Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Engineering
Textile Engineering Department
7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
“Innovative Protectıve Clothing in a Changing World:
Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence integrated, Ecological and Economical”
23-25 May 2016
Çeşme-Izmir / TURKEY
Editors Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU
Res. Assist. Duygu ERDEM
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing
23-25 May 2016, Çeşme-İzmir, Turkey
ISBN
978-975-441-457-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of Dokuz Eylül University Textile Engineering
Department.
Publisher: Meta Basım Press
Tel: +90 232 3436454
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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FOREWORD
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing (7th ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 12, is held in
Çeşme-Izmir, Turkey, on 23-25 May 2016. 7th European Conference on Protective Clothing is
the continuation of a long tradition of ESPC and NOKOBETEF (NOrdisk KOrdineringsgruppe
om BEskyttelseskläder som TEknisk Forebyggelsesmiddel -Nordic Coordination Group on
Protective Clothing as a Technical Preventive Measure) conferences, under the umbrella of the
European Society on Protective Clothing “ESPC”. This conference is organized by Dokuz Eylül
University Textile Engineering Department.
The conference focuses on the safety and optimal protection of people in hazardous
environments. Recently interest in job and labor safety directed people to personal protective
equipment (PPE) is more than before. For this reason, expectations of end-users from the PPEs
have increased day-by-day. The main problem of PPEs is not so much the required level of
protection alone, but the other factors are important. PPEs are expected to be comfortable
enough for end-use, intelligent, ecological that does not damage the environment and
economical that many people can use them.
This conference is intended for researchers, designers, manufacturers, purchasers, experts in
health and safety, end-users, public authorities (procurement) and legislators. It will give an
opportunity to share know-how, dissemination and improve the knowledge about protective
clothing.
We would like to thank to all sponsor companies, to all authors and participants for their kind
supports. We hope that this international event will also generate an occasion to create new
opportunities.
We are happy to welcome you.
Prof. Dr. Merih SARIIŞIK Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU
Head of DEU Textile Engineering Department Head of Organizing Committee of 7th ECPC
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Scientific Committee-ESPC Board Members
George Havenith (chair) Loughborough University, Environmental Ergonomics
Research Centre, United Kingdom
Miriam Martinez Albert Aitex, Spain Grażyna Bartkowiak CIOP_PIB, Poland
CP (Niels) Bogerd (webmaster) TNO, Netherlands
Hilde Faerevik SINTEF Health Research, Norway
Peter Heffels BG BAU - Arbeitsschutzzentrum Haan, Germany
Kirsi Jussila Finish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Kalev Kuklane Lund University, Sweden
Bengi Kutlu Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey
Jean Leonard (vice-chair) CENTEXBEL, Belgium
René Rossi EMPA, Switzerland
Tiago Sotto Mayor Porto University, Portugal
Henk Vanhoutte (secretary) European Safety Federation (ESF), Belgium
Eric van Wely DuPont, Switzerland
Liaison partners
Roger Barker North Carolina State University, USA
Emiel den Hartog North Carolina State University, USA
Kee Jong Yoon Asian Society of Protective Clothing, South Korea
Eun Ae Kim Yonsei University, South Korea
Kaoru Wakatsuki National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Japan
Organizing Committee
Bengi KUTLU Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department
Duygu ERDEM Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department
Mehmet KORKMAZ Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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CONTRIBUTORS OF THE CONFERENCE
*Confirmed companies until 10 May 2016.
Names of the companies are listed alphabetically.
AKDENİZ TEKSTİL VE
HAMMADDELERİ
İHRACATÇILARI BİRLİĞİ
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CONTENTS
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii
Scientific Committee-ESPC Board Members ............................................................ iv
Organizing Committee ................................................................................................ iv
Contributors of the Conference .................................................................................. v
PROCEEDINGS
23 May 2016 Monday
Invited Speaker: From Nordic Cooperation to Global Networking – The History of
ESPC and ECPC
Helena MÄKINEN ........................................................................................................... 3
Session I: State of Art: Protective Textiles Market
Factors Driving the Evolutionary Protective Clothing Market
Mary Lynn LANDGRAF .................................................................................................. 7
Textile Trends in the PPE-Market
Manuela BRAEUNING .................................................................................................... 9
Session II: Thermal Protective Clothing
Effects of Moisture on Thermal Protective Performance for Firefighting Systems
Juan CAO, Guowen SONG .......................................................................................... 11
Is Completion Time of The Course Valid Enough to Evaluate Firefighters’
Performance?
