EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG MOVE - LNG BClngbc.eu/system/files/deliverable_attachments/LNG... · again...

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

DG MOVE

SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

GC.SST.2012.2-3 GA No. 321592

LNG network identification

LNG Blue Corridors Project is supported by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework

Programme (FP7). The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does

not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the FP7 nor the European

Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Deliverable No. LNG BC D3.7

Deliverable Title LNG Network identification

Dissemination level Public

Written By Javier Lebrato (NGVA) 14/03/2014

Checked by Milagros Rey (GNF) 16/07/2014

Approved by Xavier Ribas (IDIADA) 21/07/2014

Issue date 21/07/2014

LNG BC D3.7 LNG network identification Public

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Revision History Rev Date Author Organization Description

0.1 14-03-2014 Javier Lebrato NGVA Initial Draft

0.2 07-04-2014 Gerard Balleste GNF Review and comments

0.3 07-04-2014 Milagros Rey GNF Review, comments and suggest additional

information.

0.4 28-04-2014 Eric Van Gysel Fluxys General revision

0.5 29-04-2014 Janez Pikon ENOS LNG Data actualization

0.6 9-05-2014 Milagros Rey GNF Review, comments and propose new

information.

0.7 20-05-2014 Javier Lebrato NGVA Additional information

0.8 21-05-2014 Milagros Rey GNF Review, comments.

0.9 11-06-2014 Javier Lebrato NGVA Final conclusions and amendments

1.0 16-07-2014 Milagros Rey GNF Final review (1rst version)

1.1 18-07-2014 Javier Lebrato NGVA Updated

1.2 18-07-2014 Milagros Rey GNF Review

1.3 18-07-2014 Judith Dominguez IDIADA Format review


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Contents Revision History ..................................................................................................................................2

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................5

1.1 LNG Blue Corridors project ..................................................................................................5

2 Current situation .........................................................................................................................7

2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................7

2.2 Natural Gas consumption in EU markets ..............................................................................8

2.3 LNG imports ...................................................................................................................... 10

3 The LNG supply chain ................................................................................................................ 12

4 The liquefaction plants .............................................................................................................. 15

4.1 Global liquefaction capacity............................................................................................... 16

5 LNG terminals ........................................................................................................................... 19

5.1 Large scale......................................................................................................................... 19

5.2 Small scale......................................................................................................................... 20

5.3 Terminals in operation ...................................................................................................... 21

5.3.1 Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 21

5.3.2 France ....................................................................................................................... 22

5.3.3 Greece ....................................................................................................................... 24

5.3.4 Italy ........................................................................................................................... 25

5.3.5 The Netherlands ........................................................................................................ 26

5.3.6 Portugal ..................................................................................................................... 26

5.3.7 Spain ......................................................................................................................... 27

5.3.8 Sweden...................................................................................................................... 29

5.3.9 Turkey ....................................................................................................................... 29

5.3.10 Turkey ....................................................................................................................... 30

5.3.11 UK ............................................................................................................................. 30

5.4 Small scale LNG ................................................................................................................. 32

6 The European natural gas.......................................................................................................... 33

7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 34

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 43

List of figures ................................................................................................................................ 43


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1 Introduction 1.1 LNG Blue Corridors project

The LNG Blue Corridors project’s aim is to establish LNG as a real alternative for medium- and long-

distance transport—first as a complementary fuel and later as an adequate substitute for diesel. Up to

now the common use of gas as fuel has been for heavy vehicles running on natural gas (NG) only for

municipal use, such as urban buses and garbage collection trucks. In both types of application, engine

performance and autonomy are good with present technologies, as they are well adapted to this

alternative cleaner fuel.

However, analyzing the consumption data, the equivalence in autonomy of 1 liter of diesel oil is 5 liters

of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), compressed to 200 bar. Five times more volume of fuel prevents

the use of CNG in heavy road transport, because its volume and weight would be too great for a long-

distance truck. This opens the way for LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), which is the way natural gas is

transported by ship to any point of the globe. NG liquefies at 162º C below zero, and the cost in

energy is only 5% of the original gas. This state of NG gives LNG the advantage of very high energy

content. Only 1,8 liters of LNG are needed to meet the equivalent autonomy of using 1 liter of diesel

oil. A 40-ton road tractor in Europe needs a tank of 400 to 500 liters for a 1.000 km trip; its equivalent

volume with liquid gas would be 700 to 900 liters of LNG, a tank dimension that could easily be fitted

to the side of the truck chassis. LNG therefore opens the way to the use of NG for medium- and long-

distance road transport.

