Date post: | 24-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | chad-dixon |
View: | 216 times |
Download: | 1 times |
Population: doubled in England during the High Middle
Ages Led to a need for increased food production –
Climate change and ideal growing conditions. New improvements in farm technology: Heavier Plow:
-Cistercian Monks -Carruca
Horse Power More land:
- Cistercian Monks
The New Agriculture:
Three field crop rotation: Old 2 field system 800
Planted: Fall – grains (rye & wheat) harvested in the summer. Second field in the spring grains (oats & barley) and vegetables (peas & beans) harvested in the fall.
Result – increase in food and a healthier diet
The New Agriculture:
Feudalism: Landholding Nobles: - Military elite – need leisure time to pursue the
Art of War. Manors - Peasants – Serfs –legally tied to the land Serfs: - - Had to provide: Labor Services:
Working the Lords land Building barns, digging ditches and other
manual labor requested by the Lord
Manorial System:
Pay rents: A share of every product raised Paid the lord for the use of ……. Peasants also had to pay a tithe Subject to Lord’s control: Serfs:
Lords permission Lords: Political Authority
Manorial System:
Life was simple: Cottages Cycle of Labor: Labor based on the
cycle of the seasons Harvest time: August and September New Cycle:
October November February and March Early summer
The Peasant Household
Days off: Feast Days 3 great feast days:
1. Christmas 2.Easter 3. Pentecost 4. Other days contact with the village church - Priests
Peasant Women: Food and drink: - Diet
The Peasant Household
Growth of towns led to the revival of trade: Venice Towns of Flanders (coast of present day
Belgium and Northern France) Hanseatic League Fairs: - People come to the towns for religious activities Trade:
- gold and silver coins Money Economy Commercial Capitalism
The Revival of Trade
The Growth of the Cities Revival of trade = growth of the Cities:
More food-more people 1200 –Vince, Milan and Florence /Paris /London /Typical size
Old and New Cities Towns people not fitting into classic molds :
New Social Class Burgh Burghers Bourgeoisie.
Towns and the Lords authority of the Lords Rights
City Governments Patricians
City Life Women
The Growth of the Cities
Organizations: Guilds
Merchant Guilds (1st Guilds) Craft Guilds
Skilled Artisans Guild Functions: standards, Fixed prices, and Dues Training New Workers: - The Hall
apprentice Journeyman Masterpiece Master
Industries and Guilds
1. Papal States 2. Church 3. Monks will adopt stricter rules
- 910 – Monastery at Cluny – founded by the Duke of Aquitaine not for personal wealth and power
4. Reformers and Abuses - Reformers want to purify the church – remove king and
lord control -Rid the church of 3 Conditions:
1. End marriage of priests 2. Stop Simony 3. End Lay Investiture
The Papal Monarchy
Pope Gregory VII –carried out aims of the reform movement Lay Investiture
Henry German Bishops (all invested by him) Pope responds with his own letter to the Bishops and he excommunicates Henry
Showdown Pope vs. Emperor Key is who will the German Bishops side with? Henry wants forgiveness – Travels to Canossa (Small Italian Village in the
Alps) Solved nothing – Gregory dies in 1085 and Henry in 1106 1122 – City of Worms (Vawrms) Concordat of Worms
The Church Supreme Popes power over the kings Pope Innocent III
Excommunication Interdict
sacraments
The Age of Faith
Reform the Papacy
A new Activism Cistercians -1098 –group of monks were unhappy with the
lack of discipline at their own Benedictine Monastery. Women in Religious Orders
Hildegard of Bingen Franciscans and Dominicans Dominicans
Dominic de Guzman Franciscans St. Francis of Assisi
The Inquisition War against heresy Experts to find heretics and judge them 1225- Popes sent the experts throughout Europe to
find heretics
New Religious Order
The church was an important part of people’s lives The sacraments Saints Use of Relics Pilgrimage Others –Rome (remains of Peter and Paul), many site for Mary and in Spain, Santiago de Compostela.
Religion in the High Middle Ages
Architecture Churches rose in new style Church wealth 1000-1100 towns built massive churches Types of architecture:
Romanesque Huge doors Rounded arches Heavy roofs Thick Walls Rows of pillars Painted in bright colors
Architecture
Gothic Suger (Soo-zhay) Abbot of the Monetary of
Saint Dunis (Sahn duh-nee) - his vision Goal 3 Keys to Gothic Architecture:
Pointed ribbed vaults Narrow bands of stone called ribs Stained glass windows
Flying Buttresses Pointed Arches
1163 –Paris – Tallest church in Christendom – Notre Dame – 114 feet tall
Architecture
Universities University – Group of scholars not the building they meet in 1100’s – Paris, France, Bologna, Italy, and Oxford, England Students middleclass families Goal of Education Degrees:
Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree At the start teachers could teach anywhere in Europe because
everyone spoke Latin Scholars rediscover Greek writings
Greek writings– Trade Greek translated into Latin
Universities
Pagans vs. The Church New teachings not based on the Bible but on reasoning – Leads to debates
Example: Aristotle Most important class at the University: Theology will be
influenced by Scholasticism Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek Philosophers
Thomas Aquinas Will link faith and reason – saw no conflict between the
two Summa Theologica Others:
John Duns Scotus William Ockham 1260’s – Pope Clement IV asked Roger Bacon to write an
encyclopedia , Opus Majus,
Universities
Vernacular Literature Latin was the universal language Used in church and schools Vernacular – the language of everyday speech
in a particular region – Spanish, French, English, or German
New market for vernacular literature Popular Vernacular Literature:
Troubadours poetry Chanson de Geste
Song of Roland
Vernacular Literature
1300’s – Europe will face crop failures, disease, war and plague
Example: Barcelona Spain Why?
