SteinickeVesterdorf Brussels Commentary

Steinicke / Vesterdorf

EU PublicProcurement

Law

EU Public Procurement Law

Leinen mit Prägung, 160x240mm, schwarz, P. Reflex Blue, P. 8643

C.H.BECK · HART · NOMOSC.H.BECK · HART

NOMOS

Steinicke_978-3-406-66719-0_df.indd 6-10 16.04.2018 09:18:32

Michael Steinicke / Peter L. Vesterdorf

Brussels Commentary on EU Public Procurement Law

BUT_Vesterdorf_0120-9.indd 1 23.04.18 09:01

EU Public Procurement Law

edited by

Michael Steinicke Peter L. Vesterdorf

2018

C.H.BECK . HART . NOMOS

Brussels Commentary

BUT_Vesterdorf_0120-9.indd 3 23.04.18 09:01

First Edition 2018© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2018. Printed in Germany.

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction

by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to

»Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort«, Munich, Germany.

ISBN 978-3-8487-0120-9 (Nomos Print)ISBN 978-3-8452-5888-1 (Nomos ePDF)

ISBN 978-3-406-66719-0 (C.H.BECK) ISBN 978-1-5099-2321-2 (Hart Publishing)

Published byNomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Waldseestraße 3-5, 76530 Baden-Baden, Germany,email: vertrieb@nomos.de

Co-published byVerlag C.H.Beck oHG, Wilhelmstraße 9, 80801 München, Germany,email: bestellung@beck.de

and

Hart Publishing, Kemp House, Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford, OX2 9PH, United Kingdom,email: orders@isbs.com

Published in North America (US and Canada) by Hart Publishing, c/o International Specialized Book, Services, 930 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97213-3786, USA, email: orders@isbs.com

BUT_Vesterdorf_0120-9.indd 4 23.04.18 09:01

PrefaceThis book is intended to serve as a legal commentary to the law and directives of the

European Union on public procurement. Public procurement can be defined as the pro-cess whereby public authorities or other public entities purchase goods, works and ser-vices. The aim of the procurement process is to obtain the purchases through methodsthat optimize the cost/benefit value of such procurement to the benefit of the public.

While as it is described below in the introduction the EU treaties provide a number ofprinciples and provisions which are of obvious relevance to the handling of public pro-curement the quintessence of EU law in this field is provided through the adoptionthroughout a period of almost fifty years of a number of central directives providing arather stringent and detailed regulation which must be observed by the Member Statesand implemented in their national law. The development toward an ever closer regu-lation within this field of law began in 1971 when a directive on procurement of publicworks was adopted. It took a rather long time before, in 1977, the directive on supply ofgoods was adopted, Then it was not until 1990 that the next procurement directive, theso-called utilities directive, arrived and in 1992, a directive on procurement of servicesfollowed suit. Along the way two so-called remedy directives were adopted in order tosafeguard the possibilities of taking action against violations of the procurement rules.

After a major overhaul of the procurement directives in 2004 including consolidatingthe classic directives within the public sector in one public sector directive a second andjust as comprehensive amendment of the previous directives and an additional directiveon concessions took place in 2014. In between these two generations of procurement di-rectives the first procurement directive directed at the defence and security sector wasadopted.

The aim of the 2014 legislation was, broadly speaking, to make the directives moreflexible, clear, transparent and less bureaucratic. The “modernisation” has also served toincorporate important case law by the Court of Justice into EU procurement legislation.

The new directives have brought with them a number of important and practicalamendments. That is the case, e.g., with regard to allowing for more flexibility in the useof competitive dialogue and negotiated procedures. New is also the possibility of enter-ing into so-called innovation partnerships which is a new form of procurement processmeant to promote the development and eventually subsequent purchase of new types ofproducts. The rules on framework contracts have been clarified and the access of SMEs(small and medium-sized enterprises) to public contracts has also been improved in anumber of ways, e.g. through rules promoting the splitting up of contracts into smallerparts and rules on a maximum requirement regarding the turnover of tenderers.