Siyeon KİM, Joo-Young LEE ........................................................................................ 13
Influence of Reimpregnation on the Sweat Management of Fire Fighter Suits
Bianca-Michaela WOELFLING, Edith CLASSEN ......................................................... 15
Environmental Impact of Body Armours by Means of LCA
Enrico FATARELLA, Dionysis SIAMIDIS, Alicia MORIANA LOPEZ ............................ 17
Poster Session: Thermal Protective Clothing
Development of a Multifunctional Suit for Wildland and Structural Firefighting
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS ..................................................................................... 19
Feasibility Study of Innovative Military Protection Textile System
Gilda SANTOS, Cristina OLIVEIRA, Ana BARROS, Patricia FERREIRA .................... 21
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Mechanical Properties of Continuous Graphene Oxide Fibers Prepared by Wet
Spinning
Esma Nur GÜLLÜOĞLU, Rokhsareh BAKHTIARI, Sajjad GHOBADI, Lale IŞIKEL
ŞANLI, Selmiye ALKAN GÜRSEL, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN .......................................... 23
Evaluation of Manual Dexterity Offered by Fire Protective Gloves in Dry and Wet
Conditions
Dami KIM, Joo-Young LEE ........................................................................................... 25
An Investigation of Performance Evaluation of Protective Clothing
Ayça GÜRARDA ........................................................................................................... 27
Investigation on the Effectiveness of Two Personal Cooling Strategies in
Heatwaves
Chengjiao ZHANG, Wenfang SONG, Faming WANG .................................................. 31
The Effects of Water Repellent Finishing on Physical Characteristics and
Thermal Comfort of Textile Materials Used in Outer Environments
Yaşar ERAYMAN, Yasemin KORKMAZ ....................................................................... 33
Investigation of the Thermal Comfort Properties of Textiles Used in Ready-Beds
Yasemin KORKMAZ, Sedat ÖZER, Yaşar ERAYMAN ................................................ 35
Session III: Thermal Protective Clothing
On The Effectiveness of Wet Clothing in Reducing Heat Strain during A
Heatwave
Wenfang SONG, Chengjiao ZHANG, Fanru WEI, Faming WANG ............................... 37
A New Protocol to Characterize Thermal Protective Performance of Garments
Using Instrumented Flash Fire and Spray Mannequin
Farzan GHOLAMREZA, Mark ACKERMAN, Davıd TORVI, Nancy KERR, Guowen
SONG ........................................................................................................................... 39
An Approach with 2 Phase Changes (PCM+) Improves and Prolongs the Cooling
Effect
Kalev KUKLANE, Matthew RAOUFI, Elsa LINDBERG ................................................ 41
Proposal of a Test Method for the Determination of the Efficacy of Protection
Offered by Textiles Exposed to Liquid Hydrocarbon Fires
Shelley KEMP, Martin CAMENZİND, Simon ANNAHEİM, Renè ROSSİ ..................... 45
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24 May 2016 Tuesday
Parallel Sessions
Session I: Protective Clothing against Cold
Evaluation of Heating Protocols with Graphene Heater for Korean Navy Duty
Uniform in Winter
Sora SHIN, Joo-Young LEE ......................................................................................... 49
Silver Nanowire Coated Heatable Textiles
Doğa DOĞANAY, Şahin ÇOŞKUN, Hüsnü Emrah ÜNALAN ....................................... 51
Evaluation of Barrier® Easywarm on Healthy Volunteers in Three Different
Climates
Kalev KUKLANE, Amitava HALDER, Karin LUNDGREN, Chuansi GAO, Magnus
OSTBERG, Lisa SKINTEMO, Anna GROU, Jens TORNQVIST, Karin GANLOV,
Mikael ÅSTROM ........................................................................................................... 53
Protective Effect of Wetsuits for Swimmers in Cold Water: Modelling Results
Irena YERMAKOVA, Anastasia NIKOLAIENKO, Julia TADEIEVA, Leslie
MONTGOMERY ........................................................................................................... 57
Session II: Protective Clothing against Mechanical
Effects
Effect of Woven Structure on Cut Resistant Property of Kevlar Fabric
Mazhar Hussain PEERZADA, Anam MEMON, Sadaf Aftab ABBASI, Awais
KHATRI ......................................................................................................................... 59
Development of the Flexible Personal Protective Structure with Spacer Fabrics
Sinem ÖZTÜRK, Buket DEĞİRMENCİ, Hüseyin Erdem YALKIN, Simge SAKİN, Bekir
BOYACI ........................................................................................................................ 61
Development of Liquid Armors for Body Protection Systems
Oylum ÇOLPANKAN, Sema YILDIZ, Mehmet Deniz GÜNEŞ, Fikret ŞENEL, Metin
TANOĞLU .................................................................................................................... 63
Uniaxial and Biaxial Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Carbon/Aramid Woven
Fabrics
Emin SÜNBÜLOĞLU, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN, Meral TUNA, Ergün BOZDAĞ ............ 65
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Session III: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective
Clothing