Famine Climate change –
1000-1300’s – Temps warmer than average
1300’s – Temps. Drop – “Little Ice Age”
The Late Middle Ages
Black Death Plague that struck Europe in the 1300’s 1347 – Genoese ship Condition:
High fever Black swellings around neck and joints Most died within a 24 hour period Doctors are helpless – didn’t know the cause Cause – flees on rats
Social and Economic Impact God had sent it as a punishment Extreme reactions;
Anti-Semitism – hostility toward Jews. Jews were blamed Germany
Lack of population meant that there were fewer workers Serfdom began to disappear and the Manor economy began to die out
England 1381 Also in France, Italy and Belgium Peasants did not win “Ideal Society”
Black Death
Pope Boniface VIII King Philip IV
Unam Sanctum – Two powers – Temporal – Earthly and Spiritual –
Heavenly Kings must always obey the Pope!!!!!
King Philip IV In 1305 – Philip the Fair convinced the cardinals to
appoint a French pope – Clement V – Stated that there was too much violence in Rome
England, Germany, and Italy Babylonian Captivity Avignon
Decline of church Power:The popes of Avignon
Pope Gregory XI The College of Cardinals in Rome
Pope Urban VI – “keep the papacy in the city (Urban)” Robert of Geneva – Pope Clement VII Two popes – Both excommunicated the other
French – Avignon – Clement VII Italian – Rome – Urban VI
This division or split is known as the Great Schism Great Schism:
Support French – Avignon England, Germany, & Italy – Rome
Problems Political issues Damaged the church Church council will bring the Schism to an end in 1417
John Hus
The Great Schism
War in short: Four stages: 1337 – 1360 – King Edward of England (Duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French
King) 1361- 1396 – French reconquer all of what the English had taken 1397 – 1420 – English invade again and took the Northern part of France 1421-1453 – French rallied; 1429 inspired by Joan of Arc; Forced the English out of
France except for Calais. New Weapons and Tactics Change Warfare: Crecy and Agincourt: King Henry V
Fighting for a Nation –State 1415 – Battle of Agincourt – 8, 000 English vs. 5,000 French
Joan of Arc: Joan of Arc – 17 – heard heavenly voices that told her she needed to get rid of the
English and reestablish the throne for Charles VI son, “Charles the Dauphin the King”
May 7, 1429 – Joan will lead the French army into battle Orleans and Joan led the charge Charles VII on July 17, 1429
Her demise Did the English no good
The Hundred Years War
The new monarch will replace the feudal kings
New monarchs had 3 important sources of power: Control of Taxes Professional Army Professional officials
Political RecoveryNew Monarchies (1450 -1500)
France Charles VII (Joan of Arc)
Taxes – Taille – tax on land and Gabelle – tax on salt Louis XI
Charles son Spider King Solidified the King of France as a king with unlimited power
England War of the Roses
Splits England – 1455 – civil war Two branches of English Royalty claimed the crown
Duke of York – White Roses Duke of Lancaster – Red Roses
Disrupts the reign of 3 kings Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 Henry Tudor – Henry VII – Tudor Dynasty – 1485-1509
Justice of the Peace –Long tradition of local government Feudal Dues and “Tonnage and poundage” No wars – Peace – People loved it Parliament– nobles lose power Court of the Star Chamber
France & England
Spain Isabella and Ferdinand Spain –Re-conquest – By 1400 Muslims only held Granada a Kingdom Spain split into 5 – kingdoms – Granada – Muslim/ Portugal, Navarre, Castile, and
Aragon – Christian Castile and Aragon are the largest Castile – Isabella and Aragon – Ferdinand 1482- Conquer last Granada – 10 years 1492 No longer religious toleration – “One king, one law, one faith” Heresy – Jews and Muslims Spain united by 1516 – modern borders Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire) Germany divided Hapsburg Dynasty in Austria Eastern Europe
Poland – nobles elected their kings – weakened the monarchy Hungary – nobles lost power to a well-organized central administration Russia
Spain & Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire)