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Eucalyptus Wood Characteristics
Brazilian Pulping Industry
Jose Livio Gomide
Tutorial # 2
TAPPI PULPING CONFERENCE � Atlanta, Nov/5, 2006.
id25088062 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com
Structure of a Tree Trunk
Bark Protection (high extractives content):
�Cortex (outer layer) � dead structure
�Phloem (inner layer) � downward sap circulation
Sapwood dead fibers but upward sap circulation
Heartwood dead fibers, completely deactivated
higher extractives content
Heartwood:
More extractives: lower pulping yield
more pitch
higher alkali demand
Lower permeability (tylose in hardwood)
More difficulty for chips impregnation
Sapwood and Heartwood
Sapwood and Heartwood - Eucalyptus
4,03,5Wall thickness, ìm
16,516,4Fiber diameter, ìm
1,21,0Fiber length, mm
486478Basic density, Kg/m3
SapwoodHeartwoodProperties
Sapwood and Heartwood - Eucalyptus
24,726,4Lignin, %
1,513,50Ext. alcohol/toluene, %B
484485Density, Kg/m3
23,927,7Lignin, %
0,982,54Ext. alcohol/toluene, %A
480459Density, Kg/m3
SapwoodHeartwood PropertiesClone
Hardwoods - Eucalyptus
Volumetric constitution: Fibers � 60%
Parenchima � 20%
Vessels � 20%
Eucalyptus grandis → Vessels: 7-24/mm2, 59-216µm diameter
Fibers: 1mm length
Structure of Fiber Wall Layers
--------W
50-90°0.1S3
10-30°1-5S2
50-70°0.2-0.3S1
Random0.1-0.2P
----0.2-1.0ML
Microfibrillar OrientationThickness, mLayers
S2: 80-90% fiber wall
Eucalyptus microfibril angle: 7.8-10.2°
14,317,1Area of parenchima cells, %
12,624,9Area of fiber lumen, %
66,569,3Area of fibers, %
19,213,6Area of vessels, %
116124Vessel diameter, m
18,211,2Vessel frequency, #/mm²
552 Kg/m3447 Kg/m3Parameters
Basic Density � Anatomical Characteristics
Eucalyptus
Considerable variability on wood quality
Analysis:
Basic density
Extractives content
Lignin content
Alkali demand for pulping
Pulping Yield
Pulp viscosity
Study: 21 Eucalyptus clones selected for planting
Figura 1 - Densidade básica das madeiras de Eucalyptus.
4 8 8 4 9 4 5 0 05 1 1
4 5 9 4 5 04 7 0 4 7 6
4 8 5
4 1 8
4 9 9
4 5 7
4 8 2
4 5 5
3 7 4
4 7 2
4 2 7
4 9 0
4 4 1
5 4 2
4 7 7
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Clones de Eucalyptus
Ba
sic
Den
sit
y,
Kg
/m3
Eucalyptus Clones
Basic Density
Basic density: 374-542 Kg/m3
Basic Density
Acceptable in Brazil for Eucalyptus: 450-550 Kg/m3
Lower Db - lower alkali demand: - higher screened yield
- higher pulp viscosity
- lower digester production
Brazil mills (production increase & greenfield) ≥ 500 Kg/m3
y = -6,0714x2 + 57,729x + 345,5
R2 = 0,9958
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2 3 4 5 6
Age (years)
Ba
sic
De
ns
ity
(K
g/m
3)
Effect of Age on Basic Density - Eucalyptus
2 5 , 1
2 7 , 4 2 7 , 8 2 7 ,4
2 5 , 7 2 5 , 5
2 7 , 22 7 , 9
2 6 , 7
2 8 , 42 7 , 1 2 7 , 5
2 6 ,42 7 , 4
2 6 , 32 7 , 2
2 8 , 1 2 8 , 0
2 6 , 32 7 , 5 2 7 , 3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Eucalyptus Clones
Lig
nin
, %Lignin Content
Lignin content: 25.1-28.4%
3 , 1
2 , 4
2 , 6
2 , 4
2 , 1
1 , 6
2 , 2
2 , 4
3 , 1
1 , 7
2 , 3
1 , 5
1 , 8
2 , 72 , 8
1 , 7
3 , 2
2 , 4
1 , 6
2 , 5 2 , 5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Eucalyptus Clones
Ex
tra
cti
ves,
%
Extractives Content (alcohol/toluene), %
Extractives: 1.5-3.2%
1 9 , 01 8 , 0 1 8 , 3
1 9 , 01 8 , 0
1 7 , 0
1 9 , 0
2 1 , 5
1 9 , 5
1 7 , 5 1 7 , 0
1 9 , 0
1 7 , 0
1 8 , 51 9 , 5
1 8 , 0
2 4 , 0
2 1 , 0
1 8 , 0
2 1 , 5
1 8 , 0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Eucalyptus Clones
Acti
ve A
lka
li, %
Alkali Charge for Pulping
Alkali charge: 17.0-24.0%
48, 9 48, 9 49, 4 50, 0 50, 751 , 6
48, 346, 5
49, 0 49, 050, 1
48, 750, 0
49, 0 48, 5
51 , 1
44, 0
46, 3
49, 948, 2
47, 3
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Eucalyptus Clones
Screen
ed
Yie
ld, %
Screened Yield
Screened yield: 44.0-51.6%
48, 3
34, 9
38, 0
32, 1
40, 5
47, 5
32, 933, 8
41, 941, 1
44, 4
46, 445, 1
37, 739, 2
35, 1
20, 4 20, 6
35, 9
29, 0
34, 5
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Eucalyptus Clones
Vis
co
sid
ad
e, cP
Pulp Viscosity
Pulp viscosity: 20.4-48.3 cP
�A conventional Eucalyptus forest for
pulp production has 1100-1500 trees per
hectare.
At harvesting age trees are 28-34m height
and 18-20cm DBH.
To produce one ton of pulp are necessary
16 trees of Eucalyptus. One hectare of
forest produces 76 ton pulp.
CURIOSITIESCURIOSITIES
EucalyptusEucalyptus Forest / Forest / PulpPulp MillMill
Brazilian Pulping Industry
Modern installations using latest technology
Well trained personnel
Considerable investments in training
- graduate courses (UFV): 597 students 2001-2006
- training of new personnel: insufficient for demand
Major World Producers
Market Bleached Short Fiber Pulp
Finland
Sweden
Brazil
USA
Canada
Indonesia
Portugal
Spain1000 t
Investments in Pulp & Paper Brazil 2003-2012
11%2.02.01.8Paper
64%7.45.54.5Exports (Million Ton): Pulp
46%11.58.67.9Paper (Million Ton)
59%14.510.09.1Pulp (Million Ton)
73%2.61.71.5Forests (Million Ha)
Increase
2003/2012
201220052003Investments
Ten Major Pulp Producers in Brazil � 2005
BRACELPA - 2004
10010,352,113TOTAL
12988,257Others
2170,141Norske Skog Pisa
2216,752Veracel Celulose (Aracruz/Stora Enso)
4364,227Jari Celulose S.A.
4450,804International Paper
5505,771Ripasa S.A.
9967,060Cenibra S.A.
111,164,427Suzano Papel e Celulose
111,180,228Klabin S.A.
131,343,076Votorantim Celulose e Papel S.A.
272,785,463Aracruz Celulose S.A.
Share (%)Production (Ton)Pulp Mills
70%
90%
TMPNorsk Skog Pisa
LoSolidsVeracel
BatchJari
Esco Digester, TMPIP
CompactCookingRipasa
LoSolids, KobudoMariCenibra
Batch, Kamyr, KobudoMariSuzano
Batch, KamyrKlabin
LoSolidsVotorantim
CompactCooking, LoSolids, EMCCAracruz
Pulping Process - DigesterMills
Pulping Processes - Major Producers
YNorsk Skog Pisa
AO/D(PO)DPVeracel
OD(EOP)DDJari
O(DC)(EOP)D; PPIP
OD/A(EOP)DRipasa
OD(EOP)DP; O/OD/A(EOP)D(EP)DCenibra
OD/A(PO)D(PO); O/OA/D(PO)DP; OD/A(EOP)DSuzano
OQ(OP)(ZQ)(PO); O/O(CD)(EOP)DKlabin
OOZ/D(PO)D; OAZD(PO); OZ/(EP)D(PO)Votorantim
Four bleaching lines - ECF (O, A, D, P)Aracruz
BleachingMills
Bleaching �Major Producers
Future Investments
Next ten years: US$10 billions (greenfield & production increase)
- Minas Gerais (Cenibra)
- Paraná (Klabin)
- Bahia (Suzano)
- Rio Grande do Sul (Aracruz, VCP, StoraEnzo)
- Mato Grosso do Sul (VCP)