LNG has huge potential for contributing to achieving Europe’s policy objectives, such as the

Commission’s targets for greenhouse gas reduction, air quality targets, while at the same time

reducing dependency on crude oil and guaranteeing supply security. Natural gas heavy-duty vehicles

already comply with Euro V emission standards and have enormous potential to reach future Euro VI

emission standards, some without complex exhaust gas after-treatment technologies, which have

increased procurement and maintenance costs.

To meet the objectives, a series of LNG refueling points have been defined

along the four corridors covering the Atlantic area (green line), the

Mediterranean region (red line) and connecting Europe’s South with the

North (blue line) and its West and East (yellow line) accordingly. In order to

implement a sustainable transport network for Europe, the project has set

the goal to build approximately 14 new LNG stations, both permanent and

mobile, on critical locations along the Blue Corridors whilst building up a

fleet of approximately 100 Heavy-Duty Vehicles powered by LNG.

This European project is financed by the Seventh Framework Programme

(FP7), with the amount of 7.96 M€ (total investments amounting to 14.33

M€), involving 27 partners from 11 countries.

This document corresponds to the 7th deliverable within work package 3. It is a document describing

and overview about the supplying logistics of LNG in Europe. This document will be available at the

project website: http://www.lngbluecorridors.eu/.

Figure 1-1. Impression of the

LNG Blue Corridors


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Some graphics and data shown in this document are based on studies and publication updated of

2013. In each diagram, for better understanding reading, the actualization date is written close to the

image.


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2 Current situation 2.1 Overview

Europe's natural gas industry has a good situation despite the challenges from factors like low

demand, subsidized renewables, competition from coal and underused gas-fired generation.

Over the last years, global LNG trade has stabilized at around 240 MT. On the positive side, during the

last five years some new markets started to import LNG expanding the geographic reach and modify

the final markets. On the negative side, the low demand from Europe has made to increase other top

markets such as the Middle East, Asia, Asia Pacific and Latin America.

Total gas consumption in Europe’s 28 Member States has decreased for the third year running.

According to latest estimates, total demand was down 1.4% in 2013, following the 10% and 2% decline

in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Overall in 2013, gas demand remained under pressure predominantly

due to reduced usage in the power sector.

On average, comparing with other markets out of Europe, energy use per capita in the EU Member

States continues to be slightly lower than that of Japan and substantially lower than that of the United

States of America. On the demand side, the Asia Pacific region continued being the most growing

market with 7.7 MT, with the most consumption level in South Korea and China.

Contrariwise, inside the decreased European consumption mentioned previously, the most important

drop markets are Spain, Sweden and Italy.

Initial estimates for 2013 put gas consumption in the EU28 at 4 989 terawatt-hours gross calorific value

(TWh GCV), equivalent to 462 billion cubic meters (BCM), or 386 million tons of oil equivalent net

calorific value (MTOE NCV).

Despite a slight increase in EU gas demand recorded in the first six months of 2013, a range of factors

continued to have a negative effect on demand for the third year in a row.

Throughout 2013 and since the beginning of 2011, increased competition from renewables and the

continuing low price trend of coal in combination with low carbon prices have resulted in a further

decline of gas use in power generation. However, other factors such as the decrease in electricity

demand due to sluggish European economic growth have completed the picture, driving gas

consumption down.

In the residential and services sector, the colder weather experienced across the EU in 2013 resulted in

a higher demand for gas in heating, compared with 2012. The longer-lasting cold spell in spring was,

nevertheless, counterbalanced by less severe winter temperatures during the fourth quarter of 2013.

The continuing economic recession illustrated by a 0.5% decrease in EU28 average industrial

production in 2013 compared with 20124 again affected gas demand from industry.

On the gas supply side, indigenous production registered a slight decrease of 1% to 1 690 TWh (156

bcm), in comparison with 2012. EU production nevertheless still remained the largest source of gas for

EU28 customers, making up 33% of the total net supplies. The main external sources of supply were

Russia at 27%, Norway at 23% and Algeria with 8%. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) flows to the EU were


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again challenged in 2013 by strong competition on the global market. The share of gas from Qatar in

EU supplies, the EU’s main LNG supplier, decreased from 6% in 2012 to 4% in 2013.

Figure 2-1. Graphic of globally supply and demand of gas

2.2 Natural Gas consumption in EU markets

In this section the consumption of the European countries is shown. The amounts of gas traded are

written in TWh – Terawatts per hour – BCM – billion cubic meter – MTOE - Million tons of oil

equivalent – and PJ – Petajoules. These tables are based on data from 2013.