Comparison of Novel Core Temperature Measuring Methods with Conventional
Methods: Telemetric Intestinal Temperature
Cornelis P. BOGERD, Claudy KOERHUIS, Mauris HPH VAN BEURDEN, Hein AM
DAANEN ....................................................................................................................... 67
Sweating Torso: Physiological Impact of Firefighter Clothing
Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Agnes PSIKUTA, René ROSSI .................. 69
Comparison of Thermal Insulation Evaluated By Questionnaire, Thermal Manikin
and Human Test
Kirsi JUSSILA, Sirkka RISSANEN, Pertti TUHKANEN, Jouko REMES, Satu
MÄNTTÄRI, Juha OKSA, Hannu RINTAMÄKI ............................................................. 71
Session IV: Smart Systems for Protective Clothing
Specification of Human Subjects and Field Trials Protocols for Smart
Acclimatization Textile Systems
Gilda SANTOS, Cristina OLIVEIRA, Ana BARROS, Patricia FERREIRA .................... 73
The Advantages in Fire Safety Using Functional Smart Turnout Gear
Daniela ZAVEC PAVLINIC, Miklos KOZLOVSZKY, Andreja ODER, Klaus
RICHTER ...................................................................................................................... 75
Lightweight, Flexible and Smart Protective Clothing for Law Enforcement
Personnel
Silvia PAVLIDOU .......................................................................................................... 77
Sensor-Based Airbag for Protection from Damage Induced by Falling
Jan Vincent JORDAN, Gesine KOPPE, Michael LEHNERT, Hyo-dae KIM, Michael
MIN, Yves-Simon GLOY, Thomas GRIES .................................................................... 79
Poster Session: Thermoregulatory Systems for
Protective Clothing
Ecological Dyeing & Finishing Process of Protective Comfortable Wool
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS, Rosa Maria SILVA, Augusta SILVA, Helena
MAGALHÃES, Manuel PINHEIRO ............................................................................... 81
Proposal for Adequate Evaluation Techniques of Smart Acclimatization Textile
Systems
Gilda SANTOS, Cristina OLIVEIRA, Ana BARROS, Patricia FERREIRA .................... 83
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Protection and Comfort of Fire-Fighters’ Personal Protective Clothing
Yusuf SAĞLAM ............................................................................................................. 85
Evaluating Ergonomic Properties of Newly Designed Chinese Female Firefighting
Clothing
Dandan LAI, Faming WANG ......................................................................................... 87
Thermal Comfort Analysis of Firefighter’s Uniforms
Selin Hanife ERYÜRÜK, Senem KURŞUN BAHADIR, Fatma KALAOĞLU, ................ 89
Development of a Simulation App for Thermal Clothing Engineering Design
Benjamin VAN DER SMISSEN, Peter VAN RANSBEECK, Alexandra DE RAEVE,
Simona VASILE, Joris COOLS, Mathias VERMEULEN ............................................... 93
Poster Session: Functionalization for Protective
Textiles
Functional Textile with Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Polyester and
Chitosan
Nagihan OKUTAN, Ahmet ÇİFTÇİ, Filiz ALTAY ........................................................... 95
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity on Textiles through Utilization of Novel
Dopants
Asena CERHAN, Iuliana DUMITRESCU, G. Bahar BAŞIM ......................................... 97
Macroporosity and the Ultraviolet Protection Function of Woven Fabrics
Polona DOBNIK DUBROVSKI, Abhijit MAJUMDAR .................................................... 99
Generating of Passive Noice Canceling Headsets by Using Recycled Materials
Ulaş ÇINAR, Aliye KAŞARCI HAKAN, Emre GÜMÜŞ ............................................... 101
A New Route for Synthesis of Antibacterial Tin (Iv) Oxide Nanoparticles for
Fabrics
Aslı BAYSAL, Banu Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Gül Şirin USTABAŞI ............................. 103
Latest Developments in the Evaluation of Microbial Barrier Properties of
Protective Clothing
Mark CROES, Jean LÉONARD, Yvette ROGISTER .................................................. 105
Functional Disposable Face Masks for Malodorous Surgical Operations
Özge YÜKSEL, Beliz BOZALP, Gizem Ceylan TÜRKOĞLU, Tolga ÖNDER, Ayşe
Merih SARIIŞIK, Salih OKUR, Ayşenur DURU ........................................................... 107
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Parallel Sessions
Session V: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective
Clothing
Influence of the Maintenaise on the Protective Function and the Comfort of PPE
Edith CLASSEN .......................................................................................................... 109
Assessment of Sensorial Comfort of Fabrics for Protective Clothing
Simona VASILE, Benny MALENGIER, Alexandra DE RAEVE, Johanna LOUWAGIE,
Myréne VANDERHOEVEN, Lieva VAN LANGENHOVE ............................................ 111
Clothing Protection and Wearing Comfort
Simon ANNAHEIM, Tom PITTS, Matthew MORRISSEY, Pauline WEISSER, André
CAPT, Martin CAMENZIND, René M. ROSSI ............................................................ 115
Numerical Analysis of the Transport Phenomena in Cylindrical Clothing
Microclimates
Tiago S. MAYOR, Marta SANTOS, Dinis OLIVEIRA, João B. L. M. CAMPOS, René M.