New rules on the use of environmental certification requirements have become lessburdensome with regard to documentation and it has become possible to apply lifecycleconsiderations. The introduction of the so-called European Single Procurement Docu-ment (ESPD) constitutes an attempt to simplify bureaucratic burdens. Also the develop-ment with regard to the application of internet based technologies has made its imprinton the directives and that to the extent that it has been made mandatory to handle pro-curement procedures through electronic means only.

As a major step the new directives have eliminated the former categories II A and II Bwhich provided for exceptions from applying the main mechanisms for procurement (inparticular prior publication) with regard to certain groups of services. The present direc-tives contain fewer such exceptions and instead of excepting certain services they intro-duce a new form of procurement: the so-called “light procedure” based on simpler pro-cedures. The method can be applied to certain services in the social and health sectors

V

and the fields of hotel and restaurant services and some legal services etc. In this connec-tion, the introduction of special rules with regard to so-called reserved services shouldalso be mentioned.

The new directives contain highly relevant provisions regulating how to deal withprocurement with regard to mixed contracts. The same goes for so-called in-house pro-curement and the possibility of amending a contract after its conclusion. Rules on dy-namic purchasing as well as the methods of joint purchasing have been amended.

The rules concerning mandatory/voluntary exclusion have been subject to amend-ment and the concept of self-cleaning which makes it possible for tenderers to make useof a method allowing them, as the case may be, to refute that they should be excludedform tendering, has been introduced.

Generally procurement procedures already found in the directives from 2004 havebeen subject to more intensive and detailed regulation in the directives adopted in 2014which, notwithstanding the benefits that that may entail, also has led to more complicat-ed regulation than before.

It cannot be overlooked that, over time, the bulk of EU legislation on public procure-ment has grown to an extent that has made it ever more complicated to apply the law ofthose directives. It has therefore become even more crucial than before, in particular forcivil servants and practitioners, to consult the procurement directives and in so doinghave the benefit of a legal commentary. We believe that this book in spite of its heavyweight provides a commentary that is easy to consult and use in everyday practice.

We (NOMOS and the editors) have found that, given the size and complexity of thearea of public procurement, our intention of achieving the best possible result would bebest served by making use of experts on the specific issues of public procurement.

With authors from different Member States the contributions will to a certain extentreflect different approaches and references just as the knowledge of national case law,ways of transposing the different directives and legal literature (in English or in any oth-er language) will play a part as we find that this approach will enrich the book. However,we have sought harmonisation with regard to language and format of the book whereasthe personal writing styles have been kept and therefore will differ between contribu-tions.

The book contains a part describing how to use the book. It is found just below.The very volume of this book and of the directives which are reprinted in it mirror

that European Union law in the field of public procurement bear testimony to the factthat EU procurement law has come a long way when compared with the modest begin-nings and after a period of progress spanning almost fifty years. The relevance of EUprocurement law is also reflected in the fact that the number of cases ending before theEU courts have risen considerably over the years. The practice of the European Court ofJustice has, of course, not only led to the solution of a number of more or less intricatecases but also to the adoption of amendments or entirely new provisions in the procure-ment directives.

The areas of free movement of goods and harmonisation of national laws, the ruleson State aids and competition as well as the significant body of EU procurement lawconstitute interdependent corner stones of the Single Market and those fields of lawhave, of course, brought about important legal contributions in the form of textbooksand commentaries. This books adds one more to the list, and it is the hope of NOMOSand of the two editors, professor Dr. Michael Steinicke and Dr. Peter L. Vesterdorf, aswell as the various authors contributing to this commentary that their work will come toserve as a valuable multinational instrument of assistance to the many public authoritiesand other public entities as well as economic operators and assisting lawyers. It is not

Preface

VI

foreseen that the directives in force at the present time will be undergoing major reformor amendment in the foreseeable future. It is thus likely that, if well received, the bookmay come to be solidly placed on the law book shelves in relevant offices all over the EUand in neighbouring countries in which the EU rules on public procurement are or willbe applicable.

The editors are both affiliated to the lawfirm of Publicure, Denmark and would liketo thank the colleagues for interesting discussions on public procurement and the inspir-ing professional atmosphere.

Finally, we thank Dreyers Fond for supporting the translation of parts of the book. The book is updated until second quarter of 2017.