Table 2-1 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (A-D)

AusAusAusAustriatriatriatria BelgiumBelgiumBelgiumBelgium BulgariaBulgariaBulgariaBulgaria CroatiaCroatiaCroatiaCroatia CyprusCyprusCyprusCyprus Czech Rep.Czech Rep.Czech Rep.Czech Rep. DenmarkDenmarkDenmarkDenmark

TWhTWhTWhTWh 90,1 183,2 26,7 30,3 0 88 35,9

BCM BCM BCM BCM 8,3 17 2,5 2,8 0 8,1 3,3

MTOEMTOEMTOEMTOE 7 14,2 2,1 2,3 0 6,8 2,8

PJPJPJPJ 324,4 659,6 96,2 19,2 0 316,7 129,4


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Table 2-2 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (E-I)

EstoniaEstoniaEstoniaEstonia FinlandFinlandFinlandFinland FranceFranceFranceFrance GermanyGermanyGermanyGermany GreeceGreeceGreeceGreece HungaryHungaryHungaryHungary IrelandIrelandIrelandIreland

TWhTWhTWhTWh 7,1 36,9 498,1 956 41,5 100 49,7

BCM BCM BCM BCM 0,7 3,4 46,1 88 3,8 9,3 4,6

MTOEMTOEMTOEMTOE 0,5 2,9 38,5 74 3,2 7,7 3,8

PJPJPJPJ 5,6 132,8 1793,2 3441,6 149,5 360,2 178,9

Table 2-3 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (I-N)

ItalyItalyItalyItaly LatviaLatviaLatviaLatvia LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg MaltaMaltaMaltaMalta NetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlands

TWhTWhTWhTWh 741,6 15,5 27,9 14,1 0 435

BCM BCM BCM BCM 68,7 1,4 2,6 1,3 0 40,3

MTOEMTOEMTOEMTOE 57,4 1,2 2,2 1,1 0 33,7

PJPJPJPJ 2669,8 55,8 100,4 50,6 0 1566

Table 2-4 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (O-S)

PolandPolandPolandPoland PortugalPortugalPortugalPortugal RomaniaRomaniaRomaniaRomania SlovakiaSlovakiaSlovakiaSlovakia SloveniaSloveniaSloveniaSlovenia SpainSpainSpainSpain SwedenSwedenSwedenSweden

TWhTWhTWhTWh 177,4 46,7 125 54,7 7,1 333,4 12,4

BCM BCM BCM BCM 16,3 4,3 11,6 5,1 0,7 30,9 1,1

MTOEMTOEMTOEMTOE 13,7 3,6 9,7 4,2 0,6 25,8 1

PJPJPJPJ 635 168,3 450 196,9 27,5 1200,2 44,6


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Table 2-5 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (others)

UKUKUKUK EUEUEUEU----28282828 SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland TurkeyTurkeyTurkeyTurkey

TWhTWhTWhTWh 855,1855,1855,1855,1 4989,1 39,9 480,9

BCM BCM BCM BCM 79,279,279,279,2 462 3,7 44,5

MTOEMTOEMTOEMTOE 66,266,266,266,2 486,1 3,1 37,2

PJPJPJPJ 3078,43078,43078,43078,4 17960,7 147,6 1731,2

In the consumption figures shown above, one of the key factors was the weather. It was an important

determinant of gas consumption over the first quarter of 2013 with unseasonably cold weather over

large parts of Europe.

In addition to this, other important aspects will have an important role and will be closely related with

the future gas demand as:

• Aggressive gas usage plans in China and India;

• The emergence of domestic shale gas as a preferred fuel source in the US;

• The discovery and use of gas resources in Latin America;

• The move away from nuclear power in Japan and some European countries in response to the

Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear accident;

• Europe’s continued process of greenhouse gas emissions reduction;

• Russian plans to gasify its Far Eastern region;

• The search of shale and other unconventional gas resources in currently gas-poor countries.

2.3 LNG imports

Factors such as the drop in gas demand and the strong competition for LNG in the global market,

especially from Japan, led to a decrease in LNG imports.

LNG imports began falling in 2011 and this trend continued in 2012. In 2013, global LNG imports

remained stable compared to 2012. Total imports reached 236.9 Mt, a mere 0.3% increase over 2012.

At the end of 2013, LNG represented about 10% of global gas demand.

Three countries (Israel, Malaysia and Singapore) joined the ranks of LNG importers and Angola started

exporting its first cargoes. Little new supply was added during 2013, as exports were curtailed by

unplanned outages in several exporting countries.

While European imports sharply declined, the market tightness was sustained by strong demand

growth in China, South Korea and Latin America.

Due to the sluggish economic conditions, European LNG imports decreased by 13.5 Mt (-28.5%) and

reached 33.9 Mt, below 2005 levels.


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At the end of 2013, Asia made up 75.1% of global gas demand, followed by Europe (14.3%), and the

Americas (9.3%) and the Middle East (1.3%).