ROSSI, Simon ANNAHEIM ........................................................................................ 117
Session VI: Protective Clothing for Medical
Applications
Emerging Factors Related to the Design, Selection and Use of Protective
Clothing against Highly Infectious Diseases
Jeffrey STULL, Christina STULL, Huiju PARK, Susan ASHDOWN, Jason COLE, Judith
MULCAY, Jason ALLEN ............................................................................................. 119
Evaluation of Protective Clothing Used by Medical Personnel against Simulated
Bodily Fluids Using a Rapid Elbow Lean Test
F. Selcen KILINÇ BALCI, Peter A. JAQUES, Pengfei GAO, Lee PORTNOFF, Robyn
WEIBLE, Matthew HORVATIN, Amanda STRAUCH, Ronald SHAFFER .................. 121
Effect of Additive Particle Size on X-Ray Protective Coated Fabrics
Nebahat ARAL, Cevza CANDAN, Banu UYGUN NERGİS ........................................ 123
Multifunctional Tick Repellent Textiles
Wazir AKBAR, G. Bahar BAŞIM ................................................................................. 127
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Session VII: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective
Clothing
Fabric Water Absorption & Wetness Perception
Margherita RACCUGLIA, Simon HODDER, George HAVENITH ............................... 129
Ergonomic Textile Camouflage Solution for Military Soldiers
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS, Augusta SILVA, Patrícia FERREIRA ....................... 131
Session VIII: Protective Clothing against Pesticide
Validation of Method to Measure Cumulative Permeation of Chemical with Low
Vapor Pressure through Textile and Glove Materials
Anugrah SHAW, Ana Carla COLEONE, Julie MERCKLING, Hyeshin YOON, Karine
LOI, Eva COHEN ........................................................................................................ 133
Personal Protective Equipment as a Measure to Minimise Human Exposure to
Pesticides
Dimitra NİKOLOPOULOU, Kyriaki MACHERA ........................................................... 135
Poster Session: Protective Clothing against Pesticide
Thermoregulatory Responses to Pesticide Protective Clothing by Protective
Levels
Do-Hee KIM, Dahee JUNG, Joo-Young LEE ............................................................. 137
Variability on Tests Results Using ISO 17491-4 with Different Spraying Nozzle
Hamilton Humberto RAMOS, Anugrah SHAW, Viviane Corrêa Aguiar RAMOS, Polyane
Barbalho DA SILVA .................................................................................................... 139
Comparison of Different Protective Materials Used for Personal Protective
Equipment for Pesticide Applications
Kyriaki MACHERA, Angelos TSAKIRAKIS, Konstantinos KASIOTIS ........................ 141
25 May 2016 Wednesday
Session I: Protective Clothing against Molten Metal
Performances of Different Workwear Fabrics Used in Molten Metal Industry
Bengi KUTLU, Tuğçem BİTGEN ................................................................................ 145
Innovative Finishing Approaches for Improved Repellency towards Metal
Splashes
Kim HECHT, Torsten TEXTOR, Eva GIERLING, Edith CLASSEN ............................ 147
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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New Testing Principles for UV-Protective Properties of Welding Protection
Clothing
Jan BERINGER .......................................................................................................... 149
Electricians’ Protective Clothing with Built-In Led Light for Challenging Outdoor
Work
Emma KAAPPA, Aki HALME, Taina POLA, Jukka VANHALA ................................... 151
Poster Session: Protective Clothing for Medical
Application and Arc-Flash Risks
Protective Clothing against Arc Flash Risks
Hendrik Beier .............................................................................................................. 155
Studying a New Characterisation of PPE Performance for Arc-Flash Protection
Jean-Claude DUART, David CALDERON, Jorge MORENO ...................................... 157
Design Parameters for a Therapeutic Rheumatoid Arthritis Glove
Gözde GÖNCÜ-BERK, NEŞE TOPÇUOĞLU ............................................................ 159
Antibacterial Coating of Textiles with Electrospun PVA/ZnCl2 Nanofibers
Büşra BAKIR, Gözde KILIÇ, Filiz ALTAY ................................................................... 161
Smart Clothes
Ekrem Hayri PEKER ................................................................................................... 163
Session II: Functionalization for Protective Textiles
Layer by Layer Assembly of Halloysite Nanoclay Based Flame Retardant
Nanocomposite on Cotton Fabric
Şule Sultan UĞUR, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIIK ................................................................. 165
Performance Properties of Protective Leather Gloves
Nilay ÖRK, Gökhan ZENGİN, Eylem KILIÇ, Arife Candaş ADIGÜZEL ZENGİN ....... 167
Bacteria Sensitive Smart Textiles Coated with Electrospun Nanofibers
Nagihan OKUTAN, Büşra BAKIR, Filiz ALTAY .......................................................... 169
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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23 May 2016 Monday
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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FROM NORDIC COOPERATION TO GLOBAL
NETWORKING – THE HISTORY OF ESPC AND ECPC
Helena MÄKINEN Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Introduction
The history of ECPC (European Conference of Protective Clothing) originates from the
beginning of 1980. In 1984 researcher Henning Risvig Henriksen at the Technical
University of Denmark organized the first symposium on protective clothing against
chemicals and other health hazards (NOKOBETEF I, NOrdisk KOordinationsgruppe
om BEskyttelsesk Læder som TEknisk Forebyggelsesmiddel). In this symposium it was
decided to form a permanent group to organize future activities like symposiums in the
area of protective clothing. In the fifth NOKOBETEF held in Denmark too it was
decided to widen the group to European level. The first ECPC was held in Stockholm
2000. In my presentation I will go through how the contents of the NOKOBETEF and
ECPC conferences have developed during over 30 years period parallel with the
development of PPE legislation and standards as well as technical development of
protective clothing.
NOKOBETEF I, Protective clothing against chemicals
The first Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing was organized in cooperation
with Nordic Research Courses, Institute of Chemical Industries and the Technical
University of Denmark 26-28 November 1984 in Copenhagen. The subthemes of the
29 presentations were:
1. Selection of protective clothing, 2. Evaluation of protective gloves, 3.
Development of protective clothing, 4. Skin protection creams, 5. Permeation
testing, 6. Risk assessment, and 7. Evaluation of protective suits.
At this time there were only national requirements or standards for PPE, e.g Inter-
Nordic requirements for fire fighters PPE. Nordic standardization (INSTA) on thermal
insulation measurement by thermal manikin had been started. Invited speech was
given by Stephen P. Berardinelli from NOISH by title “Chemical protective clothing
research in the USA”
NOKOBETEF II
The second Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and
health hazards was held in Stockholm 5-7 November 1987 in cooperation with the
National Board of Occupational Safety and Health with quite similar topics as the first
one, and with 22 presentations. A new theme, having five presentations, was
standardization and legislation aspects.