Michael SteinickeSilkeborgNovember 2017

Peter L. VesterdorfCopenhagen

November 2017

Preface

VII

How to use the commentaryThe book is structured in one introductory chapter and five parts each containing an

area of public procurement regulation. The introductory chapter covers the context ofpublic procurement including the EU background, primary law, general principles, otherrelated areas of law, and international rules pertaining to the subject of the commentary.

The five different parts of the commentary are the following:

Part I: Public Sector Directive (2014/24)Part II: Utilities Directive (2014/25)Part III: Concessions Directive (2014/23)Part IV: Defence and Security Directive (2009/81)Part V: Enforcement Directives (1989/665 and 1992/13)

The first four parts cover the substantive directives, i.e. the directives establishing theprocedures to be used when public entities are purchasing from the market. The fourdirectives are to a large degree built on the same skeleton, using the same concepts, prin-ciples, covering the same phases etc. and therefore issues like e.g. using the economicthresholds are regulated similarly in the four directives. To gain benefit from these struc-tural similarities as well as to avoid repetition we have structured the commentary with aprimary focus on the Public Sector Directive since this is the directive with the mostgeneral content and the directive with the largest and most general application. In prac-tice this means that all the provisions in the Public Sector Directive are subject to an ex-tensive commentary. The specific provisions in the other three substantive directives(the Utilities Directive, the Concessions Directive and the Defence and Security Direc-tive) are commented on only in the event that this is not the case in the Public SectorDirective. An example is the open procedure. This procedure is explicitly applicable intwo of the directives (the Public Sector Directive and the Utilities Directive). The com-mentary to the open procedure is therefore extensive in Part I covering the Public SectorDirective but consists primarily of a reference to the Public Sector Directive in the rele-vant provision in the Utilities Directive.

In cases where there are some similarities but also some differences we have tried tobalance the reference back to the Public Sector Directive while also describing the pointsof difference in the relevant article of the specific directive.

We have made an effort to describe any differences between the directives where suchdifferences are subtle and where the differences might lead to confusion in practice. Thiscould be the case for entities sometimes subject to the Public Sector Directive and some-times subject to the Defence and Security Directive (depending on the subject-matter ofthe contract). If, e.g., the contracting authority wants to apply the procedure competitivedialogue it is imperative that the contracting authority is aware of the differences be-tween the two versions of this specific procedure in the two directives.

The index will show the different parts and will make it easier to find the relevantinformation.

VIII

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VHow to use the commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIIIContributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. 1

PART IThe Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU

DIRECTIVE 2014/24/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC(Text with EEA relevance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

TITLE ISCOPE, DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Chapter IScope and definitions

Section 1Subject-matter and definitions

Subject-matter and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1 127Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 134Mixed procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 191

Section 2Thresholds

Threshold amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 206Methods for calculating the estimated value of procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 5 210Revision of the thresholds and of the list of central government authorities . . . . . . .Article 6 234

Section 3Exclusions

Contracts in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7 236Specific exclusions in the field of electronic communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 8 239Public contracts awarded and design contests organised pursuant to internationalrules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 9241

Specific exclusions for service contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 10 246Service contracts awarded on the basis of an exclusive right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 11 256Public contracts between entities within the public sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 12 259

Section 4Specific situations

Subsection 1Subsidised contracts and research and development services

Contracts subsidised by contracting authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 13 277Research and development services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 14 280

Subsection 2Procurement involving defence or security aspects

Defence and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 15 282Mixed procurement involving defence or security aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 16 285

IX

Public contracts and design contests involving defence or security aspects whichare awarded or organised pursuant to international rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 17287

Chapter IIGeneral rules

Principles for the conclusion of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 18 290Economic operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 19 335Reserved contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 20 341Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 21 343Rules applicable to communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 22 348Nomenclatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 23 358Conflicts of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 24 359

TITLE IIRULES ON PUBLIC CONTRACTS

Chapter IProcedures

Conditions relating to the GPA and other international agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 25 373Choice of procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 26 377Open procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 27 394Restricted procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 28 396Competitive procedure with negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 29 400Competitive dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 30 408Innovation partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 31 418Use of the negotiated procedure without prior publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 32 428

