EuratomResearch and training activities in nuclear …7pr.kpk.gov.pl/pliki/10623/Euratom infoday...

Euratom FP7 Infoday 8Dec09 Warsaw (Euratom GVG) 1

FP-7 Information Day Euratom – Fission 2010

Warsaw, 8 December 2009

Euratom Research and training activitiesin nuclear fission and radiation protection

Georges Van Goethem

European Commission / DG Research / Euratom / Unit J2

1049 – Brussels (Belgium)

[email protected]


Table of contents

1. Introduction: nuclear research (Generations I to IV)

2. Innovation cycle for nuclear fission (RD&DD)

3. Generation IV (technological breakthrough)

3.1 Challenges

3.2 Fuels and structures

3.3 Radiochemistry

4. Radiation protection (risks from low doses)

5. Need for skills in the nuclear field (E&T)

6. Conclusion: “Renaissance” and cross-roads


Computational Sciences

EnvironmentEnergy

Materials

1 - Introduction: nuclear research (Generations I to IV)


Nuclear energy today only used in the electricity sector

World CO2 Emissions by Energy Sector


OPERATING REACTORS WORLDWIDE (IAEA PRIS)- Very few Generation I reactor in operation

- Majority of reactors worldwide belong to Generation II

- All reactors in Europe belong to Generation II

Generation II reactors

Generations I and II


Generation III:Global nuclear capacity

in the NEA high and low scenarios

Nuclear power could expand by a factor of nearly 4OECD/NEA: Nuclear Energy Outlook 2008


Very High Temperature Reactor

Generation IV: breakthroughs in performance and sustainability

e.g. higher outlet T (nuclear CHP) and closed fuel cycle (MA burning)

Sodium Fast reactor

Closed Fuel Cycle

Once Through

Supercritical Water Reactor

Once/Closed

Molten Salt Reactor

Closed Fuel Cycle

Closed Fuel Cycle

Lead Fast ReactorGas Fast Reactor

Closed Fuel Cycle


European NuclearEnergy ForumENEF

High Level Group

ENSREG

Technology PlatformsSNETP and IGDTP

2. Innovation cycle for nuclear fission:Research-Development and

Demonstration-Deployment (RD&DD):


Management of radioactive waste:• Geological disposal• Partitioning & Transmutation

Management of radioactive waste:• Geological disposal• Partitioning & Transmutation

Key cross-cutting activities:

• Research infrastructures

• Human resources, mobility & training

Key cross-cutting activities:

• Research infrastructures

• Human resources, mobility & training

Radiation protection:• Risk from low doses• Medical uses of radiation• Emergency management

Radiation protection:• Risk from low doses• Medical uses of radiation• Emergency management

Reactor systems:• Nuclear installation safety• Advanced nuclear systems

Reactor systems:• Nuclear installation safety• Advanced nuclear systems

SNE

I

TP

IGD-TP

Euratom FP7 fission & radiation protection

SRA distributedat FISA2009 (June, Prague)

MELODI

Vision documentwww.igdtp.eu

More info onwww.hleg.de


794

170

271

788

191

281

824

209

3191947

287

517

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

FP4 FP5 FP6 FP7

Fusion Fission JRC

€ Million

5 years!4 years

Euratom research budget


RD&DD Stages Definition Contact with Regulators

DesignAuthority

Research 1.Preconceptual Options and ideasGlobal Principle.

Is the conceptlicensable?

Originator (RTD)

2. Conceptual Viability reportDesign & FuelsRequirements

SystemsIntegration &Assessment

Development 3. Preliminary Performance report

SystemsIntegration &Assessment

Demon-stration

4. Basic Design Demonstration report

First quote.Formal guidance.

Formal license

Discussions.