As a result of low demand in Europe and of higher prices in Asia and Latin America, LNG volumes re-

exported from European countries continued to grow, reaching 4 Mt (approximately 80 cargoes) at the

end of 2013.

Figure 2-2. LNG trade worldwide


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3 The LNG supply chain In order to understand completely the information explained in this document, the LNG supply chain is

explicated as following.

Natural gas comes from deep geological deposits, held hundreds of meter underground. Once

extracted, natural gas is preliminary treated and then sent to the pipelines network.

Actually, the exploration and production of hydrocarbons has moved to remote sites, such as deep-

water and ultra-deep water fields, even located 350 km far from the coast.

For these reasons, the oil&gas industry has developed the technology of liquefaction of natural gas:

natural gas is liquefied in a specific plant (more details are shown….) by cooling it to minus 160ºC at

atmospheric pressure.

Figure 3-1. Extraction and liquefaction scheme of LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas is then stored in tanks, named cryogenic tanks, that is to say, tanks with stands

cryogenic temperatures. Liquefaction plants are built in on-shore or offshore installations in order to

load LNG on specific vessels called LNG tankers (an overview of the large scale liquefaction plants

available in Europe are shown on the point 4.1.) It is useful to clarify that the difference between large

and small liquefaction plant is due to the size of the plant (It can be considered small scale liquefaction

plant around 50-450 K gallons per day, but there is not a clear definition about it). In a LNG small-scale

liquefaction plant the LNG is produced, for instance, to respond to peak shaving demand or make

available natural gas to regions where it is not economically or technically feasible to build new

pipelines.


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Figure 3-2. LNG stored on tankers (photo Gaz de France)

Once reach the regasification terminal, the LNG tanker is moved to specific place where articulated

arms connect to isothermal tanks to unload cargo. Then LNG is stored again in tanks whose capacity is

sized to ensure continuity of supply of the transport network between to deliveries.

The liquefied gas is drown for the tank, pressurized and then regasified by the heat exchangers which

mostly use sea water to heat the gas.

Back to gaseous state, the gas can be injected in the pipeline network and ready to be consumed.

About this last step, the European network of pipelines, a map will be shown on the point 4.3 of this

document.

Figure below shows how the LNG import terminals could offering new LNG services (concept of small

scale LNG value chain).

Figure 3-3. Small scale LNG value chain


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A small scale LNG terminals could enable the following operations (it is useful to clarify that the main

difference between a large scale LNG terminal and a small scale LNG terminal is the number of services

offered by the installation):

• Reloading: Transfer of LNG from the LNG reservoirs of the terminal into a vessel

• Transshipment: Direct transfer of LNG from one vessel into another

• Loading of bunker ships: LNG is loaded on bunkering ships which supply to LNG-fuelled ships

or LNG bunkering facilities for vessels

• Truck loading: LNG is loaded on tank trucks which transport LNG in smaller quantities

• Rail loading: LNG is loaded on rail tanks which transport LNG in smaller quantities.


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4 The liquefaction plants LNG liquefaction plants (large scale) are generally classified as baseload or peak shaving, depending on

their purpose and size. The process for the liquefaction of natural gas is essentially the same as that

used in modern domestic refrigerators, but on a massive scale. A refrigerant gas is compressed,

cooled, condensed, and let down in pressure through a valve that reduces its temperature. The

refrigerant gas is then used to cool the feed gas. The temperature of the feed gas is eventually

reduced to −161°C, the temperature at which methane, the main constituent of natural gas, liquefies.

At this temperature, all the other hydrocarbons in the natural gas will also be in liquid form. In the LNG

process, constituents of the natural gas (propane, ethane, and methane) are typically used as

refrigerants either individually or as a mixture. Feed pretreatment and refrigerant component recovery

are normally included in the LNG liquefaction facility.

Figure 4-1. LNG pipeline

The European liquefaction plants are shown below:

Table 4-1 List of liquefaction plants

Liquefaction plants

Finland in operation 2010 Porvoo LNG

satelite

Germany in operation Gablingen

Germany in operation

Stuttgart

Peakshaver

Germany in operation

Nievenheim

Peakshaver

Italy in operation

Firenze FPSO, large

scale

Netherlands in operation 1977

Maasvlakte

Peakshaver


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Norway in operation 2003 Kollsnes LNG I

Norway in operation 2007 Kollsnes LNG II

Norway in operation 2004

Snurrevarden

(Karmøy) LNG

liquefaction

Norway in operation 2011

Risavika

(Stavanger) LNG

plant

Norway in operation

Hammerfest LNG,

Snohvit (large

scale)

Poland in operation 2012 Kurpinski LNG Plant

(coal mine)

Slovenia in operation Jesenice LNG

United Kingdom in operation 2005 Avonmouth LNG

Facility

4.1 Global liquefaction capacity

In the last year, the average global capacity remained at 290.7 MTPA.

