Europe as a Symbolic Resource. On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland

8/22/2019 Europe as a Symbolic Resource. On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland

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Europe as a Symbolic Resource

On the Discursive Space of Polical Struggles in Poland

At L

No. 10 | January 2010

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 10 | January 2010

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T T Pw E

Th KFG W P S v t dt th h t f th Kolleg-Forschergruppe th

v t d . It t h d xh w t tth d d x

h t d xt d E d th E U.

A KFG W P v th KFG wt t www.tf. dd t v t

[email protected].

Cht f th : At L

Edt t d d: F Ah

L, At 2010: E S R. O th Dv S f P St Pd, KFG W

P S, N. 10, J 2010, K-Fh (KFG) Th Tfv Pw f E, F Uvtt

B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (Pt)

ISSN 1868-7601 (Itt)

Th h fdd th G Rh Fd (DFG).

F Uvtt B

K-Fh

Th Tfv Pw f E:

Th E U d th D f Id

Iht. 26

14195 B

Germany

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Europe as a Symbolic Resource | 3

Europe as a Symbolic Resource

On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland

A Lk

F U B

Abstract

Th f th t tt th tt f dv t t th h

tw Pd d th E U (EU). Sh z dw th

tht E w dtd t th tt d, t, th f th

xt fd t fd f th v f th EU. Th f th dt h

vd th dv whh z th d f d v th tt f

t. Th t t th EU h f th fth dz f Pd.

Th d v th EU th f tt tw v tt. Th t

f th tt t t f wth xt-tt tt d t t x

vt t th . Th thd d th EU tht h t th tt d

t tt. Th h f qv t th EU wth t v h. Th

dv dtd th h t hw hw th t d wd

(h, tht, tt, , tt, vt, E f fthd, d dz) q

dt th txt f tt f th wd.

T Ar

A Lk h t-d fw t th Rh C Th Tfv

Pw f E t F Uvtt B, 2008-2009, f th f

d th t f d Ph . S 2006 h

tt f t th Itt f P S, Kzz W Uvt,

Bdzz, Pd. Ctt: @w.


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Contents

1. Itd 5

2. S th Ph Ctxt 11

3. Europe as a Discursive Resource -

Th P th P S 13

3.1 Europe as a Chance 12

3.2EuropeasaGameofInterestbetweenNaonStates 18

3.3 Europe as a Threat 23

5. C 27

Ltt 29


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1. I

Th h tw Pd, t th Ct d Et E (CEE) t (Bt

2002: 526; G/Hh 1999: 189), d th E U (EU) dtd t tw

dt h. Th t h, d Stdt (2007: 6) th f , htzd

f wd d dtd f th E U t tt. At tht

Ph f w dd th d f Ez vd th t t

E (Tqt-Pw 2002). Th d h d wth th tt f 1997, wh

th t dw d w d d t. I wd

dh thd h t wth th M 2004. I th h Pd wthd f

t tt f jt whh td , t f t whh h t f d t t th h

f EU h. Th h td t w t whh E ,

d f th , hv t t f th t d wth

d th q f EU f, ft t, fth dvt, d f t

tt, t , d .

Athh t dt t wth L N tht E d

th CEE t , h v tht th -E w v th,

th f tht t dtd 1989 d t vd z

-E f (N 2008: 8). Th v th v d t th f

th f th E U t hh vt f th v f t

dt. Wth th f d w t f EU , th, tdwth ttz f th EU , d d ttd t h th hv f .

P hd t t d t th f dt d d. Th Y, t ht

f th dv tt f . O th hd, t hd th

t th EU, th th hd, q ttz f th EU

d th t dt tw h th. Sh d t th t

f t t th -t, h t dd, f t

t f.

Wh N h d f tv , wtht d th

tv tt f t, t t tt d tt th tt f

t wth th d wth t xt, t t z hw

twd E d th EU, w f dv tw th, w t. If d

t f t, d d t, whh v t th d h jt (Hj

2006: 67) d t d f t d vd j f h d,1

I ttd th tt f dv , t w t t Pd wh

t E d th EU. Wht th t t (d, t, t), th

tw th t d th t tt d t jf

f E d th EU? I wth th wh v d h

1 A vw wd hd d w th wth th H td d th

d ( H 1999; V Lw/Wd 1999). Th th ttd th -

t whh d t jf t ttt.


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th td f EU t, I tht, d t th t v f th EU d E,

t t z th f v dt td t th v d f th

tt (Wv 1998: 113). Thf, I t z hw v f th tt d

t d w td wth d t E.2 T , t th f

th td, t tt dv E d, v th ht ht f

d, t h t th () tt.

Overview of the Literature

It wd t t d z t tht dh tw tw dt td f

tt th t d d E , t t t th w,

dt v d t f E vd t d. Ft d t ,

th f td ttd wth th d f (v) t d thw d f tt dvtd t th f E d Ez (Pt t .

2007; P 2006). A th td, th t fd t th

f K/Mdd (2002), Szz/Tt (2000) d Ldh (2002). Th t fw

t t th f Ez f w dvd Ldh hd tht th

qtv d qtv thd t t h th t

ttt, d tht f t th EU th t ft f f th t.

Th th fd t v, d th f t twd th EU wth

f dt t f E. Th d tw d hd E

d Szz d Tt (2000) d t qt q dvd K d Mdd

(2002) d t ffd t f td twd th E U: Etht, E,

Et d Ejt. Th t w vtd t v d t d t f

f t qf th f v t. A t dt td t, th fw

vd , d t t d t f th wh hv td t

t t th w w (Szz 2008: 225f). It d tht th d

tx t d hw t z th d t f

(Ed/Lw 2008: 239; Bt 2002: 535). H, th td twd , v hw

d f ttt (d), t f th td

f t. F th dv v dtd h, d tht th f

th tx th hd v whh tt d

d d f t d t dv tw d d t. Th

th, td f h f d v t t hd t t

t th f th th EU, f th td f twd th EU

d E xd thh d d t t qz th t t (.. Szz

2 I ttd v d f th tt xt (ht f th t, t

f th tt vt d tt, t) t d tt tt. Thf I

t Dz (2001: 13) th Wv (1998: 113) . Wh th f t tht d

t th dt tz f E t t t t t t , - d t tv. Rtd t f-dt, th d t th d f d

tt.