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NOKOBETEF III
The third symposium was organized 27-30 September 1989 in Gausdal, Norwey in
cooperation with Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for
Environmental Toxicology and sponsored by Norsk Hydro A/S. In this symposium the
topics were concentrated increasingly on standards, regulations and quality control. A
new topic was physiological stress in wearing protective clothing. A few presentation
concerned also heat and fire protection. There were 33 presentations from 10
countries. Invited speaker was Dr Arthur D. Schope giving presentation “Test Methods
Development for Assessing the Barrier Effectiveness of Protective Clothing Materials”.
NOKOBETEF IV Quality and Usage of Protective Clothing
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) took responsibility of the organization.
The conference was held 5-7 February 1992 in Lappland, Kittilä, Finland. The Finnish
Work Environment Fund supported the organization, and some companies sponsored
it. Totally 43 oral presentations and eight posters were presented by 122 participants
from 11 countries. The invited speakers, Dr Mansdorf from USA, Mr Ziegenfuss from
Germany and Dr Estlander from Finland, shed light on the question of quality from the
user’s point of view and showed how quality can be improved by specifications set by
standards. Standardization of protective clothing in CEN TC 162 and it’s working
groups in order to guarantee free trade in the 12 member states of the EC had really
started. Also integration to ISO standardization with working groups was grounded.
NOKOBETEF V
This fifth symposium hosted by the Danish Working Environment Fund, and was held
in Elsinore Demark 5-7 May 1997 with 120 participants from 16 different countries.
Together 39 oral presentations and six posters were presented on different areas of
protective clothing protection against heat playing more remarkable role in the
program. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement
of goods, services, people and money, and the CE marking of PPE was obligatory from
1 July 1995. In this symposium was decided ground ESPC (European Society of
Protective Clothing), and start to organize European Conferences on Protective
Clothing (ECPC), but keep parallel the Nokobetef symposium.
ECPC 1st and NOKOBETEF 6, Ergonomics of Protective Clothing
Swedish National Institute of Working Life took the hospitality of the first European
Conference on Protective Clothing with sponsors from the Swedish Council for Work
Life Research and some manufacturing companies. This conference held 7-10 May
2000 in Stockholm was a success with 113 participants; totally 77 papers were
presented in 11 sessions. Special emphasis was given to the ergonomics aspects, in
line with the priorities of the European standardization. The PPE directives had
increased the interest in protective and functional properties of work clothing and
intensified standardization work as well as simulated research in areas with still limited
knowledge.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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ECPC 2nd and NOKOBETEF 7, Challenges for protective Clothing
The success continued at the second conference hosted by The Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) 21-24 May 2003, and held
in Montreux, Switzerland. Totally 58 oral papers and 25 posters were presented in 14
sessions. Almost 150 person participated in the conference. Some of the presentations
concerned also smart clothing. One session handled results of EU-project SUBZERO.
First time there were session on mechanical protection. After this conference ESPC
started coordination with the International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health
(JOSE). Part (9) of the presentations were published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol
10, number 3 2004 (http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/10/3).
ECPC 3rd and NOKOBETEF 8, Towards Balanced Protection
Polish Central Institute for Labour Protection (CIOP) hosted this conference in Gdynia,
Poland 10-12 May 2006 with almost 150 participants. From the 82 presentations,
widely in the area of protective clothing, 48 were oral and 34 posters. Also some
presentation on new smart solutions as well as presentations on modelling to help
achieve equilibrium between protection, comfort and durability of protective clothing
included to the presentations. Also after this conference part (9) of the papers were
published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol 14, number 1 2008
(http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/14/1).
ECPC 4th and NOKOBETEF 9, Performance and protection
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) took the
responsibility of this conference with over 100 participants arranged in the Netherlands,
Papendal, Arnhem 10-12 June 2009. Totally six keynote speeches, 49 oral
presentations and 27 posters included to the program. First time there were also
special session in the program on PPE in sport activities. Also after this conference
part of the papers (10) were published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol 16, number 2
2010 (http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/16/2).
ECPC 5th and NOKOBETEF 10, PPE intelligent or not?
Aitex Textile Research Institute hosted this fifth conference in Valencia, Spain 29-31
May 2012. In the conference 68 oral and 18 poster presentations on large number of
developments and ongoing projects to achieve protective clothing which serves all the
needed functions were given.
ECPC 6th and NOKOBETEF 11, Safe, Smart, Sustainable…New pathways for
protective clothing
This sixth conference was hosted by CENTEXBEL- the Belgian Textile Research
Centre and arranged in Bruges, Belgium 14-16 May 2014 with 48 oral and 26 poster
presentations in eight sessions by titles comfort and ergonomics, innovation and
sustainability, standardization and new test methods showing the major aspects of
what is going in the development of protective clothing today.
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Summary
ESPC has formed to global networking organization with main role today to organize
ECPC conferences to serve for the scientists and other experts a presentation and
discussion forum of the latest achievements of the research and development results in
the wide area of protective clothing and also other PPE. In the first NOKOBETEF
symposiums the workers representatives were more involved in the conferences
presenting the user viewpoints on protective clothing. Today they are almost missing.
With increased knowledge in the wide and diverse area of protective clothing the
presentations are scientific and specialized sometimes making the presentations
theoretical. To keep the interest of workers and manufactures representatives to the
conference, presentations also on practical selection, use and care aspects are
important in the conferences.
References
1. Protective clothing against chemicals. Proceedings of first Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing, Lungby, Denmark, eds. Frank Ellingsen and Henning Risvig Henriksen. Denmark 1991.
