Europe 1812 after Congress of Vienna

State• Area of the earth’s surface that has human created

boundaries. • A state is governed by a central authority that

makes laws, rule, and decisions, that it enforces within those boundaries.

• A state makes its own policies, and the government of a state recognizes no earthly authority higher than itself within its own boundaries

Nation

• A nation is simply a group of people who view themselves as being linked to one another in some manner.

• Groups of people who consider themselves to be ethnically, culturally, or linguistically related may thus be considered a nation.

• In essence, a nation is a psychological fixation as much as anything else.

Nation-State

• A nation-state is a state whose inhabitants consider themselves to be a nation.

• It is an area of the earth’s surface with human-created boundaries under a single government, the population of which considers itself to be in some way, shape, or form, related.

Nationalism

• Nationalism is closely related to the concepts of nation and nation-state.

• In simplest terms, nationalism is the psychological force that binds people together who identify with each other.

• Nationalism refers to the feelings of attachment that members of a nation have to one another, and to their nation-state.

Identify the following as either Nation, State, or Nation-State

1. England2. Irish3. France4. United Kingdom5. Russia6. China7. Slavs 8. Gypsies9. United States10. Mexico

Nationalism Brings Change

• Napoleon – Crowned emperor 1804– Defeated 1815

• Haiti gains independence 1804• Mexican independence 1810• 1848—year of revolutions in Europe• 1861—Russia frees serfs• 1863—Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves • 1870—Italy unified• 1871—Germany unified• 1884-1885—Berlin Conference carves Africa

Italian Unification

Mazzini

German Unification

• 1815 there were 39 independent German states

• Austria and Prussia the most powerful

• Bismarck driving force behind unification

• Realpolitik

• Zollverein-freetrade area excluded Austria

Seven Week’s War

• Provoked Austria into declaring war in 1866 over Schleswig and Holstein

• Austria loses Venetia to Italy• Eastern and Western regions of Prussia are

joined for the first time• 1867 North German Confederation formed

Franco-Prussian War

• Southern states still independent

• Napoleon III declares war– Ems telegram– Southern states join with

Prussia and north vs. France

Alsace-Lorraine

The German Empire was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, January 1871. This event was the crowning achievement of Bismarck's political career.