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2008). Th tht t d qt x t f f t d

t d t d jf th d, tt h d t dt txt whh

th . Fth, th th th EU E t th vt f

d E. If dd dd ft t th d d h

t f ttt, t dv, f xt ttt t d th

tt h f t ; th th v h t wth .

Th f vdd th w t th t f EU td d d

. I th t tw d wth th h: v v d td

f th t f th t f tt, d E (Wv 2005: 203f).

Th t h f t th td f dv h, dd t f t

t d d t, z ht d t f

t t t-v d t t td wth t-tt

t f d h (Jhtfh/Dz/J 1998; Dz 2001; L/M 2007).

3

Thed hz th h tw d d f d t t th d

ht f d wth th f dv tt d f t f t.

It d h tht t f th t , tt d E (Wv 2005)

w th d f t (L 1997) f t v f E

whh, t, h th tjt f f td t th EU. Bth h h f

d whh v t th vw dtd th . Ft, th d th tt

dv tw d d tt, whh tt f v t , t d

wh t t th x f th hv f t. It t d

f v d t th th t v tht tt ht t f th wdvw

f t, th wd, th dv ttd. Sd, th d th t f

d t tw , d th, t t ttt whh

tt th f th td. Thd, th t dv ttd d

th d wh d t, t f , t th dt E.

It t t d th d E v d f th Sv t, w

w d f dv . Fth, h t d t th th

h, d h th f t t, d d t whh

tt d. Th wth th h tht, dt th th t

th dv v, th vd v f d. Hwv, f wt t

f t t t d v th t t, th t f

t th, wd t d th f th th txt.

TheorecalAssumpons,Methodology,ResearchQuesonsandData

Th th d thd v dtd h dw th d th f

Ft (2002), L/M (2007), th d f Fh (2003) d th d-

ht h f Wd (2000). Dt th t dt, th v ttd

3 F x d t (L/M 2007: 120).


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t t h th d q th h jt wth t f t d t

t (d th) d tx t z

z f ( d [CDA] Wd dht h). Ft,

d th tht jt d f d tht th fd

ht t f . It t t dtd hw tt f

t f f dt . Sd, wht tt f th v th tv

ht f whh t t, v, d tt d x -v

d d jt. It th whh, t t , tt

d, h tw th w t f wd d f (Fh 2003:

36; Ph/Hd 2002: 4). Thd, f th tt ft f d t t ht.

M t dt xd d, d t h f , th

hv th th t-d (Hwth/Stv 2000: 7). Fh, th

q f w, t d t th f x d th t tt dt.

Wth th v, w ttt t th x f t . It ,

, th t t dd th tt f wd thh th f th v

f d f whh f d x t. Th t t

z th t f th th th f th dt f th f.

T th v-d t th f th t d whh tdd

h, tht tt t whh t t hv h thh

th t t t f t. Ev th f v

f t f t. O th t t t t f th j d z

th v xt f t. It tt t t t dv

thv t t th. P t t dt dw f dv

w t vt f th t (Hj 1995: 53). A th tht t d t

v d f jt d t th jt v--v th. Th d

, t ft d jf th h t hv (v

Lw 2007: 91f).

Gv th ht f d, t t tht th v f Pd w

t td wth th v f E. Ft, v th ht f d, wh

Ph t E, th t Pd. Th v f

Pd v tt, d t t f th EU htt(f th x H 2002: 2). Sd, th v f Pd th t f th

t tt f th EU. A th EU t t tt, t t t

th wtht f t E. Thd, th v f Pd td wth th txt

f th d h. Th EU tt f Ph t th vz d

h t f f, t jt Pd t , t tt f f Ph

f d, t t t t, t d t tt. Thf,

f th d f dv E h t t Pd t t. Fth, v th

f d , d h th th t t, th t

t E d, v, tt. Thf, h, d, t d t

td t E t xd , t t dt dd th


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v dv t th d . Sxth, th f t

thfd: t vd d f t, t jf t, d t d tht w whh ftt th

d t f v f-t d v t f th th.

I ttd th tt f dv td t E, dd d

tw . I d t v th wh dv tt t th d f vt

tw 2004 d 2007. Th th q whh fth

dw t dtd q: Wht d t t t

E? Hw th h tw Pd d E wth v td? Hw d

wht f dv th dtd f h th?

I d t w th q th dt h h. Th h w d

th f th t f dt: t ft4 (d, t, td ttt d

), ht hd t f t dt vt f Ph f

td th Mt f F A,5 w ttt f th v

t.6 Mft dv ttt f t . Athh th ft

hd th d, dd th t d , dd t t,

th vd f th tt f d f t d. Th vd th t fw

whh d th d dt, tt , d f t th

j tt t t t d ttt. A ft

tt thh whh d t f t th t .

Athh th ft t t t h , f ft t th

t vd f t t v. Yt ft ht, xt , vv,

v, d v. Th ht v t h t, t f th qtv, d-

v d t th t f dv x, t ttt

t. Th th h t f h whh t ttd h

qf d. Wht t h t th f h ttt d , t th

th h h. Thf t w dt d t h td t

v vzd t f d t t t ft. P d f

t ttt d f t t th h vd q

f h t wh d t f th . Mt t tv,

t wht th dd, t d d wht th twd t , wh th t

f t t t th h d t th .

Mthd th h w d th fw dvd Wd d t

t td dv tt thh whh d d ttd. I fd t

t t td tt f wh dv v

4 Th ft f x w t t t: CivicPlaorm, DemocracLeAlliance , LawandJusce,

League of Polish Families, PolishPeasantsPartydSelf-Defense.

5 Dt th h f th Mt f F A, Ad Rd, hd 21 J 2005; th Mt

f F A, Stf M, hd 15 F 2006; d th Mt f F A, A Ft,

hd 11 M 2007.

6 Kzz Mwz (10 Nv 2005), Jw Kz (19 J 2006), Dd T (23 Nv

2007).


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t th d: d f th t, j, d th t f dt

d d. Th tx d R/Wd (2001) t f v t

whh v wth th fd th t: (1) t f t ;

(2) d f , tt; (3) t thh whh t z

dz t ttt ; (4) v t t t f vw f whh

t tt d; (5) tf tt t h t tt

(R/Wd 2001: 44f; R 2008: 99).