2. Second Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health risks, 5-7 November 2986, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Eds. Gunh Mellström and Birgitta Carlson. Abete och Hälsa, vetenskaplig skriftserie 1987:12, Arbetarskyddsverket.
3. Third Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health hazards (Nokobetef III), Proceedings and supplement volume, edited Jan Eggestad.
4. Quality and usage of protective clothing, Fourth Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health hazards (Nokobetef IV), Proceedings, edited Helena Mäkinen, Finnish Institute of Occupational health January 1992.
5. Ergonomics of protective Clothing, Proceedings of Nokobetef 6 and 1st European Conference of protective Clothing held in Stockholm, Sweden may 7-10, 2000. Eds. Kalev Kuklane and Ingvar Holmer, Arbete och Hälsa 2000:8, National Institute of Working Life 2000, http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/1th_ECPC.pdf.
6. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/2th_ECPC.pdf. 7. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/3th_ECPC.pdf. 8. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/4th_ecpc.pdf. 9. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/5th_ecpc.pdf. 10. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/6th_ecpc.pdf.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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FACTORS DRIVING THE EVOLUTIONARY PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING MARKET
Mary Lynn LANDGRAF U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., USA
Introduction
Demand for protective clothing in multiple industry sectors is experiencing dynamic
growth spurts. Grand View Research, Inc. predicts global industrial protective clothing
will reach USD 13.30 billion by 2022 [1]. Factors propelling these growth patterns over
the next seven years include government laws, rulings and specifications that address
worker health and safety and greater concern for workers’ health and safety that span
“end-use industries identified as chemical, oil and gas and manufacturing” [2].
Research to include Focus Groups with workers have emphasized the importance of
comfort as well as protection. Innovative design must take into consideration the
hazards the workers may encounter on the specific job and they must design according
to potential dangers [3]. Comfort, however, plays a key role in the worker’s endurance,
performance on the job and his/her alertness and thus is less likely to take short cuts
when it comes to safety [4]. The comfort of the garment also can diminish the likelihood
of the worker discarding the protective clothing on the job site or wearing the clothing
improperly leading to potential injury or death.
Experimental
Coupling future enhanced protection with enhanced comfort may demand new fibers
that address availability and affordability, new fabric construction techniques, creative
manufacturing processes and new equipment that can extrude the new fibers, spin new
yarns and weave/knit unique constructions. This study will examine these issues in
terms of current and future status and highlight advancements in wicking, breathability,
fire retardancy, phase change technology, odor management, etc. Significant research
is underway in the inclusion of sensors in medical textiles and apparel for the military.
Protective apparel can expect to gain from this research as well. Further this study will
shed light on the new U.S. public/private partnership, the Revolutionary Fiber & Textile
Manufacturing Innovation Institute, and its role in stimulating the next generation of
fibers and state of the science product development for both military and civilian
applications.
Results
The study will give an overview of the status of protective apparel, explore the influence
of technology on a few select industries such as oil and gas and the chemical
industry and examine the current status and envisioned future of protective apparel as
it addresses advancements in safety protection, comfort and affordability.
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Keywords: chemical; oil; gas; protective; wicking.
References
1. Industrial Protective Clothing Market to Reach $13.3 Billion by 2022: Grand
View Research,Inc.,http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/industrial-
protective-clothing—market-to-reach…..
2. Ibid.
3. http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/oil-and-gas-accidents.html.
4. Lippert, Rich, Glen Raven Technical Fabrics LLC, “Why is Comfort Critical”,
April 2015.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
9
TEXTILE TRENDS IN THE PPE-MARKET
Manuela BRAEUNING Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Sigmaringen, Germany
Introduction and situation analysis
An increasing number of people are in workplaces where PPE is needed regularly. The
altered awareness of health and individuality leads to changes in requirements for
protective clothing.
Multifunctional protection or protection clothing with an additional value for the wearer
is therefore more and more required. Moreover, the discussion about sustainability and
environmental protection has increased significantly in the last years and long lasting
concept in the product life cycle are becoming more and more important. That is why
new ways of textile manufacturing, finishing and clothing production has to be
reviewed.
Depending on the end-user and usage scenario, different protection systems are
required. The exigencies to their equipment have increased continually and the
industry has to rise to the challenge to develop equipment with integrated
supplementary functions. For example, for firefighters it is particularly important to have
equipment with high protection performance, combined with high wearing comfort, a
good recognition value and long usage times.
Studies, outcomes and trends
In cooperation with the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
during the research project SAFE, which was focused on the development of
semipermeable suits for rescue personnel and was supported by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research, the author examined a study on ergonomics,
usability and fitness for use of firefighting equipment. The general aim was to improve
the protection and, at the same time, to improve the overall wearing comfort, in order to
increase the safety and performance level [1, 2].
While using suitable and well-fitting protective clothing a lot of hazards in the workplace
can be reduced considerably. Yet not only emergency personnel needs special
equipment but also craftspeople like floor tilers, staff in the building services
engineering and employees in assembly lines need protective equipment which is
adapted to their requirements. The results from at least two surveys conducted in
Germany amongst end-users will be presented. The core issues are:
- good fit and high wearing comfort - quality, reliability and durability - the easy-care handling - optimal value for money [3].