Vendor

5. Detailed Design Procurement. Vendor

Deployment 6. Final Design User

RD&DD: from preconceptual to final design (development of large industrial projects)

… manufacturing, construction, commissioning, operation, decommissioning(100 years for a NPP)


Finite elements

‘ab initio’Molecular Dynamics

Dislocation Dynamics

1nm3 0 – 1 ps ns(10-30 nm)3

cm3

h-yr

s - h

(30-100 nm)3

m3

40 - 60 yrs

µm3

10-100 µm3

Crystalline Plasticity

(10 nm)3

Rate kinetic theory

FP6 & 7 Project PERFORM-60Residual lifetime prediction: multi-scale modelling (RPV)


Cross-Cutting Materials R&DFor Generations III and IV

S. Zinkle, SMINS 2007, KIT Karlsruhe

Material challenges:- High in-service and off-normal temperatures- High burn-ups- Long service life-time (~ 60 years)- Compatibility with new coolants


3.1 Generation IV / Challenges

http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/evolution.htm


Risk

Unacceptable

Thrust of risk reduction strategy

Pro

babi

lity

of O

ccur

renc

e pe

r Y

ear

(Log

)

mitigationRisk

Negligible

Enhanced safety - public risk curve

prevention

Release of Cs-137 (Log)


Generation IV Energy Conversion(cogeneration of heat and power)


� Normal/off-normal service temperatures and vessel size dominate materials requirements- Up to < 450/550°C at 5-9 MPa- Up to 1 x 10 19 n/cm 2 fluence

� Very large vessel sizes will require scale-up of ring forging & on-site joining technologies and ensuring thick-section properties (GT-MHR: height & diameter = 31 m & 8 m)(AP-600: height & diameter = 11 m & 4 m

� Irradiation resistance must be demonstrated for licensing

Limitations on Current State-of-the-Art

VHTR Vessel

PWR Vessel

The pressure vessel construction envisionedfor VHTR as opposed to current typical pressurized

water reactors (shown inside the VHTR vessel)


Different damage regimes applicable to alloys used in reactor materials (Homologous T = temperature in fractions of melting temperature)

Damage regimes as a function of homologous temperature


SCWR materials and coolant interaction(AREVA concept – FP6 project HPLWR)


Gas Fast Reactor - Fuel Concepts

0 25 50 75 100Vol. % fraction of Actinide compound in fuel

Cellular plate fuel concept

Advanced fuel particles

HTRs

Gas Fast Reactor

Pin fuel concept


System FUEL MATERIALS STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Oxide

Metal

Nitride

Carbide

Fluoride (liquid)

Ferritic

Martensitic

Stainless steel

alloys

Austenitic

Stainless steel

alloys

Oxide D

ispersionS

trengthened steels

Ni-based alloys

Graphite

Refractory alloys

Ceram

ics

Core heat-up

accident temp.

VHTR P S - - P P S P 1600

SFR P P P P P - - - - 750

GFR S P P P P P - P P 1200

SCWR Thermal

P P P S S - - - 750

SCWRFast

P S P P S S 750

LFR S P P P S - - S S 480

MSR P - - - P P S S 0

3.2 Generation IV / Fuels and structures(materials classes selected for Generation IV)

(http://www.gen-4.org/)


Fast neutron flux facilities(sodium cooled reactors in the world)

http://www.gedeon.prd.fr/ATELIERS/27_28_novembre_2006/exposes/Devlopment_Fast_Reactors_Mukai.pdf


3.3 Generation IV / Radiochemistry

Mines Enrichment

FuelFabric.

Reactors& Services

Recycling :MOX Fuelfabrication

EnrichedUranium

UltimateWasteDisposal

Front-End Sector Reactors & Services Sector Back-End Sector

Uranium recyclable

Plutonium

ChemistryNatural Uranium

Spent FuelReprocessing


Separation process: towards industrialisation of MAs recycling

CEA / Atalante laboratory, Marcoule (FP7 project ACSEPT)


New separation needs,

new molecules

Selective, radiation-resistant, reversible, fast-actin g…challenges for research!


NF-PRO investigates key PROcesses affecting the Near Field and the long-

term barrier performance

Expected impact: determine the safety performance of future geological repositories for radioactive waste disposal.