F th f th td, I th t f whh, th f th tt th

jt d th ft wth th dt, dw t dtd t whh

z d d f dt (T 1). A t h d v, th

d E, th q f E w dt d xt d t th

d d d t dtd th t f E d t f

w h t t d t d. I zd hw th w ttdv--v h th, wht th d, t d tt d t th w, hw h

t w jd d hw t w d t th d.

Table1:AnalycalCategories

Type of entity(nomination)

Dimensions of discursive construction (predicationand argumentation)

Lines of division(perspectivation)

PolandQuestion of membership

Vision of the role as a member (active participant vs.

passive beneciary)

Vision of a state

Reason of state/sovereigntyt

Question of sovereign (type of community: society/t

nation, its attributes)

Denition of the situation (problems/resources)t

Position vis--vis EU/Europe(central vs. peripheral)t

Positioning and counter-

positioning (us and them

constructs)

Lines of division on the basis of:

Position within/ towards thet

community

Identityt

Visiont

Aimst

Emotionst

Europe/EU Status generally (identity, federation, confederation,

Europe of nations etc.)

detailed denition of the situation

Historical pastt

Current statet

Future statet

Decision-making procedures (reforms, voting

mechanisms, institutional structure) and policy elds

Relations between member states

Consensual/conictualt

Basis of relationship (identity/ideology, interests)t

Old and new member statest

Distribution of resources between statest


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2. S P Cx

Bf z dv ttd t ft, t t vd

f vt t,7 th d , , d th wth t t

d h f vt th td th v hd 2004 (E t

), 2005 (d d t ), d 2007 ( t ).

A t t th d d : Lw d J,8 Cv P,9 D

L A,10 Sf-Df,11 L f Ph F,12 d Ph Pt Pt.13

A t h d d, th w w f th t td wth EU d

t tthd v whh d th EU q d f tt tt f th

d t. A , dv d d f tw Pd d th EU d

d w ttd t th f tt, whh d th t vt

f th whh w t t d th f th dfd f tt. I

ft, t hd w txt t , d f th f td twd th

EU. A t x h th N dth d 2003 J Rt,

f th th d f t -E t th Cv P. Hh v w

d t th ft tht th d tw Pd d th EU w td th w

7 Rvt t , d t th St t, th t wh w t -

t t (St 1976). O th d whh w f h t w t th

Sejm (w h f Ph t) t t t.

8 LawandJusce w ht-w vv t fd A 2001. I 2005 th t fd

wth Self-Defense d League of Polish Families. Jw Kz, th t d t th h

J 2006. Th t t th 2007 t d th t. LawandJus-

ce dvt t Pd t E, t f t t , wht t th t

d th td f vt d tt.

9 CivicPlaorm w fd J 2001 d tf -vv t. Th t d

2007 wh t w th t d fd vt wth th Po-

lishPeasantParty, wth Dd T t. Wh d tf t E,

t d d t f tt t dfd th v t td th

Tt f N d th t f Pd th EU.

10 TheDemocracLeAlliance th t th Ph t t. I 2001, t w th t

d fd wth th Labour Union. D t d, th t th

d v d t th 2005 d 2007 t . It t tf t

-E. It w d th w vt wh Pd td th EU.

11 Self-Defenset d f th t t. It w t th 1990 th

t d f Adzj L. Self-Defense d th thd t t th 2001

t . A 2005 Self-Defense t wth t d dt

. It fd t th 5 t - thhd f t t 2007.

12 The League of Polish Families w fd th t th 2001 t f v-

ht-w d -t . It v d 2005 t

td th tt f th t. It jtd th EU d th f th A

Tt.

13 The PeasantPartyw fd 1990 th z t th f t tt United

PeasantParty. Th t h f th vt hd td d 1993. Nvth t w

t th 5 t - thhd t t t 2005. A 2007 t w wth CivicPlaorm. It twd th EU t tw dt v d dt

td wth f tt.


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fd th D L A d th Ph Pt Pt (Sjz Lw Dtzj

SLD d P Sttw Ldw PSL) whh hd w th 2001 t .

Th dd ft d th th t th v f E t

. Ft, th t-t ht f th d t t t dt

f Ph tt t th wh f 1989 hd vvd th t . Sd,

t tht d td wth t w v hh , th

t t th d d t f th vt. Thd, thh t

t, th f th E Ct Tt d h t th dt.

It d td t v th t h th v t th C f Mt

w tht d t d Pd d th Tt f N. Ov

hd t t d t d th w dt v. Th

q f th fd tw t: th f f t Ch v

th d th hd f w tw tt td wth th d w

v t whh, w d, dhd Ph . Nt , th J 2004

f th E Pt (EP), th t E td 27 t f th vt

(th t Cth L f Ph F d 16 t, th t Sf Df f th

Ph R 11 t f th vt). Th v D L A ( wth

W U), whh ht Pd t th E U, d th 10 t f th

vt th EP . Th xt t 2005 td th vt f Lw

d J v Cv P. Dt v d f th d ft

vt, t tw 2001 d 2005, d vw

, th hh d ht f th t , th vt f th Lw d J ddt

Lh Kz d , d w th ttd t t f tt d qt d t th f f th t. A t, Lw d J

ddd t tz t d th d wth d f th E

U: Sf-Df d L f Ph F M 2006 (Szz 2008). Athh

tv, t w t th d t th th f tht vd t

f th wth Pd d t t. Yt 2006 th d f Lw d

J d tht h -d f f th t-1989 tht d dd

hd th Ph f d tt. I wth whh t t

wtd f Pd d (Sf-Df), d t wt wthdw f th

EU (L f Ph F), th vt t dt d tt f t

whh, wth th dv t, d t d tv d th t

(Kz 2008: 15). Th tv dd t h th ft tht th jt f f,

xt w , d th f t f f th EU whh w t d

G d. Th j w td t th d jt t th d f

th t. Bth Lw d J d Cv P dvtd -d q t t whh

w jtd d th E St J 2007. D t th ft t f th

Kz vt, E d t d th t

2007. Th t f th th vt f th Cv P d th tt f th

vt th wth Ph Pt Pt d dw th th d d

t t E . Wh th t dt v th EU t f

w hd wth th f th L Tt D 2007, t th d v, th dt

v th t d vd th w t fth t t.


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3. E D R - T P P S

A d f, d hd t ttd f t whh f

dd d t th t w d tt t v t. Itd, t tt f

whh t f tw t t. D jt t

E t t wht d d th f whh t. Th

t th dh, td wth th ht f th dv d d v

t, d h, t t th tt f h tw jt.