Chapter IITechniques and instruments for electronic and aggregated procurement

Framework agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 33 441Dynamic purchasing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 34 465Electronic auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 35 476Electronic catalogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 36 489Centralised purchasing activities and central purchasing bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 37 497Occasional joint procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 38 505Procurement involving purchasing authorities from different Member States . . . . .Article 39 508

Chapter IIIConduct of the procedure

Section 1Preparation

Preliminary market consultations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 40 515Prior involvement of candidates or tenderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 41 519Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 42 532Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 43 552Test reports, certification and other means of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 44 556Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 45 557Division of contracts into lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 46 563Setting time limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 47 567

Section 2Publication and transparency

Prior information notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 48 571Contract notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 49 574Contract award notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 50 575Form and manner of publication of notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 51 577Publication at national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 52 581

Contents

X

Electronic availability of procurement documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 53 583Invitations to candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 54 589Informing candidates and tenderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 55 591

Section 3Choice of participants and award of contracts

General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 56 599

Subsection 1:Criteria for qualitative selection

Exclusion criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 57 613Selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 58 646European Single Procurement Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 59 655Means of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 60 662Online repository of certificates (e-Certis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 61 677Quality assurance standards and environmental management standards . . . . . . . . . .Article 62 681Reliance on the capacities of other entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 63 685Official lists of approved economic operators and certification by bodiesestablished under public or private law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 64692

Subsection 2Reduction of numbers of candidates, tenders and solutions

Reduction of the number of otherwise qualified candidates to be invited toparticipate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 65697

Reduction of the number of tenders and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 66 712

Subsection 3Award of the contract

Contract award criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 67 713Life-cycle costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 68 735Abnormally low tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 69 743

Chapter IVContract performance

Conditions for performance of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 70 752Subcontracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 71 755Modification of contracts during their term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 72 764Termination of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 73 775

TITLE IIIPARTICULAR PROCUREMENT REGIMES

Chapter ISocial and other specific services

Award of contracts for social and other specific services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 74 779Publication of notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 75 783Principles of awarding contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 76 786Reserved contracts for certain services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 77 788

Chapter IIRules governing design contests

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 78 791Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 79 793Rules on the organisation of design contests and the selection of participants . . . . .Article 80 795Composition of the jury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 81 801

Contents

XI

Decisions of the jury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 82 802

TITLE IVGOVERNANCE

Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 83 806Individual reports on procedures for the award of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 84 808National reporting and statistical information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 85 809Administrative cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 86 810

TITLE VDELEGATED POWERS, IMPLEMENTING POWERS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

Exercise of the delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 87 812Urgency procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 88 813Committee procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 89 813Transposition and transitional provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 90 814Repeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 91 814Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 92 814Entry into force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 93 815Addressees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 94 815

PART IIThe Utilities Directive 2014/25/EU

DIRECTIVE 2014/25/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport andpostal services sectors and repealing Directive 2004/17/EC (Text with EEA relevance) . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

TITLE ISCOPE, DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Chapter ISubject-matter and definitions

Subject matter and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1 914Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 918Contracting authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 920Contracting entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 921Mixed procurement covering the same activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 5 929Procurement covering several activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 6 930

Chapter IIActivities

Common provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7 933Gas and heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 8 934Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 9 937Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 10 939Transport services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 11 941Ports and airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 12 943Postal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 13 944Extraction of oil and gas and exploration for, or extraction of, coal or other solidfuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 14946

Chapter IIIMaterial scope

Section 1Thresholds

Threshold amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 15 947Methods for calculating the estimated value of procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 16 948

Contents

XII

Revision of the thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 17 950

Section 2Excluded contracts and design contests; special provisions for procurement involving

defence and security aspects

Subsection 1Exclusions applicable to all contracting entities and special exclusions for the water and

energy sectors

Contracts awarded for purposes of resale or lease to third parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 18 951Contracts and design contests awarded or organised for purposes other than thepursuit of a covered activity or for the pursuit of such an activity in a thirdcountry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 19