4. Radiation protection(risks from low and protracted doses,

medical uses, emergency management)

Epidemiology, basic radiobiology

Radiation effects on DNA

??


Epidemiological data

(above background)

(excesscancers)

Low dose risk extrapolationLow dose risk extrapolation


cell death

cell cycle

chrom. aber.

mutations

gene expression

repair genesrepair genes

DNA repairDNA repair

DNA damageDNA damage

IRIR

genesgenescancercancer

cellular effectscellular effects

human tumorsanimal models

cancerchronic effects

IRIR

IRIR

geneticgeneticsusceptibilitysusceptibility

interinter--cellular cellular effectseffectsbystander

Basic radiobiology


Course of the acute radiation syndrome relative to absorbed dose

Radiation overexposure – medical consequences and dosimetric needsH. Schuthan & V. Meineke

« Retrospective Dosimetry », winter school, Paris, January 2008


� current ageing of the nuclear fission community

� big needs in view of the upcoming “Renaissance”

� world-wide and long term dimension of the problem

� lack of new nuclear experts in most countries

� poor attractiveness of "hard" sciences, etc

5. Need for skills in the nuclear field (E&T)

A common diagnostic amongst all stakeholders

Who are the stakeholders ?

• research organisations (public / private, power / m edical applications, etc)• systems suppliers (e.g. nuclear vendors, engineerin g companies, etc) • energy providers (e.g. electric utilities, heat and /or hydrogen vendors, etc)• nuclear regulatory bodies and associated technical safety organisations• education and training (E&T) institutions, and, in particular, universities• civil society and the international institutional f ramework


Education and training

General objective: contribute to the common nuclear safety culture

Education and Training (E&T) are defined as follows:

• Education is a basic or life-long learning process: education is broader than training and encompasses the need to maintain completeness and continuity of competences across generations (it is essentially a knowledge-driven process, involving academic institutions as suppliers, and students as customers).

• Training is learning a particular skill required to deliver a particular outcome: training is about schooling activities other than regular academic education schemes (it is essentially an application-driven process, involving industrial training organisations as suppliers, and professionals as customers).

� Two EU programmes for E&T during 2007 - 2013 :

• Lifelong Learning Programme (agency EACEA under DG EAC)

• FP-7 RTD programme PEOPLE (DG RTD)


Euratom policy for education and training


• MODULAR COURSES AND COMMON QUALIFICATION APPROACH (offer a coherent E&T framework and ensure top-quality for modules)

• ONE MUTUAL RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR MASTER GRADES(e.g. European Credit Transfer System of ERASMUS /ECTS/)

• MOBILITY FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS ACROSS THE WORLD(prepare the "internal market" for free circulation of nuclear experts)

• FEEDBACK FROM "STAKEHOLDERS" (SCIENTIFIC AND FINANCIAL)(involve the "future employers”, "Euratom Fission Training Schemes")

Access to large or unique infrastructures (for research and training)

define in detail the needed research infrastructures of common interest, define and provide legal and financial structures for facilitating the access of foreign scientists to existing facilities.


The ENEN Association

A non profit international organization established on September 22, 2003 under the French law of 1901.

Mission

The preservation and further development of higher nuclear education and expertise in all areas of nuclear fission and radiation protection (education and training)

Website = http://www.enen-assoc.org/


Mutual recognition of academic grades:

general instrument across the EU =European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)

How about mutual recognition of professional qualifications ?


Euratom Fission Training Scheme(EFTS)

� The objective is to establish a Training Scheme which covers the structuring, organisation, coordination and implementation of training in cooperation with local, national and international training organisations, to provide training courses and sessions at the required level to professionals in nuclear organisations or their contractors and subcontractors.