F-d f th Ph v th dv , whh d t

th xd d. Itd f t th th, t t v th

th tht t d t d tt f th hvt f th

. A th t t f dv t (d, t,

t, f t, xz, th t.) t th t f

h v d dv f t (Bd 1990: 137). Wht t td th

fw th t t d ht t d t t whh,

t d h, t dtd th w whh td v f

E. Th td wth th v f th E U th th wth t t

h, t t tt tw th tt d tt. Athh th

t t xv, th f dt d t t dt d f t

d f t; th th ft t t t th tt f . Th t

t dtd th tt td f h whh t d, th d th

t f tt (th Ph d E), d th thd th d f E tht. I

th txt f t vt (f x dt v th Ct Tt) th v

t f d t whh ()d v th th d th

t t, ht f. Tht wh t f Ph wt f v, t

tt h f , th ft tht t t dv f dt

(.. x, t) wh tt x th t twd th EU.14

3.1 Europe as a Chance

F th dv , th E U vd tt tht h d t f

. Th EU d td v vt whh

tt j f v h Pd h xd 2004. Th EU h

ft f tt f Ph 1989. Ev , Ph th EU

tt d th d f Ph ht: Chd f Pd,

th NATO d th EU, hv vdd th t t fw hdd

. Th th f th Ph dt (P Owt 2007: 22). U th d

fd t, ht, t t th t-w dv f th t t tw t. EU

14 Th N dth, d J M Rt, f th th CivicPlaorm d, 2003 th

t dt th Ct Tt, vd d x f h h-. Wh t w xd -E f xv vd tt, th w

xd f th t -E d jd h w.


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t jt f Ph f . It f th d f jt f th

Wt wd (P Ej P Owtj 2005: 35), whh w dd f

f P (Mft Ej Sjz Lw Dtzj 2005: 71). It td

wth Sdt -t vt d t t t t th dd

d v xt f th d th 1980 (P Ej P Owtj

2005: 35). H th EU td t t f th t1989 t th jt

f v f t f t. Th ht v d t

d tv f th t. It th t th h f ht t wth

E vt th. Th dv h h t t q d

xtd t d txt d thh whh v d, t, t

f td wth th EU t v t. I th wd, th EU

z ft. D f -E d f Pd t th EU t f

v f-t. E d th E U qtd wth t, vz, hh

tdd, xt ttd, dd t, t d. A f th t

t f th t-t D L A ft tt: W hv t wd

Pd t th E U th t d (Mft Wz Sjz

Lw Dtzj 2006: 147, t th). Sh f, thh th

dtd t h th d f th t t d tth th d

d (Twz 2003), w t t t th f txt. I wt t tht Cv

P th -E t d tht wh w fw wth th f th Mt

f F A wth Wt h (J Rz t

dt vt f Ph f 2006, t th). Rf t

E, x f t f th EU d f fv f E t td thh h. Wh t th tht ht x

v t f th, t vd z t t t

th v t f th wd E th E U d t dvv.

Th v v th v f h d t th q f th f

Ph h. O d t d t d f t t vt f. Th t

f Pd vd th tht d t t xt. It th t t

hvd th d x t. It h t d th, tt whh

d, t wtd. Th dt whh x th f th d f t

th ft (Rhd 2007: 60) td h t x. A f th

t ft d: Pd hd [] thh t vt th f E t

f th E d (P Owt 2007: 2). Ath t d h

t t: W hv t dt tt t t td EU [...] t w

hv t w w th EU, t h wh d d d t t

th d- (M Bw t dt vt f

Ph f 2005, t th). Mh dtd thh th t: v

f vvt, d d t hvd. A t th t, t ttd tht t hd

v , wth Pd hv d d v f th ft E. Pd t vvd

tt d d hd v t f t t thEU t d th wd. Id, Pd hd hd f E t,


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th f d , t d . Tht wd v Pd

dt -d d t d vd Pd wth th t

vt . A t th d, Pd hd t ft th t d f th EU qt

d f . Th h tw Pd d E d d

xd thh th f vt . Pd hd v v ft, h

E h v Pd zd, wd (Jt

Sz-Dz t dt vt f Ph f 2007,

t th). Thd, v-d f td wth th ft

f Pd. It hd t f f th d f th EU t. Pd

td hv . It t tht f jt, t th f jt wh

dd t w t, t d t tt t th EU. Th f Pd d

t t f t xt, x , t q t, th

d f wth t t. O th v wth th vd Pd th

t dv. Dt dd dh , d th w-w ht f f d wd (Jd 2002: 14) wh qtd wth

ft t d wd wth th t t. Bwd th d (wht

h t ft vd v t, .. Mft Wz

Sjz Lw Dtzj 2006: 146.) xt td ( t t

h, .. Zw Chw th dt ttt f Dd T 2005). E

h ttd wth th tht f td, zd d wd. A zd

t w d t t whh d t th t f vtd

wh. It h, t t th t , t th th f t whh

d t th tv dz. Th, th t d f Pd th td f tt

t, t dh t d w t t t d th tt

f th th t. Th f tht d t z jt d d, t

f dz f dv (P Owt 2007: 2; Mft Wz Sjz Lw

Dtzj 2006: 154).

St t dh E jd th t f Pd. Th

d tw Pd d th EU td t th h. Th Et-Wt dv

d th f Wt t t ttd t , t th q f

dt , f wth tt t t. Th t d

f t , t td d. I th t, Pd td

qt v t d wd t. O th f th dt zd

h, t t t th th f h wd. Th f h t

hdd d xtzd. Th hdd th th z th t vdt f

ht (P Ej P Owtj 2005: 39), wh th t f wth th

t vvd tfd t th , d t d t v (Fh 2003: 143). Th

xtzd thh th f t t ht x whh hd t Pd. Th,

t t th Pd P whh , t t , d f th tt f th , t

th th xt ft, t , ht f, tt , th t t

d . Dt th wd whh tt fd t th xt t, Pd td t whh dv d hd tv f t . H d


16/33


td dt th t d, d t vt th t f th t d

td h t f th t E t. Th h d f

Pd, t wth d z d , t th d t

(Jt Sz-Dz t dt vt f Ph f

2007). Oth ft f Ph tth d. Th tht, wh hv th t

f E t, th wh Ph d f ht f fd, t, d

dt d tt t, th t , w t t d f t

(Bw Kw t dt vt f Ph f

2007). Sh t f Ph , d v--v E h twfd .