The different topics and proposals for smart solutions in different application areas will
be illustrated with examples and completed with information from different previous and
upcoming research projects with the author’s involvement and will be presented, since
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people, who risk their life in order to safe others, have to be equipped with the most
reliable and convenient personal protective equipment.
Keywords: protective clothing; PPE; trends; ergonomics; wearing comfort.
References
1. Final reports to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research supported project SAFE (Semipermeable Anzüge für Einsatzkräfte), available at http://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/Informationsangebote/Forschungsberichte/ForschungsprogrammSicherheitsforschung/SchutzsystemefuerSicherheits_und_Rettungskraefte/SAFE/SAFE_node.html,14.12.2015.
2. T. Bleyer: Entwicklung eines Bewertungsansatzes für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Feuerwehrschutzkleidung, 1. Auflage. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin 2015. ISBN: 978-3-88261-151-9.
3. INNOFACT AG Research & Consulting, WORKWEARMARKEN 2015 im Auftrag der Williamson-Dickie Europe GmbH; Düsseldorf, 10th February 2015.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
11
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON THERMAL PROTECTIVE
PERFORMANCE FOR FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
Juan CAO1, Guowen SONG2 1Tianjin Polytechnic University, China 2Iowa State University, Ames, USA
Introduction
Protective clothing and textile-based equipment are critical for firefighters to ensure
their health and safety. Ineffective protection at a fire scenario with multiple hazards
can cause injury and fatality among victims and firefighting personnel [1]. Current
firefighter protective clothing is composed of multilayer fabric systems. Outer shell
fabrics are likely to become wet as firefighters perform their necessary duties,
especially in hazardous conditions; simultaneously, firefighters’ sweat may increase
moisture in inner layer fabrics [2].
Experiment
In this study, two kinds of outer shell fabrics and three kinds of thermal liner fabrics with
different thicknesses were selected. Three wet conditions were simulated. Through
application of a modified thermal protective performance tester (TPP), the thermal
protective performance provided by these wetted fabrics was evaluated; second-
degree skin burn time was predicted; and absorbed energy indexes were calculated.
The effects of the tested layers’ retained moisture, heat distribution, and moisture
transfer were explored, and the mechanisms associated with heat and mass transfer
were analyzed.
Results
In general, for low radiation exposure, the results revealed that the moisture existing in
outer shell fabrics shows a positive effect on thermal protective performance. However,
when moisture exists in thermal liners, the effects tend to lower protective performance.
The predicted performance becomes complicated when moisture is present in both
layers. When exposed to high radiation intensity, the moisture tends to enhance
protective performance, but impact varies based on moisture distribution. In summary,
existing moisture in a fabric system changes heat and mass transfer and thermal
stored energy in multilayer systems, and therefore affects the protective performance
provided by the fabric system. This impact varies based on the exposure intensity and
moisture distribution.
Key words: protective clothing; moisture; second-degree skin burn time; heat transfer.
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Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Tianjin Polytechnic University and Iowa State University.
References
1. Song G., Paskaluk S., Sati R., Crown E. M., Dale J. D., Ackerman M., (2010), Thermal protective performance of protective clothing used for low radiant heat protection, Textile Research Journal, 81(3): 1-13.
2. Barker R. L., Guerth-Schacher C., Grimes R. V., Hamouda H., (2006), Effects of moisture on the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing in low-level radiant heat exposures, Textile Research Journal, 76(1): 27-31.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
13
IS COMPLETION TIME OF THE COURSE VALID
ENOUGH TO EVALUATE FIREFIGHTERS’
PERFORMANCE?
Siyeon KIM, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
Introduction
Firefighters are required to maintain a high fitness level so as to accomplish their duty
efficiently and safely. Firefighting test protocols are commonly used to test firefighters’
physical fitness. Canadian Forces Firefighter Physical Fitness Maintenance Evaluation
is a representative test where firefighters must complete ten firefighting tasks and the
variable of interest in the test has been completion time [1]. However, shorter
completion time could not be always interpreted positively in a point of view that more
oxygen tends to be consumed when firefighters complete tasks within shorter time [2],
which can cause additional heat strain. Thus, this study compared three types of
evaluation criteria (completion time, physiological heat strain, and integrated scoring
system of completion time and physiological heat strain) to verify the validity of
completion time as an evaluation criteria.
Experimental Method
Nine firefighters participated in simulated firefighting test drills which consists of
carrying hoses, going up the stairs, setting up and withdrawing a ladder, going down
the stairs, simulated forcible entry, walking in front of the radiant heat, and pulling a 70
kg victim while wearing full personal protective equipment (~16 kg). In order to
compare firefighting performance ability, completion time was counted and
physiological strain index (PSI) [3] was calculated by rectal temperature and heart rate.
Integrated scoring system referred standardized average of mean completion time and
physiological strain index.
Results
There were no significant correlation between completion time and PSI. Subject #2
showed the best performance based on completion time, whereas he was one of the
worst three based on PSI (Figure 1). Subject #4 and #7 had the longest completion
time, but they were ranked the third and fourth in PSI. Integrated scoring system which
reflected both completion time and PSI showed significant correlation with both of them
showing identical correlation coefficient (r=0.743, p=0.022). Interestingly, rankings of
top four firefighters in mean completion time was reversed in integrated scoring
system. Completion time is a simple variable to evaluate firefighters’ performance but it
occasionally does not consider excessive physiological burden resulted from failure of
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pacing strategy. Discussion is needed about whether scoring with completion time, the
simplest method, is the most appropriate method or not.