952Contracts awarded and design contests organised pursuant to international rules Article 20 955Specific exclusions for service contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 21 955Service contracts awarded on the basis of an exclusive right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 22 957Contracts awarded by certain contracting entities for the purchase of water andfor the supply of energy or of fuels for the production of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 23957

Subsection 2Procurement involving defence and security aspects

Defence and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 24 958Mixed procurement covering the same activity and involving defence or securityaspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 25959

Procurement covering several activities and involving defence or security aspects Article 26 959Contracts and design contests involving defence or security aspects which areawarded or organised pursuant to international rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 27961

Subsection 3Special relations (cooperation, affiliated undertakings and joint ventures)

Contracts between contracting authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 28 962Contracts awarded to an affiliated undertaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 29 964Contracts awarded to a joint venture or to a contracting entity forming part of ajoint venture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 30967

Notification of information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 31 969

Subsection 4Specific situations

Research and development services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 32 969Contracts subject to special arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 33 969

Subsection 5Activities directly exposed to competition and procedural provisions relating thereto

Activities directly exposed to competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 34 971Procedure for establishing whether Article 34 is applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 35 974

Chapter IVGeneral principles

Principles of procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 36 977Economic operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 37 978Reserved contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 38 978Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 39 979Rules applicable to communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 40 979Nomenclatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 41 983Conflicts of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 42 983

Contents

XIII

TITLE IIRULES APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTS

Chapter IProcedures

Conditions relating to the GPA and other international agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 43 984Choice of procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 44 984Open procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 45 986Restricted procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 46 987Negotiated procedure with prior call for competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 47 988Competitive dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 48 990Innovation partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 49 992Use of the negotiated procedure without prior call for competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 50 994

Chapter IITechniques and instruments for electronic and aggregated procurement

Framework agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 51 998Dynamic purchasing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 52 1001Electronic auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 53 1003Electronic catalogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 54 1005Centralised purchasing activities and central purchasing bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 55 1006Occasional joint procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 56 1008Procurement involving contracting entities from different Member States . . . . . . . .Article 57 1008

Chapter IIIConduct of the procedure

Section 1Preparation

Preliminary market consultations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 58 1009Prior involvement of candidates or tenderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 59 1010Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 60 1010Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 61 1012Test reports, certification and other means of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 62 1013Communication of technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 63 1013Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 64 1014Division of contracts into lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 65 1015Setting time limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 66 1015

Section 2Publication and Transparency

Periodic indicative notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 67 1016Notices on the existence of a qualification system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 68 1017Contract notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 69 1018Contract award notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 70 1018Form and manner of publication of notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 71 1019Publication at national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 72 1020Electronic availability of procurement documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 73 1020Invitations to candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 74 1021Informing applicants for qualification, candidates and tenderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 75 1022

Section 3Choice of participants and award of contracts

General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 76 1023

Contents

XIV

Subsection 1Qualification and qualitative selection

Qualification systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 77 1026Criteria for qualitative selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 78 1031Reliance on the capacities of other entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 79 1032Use of exclusion grounds and selection criteria provided for under Directive2014/24/EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 801035

Quality assurance standards and environmental management standards . . . . . . . . . .Article 81 1038

Subsection 2Award of the contract

Contract award criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 82 1039Life-cycle costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 83 1040Abnormally low tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 84 1041

Section 4Tenders comprising products originating in third countries and relations with those

countries

Tenders comprising products originating in third countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 85 1041Relations with third countries as regards works, supplies and service contracts . . .Article 86 1043

Chapter IVContract performance

Conditions for performance of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 87 1045Subcontracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 88 1045Modification of contracts during their term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 89 1047Termination of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 90 1049

TITLE IIIPARTICULAR PROCUREMENT REGIMES

Chapter ISocial and other specific services

Award of contracts for social and other specific services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 91 1050Publication of notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 92 1050Principles of awarding contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 93 1051Reserved contracts for certain services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 94 1051

Chapter IIRules governing design contests

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 95 1052Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 96 1052Rules on the organisation of design contests, the selection of participants and thejury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 971053

Decisions of the jury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 98 1053