O th hd, th d f zd d wd t d t z

th t f th td v. O th th hd, th v v f Pd

f t, dd wth th ht f dvd t z t.

It tth jt vd v txt, whh ht t

thh th t f t fwd d .

Athh th t f f t th (Cv 2008) th t td

th xv t. Th td t th . Ev

th th dv td t f z

t f dt wth q ht (100 tw - P Lw Dtw

2007: 1). Sh t f dt d th z f dt f

ht, h t f ft t t. O th t, th th

th td t dt . H th d f E t

d zh (th Ph d E) t ttd t w wd

th f . Th t vd tdt t f dt, t

t, t th d, whh th f td (Bw Kw

t dt vt f Ph f 2007). Mv, th

d tw Pd d E th EU t xtd. O th t, v f t xt, t

t d dd. Pd ttd t f E, t dtt t f

th h. A P Mt Dd T t t h ttt: I h w ,

d f, f t th t E. I wd t t dt :

W Pd, th th E U. A th E U h (P ttt f

Dd T 2007, t f th).

Th t f d d th q f Pd d th E U hv tt

q f th t f tt d tt vt. Th tw t

t ftd wth th EU. O th t, th EU dv d th z f

tt f v tt. Ph tt ttd t wth th EU

d th hvd thh th EU. Sh t, th hd, td

wth td tt t xt d d v t th d;

th th hd, t x th tht th t dd Wt t

t t t d t td tht t h (Jt Sz-Dz

t dt vt f Ph f 2007). Th th

f vt, whh t ttd td d t t f th tt t th

h whh hd wh th tt dd tht t t tt t d t

d t xt-tt tt. F th dv h d -tv d


17/33


t f td (Tdz Iw t dt th vt f Ph

f 2005). At z Ph d h th E U

t t vt f v: t, d tt. Ct-t th

t tt. E t f v whh v wth Ph dt. It jt whh

dd t d f d d f-t. It vd t t t Pd t t

th t f th wd d tz d d d d, v d t th

d f th t-t tt.

Pv h f th EU t Pd td wth whh d t tf

t th t tt d t dv tt f t. Th

whh d t th EU h tt wth v t. It th EU

h tht td xtd h f Pd. Ch td

tt, whh hd d Pd wth th t tt. Th h d, t t

wtd. It th txt d f th d (th vt ) whh dt th t f h. G , t f

twfd. Ft, t f v th EU; d, t hd fth fd . It

tt t f v ttt t t th ft whh t t tzd. Wh

h t t EU Pd, h z v f E

t, t w t x d t f t f t v f

EU t. Wth h t th f th EU d E t whh f

th t f Pd. Th EU d th wth E h d

t . Wht , th EU fd t th f E t. Bd tht,

d th wth th djv E d: f f , E

h,15 E t, E tdd, E v, E vz, d

E d (P ttt f Dd T 2007). E t dv t

h. I wth th wd t q v . It f t f

th EU , t, w t, whh d tt d d f-

tt. It v f wd, t f v th h

wd. W wth d wth w wt t t f d E th wd f t,

fd d t t th f th th. Th t f th ft t E

wth v t: dt, fd, t, t. It t wd, dt f

th td. It td wh Pd t t td, t t

t t. E wd dd wth t, v v v h z

f, t, f t hh d v d v t f f (100

tw - P Lw Dtw 2007: 1).

Wh t d tht th EU tt (P ttt f Dd T 2007), th

d t vd dtd f E th d. It th td tt in

statu nascendi (P j P Owtj 2005: 35). O t

ttt td t th ft f th EU, whh v h t t wht th td

f. Hwv, t t d ttt th t tt f th EU d

v. Th E U hd t, t t tw tt. [...]

W t tth d v th f f EU t E C d

15 F th th : Cht/I (1993: 7f).


18/33


E Pt (P Ej P Owtj 2005: 36). Dt th f xt

ttt th txt th tht d t w d tht th EU d t

t t h. O d d f t th t f d d

ft t. O th d v th t t f th t tt f E

. Th jt f h d ttt td t d v d

d dtd t t f wth EU tt t vd

t. Th EU v t whh t vd d ttd fd

tt d d d v , wth d v th

t thh f (Mft Ej Sjz Lw Dtzj

2005: 72f; P Owt 2007: 22f). O h t dd tht th v f E d t z

w d t t v d- d. L w td f th

Ct Tt, wh Cv P dhd t th td th Tt f N.

Sh t f Pd, th EU E d th h t h t th() t th xdd t t th v d t th v f dv th t f

dv t. Mt , th th w th t f th t -E,

d t f-d, . Th -E thd h f qv

tw f t. H th th w td d dtd thh

(ht w, t P Mt), td (E, t, ft, x

td, , d h), f d (ht-htd, w-dd,

d-fhd, wth 19th t v f vt), v d th t (t

th t , , z Pd, w dw t ).

3.2 EuropeasaGameofInterestbetweenNaonStates

Th t t t f th dv th d f Pd tt t

t tt dd. Th t d v td

w, dd th ft f t d d t f tw tt th d

E. M dtd vt, d th wth th t f dd,

tt f th E t f t ft d t th

dt. Th fdt f f th df f th tt. [] Th

f E : [] vt f vt f th R f Pd f (IV

Rzzt wdw d wzth 2006: 127). Th v f E d

th t f t whh tt th td f d. Ft, th t ht t th

tt f z t f d t . Th Ph tt

th t t fd t. It th d t tt t, x th tt

f th t v wth t d. A P Mt Kzz Mwz t t h

ttt: A ddt d f Ph tt d, wth v t d v

(P ttt f Kzz Mwz 2005, t th th). Sd, tt

t, td f d tz . It vd

ht, h d v f th tt. N tt h whh t f v th dv . Pd d w E td [] It

t t th dd th t f tt ttd th t t f th


19/33


2005 t ft f Lw d J (P t jj PS 2005: 120).

Itt td txt-ddt d x. Th v d d th

th xd. Rd f th fq wth whh tt fd t, t v dt t d

d f th. Th th vd t vt d . Thd, th

t f dd td t f th tt. It t t tht th

t f dd d th wth th t f vt. I th Ph

t th t, dd v d dd wth ht

t t d vt f th t. Sh t f t tf th v

f E tw f tt. It d t vd d f t d

th t dt f dvt tt f tt. Nt , th

v f tw Pd d th EU, t td t thht, dt

d td twd th . I th t, th fw xt f th t ft t:

O ht , dtd th vt, w h t t th tht d th h

td wth th f Pd th EU (P t jj PS 2005: 120).Ch whh th EU vd, vd th t dv , h d

, dd th tht. Athh EU h v vtd t ttd

d t tht t Ph vt.