With 117 MTPA of liquefaction capacity under construction, global capacity is expected to grow by

36% over the next five years to reach 397 MTPA in 2018.

In 2014, liquefaction capacity growth is anticipated from the commissioning of plants in Algeria (Arzew

- GL3Z), Papua New Guinea (PNG LNG) and Australia (Queensland Curtis LNG). Growth will accelerate

starting in 2015 as a series of under construction projects in Australia.

Global liquefaction capacity utilization has trended downward over the past two years, from 87% in

2011 to 82% in 2013. In spite of higher Qatari and Malaysian production, as well as the recovery of

Yemen LNG following a series of attacks on feedstock pipelines in 2012, Atlantic Basin plants

continued to experience supply disruptions. Rising domestic demand in Egypt and Algeria, repeated

force majeure in Nigeria and technical difficulties in Norway saw plant utilization drop in all three

countries.

Utilization was particularly low in Egypt, where insufficient feedstock led to the closure of SEGAS LNG,

with country utilization dipping to just 23%. Continued feedstock issues in early 2014 led to the

temporary closure of Egypt’s second LNG plant, Egyptian LNG. No timeline has been established for

the resumption of Egyptian exports.


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Figure 4-2. Liquefaction activities by country in 10/2013. Source ENI


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Figure 4-3. Liquefaction capacity by cluster per companies in 10/2013. Source ENI

Figure 4-4. Liquefaction capacity by cluster per companies in 10/2013. Source ENI


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5 LNG terminals LNG terminals in Europe are shown in the following table:

5.1 Large scale Table 5-1 Large scale – LNG terminals

Country City Status Start-up

Year

NAME

of installation

Belgium Zeebrugge in operation 1987 Zeebrugge LNG

Terminal

France Fos Toskin in operation 1972 Fos-Tonkin LNG

Terminal

France Montoir-de-

Bretagne in operation 1980

Montoir-de-

Bretagne LNG

Terminal

France Fos Cavaou in operation 2010 Fos Cavaou LNG

Terminal

Greece Revithoussa in operation 2000 Revithoussa LNG

Terminal

Italy Fezzano di

Portovenere in operation 1971

Panigaglia LNG

terminal

Italy Livorno

in operation 2013 OLT Offshore LNG

Toscana

Italy Porto Levante In operation 2009 Adriatic LNG

Netherlands Rotterdam in operation 2011 Rotterdam (Gate)

LNG Terminal

Portugal Sines in operation 2004 Sines LNG

Terminal

Spain Barcelona in operation 1969 Barcelona LNG

Terminal

Spain Sagunto in operation 2006 Sagunto LNG

Terminal

Spain Bilbao in operation 2003 Bilbao LNG

Terminal

Spain Huelva in operation 1988 Huelva LNG


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Terminal

Spain Cartagena in operation 1989 Cartagena Plant

Spain Mugardos in operation 2007

El Ferrol,

Mugardos LNG

Terminal

Turkey Marmara Ereglisi

in operation 1994 Marmara Ereglisi

LNG Terminal

Turkey Aliaga

in operation 2006 Aliaga Izmir LNG

Terminal

United Kingdom

Teesside

in operation 2007

United Kingdom

Milford Haven

in operation 2009 Dragon LNG

United Kingdom Isle of Grain in operation 2005 Grain LNG

terminal

United Kingdom Milford Haven in operation 2009 South Hook LNG

5.2 Small scale Table 5-2 Small scale – LNG terminals

Country City Status Start-up

Year

NAME

of installation

Norway Mosjoen in operation 2007 Mosjoen LNG

terminal

Norway Fredrikstad in operation 2011 Øra LNG,

Fredrikstad

Sweden Nynashamn in operation 2011 Nynasham

(Brunsviksholmen)


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Figure 5-1. LNG map of large scale terminals

5.3 Terminals in operation

All terminals in operation are described as follow:

5.3.1 Belgium

5.3.1.1 Zeebrugge Fluxys LNG

Start up: 1987

Max. Hourly Capacity currently: 1700000 m3 (N) / hour

LNG Storage Capacity currently: 380000 m3 (N) / hour

By 2014/2016: 540000 m3 (N) / hour

Max. Ship Class Size Receivable: 217000 m3 (N) / hour

Max. Send out Pressure: 80 bar


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Figure 5-2. LNG terminal in Zeebrugge

5.3.2 France

5.3.2.1 Fos Tonkin Elengy

Start up: 1972




Max. Send out Pressure: 67,7 bar


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Figure 5-3. EOS Tonkin LNG terminal