Contents

XV

PART IIIThe Concessions Directive 2014/23/EU

DIRECTIVE 2014/23/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts (Text with EEA relevance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

TITLE ISUBJECT-MATTER, SCOPE, PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS

Chapter IScope, general principles and definitions

Section ISubject-matter, scope, general principles, definitions and threshold

Subject-matter and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1 1108Principle of free administration by public authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 1111Principle of equal treatment, non-discrimination and transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 1115Freedom to define services of general economic interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 1117Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 5 1117Contracting authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 6 1125Contracting entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7 1128Threshold and methods for calculating the estimated value of concessions . . . . . . . .Article 8 1129Revision of the threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 9 1136

Section IIExclusions

Exclusions applicable to concessions awarded by contracting authorities andcontracting entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 101137

Specific exclusions in the field of electronic communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 11 1143Specific exclusions in the field of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 12 1144Concessions awarded to an affiliated undertaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 13 1145Concessions awarded to a joint venture or to a contracting entity forming part ofa joint venture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 141146

Notification of information by contracting entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 15 1147Exclusion of activities which are directly exposed to competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 16 1147Concessions between entities within the public sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 17 1147

Section IIIGeneral provisions

Duration of the concession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 18 1149Social and other specific services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 19 1151Mixed contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 20 1152Mixed procurement contracts involving defence or security aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 21 1153Contracts covering both activities referred to in Annex II and other activities . . . .Article 22 1154Concessions covering both activities referred to in Annex II and activitiesinvolving defence or security aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 231154

Section IVSpecific situations

Reserved concessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 24 1155Research and development services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 25 1156

Chapter IIPrinciples

Economic operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 26 1156Nomenclatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 27 1157Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 28 1157Rules applicable to communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 29 1157

Contents

XVI

TITLE IIRULES ON THE AWARD OF CONCESSIONS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND

PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES

Chapter IGeneral principles

General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 30 1159Concession notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 31 1162Concession award notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 32 1166Form and manner of publication of notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 33 1166Electronic availability of concession documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 34 1167Combating corruption and preventing conflicts of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 35 1168

Chapter IIProcedural guarantees

Technical and functional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 36 1170Procedural guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 37 1172Selection and qualitative assessment of candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 38 1173Time limits for receipt of applications and tenders for the concession . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 39 1180Provision of information to candidates and tenderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 40 1181Award criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 41 1183

TITLE IIIRULES ON PERFORMANCE OF CONCESSIONS

Subcontracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 42 1188Modification of contracts during their term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 43 1192Termination of concessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 44 1197Monitoring and reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 45 1197

TITLE IVAMENDMENTS TO DIRECTIVES 89/665/EEC AND 92/13/EEC

Amendments to Directive 89/665/EEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 46 1199Amendments to Directive 92/13/EEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 47 1201

TITLE VDELEGATED POWERS, IMPLEMENTING POWERS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

Exercise of the delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 48 1206Urgency procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 49 1206Committee Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 50 1207Transposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 51 1207Transitional provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 52 1207Monitoring and reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 53 1207Entry into force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 54 1209Addressees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 55 1209

PART IVThe Defence and Security Directive 2009/81/EC

DIRECTIVE 2009/81/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of13 July 2009 on the coordination of procedures for the award of certain works contracts, supplycontracts and service contracts by contracting authorities or entities in the fields of defence andsecurity, and amending Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC (Text with EEA relevance) . . . . . . . 1211

TITLE IDEFINITIONS, SCOPE AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1 1267Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 1277

Contents

XVII

Mixed contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 1284Procurement principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 1285

TITLE IIRULES ON CONTRACTS

Chapter IGeneral provisions

Economic operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 5 1287Confidentiality obligations of contracting authorities/entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 6 1287Protection of classified information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7 1288

Chapter IIThresholds, central purchasing bodies and exclusion provisions

Section 1Thresholds

Threshold values for contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 8 1288Methods for calculating the estimated value of contracts and of frameworkagreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 91288

Section 2Central purchasing bodies

Contracts and framework agreements awarded by central purchasing bodies . . . . .Article 10 1290

Section 3Excluded contracts

Use of exclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 11 1291Contracts awarded pursuant to international rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 12 1292Specific exclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 13 1292

Section 4Special arrangements

Reserved contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 14 1300

Chapter IIIArrangements for service contracts

Service contracts listed in Annex I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 15 1301Service contracts listed in Annex II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 16 1302Mixed contracts including services listed in Annexes I and II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 17 1303

Chapter IVSpecific rules governing contract documentation

Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 18 1304Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 19 1306Conditions for performance of contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 20 1307Subcontracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 21 1307Security of information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 22 1313Security of supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 23 1315Obligations relating to taxes, environmental protection, employment protectionprovisions and working conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 241321

Chapter VProcedures

Procedures to be applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 25 1322

Contents

XVIII

Negotiated procedure with publication of a contract notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 26 1324Competitive dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 27 1325Cases justifying use of the negotiated procedure without publication of a contractnotice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 281326

Framework agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 29 1330

Chapter VIRules on advertising and transparency

Section 1Publication of notices

Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 30 1331Non-mandatory publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 31 1333Form and manner of publication of notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 32 1333

Section 2Time-limits

Time-limits for receipt of requests to participate and for receipt of tenders . . . . . . . .Article 33 1334

Section 3Information content and means of transmission

Invitations to tender, negotiate or participate in a dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 34 1335Information for candidates and tenderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 35 1336

Section 4Communication

Rules applying to communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 36 1337

Section 5Reports

Content of reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 37 1338

Chapter VIIConduct of the procedure

Section 1General provisions

Verification of the suitability and choice of participants and award of contracts . . .Article 38 1339Personal situation of the candidate or tenderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 39 1340Suitability to pursue the professional activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 40 1344Economic and financial standing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 41 1345Technical and/or professional ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 42 1345Quality management systems standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 43 1350Environmental management standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 44 1350Additional documentation and information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 45 1350Official lists of approved economic operators and certification by bodiesestablished under public or private law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 461351

Section 3Award of the contract

Contract award criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 47 1352Use of electronic auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 48 1353Abnormally low tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 49 1355

Contents

XIX

TITLE IIIRULES APPLICABLE TO SUBCONTRACTING

Chapter ISubcontracts awarded by successful tenderers which are not contracting

authorities/entities

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 50 1357Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 51 1358Thresholds and rules on advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 52 1359Criteria for qualitative selection of subcontractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 53 1361

Chapter IISubcontracts awarded by successful tenderers which are contracting authorities/entities

Rules to be applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 54 1363

TITLE IVRULES TO BE APPLIED TO REVIEWS

Scope and availability of review procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 55 1364Requirements for review procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 56 1365Standstill period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 57 1366Derogations from the standstill period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 58 1367Time-limits for applying for review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 59 1368Ineffectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 60 1368Infringements of this Title and alternative penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 61 1370Time-limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 62 1370Corrective mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 63 1371Content of a notice for voluntary ex ante transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 64 1372

TITLE VSTATISTICAL OBLIGATIONS, EXECUTORY POWERS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

Statistical obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 65 1373Content of the statistical report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 66 1373Committee procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 67 1373Revision of thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 68 1374Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 69 1374Amendment to Directive 2004/17/EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 70 1375Amendment to Directive 2004/18/EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 71 1375Transposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 72 1375Review and reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 73 1375Entry into force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 74 1376Addressees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 75 1376

PART VThe Remedies Directives 89/665 etc.

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 December 1989 on the coordination of the laws, regulations andadministrative provisions relating to the application of review procedures to the award of publicsupply and public works contracts (89/665/EEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377

Scope and availability of review procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1 1388Requirements for review procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 1402Standstill period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 a 1416Derogations from the standstill period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 b 1419Time limits for applying for review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 c 1420Ineffectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 d 1422Infringements of this Directive and alternative penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 e 1429Time limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2 f 1429Corrective mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 1430

Contents

XX

Content of a notice for voluntary ex ante transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 a 1432Committee procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 b 1433Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 1433Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 a 1433

Article 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433Article 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435

Contents

XXI