It h, h v d t d th vt f th tt. Th f tt d t

t t dd t th v df f status quo t th xt f. Nth Pd

vd v whh t t dfd t tt. O th t, vt ft

td t th t. Th f Pd th E U hd h t

f Ph tt, t v t tt (P t jj PS 2005:

120). It th v thh whh Ph tt dfdd d whh h hv

t E. Th jd th , th tt whh t f

Pd t, d , th whh vd t t

d Pd d th EU. Athh th f t z

Ph , th hv , d d d t vd t f f

tt. Th fdt f f th df f th tt (IV Rzzt

wdw d wzth 2006: 122). Nt th t ttd thh th f

t th w t td . O d h t f,

t, td, d h. Th tt th v f th t

. Th t tht th t f td, t h whh q

d. A txt vd dd f whh h t

dt th t. Sttt td d, t (P

t jj PS 2005: 120), d thd--d td f Ph d tt (IV

Rzzt wdw d wzth 2006: 131) t tht th vd

h, t d t t th f d wth th . Athh th

xt ttt whh wd t t th dtd f th t, t

Ph tt, Ph t, Ch v whh v v t th

td t f th tt. At d t d , h t t

t f td , t th th hd hd t f .Th v f th v t t d Ch v td

th f th tt tt whh t v th tt f th d wh th

f tf t h. It th Ph tt, t th EU, whh vd h (D


20/33


P. D Pw. P PS 2007: 1) d th f dd v th d

f d t t tt d vt. Th v f th t, ddt tt wth

th ttd vt d ht d xt t. Th t

Pd hd wth vt, th f dd d ht t th w tt

whh dw th w f th ht . Th d f Pd d ht

(M J t dt vt f Ph f 2005) d

t x f th Ph ht wh Pd vt w vtd - th 19th

t, Wd W Tw, th t t 1945 - t fwd t t t

th th f Ph vt. Th dd t jf tt td twd whh

t th tf f vt t th th d. Ht tt

t f th t tt d t vd . Ad t th dv ,

d t x jf dtd t Wt h. Th t

zd thh ht t. Th dvt f Pd d th t

f th wd f th wh E U (P t jj PS2005: 122).

Pv f-t t xhtd th v f Ch . Th xt v

ttt whh d th t f th Ph . It t th dh, tt,

z d ftt t whh f d, t t, th f

dv d f tth. Th ttd t wh dt d

t. Th t jt f , v d ft f , t d

whh vd dt d whh w f dd f tht

(P t jj PS 2005: 120). Th d zd f t tt

t t f ht d d , t f th d t zd d Cth

ttd t wdvw f th . Ct t d h t t

f, dfdd d t, , jt f tv f th EU. Thf th d

f t vt t fwd (P ttt f Jw Kz 2006). Ct th h

wh vt t jt f . Athh th dv t

t f vt tt td, t t d t th d f t, td

f ddt h. A tv th h ttd d d

t th f f t. Sh t t dv wth th ht

t t t d t th wd f th t wth dd.

Th f v f-t z t f d tht. Th

d f t d tw whh h t z f f

d f EU-h td th dv . Th t

tht th f f v vt w v d v. Wht w dtd

th t dv th vt v t th E d d tt f th

tt v td f Ph t. Th f tht d th

d t dt d th v. L d, d f th, th

t f wht (P t jj PS 2005: 120), th f d ,

th (Pw Kw th dt v th ttt f Dd T 2007) x

d t t f dd th Ph dtt. A d

wth t t td d f t d t f th Ph twd th Wt


21/33


t. Th th f th t , wh d d tt hd d

f d wd tt tv x f h

d. Th tht Pd hd v d th t f d t t

th dvt f th EU d t vd d tt, t t z, td t

wth th t E d ht x (Sdt vt, vt v

). Ath z t tht vt d t vd tv

dz whh wd d Pd t h dt t f , d f

d td.

Th d j Ph h fqt f t wd.

E d xtzd td wth ht t. Athh th

tt f t v t th t dv , th d xt f

ht t d t. Th d th wd f th

h tw Wt d Et t f th t wth t th Yt t 1945.Gw t f th ht , th dv d t jf

dtd twd Wt E tt. Th f dt, tt d th txt, t t

th dt f Wt t t h th Et E h ttd jt th t. Th EU,

qtd wth Wt E t, hd t d t t w f dt t d

ht j d t f th t v d th dv f th t. Th d

d t f h th z t fv f EU h. Thf

th t f Ph d d tt th EU d t v d th tt

tht t xtt fd th v f t z- .

Th dv t f E zd d t t f th fw . Ft, th

t dv tw th v d th dv v f th EU d t th f whh

vd th v fw f th . Th v v d t f t th ft,

t t th t. Ad t th Lw d J ft, th fd fth f th EU

thht f E tt d Ch v d t t t th t

dv f th d. Sd, th t tt f zd dv th f th

t t f th fd fth f th EU d f th ft d. It tt

th tht d th f th tt EU tt (whh v xt d).

Thd, th ft tf thh fd t: h h whh d

th t x f E, v f th dt thh t t th tw h d EU t, d f th wh EU t t tt,

f th d E, wth th xv f tt d t f th

tt, t f th t dv tw w d d tt t f

d t (P t jj PS 2005: 121). Fth, t d t

th v f th EU vh dv th tt f th tt tt. Thf, th EU

tht d h d f th t v wth th xt/t f thh whh

th EU vd. Th EU xt tht td thh t x (t dfd,

t, dd, ) wth fd f. Th t h th v f th EU

tht th, t v d t th ht d d f th

t ht f th tt. Fh, th v v d th d f hw


22/33


t (v thh th wd d xt d), th f

th th t. Th t f tt dt , h d

h wd t t. Th f th d tw tt

t f th v f t, h th d f d E jtd. Md E

wd d t q ttt f tt wth th t d tw th t d ht

tt d th t. Th dt th f th tt hd vt whh t

td t t h (.. f , t). Th EU td t

tw tt dd th f vt. It th f th dvt

f t d tdt tt, th th f t whh wd t

t vvd t (A Ft t dt vt f Ph

f 2007). Th EU vd v d td t th xtt t w f th xz

f th d tt f Pd. It dd t t

wh d w , tht d vt. Nt ,

th dv , thh t v th dt zd h,

th f E f Fthd. It v d f t th tt t

t th t.