5.3.2.2 Montoir de Bretagne Elengy

Start up: 1980





Figure 5-4. Montoir de Bretange LNG terminal


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5.3.2.3 Fos Cavaou STFMC

Start up: 2010





5.3.3 Greece

5.3.3.1 Greece, Revithoussa DESFA

Start up: 2000


By 2015: 930000 m3 (N) / hour


By 2015: 225000 m3 (N) / hour




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Figure 5-5. Revithoussa LNG terminal

5.3.4 Italy

5.3.4.1 Panigaglia GNL Italia

Start up: 1971


By 2015: 915000 m3 (N) / hour


By 2015: 240000 m3 (N) / hour



5.3.4.2 Porto Levante Adriatic LNG

Start up: 2009




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5.3.4.3 Livorno OLT Offshore LNG Toscana

Start up: 2013





5.3.5 The Netherlands

5.3.5.1 Rotterdam Gasunie / Vopak

Start up: 2011


By 2015: 2200000 m3 (N) / hour


By 2015: 720000 m3 (N) / hour



5.3.6 Portugal

5.3.6.1 Sines REN Atlantico

Start up: 2004






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5.3.7 Spain

5.3.7.1 Barcelona Enagas

Start up: 1968





5.3.7.2 Huelva Enagas

Start up: 1988


By 2015: 1650000

LNG Storage Capacity currently: 610000m3 (N) / hour

By 2015: 250000


By 2015: 250000



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Figure 5-6. Huelva LNG terminal

5.3.7.3 Cartagena Enagas

Start up: 1989





5.3.7.4 Bilbao Bahia de Bizkaia (BBG)

Start up: 2003





5.3.7.5 Sagunto Saggas

Start up: 2006



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5.3.7.5.15.3.7.5.15.3.7.5.15.3.7.5.1 El FerrolEl FerrolEl FerrolEl Ferrol

Start up: 2007





5.3.8 Sweden

5.3.8.1 Brunnsviksholmen AGA

Start up: 2011

5.3.9 Turkey

5.3.9.1 Turkey, Aliaga EGEGAZ

Start up: 2006






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Figure 5-7. Aliaga LNG termminal

5.3.10 Turkey

5.3.10.1 Turkey, Marmara Ereglisi Botas

Start up: 1994



Max. Ship Class Size Receivable: - m3 (N) / hour

Max. Send out Pressure: - bar

5.3.11 UK

5.3.11.1 Isle of Grain (Grain LNG) GrainLNG

Start up: 2005





5.3.11.2 Milford Haven South Hook

Start up: 2009


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Max. Send out Pressure: n.a

5.3.11.3 Teesside Exelerate Energy

Start up: 2007




5.3.11.4 Milford Haven BG / Petronas / 4Gas

Start up: 2009




Max. Send out Pressure: n.a

Figure 5-8. Milford Haven LNG terminal


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5.4 Small scale LNG Table 5-3 Small scale – Terminals in operation

Norway, Mosjoen Gasnor

Start-up: 2007

LNG storage

capacity 6,500 m3 LNG

Norway, Øra LNG,

Fredrikstad Skangass

Start-up: 2011

LNG storage


Sweden,

Brunnsviksholmen

(Nynäshamn) AGA

Start-up: 2011

LNG storage



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6 The European natural gas

Figure 6-1. European Natural gas grid


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7 Conclusions In the following paragraphs the current situation of LNG in Europe is evaluated in terms of stations and

terminal.

- On the one hand, the present infrastructure of stations is analyzed. The following map shows

Figure 7-1. European situation in terms of LNG facilities with all planned stations included in this project.

the volume of Heavy Duty Vehicles in the European roads - countries from East Europe were not

analyzed – as well as the future – at the end of this project- location of all LNG stations.


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It seems easy to think that more LNG stations should be built in order to cover all European territory.

Bearing in mind the recommended distance between LNG stations is around 400 Km (could be longer,

but depends on each truck and brand, they normally have a minimum autonomy of 800 Km). The

following description will be based on the main transited roads – marked in red –with high percentage

of traffic (more than 20%). Once the red “lines” are covered, it could be considered that infrastructure

is sufficient to provide a minimum service.

The current LNG infrastructure in United Kingdom, Belgium and The Netherlands could be enough.

Short distance and several stations nearby.

In Portugal, taking into account the all stations planned to build – three - corresponding the LNG Blue

Corridors – FP7 project, could be considered enough, influenced by the Spanish stations close to

Portugal.

In Spanish territory, some facilities should be built in the North-East part, borders with Portugal and

south region (between Madrid and Malaga) in order to create a homogenous LNG network.