To establish a common certificate for professionals at European level


“Euratom Fission Training Scheme” 2008e.g. ENEN III project / Engineering

• Four training schemes– Basic Nuclear Topics for Non-Nuclear Engineers– Design Challenges for Generation III NPP

• 2 professional profiles

– Construction Challenges for Generation III NPP• 2 professional profiles

– Design Challenges for Generation IV Reactors

• Partners– ENEN, SCKCEN, UCL, TKK, LUT, INSTN, AREVA, ISAR, BME, CIRTEN, DUT, UPB, UL, JSI, TECNATOM, UPM, UPC, SULTAN

• Specifics– 2 years duration, 50 persons trained, budget 2 Mio €EC funding requested 1 Mio €


European Training Passports(mutual recognition of professional qualifications)

- makes the connection to training and employment opportunities (at higher education level) in the EU context

- program designed to train on certain aspects (e.g. safety) associated with working in special environments (e.g. power plant)

- addresses young / old professionals on the job or research workers in laboratories

- enables each trainee to be more involved in assessing, maintaining and developing his/her skills through various steps (e.g. initial training, jobs held, training attended, qualifications, etc.)


• Systems development too expensive for one nation

• Pool resources and knowledge

• Develop systems to meet international objectives

• Skills retention

• Attract the next generation of scientists and engineers

• Demonstrate a united global

position on future nuclear technology

Benefits of international collaboration


6. Conclusion: renaissance and cross-roads

(both a challenge and an opportunity)

All stakeholders(RD&DD and E&T)

(FISA-2009 Conference, Prague: http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/euratom-

fission/fisa2009_en.html)


Euratom for Nuclear Research and Training Activitie s(European Commission C(2009) 5946 of 30 July 2009)

ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/docs/wp/euratom/v_wp_201001_en.pdf

II.2.2 Activity: Reactor SystemsII.2.2.1: Safety and competitiveness of existing an d future nuclear installations…….II.2.2.2: Advanced nuclear systems for increased su stainability…….II.2.2.3: Cross-cutting aspects for nuclear systems• Expected impact: In line with the Strategic Research Agenda / Deployment Strategy of SNETP, demonstrable progress towards improved safety and competitiveness of existing and future nuclear installations, or towards development of advanced nuclear systems for increased sustainability / non-electrical uses of nuclear energy. Actions are also expected to contribute to the competitiveness of European industry in these fields, in particular as part of efforts coordinated under the SET-Plan.

……….

WORK PROGRAMME 2010


Topic: Fission-2010-2.3.3: Materials research. The European Energy Research Alliance (EERA), set up under the Community Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) intends to launch a Joint Programming Action on (nuclear) materials. Support will be provided to coordinate this activity in order to optimise its effectiveness and efficiency. Participation of involved EERA institutions is essential, together with any other key stakeholders in the development/qualification of materials for nuclear energy applications. In the event that, by the time the present call is opened, the EERA initiative is advanced enough and areas where European action necessary to assure critical mass have already been identified, then proposals would be welcome that include support for actual R&D activities in these areas providing that the coordinating function is maintained.

Funding scheme: Maximum one Coordination and Support Action (coordinating) or one Collaborative Project (either small or medium-scale, or large-scale) with a significant networking component.

Topic: Fission-2010-2.3.3: Materials research


Euratom (indirect action)FP-7 Projects related to Generation IV systems

• ACSEPT / Actinide reCycling by SEParation and Transmutation

� budget: total eligible costs = 23 789 000 EUR (incl. 8 999 000 from EC)

• GETMAT / Gen IV and Transmutation MATerials

� budget: total eligible costs = 13 959 123 EUR (incl. 7 500 000 from EC)

• CARBOWASTE / Treatment and Disposal of Irradiated Graphite and Other Carbonaceous Waste

� budget: total eligible costs =11 500 000 EUR (incl. 6 000 000 from EC)

• F-BRIDGE / Basic Research for Innovative Fuel Design for GEN IV

� budget: total eligible costs =10 234 318 EUR (incl. 5 467 808 from EC)


FP7 project GETMAT: Objectives of multiscale modelling

• To develop models describing the microstructure evolution in FeCr alloys under thermal ageing and irradiation.

• To correlate the microstructural changes to changes in the mechanical properties of FeCr alloys.