Bd h x d d, th dv th tt t f th .

Th dt t xtt t th j, d x f th . Pv

f-t ht td wth v th t, hh

t f th wh jt. Th th tw dt f h. Th

t f dtd t th ttd t, th , t

v vt Pd. H th th vd d, ,

v, v, dd tt d t ht, v xt tt,

fd v f E (P t jj PS 2005: 122 f; D P.

D Pw. P PS 2007: 49). Th d f th xt th dd wth th EU,

tt EU t, d th f d. A th td t th th fw:

d f-tt (th d t wt t t f th , w

dd tt), d td ( t t twd Ch v),

t d h td (th EU wt t tz, tt t wt t dt

w EU t) w t d t dv tw

tt. P t th t f th xt th th , whh

vd th jt whh d . At fd t t (..

D P. D Pw. P PS 2007: 49), whh v th w t vd t

, t dd, t v th . Ft, t t t f th td, th

wh w wht th f v d ttt. Sd, t h t f th

wh t t dh . Thd, t th f f tht, v

tt d t t th w jt.


23/33


3.3 Europe as a Threat

Th thd dv w t j f EU . Yt f th

fd t w t tt ttt whh xhtd t vt t th EU. H,

th Ph t th EU, t th q hw d hv

ttd t jt d t dt t th w t. A dd dv

w d th ft tht th t d E t t t f

th vt fd th 2005 .

Th f th d ttd th t f w th ht f d

th t th- v. Ft, d t hd t

d t th t t th f th t hv t w tt (G 1983: 1). A th

tt wt t dv th tt, th fdt t f Pd t tt t vt d

dd, th v wtht whh th xt f th .

Athh dd th v hd wth th d dv , t tt t

d f. Th tt ddt, f t t jtd t xt . Th ft f

th ddt tt th f t tt v th tt, whh t f th

wth th tt (Dz d UE? twj dw 2005: 150). Sd, th th

v d th tt hd v t tt d t t d w. Tht d t

t vt f th v. It w ttd d dtd th t w, ttd

th t t Gd. Thd, th tht th dt f h

d ht d ft, whh t f qh th. I

th Ph th td t t, d Ch v d

ht t fd whh w vd th ht. Td d f th

d th fdt f Cht ttd t t f Ph dt.

Th dv t t tdt td d th f f

f f th t. Tht wh th t wth ht t vd

th th d . Td td wth xvt td tht

th t f th wdvw v t d th tt hz. It t

t f th Ph wtht t wth Cth. Fth, th

td t t h t f t, t xt d dv ddt

f xt . Th dd t t th t xt f th

, th f th dvt. H, xt tt ft td

tht, whh hd d d td. S th x f th xt

vd tht hd f tht t d t th fw: Th dvt f Pd

d th EU (St dz 2006: 76). Fh, th d t tt

d . Th hv h d tth t vv th wd f th

. Athh t ft f tth t Ch dt d t,16 other factors are

d. A th t, tt, dh, t (Jz Dz

t dt vt f Ph f 2007). A t d

ft f th d t t w t fwd th t th . Wht

t t f , w d t th v xt f th

16 F th t d tw d Pd Zz (2006).


24/33


zd . Th, d, whtv d whv d d dv q t t

f th . Sh t vdd, zd dd v ,

tdt t th f th .

Th whh tt dd d f, dvdd vt th v

f th wd thh th th f t. S t t th f f t,

t vd d t hd tt d tt f th t.

Sh hh x tf thh t d th dv tw th

d t . Dw d d d f tw th t d th xt-

h j dv h whh f th t f Pd, th EU

d th t h. Cqt, th dv tw v th d t v

xt v th. Nt tt th EU td d

th t dht tw tw . Ft, th th td f v

d ddt tt, h t t d f ftz f th thz, t th - t. Sd th th fd,

d - , h t th dd f , v h f ht

h th EU. (Dw j, dw z 2005: 149) Sh ht tt t

tdt d h t t th xt, t , thh t

v, t t th wtd, dt d dz . Stt th

t zd t t tt t th f Ph dd.

Wht t th ht t wth t (hz). Th

t f th EU tzd tt, t th t tt, d th

dv , dw th dt v f Ph tw t- d

-. Th -t f th t h d t

tht t th xt f ttd t th -E . Th th E

U dv qvt f th t t. Sh h, hwv, t

f th t tt d t dw tw v t f EU t

d d, ht t f Ph ht th 19th t , th t t

t th t (Jz Dz t dt vt f Ph

f 2006). Th ft f v th ht d d t dh th

f th t d th d . It th th f th th v tt f

d tht th d. Th ht th thd dv ttd d

t th t f d . A t vd v w

t th EU. Th t ht t th d th d f dft tt

ht h whh th EU fdt tt t th Ph dd d.

Cqt, th d tw t d th EU t dd (Dz

d UE? twj dw 2005: 151).

Th f dv vt d th t f dd t t

f th tt d t th j f h. Nvth, d f th t f th

f wd t f h. Th q hw t th f

th wth th fdt q f t d d. A fw dv tt whh

d t d th v f f th . Ft, t d tht P vtd f

th E f Fthd, t d, fd tt. It th v f E


25/33


tt whh t wth th t f th tt, t h t td th t

f th E t h. W d , t I t : th jt

f P vtd f th E U th E f N, t fdzd tt, t Utd

Stt f E, dtd d, tdt t xtt t th jt f

f tt. (Jz Dz t dt vt f Ph

f 2005, t f th) Sd, t d tht d t

t hd hd th t. Th x dz th EU t

t t d d v f t whh d t fv q, d th f

dd. Thd, th Ph w td d td th -E d

(A P P wt w U Ejj 2006: 143). Th tth f t hd

xz. Pd dd t jt t th EU, wd t tt th dv

. Pd w th hd (A P P wt w U Ejj 2006: 143)

ht (J z t dt vt f Ph f

2005). Sh wd, thh t d (t t ttd wh hd ht ) t

w t tt d t txt d , t h t vd

f t th d t t th tt jt tht td , th

th v jt.