Figure 7-2. In Spain, around 1200 km of roads highly populated are not covered

In France, the medium-East part is not covered despite of the planned stations in Paris, Limoges (is not

defined yet but one station covering the medium west part or south) and Lyon.


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Figure 7-3. France around 1500 km of roads highly populated are not covered

In the italic peninsula several stations are required to move easily along Italy powered in LNG. Just one

station in the north for the time being.

Figure 7-4. Italy situation. Just one station in the north for the time being

The most requiring country in term of LNG structure is undoubtedly Germany, with none station now.

Due to its big extension, its position in the center of Europe, storing several main roads in Europe,

several stations will have to be constructed to supply German roads.


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Figure 7-5. Increasing range about volume of HDVs

Finally in the Nordic countries, also a high number of facilities are required in Finland (since there is

none) and some of them in the north-east of Sweden: the E10 national roads is transited by around

4,000 vehicles (majority Heavy Duty Vehicles).

Figure 7-6. Finland – none stations – and Sweden – 6 stations, none working in the north region

- On the other hand, other aspect has to be covered taking about LNG infrastructure: LNG

terminals and distances to the stations.

Significant growth has been noticed in Europe during the last years. Major markets as Spain, UK,

Netherlands and Sweden have incremented their LNG activities.


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In the following table – Table 7-1 – the national situation is exposed, both terminals and stations.

Table 7-1 LNG terminals and stations per countries (currently)

Country LNG stations LNG terminals

Portugal 3 1

Spain 11 6

France 0 3

United Kingdom 9 3

Belgium 2 1

Italy 1 3

The Netherlands 5 1

Germany 0 0

Sweden 6 1

The Netherlands represents one of the best growth in Europe with roughly 10 LNG facilities with an

excellent locations – center of Europe, as well as the publication of the first national LNG regulation.

These stations are well supplied by the Rotterdam LNG terminal, working since 2011 with more than

1500000 m3 of hourly capacity per hour and 540000 m3 per hour of LNG Storage capacity.

Additionally it is foreseen its enlargement in the next year. In terms of distance between LNG terminals

and stations, affecting consequently the price to transport LNG, the average distance in The

Netherlands is 151 Km, less than the 500 Km stated as average by JEC.

Obviously the shorter distance between stations and terminals, lower price has to be paid. Therefore,

this is a very important factor to take into account when it’s time to build a station. Consequently,

more amount of terminals per countries, more affordable and feasible to create a LNG net from an

economical point of view.

Spain continues having the most and extensive amount of LNG terminals in Europe. 6 LNG terminals

are able to supply all stations in the Iberian peninsula (around 20 bearing in mind private and public

stations). Alongside this important investment, more than 300 LNG trucks are often refueled in Spain.

Similar case in United Kingdom with 4 terminals and almost 10 stations. Short distance, several stations

and three LNG terminals: always less than 500 Km. Therefore it can be considered Spain and UK as

benchmark in Europe, being able to build a solid LNG network in a really short term. Consequently the

number of trucks and possible develop in these countries is higher in comparison with other adjoining

countries.

It has been noticed a slight growth in other LNG markets such as Italy, Belgium and Portugal.


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The first LNG stations have been built recently in Piacenza – Italy -, Kallo – Belgium - and coming soon

Lisbon. Due to the restrictive regulations and the unclear situations of the business market perspective,

all this makes difficult to invest in LNG stations for the time being.

In any case, they could be considered as good potential markets in the years to come since there are

well supplied and connected.

In Belgium, the average distance between terminal and station is around 90 Km – Zeebrugge terminal

and Kallo station-, so really well supplied. The second station will be allocated in the airport of Brussels,

less than 100 Km far away from the terminal. No possible suggestions nor needs about a better

locations to allocate a new LNG terminal.

Figure 7-7. Distances between LNG interesting points in Belgium. The planned stations have been displayed

On the contrary, there are much longer distance in Portugal, around 400 Km between LNG terminal in

Sines and Porto. The north area in Portugal can be deemed as not well covered for a future LNG facility

nearby. Other important aspect to take into account is the allocation of a Spanish plant in Ferrol, which

could supply the future facility in Porto since it is 261 Km far away. However, the low LNG storage

capacity currently, it is not foreseen its enlargement, being the smallest in Spain, make difficult to

provide LNG from this terminal, specially once developed LNG stations in the North-West part of

Spain.

This uncovered area might produce high price to transport LNG by road. A possible station there

would reduce significantly these transport expenses cutting in half.


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Figure 7-8. Distances between LNG interesting points in Portugal

Regarding Italy, since there is just one LNG station situated in the north region, the average distances

are shorter, never more than 260 Km between terminals and station.