• To address the effect of additional elements, such as C or N, on the one hand, and Mo, Nb, V, W, Ta and Mn, on the other

• To perform experiments to provide detailed information on the microstructure evolution and its correlation to macroscopic property changes in model alloys.

First principles modeling of material damage phenomena occurring over a range of both space and time scale is recognized as an important element of bridging gaps and filling in uncertainties in material response under irradiation in both fission and fusion systems.


Fuel behaviour under irradiation

Evolution of properties

Temperature ChemistryIrradiation

Transport and microstructural properties

• Diffusion under irradiation• Fission gas release -precipitation• He behavior• Irradiation damages• Redistribution• Restructuring• Impact of minor actinides

Thermodynamic stabilityChemical interactions

• Fission product compounds• Fuel -fission product compounds interaction • Fuel- cladding interaction • Actinide and O redistribution• Impact of minor actinides

Thermo-mechanical properties

• Plasticity• Irradiation diffusion induced creep• Thermal conductivity decrease• Cracking• Impact of minor actinides

FP7 Project F-BRIDGE Fuel properties affected under irradiation

F-BRIDGE project, B asic R esearch for I nnovative Fuels D esign for GE N IV systems:Objective 1: obtain data, mechanisms and models fro m basic research for an improved description of fuel and ceramic cla dding under irradiation


More info…

• Cordis Euratom fission home page (“find a call”):http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/euratom-fission/home_en.html

• EU research: http://ec.europa.eu/research/

• Seventh Framework Programme: http://ec.europa.eu/research/future/index_en.cfm

• Information on FP7 and access to programmes and calls: http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html

• EU nuclear policy (including text of Safety Directive): http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/index_en.htm

• SET-Plan:http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2007/2007_11_low_carbon_future_en.htm


AtomiCareers Bxl 4Dec09 (Euratom GVG) 48

AtomiCareers eventBrussels, 4 – 5 December 2009

Careers in Europe SPRL15 rue Blanche B-1050 Brussels Belgium

Euratom training activitiesin nuclear fission and radiation protection

Georges Van Goethem

European Commission / DG Research / Euratom / Unit J2

1049 – Brussels (Belgium)

[email protected]


Table of contents

1. Introduction: issues at stake

2. Euratom research and training

+ stakeholders in nuclear fission

3. Need for skills in the nuclear field

4. Euratom policy for education and training

5. Conclusion: nuclear “renaissance” and after


1. Introduction: issues at stake

http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/evolution.htm


status in June 2007 (Photo Hannu Huovila, www.tvo.fi)

The EPR 1600 MWe reactor under construction in Olkiluoto (Finland)


The AP1000 reactor:modules designed into from the beginning

Pump/Valve Module

Raceway ModuleStructural Module

Depressurization Module

Module Type

Structural

Piping

Mechanical Equipment

Electrical Equipment

TOTAL

Number

122

154

55

11

342


Operations Decommissioning New Buildand Operation

Waste Managementand Disposal

Recru

it, tr

ain

and d

evelo

p

Recru

it, tr

ain

and d

evelo

p

Recru

it, tr

ain

and d

evelo

p

Supply Chain

Human resources managementPEAKS AND TROUGHS OF DEMAND


Waste Managementand Disposal

Decommissioning

New Buildand Operations

Operations

On going training anddevelopment of staff,

crediting and recordingattainment.

National recognition

RE-SKILL, UP-SKILL AND RECRUIT


Computational Sciences

EnvironmentEnergy

Materials

2. Euratom research and training + stakeholders in nuclear fission


http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/

Official warnings from

IAEA, OECD/NEA and European Commission

http://www.nea.fr/rtfdb/public

3. Need for skills in the nuclear field


"Skills in the nuclear field"EU Competitiveness Council

of 1 - 2 December 2008

• EU Council conclusions

THE COUNCIL

…..

IS OF THE VIEW THAT it is essential to maintain in the European Union

a high level of training in the nuclear field.

…. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/08/st

15/st15406.en08.pdf


http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/09/st10/ st10667.en09.pdf

"Expertise and skills in nuclear safety" in "Article 7":

"Member States shall ensure that the national framework in place requires arrangements for education and training to be made by all parties for their staff having responsibilities relating to the nuclear safety of nuclear installations in orderto maintain and to further develop expertise and skills in nuclear safety."

"Skills in the nuclear field""Nuclear Safety Directive"(Brussels, 25 June 2009)


4. Euratom policy for education and training

General objective = contribute to the common nuclear safety culture


• MODULAR COURSES AND COMMON QUALIFICATION APPROACH (offer a coherent E&T framework and ensure top-quality for modules)

• ONE MUTUAL RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR MASTER GRADES(e.g. European Credit Transfer System of ERASMUS /ECTS/)

• MOBILITY FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS ACROSS THE WORLD(prepare the "internal market" for free circulation of nuclear experts)

• FEEDBACK FROM "STAKEHOLDERS" (SCIENTIFIC AND FINANCIAL)(involve the "future employers”, "Euratom Fission Training Schemes")


� on the research side : strong coupling between research and training – each large research programme (public or private) should provide some training courses (aiming at continuous professional development)

� on the industry or regulatory side : targeted communication to highlight the scientific and technological challenges of current nuclear applications – a website should propose topics for master or doctoral dissertations

� on the university side: better synergy between the academic world and the "future employers“ – private public partnerships (PPP) should be developed in order to better match the demand and supply of knowledge

� on the political side (e.g. international agreements): one mutual recognition system across the EU Member States related to academic grades (e.g. ECTS or Erasmus / Bologna) and to professional qualifications (to be developed).

« Need for skills in the nuclear field »Euratom approach: embedded training

(in research projects) and specific E&T actions (PPP)


« Need for skills in the nuclear field »“National European Nuclear Networks”

and Internat’l Networks and Euratom NCPs

� Kompetenzverbund Kerntechnik / Alliance for Nuclear Competence

- lead by BMWi in Germany

� INSTN / Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (CEA)

- lead by Ministries in charge of Education and Industry in France

� BNEN / Belgian Nuclear Education Network (all “nuclear” universities)

- hosted at SCK-CEN Mol in Belgium

+ collaboration with international networks world-wide (e.g. IAEA):

� WNU / World Nuclear University / an initiative of the World Nuclear Association under the umbrella of IAEA, launched in September 2003 (secretariat London)

� ANENT / Asian Network for Education in Nuclear Technology / an initiative of the IAEA (established in 2004, 28 participating organisations from 12 countries)

+ collaboration with network of National Contact Points (Euratom NCPs)

http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/euratom-fission/ncp_en.html


NUCLEAR SKILLS PASSPORT

“Working together to develop and sustain a qualifie d, mobile workforce with transferable skills that enab le career progression in a world-class nuclear industr y.”

DRIVERS:

� A growing industry with developments over the entire life cycle of reactors and fuels

� Need to attract new people into the sector due to retirements and ageing workforce (knowledge transfer)

� Career development opportunities needed to ensure sector attractiveness and address new challenges

� Further dynamic of New Nuclear Build (Generation III)

� For Euratom policy to achieve its full potential

⇒ For the Nuclear community (research, industry, etc) a fundamental change is needed.


European Training Passports(mutual recognition of professional qualifications)

- makes the connection to training and employment opportunities (at higher education level) in the EU context

- program designed to train on certain aspects (e.g. safety) associated with working in special environments (e.g. power plant)

- addresses young / old professionals on the job or research workers in laboratories

- enables each trainee to be more involved in assessing, maintaining and developing his/her skills through various steps (e.g. initial training, jobs held, training attended, qualifications, etc.)


6. Conclusion:

nuclear “renaissance” and after

All stakeholders(RD&DD and E&T)

AtomiCareers Bxl 4Dec09 (Euratom GVG) 65GVG 65

Bjorn Wahlström

Communication skills Need for a beter dialogue between the nuclear commu nity and the

decision makers, the opinion leaders and the genera l public

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