EuroEco 2010 Wolfgang Strasdas

Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann · HNE Eberswalde (FH) · Modul Wirtschaftskreisläufe · Seite 1

Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development · Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 28 · D-16225 Eberswalde

European Ecotourism Conference 2010Pärnu/Estonia, September 28Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Strasdas

Sustainable Tourism Management [email protected]

Ecotourism and Climate Change – How to adapt to a new challenge ?

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Strasdas · Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development · EuroEco Estonia 2010 Page 2

Climate Change is not going away …

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/eplive/expert/photo/20051125PHT02897/pict_20051125PHT02897.jpg


... becoming a major problem for the tourism industry !

40o in the shade ??


1. Tourism is affected by climate change

Adaptation strategies !

Tourism and climate change

2. Tourism contributes to climate change

Mitigation strategies !


Tourism‘s contribution to global warming


Tourism‘s share of GHG emissions

... for sustainable tourism is this !min. share of 5%

... of which 40% due to air traffic

Long-haul trips: >90% of emissions caused by flight alone

Photo: IIED


Shares of tourism subsystems

Source: UNWTO/UNEP/WMO 2007

Source: Deutsche Bahn


Unfortunately, ecotourism is no exception …


Ecotourism – The access challenge

Same planes ...

Remote destinations ...

No public transport …

Multiple-site trips ...

Motorized on-site activities (4x4 vehicles, whale watching, helicopter flights ... )

New Zealand study: Nature-based tourism more energy-intensive than mainstream beach or city tourism

Ecotourism cannot be truly sustainable without solving the transportation problem !


Mitigation strategies


Mitigation strategies

1. Technological (energy efficiency, fuel switch, renewables)

2. Managerial (flight, traffic, hotel, visitor management, etc.)

3. Modal shift (increase share of public/ground transport)

4. Climate-friendly travel behavior, products (length of stay, nearby destinations, muscle-powered leisure activities)

5. Carbon-offsetting

6. Government regulation (fuel taxes, emissions trading, etc.)


Steps for carbon management(companies or destinations)

1. Measure (carbon & other GHG emissions)

2. Eliminate/replace (type of product, certain activities)

3. Reduce (energy efficiency: technical or managerial)

4. Substitute (fuels, renewable energies)

5. Offset (remaining emissions)

6. Communicate (to employees, customers, suppliers and other business partners)


Accommodation: Climate-neutral hotels


Sustainable Transportation - The hardcore solution -


Sustainable transportation (more pragmatically )

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg


“Destination Nature“(to protected areas in Germany/CH)

• Marketing initiative of the German Railway since 2001

• Partners with conser- vation organisations, PA agencies, selected DMOs, local transport providers, hotels & tour operators

• Encourages comple- mentary sustainable transport at local level


Climate-related certification of ecotourism operators

• Combination of adaption and emission reduction strategies• Carbon footprint measurement• Systematic carbon management• Climate neutrality as ultimate goal

• TourCert applies to outbound (ecotourism) operators• GHG emissions per PAX/day• Internal operations: GHG emissions per staff• Strict flight criteria

• Excellent criteria for local transport• Promotes public transit to destination• Promotes environmentally friendly airlines

http://www.naturensbasta.com/


Tourism being affected by climate change


High vulnerability due to dependencyon natural resources


Time scales for affected tourism segments

City & cultural tourism - Heat waves

Coastal tourism - Sea level rise

Mountain tourism (summer) - extreme weather events, unstable slopes

Alpine winter tourism – Lack of snow

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Heat Related Fatalities and Wind Chill, 8 August 2003, 13 UTC

Heat Stress

Cold Stress

slight

extreme

highmoderate

slightcomfortable

moderatehigh

extreme

15,000 †

7,000†

4,000 †

2,000 † 2,000

†

18,000 † Mortality: J. Robine, 2007

Wind Chill.: Deutscher Wetterdienst

© 2007 Geo Risks Research, Munich Re

1,000†


Adventure tourism will be particularly affected


How climate change affectstourism …

Direct impacts (temperatures, precipitation, extreme weather events ...)

Indirect physical impacts (scenery, biodiversity, bodies of water ...)

Adaptation measures of other sectors (agriculture, forestry, water management ...)

Political mitigation measures (rising costs of energy, transportation …)

Changed tourism image, travel attitudes (e.g. preference of nearby destinations)

Shift of tourism flows (destinations, seasons)

Long-term economic, societal risks

Wolfgang Strasdas · HNE Eberswalde (FH) · Projekt INKA-BB, Teilprojekt 17 Tourismus · Seite 26

80% of Germans support the taxation

of kerosene (BMU 2006)

83% believe that aviation is a major source of environ-mental pollution

(BMU 2008)


Importance of climate protection among German population

Source: prognos/vzbv 2010

Men

Women

How important is climate protection to you?

very important rather important

Wolfgang Strasdas · HNE Eberswalde (FH) · Projekt INKA-BB, Teilprojekt 17 Tourismus · Seite 28

Expectations from tour operators

Source: Adlwarth, ITB 2010


Segment-specific awareness

Source: INVENT Project (Germany)

High environ-mental

awareness


Winners and losers by 2030


Adaptation to warmer summers and water scarcity in East Germany


EberswaldeEberswalde

BerlinBerlin

State of Brandenburg


Water-based tourism in Brandenburg

Federal state that is richest in surface water …

… in spite of low precipitation

ca. 3,000 lakes + 33,000 km of water courses:

1,600 km suitable for motor boats 6,500 km2 of water surface suitable

for on-motorised boats

65 marinas for 3,800 boats

Domestic (and increasingly int‘l) destination for water tourists

Source: MBJS 2009


Climate change projections for Brandenburg by 2055

Source: GERSTENGARBE 2003 (LUA 2006)

Slightly rising temperatures

Warmer, drier summers

Extended season (spring, autumn)

Lousy winters (wetter, no snow)

More extreme weather events

Decreasing summer precipitation(up to one third less)

Falling water levels, water availability

Deteriorating water quality & ecology


Vulnerability assessment

Exposure(magnitude of external

influence)

Sensitivity(of the impacted system)

Impact(potential)

Adaptive capacity

(mitigating or enhancing potential impact)

Vulnerability Actual Adaptation


Results of vulnerability analysis for tourism in Brandenburg

Direct climate change: low exposure (positive potential) Bodies of water: rel. high, short-term exposure (risks) Shift of tourism flows: fair exposure (positive potential) (due to possible

increase of domestic holidays & European demand)

Water tourism: highest sensitivity (incl. increased use conflicts) (risks) Nature-based tourism: possibly long-term impacts due to expected

biodiversity loss and deteriorating scenery (risks) Land-based outdoor activities (cycling, horseback riding):

positive potential Day trips increasingly difficult to plan ahead (risks)

Adaptive capacity of stakeholders currently low (problems & opportunities partially understood, but: little strategic orientation, lack of resources available to SMEs, regional DMOs, public entities) (risks)


Adaptation strategies to be tested within the project

Destination management Integrate anticipatory CC adaptation into

regional planning

Increase resilience of water-based ecosystems

Develop/market climate-friendly destination

Business management (SMEs)

Innovation & risk management

Product diversification

Climate-friendly/neutral company


Test and disseminate new boat technologies

Boat hulls adapted to more shallow waters & producing less waves

Solar boats & biodiesel/hybrid engines

Muscle-powered houseboats

Bringing together technology developers and boat operators

Creating financial incentives

Create privileged access to sensitive waters


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09 Coaching German cows for adaptation to sea level rise in 21XX

Thank you for your

attention !

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EuroEco 2010 Wolfgang Strasdas

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