D f j d wthdw td ttt t df f

Ph tt th h d Pd dd wth. It h hd

v, t th , t t th , th vt t td t v

fth t . H t dx t f fth t

ttd. It vd tht th th f tt th d

t th t t d t. Ad, v dt v f th EU

td. It dd t h f tw tt. S

th d f E f fthd vd, t t q t dt th

xt tt. Th v f th x h t -jt t d t th

t f dt f th t f d

whh tt th EU tt t f f. B t d f E wd f-

z. Hwv, d t dd, th dv t f dt d q

th th v d f th t. Th EU tt d td

fdt tht t d f th tt. A tt, dtd th

f xtd d xtv t th d tht (Fwdw/L/T 2002: 325),

d th t f th EU t d ft t. Th tw h whh

th tt d: th d-txtz d th z f th v t f th EU

tht th d th wh tt. Th v q dtd t th EU tht t

vt d dd, t th dtd q f dt t, f th

t d t Pd. Ft, th EU tt, wth tz td

d t tt. A t w d d, d t f th h,

ht td, f th f t th ttt d tht x

f th t. Th d t h t dtd d z th EU, t t dt t ft,

dd t f h th t. Sd, th EU tht d thPh td t t t t t w d d f . Th


26/33


d f Pd ft t-tt vd th txt. Thd, th EU vd

d tt tht t d t dt d t dt th

. M tt, th EU jt t-d Ch td d Gd fd f th

d d. Th d , , d d h t th t.

Th f t td dd th d td. Rt

t f jt t f tt t h. Th t w t f

d th d t th d -z d t f tt. Fth,

th tht d th EU d d th th v v f dd

t dt t . It tz, t dd v tht, w t

f d thd f t whh dt t df. Th t t

h t t th f h q whh d t v th hdd t.

Th v f tht hd th t xz d t dt th h tw

Pd d th EU (f x , df, , ft) Sxth, th EU vd t

tt d t E, dtd th h t- (Cht) t.

Svth, x v t th h f qv,

th EU wth th wt. I f th dt th EU qtd wth th dt f Ph

t, f Ph t, x dv, th, f hd,

f th (Dz L Ph Rdz jt zw wt P d U Ejj? 2006:

76). Ehth, th EU t t d B jt

B. It vd tt whh v th tt f th t tt,

F d (v ) G. Athh th EU t fd t tt,

t t d h d whh df t d, th f w,

tth d z.

Th d d f th fd th v f d d t

f. Th th f th dd h, v , wh t

t t wth. Th f dv th th tt f w. D t

f th t t tw th ( th th d t tt) d

t (Cv 1999; Mdd 2004). Th th htzd t j d ht

twd tt. Th t th d Ph f d f

f th td twd th EU. D tw th zd d td,

t, hd th -E f. It th ttd

thh t tt . Th dd d t tt,

t t f th t . Th xt th td thh f

d d: th EU tzd tt, th Utd Stt f E (Jz Dz

t dt vt f Ph f 2005), f th

t E t, wd vt, th t t. Th ht ft f

th tw t f th tht th t td t xt td thh

th hh . Th d d th d f t w t xt .

Th f (xt t) td xt f d whh w d

wh.


27/33


4. C

Th f th w t tt th tt f dv t t th h

tw Pd d th EU. Sh z f th h t dw th

tht E w dtd t th tt d, t, th f th

xt fd t fd f th v f th EU. Th f th dt h

vd th dv whh z th d f d v th tt

f t. Th t t th EU h f th fth dz f Pd

d t ft . It w d th D L A d Cv P. Th

d v th EU th f tt tw v tt. Th t f

th tt t t f wth xt-tt tt d t t x

vt t th . It td wth th Lw d J t. Th thd

dd tht wd. Th EU jtd tt h t th tt,

t tt, dd, d vt. Th L f Ph F hd d h.Th SfDf d Ph Pt Pt, whh th f t f

t, d th d th f t t f th dv

, , f x, ttd tt wth -E

td. Th thd dtd h hd t hw hw th t d wd q dt

th txt f tt f th wd. Ct h h, tht,

tt, , tt, vt, E f fthd, d dz w tw

dt t th d th dv t dt. Cv

t wth t f t td, th th f th f E, v

th ft tht th dt whh hdd hd th wd. Wht , E

dt th t th dt dv t

t th t tt f th t f t t ft tt f th th.

Th h fd th h v, v th tt f d. It

d wth th whh vd th tt th ttt. Th xt tt t

wd t z th dh d d t hw hw t th t

th f th dt vt th t ht f Pd EU . It wd z

th dt f th dv f th t vt. A dh d wd hw t

wht xtt E dtd t f th d f d th th

f, t, th z f th h 1989 d, d, th t th EU

2004. Th tth f th ht f d t d h, t tht th w

vdd th th f td f Ph thht. Gv tht

th d d t x tf thh h d f th vtd wh,

t t t th d t t t z hw th t d

dtd wth th d d f.

It tt t t tht th t d xt th v f t d,

tht t v th EU d t, t h

t dvv t td thh dt f th wd. I ft, t t

th d f 2000, t f Ph w f th w df t, whh d d d-fhd d w-t dv tw t-


28/33


t d -t. F th dv v th E U t d

ddt th t. Th EU , th t t d t v t th -tt

tt d th t th v, th E Pt , hv d

w f d vdd w t t t v. Wht , th w,

x, t t d f tt d th th t f

t f t xt: dt, vt, d v f th t. Nvth,

t q whth th t ft t t v th d d x

dv. Th E Pd tt th f f

t d t dd d f t d. A th td h hw, th d

xt td wth th t, th d dv d x t th d v.

Th E t w th td t th d x tt f t th

d ttd th f t. F, h t th t f

th dhd dv t t th E . Gv th tt f

d h, t t th d t tt f th w whh ht

t th ft th f q f th w tt.


29/33


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T K-F - E A Ex

I R

Th K-Fh (KFG) w fd -

hd th G Rh Fd 2008. It t -

f th KFG t vd vt whh vv h t dt wth d d

dt wth f d j h.

Th K-Fh Th Tfv Pw f E

tth h E th B-Bd-

d tz th wth th v-

d h t. It x th f th EU -

t d t f d, z th h d t

f t d xt d th h :

Idt d th P Sh

C, Cdt d Bd

Cv R d E Ext R

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Europe as a Symbolic Resource. On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland

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