Figure 7-9. Distances between LNG interesting points in Italy. Current situation

The south region is completely unsupplied, though. In case of building a LNG station, this should be

supplied and covered by a new hypothetical terminal in the south at least.


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Figure 7-10. Other LNG stations in Italy – not working in LNG. Current situation

On the other hand, there are seven facilities which are already ready to provide LNG. Their locations

are, most of them, in the north of Italy. For different they are not providing LNG.

Go beyond Rome, south direction, the distances become significant to the terminals, that means more

than 450 Km. consequently the prices would really high.

Special mention is required for Germany and France since they are really key countries within the

European development of LNG as well as for the Blue Corridors project.

Regarding France and Germany, since there is none LNG station, the LNG refueling services are quite

devoid. Nonetheless there are three LNG terminals working in France. The lack of unique regulation to

register LNG trucks have delayed the investment in stations in both countries. Based on the high

interest of LNG in both countries alongside the availability of trucks during 2014, France and Germany

are deemed one of the most important markets for the project success.

The French and German stations will be crucial for several fleet operations from Spain, Belgium, The

Netherlands and Italy.


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Figure 7-11. Distances between LNG interesting points in France. The planned stations have been displayed.

From an economical point of view, bearing in mind the cost of transporting LNG trucks by road, the

future station in Paris will be better supplied by another terminal theoretically situated in the north

east.

The application of the regulation R110 in each country, based on this, any LNG truck can be approved

and registered in any European country, make the future investments feasible in the years to come.


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References List of Tables

Table 2-1 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (A-D) .................................................................................... 8

Table 2-2 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (E-I) ...................................................................................... 9

Table 2-3 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (I-N) ..................................................................................... 9

Table 2-4 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (O-S) .................................................................................... 9

Table 2-5 Natural gas consumption in EU markets (others)..............................................................................10

Table 4-1 List of liquefaction plants........................................................................................................................15

Table 5-1 Large scale – LNG terminals ...................................................................................................................19

Table 5-2 Small scale – LNG terminals ...................................................................................................................20

Table 5-3 Small scale – Terminals in operation ....................................................................................................32

Table 7-1 LNG terminals and stations per countries (currently) .......................................................................38

List of figures

Figure 1-1. Impression of the LNG Blue Corridors ................................................................................................. 5

Figure 2-1. Graphic of globally supply and demand of gas................................................................................. 8

Figure 2-2. LNG trade worldwide ............................................................................................................................11

Figure 3-1. Extraction and liquefaction scheme of LNG .....................................................................................12

Figure 3-2. LNG stored on tankers (photo Gaz de France) ................................................................................13

Figure 3-3. Small scale LNG value chain ................................................................................................................13

Figure 4-1. LNG pipeline ...........................................................................................................................................15

Figure 4-2. Liquefaction activities by country in 10/2013. Source ENI ............................................................17

Figure 4-3. Liquefaction capacity by cluster per companies in 10/2013. Source ENI...................................18

Figure 4-4. Liquefaction capacity by cluster per companies in 10/2013. Source ENI...................................18

Figure 5-1. LNG map of large scale terminals ......................................................................................................21

Figure 5-2. LNG terminal in Zeebrugge .................................................................................................................22

Figure 5-3. EOS Tonkin LNG terminal .....................................................................................................................23

Figure 5-4. Montoir de Bretange LNG terminal ...................................................................................................23

Figure 5-5. Revithoussa LNG terminal ....................................................................................................................25

Figure 5-6. Huelva LNG terminal .............................................................................................................................28

Figure 5-7. Aliaga LNG termminal ...........................................................................................................................30

Figure 5-8. Milford Haven LNG terminal................................................................................................................31

Figure 6-1. European Natural gas grid ...................................................................................................................33

Figure 7-1. European situation in terms of LNG facilities with all planned stations included in this

project. ..........................................................................................................................................................................34

Figure 7-2. In Spain, around 1200 km of roads highly populated are not covered......................................35

Figure 7-3. France around 1500 km of roads highly populated are not covered .........................................36

Figure 7-4. Italy situation. Just one station in the north for the time being ..................................................36

Figure 7-5. Increasing range about volume of HDVs ..........................................................................................37

Figure 7-6. Finland – none stations – and Sweden – 6 stations, none working in the north region.........37

Figure 7-7. Distances between LNG interesting points in Belgium. The planned stations have been

displayed.......................................................................................................................................................................39

Figure 7-8. Distances between LNG interesting points in Portugal .................................................................40

Figure 7-9. Distances between LNG interesting points in Italy. Current situation ........................................40


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Figure 7-10. Other LNG stations in Italy – not working in LNG. Current situation........................................41

Figure 7-11. Distances between LNG interesting points in France. The planned stations have been

displayed.......................................................................................................................................................................42

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