or the masthead.

• Subhead: Small headline within the text used to break up a long story and make it more readable.

• Typo: Typographical error – a mechanical error in typing a story.

Sections• News• Sports• Culture• Business• Money• Life & style• Travel• Environment• TV• Technology • Science • Health • Opinion • Arts • Travel • Classifieds: Jobs, Real Estate, Autos

Journalistic Style

• Crisp, clear, and concise• Short words, sentences, paragraphs• Active voice• Correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation• Avoid: obscurity, repetition, adjectives, and

clichés

Headlines (HW)1. UN envoy: Up to 700 children in Iraq killed, hurt 2. Obama to broaden U.S. effort to combat militants3. 13 Cooking Hacks Every Chef Should Know4. Thousands stranded in S Asia floods5. Rebels free 73 Ukrainian troops 6. Hurricane Odile makes landfall in Mexico7. Pilot in jet crash presumed dead 8. Bombing kills head, leaders of Syrian rebel group9. Treasure hunter turned fugitive eludes feds10. Toll rises from India, Pakistan floods

Manşetler (HW)

1. Asansör faciasında 6 gözaltı daha2. Başbakanlık’ta IŞİD zirvesi3. CHP’den AYM’ye flaş başvuru4. Dolar 6 ayın zirvesini gördü5. Kuveyt Büyükelçisi Dışişleri’ne çağırıldı