Figure 1. Comparison of distribution of nine firefighters’ scores rated by three types of
evaluation criteria
Keywords: firefighters; personal protective equipment; performance test; physiological
burden.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Disaster Safety Technology Development &
Infrastructure Construction Program funded by the Ministry of Public Safety and
Security (NEMA-Infrastructure-2013-101), Korea.
References
1. Boyd L., Rogers T., Docherty D., Petersen S., (2014) Variability in performance on a work simulation test of physical fitness for firefighters, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40, 364-370.
2. Elsner Kimberly L., Kolkhorst Fred W., (2008) Metabolic demands of simulated firefighting tasks, Ergonomics, 51(9), 1418-1425.
3. Moran Daniel S., Shitzer A., Pandolf Kent B., (1998) A physiological strain index to evaluated heat stress, American Journal of Physiology, 275(1), R129-R134.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
15
INFLUENCE OF REIMPREGNATION ON THE SWEAT
MANAGEMENT OF FIRE FIGHTER SUITS
Bianca-Michaela WOELFLING, Edith CLASSEN Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany
Introduction
By reprocessing of fire fighter suits contaminations of the personal protective
equipment (PPE) can be removed and the functional integrity of such PPE may be
extended. Therefore the usage of special laundry processes according to the
manufacturer information is necessary. To preserve the water and oil repellent
characteristics of the face of the outer shell fabric in long term an impregnation with
perfluorocarbon during the last rinsing bath is recommended. The effect of such
perfluorcarbon impregnations on the thermophysiological wear comfort was
investigated within the German funded project “fire fighter clothing” (AiF 16676N) at
Hohenstein Institute.
Experimental
Five state of the art fire fighter suits were characterized with regard to clothing
physiological parameters in new state and after reprocessing cycles with and without
perfluorocarbon impregnation. During impregnation with perfluorocarbon not only the
face of the outer fabric is impregnated, but also the lining material and membrane. The
resulting influences on the sweat management of the PPE were investigated with the
sweating guarded hot plate. At Hohenstein Institute a method was developed to
investigate the liquid sweat transport of fabrics. Fabrics with high buffering capacity of
liquid sweat Kf (high Kf values) transport the liquid sweat better from the inside to the
outside of clothing.
Results
In new state as well as reprocessing without perfluorcarbon impregnation the fire
fighter suit have higher Kf values than reprocessing with perfluorocarbon impregnation.
In addition, liquid sweat which is produced during high physical strain during fire
fighters work cannot be absorbed by the lining material caused by the impregnation.
Residual sweat on the skin poses a risk for the fire fighter and may end in circulatory
collapse or scalding in case of flash over. In conclusion it can be stated that
reprocessing with perfluorocarbon impregnation on the one hand has a positive effect
on water repellent characteristics of the face of outer shell fabric. But on the other hand
there is a negative effect on sweat absorption and sweat transport of the inner layers of
fire fighter PPE.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Keywords: PPE; fire fighter; reprocessing; hydrophobic treatment; sweat
management.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. for
financial support of the research project AiF-No 16676N provided from funds of Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via a grant of German Federal of
Industrial Research Association (AiF).
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BODY ARMOURS BY
MEANS OF LCA
Enrico FATARELLA1, Dionysis SIAMIDIS2, Alicia MORIANA LOPEZ3 1Next Technology Tecnotessile, Prato, Italy 2Siamidis SA, Inofita Viotia, Greece 3INT
Introduction
Personal Protective equipment is representing one of the most growing technical textile
market sector, since new directives and rules have been set-up by EC to assure the
safety of people working in risky conditions [1, 2]. Protective clothing is used in a wide
range of end-user industries such as oil and gas, construction and manufacturing,
health care/medical, firefighting and law enforcement, mining, military, and many more.
It has a number of protective functions that ranges from thermal, chemical, mechanical,
biological/radiation, to visibility. Another important issue that is becoming more and
more important when developing protective garments is the environmental aspect of
the involved materials and processes, according to Green Public Procurements
(Directive 2004/18/CEE). Therefore, such criteria will be taken into consideration when
selecting fibrous substrates, active agents and treatment application processes.
Experimental
The environmental impact of rescue team multifunction uniform production process has
been assessed via the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The LCA method
represents one of the most powerful standardized tools to address such goal and, in
fact, it started to be extensively employed for studies in the textile sector in recent year
[3]. The methodology is defined and regulated by the International Organization of
Standardization with the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards [4, 5], and consists of four
phases: the goal and scope definition, the inventory analysis (Life Cycle Inventory,
LCI), the impact assessment (Life Cycle Impact Assessment, LCIA) and finally the
interpretation of results. The broad provisions stated in the ISO standards have been
further specified in the ILCD Handbook Guidelines [6] that have been taken as a
reference for the development of this analysis.
Results
LCA analysis is showing that fiber (mainly aramid) used for the production of the
product is affecting the most the environmental impact of the body armor.
Accordingly, the impact is increasing by increasing the protection degree. In fact, this
parameters is affected by specific features must be assured (ballistic, anti-stab or
combined effect) and the area covered by the panel.
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Keywords: LCA; body armour; law enforcement.
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union
Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 607295”.
References
1. Horrocks AR and Anand SC, Textile for survival Handbook of technical textiles Cambridge, Woodhead 462 -489, 2000.
2. Horrocks AR, Anand SC. Handbook of Technical Textiles, Woodhead Publishing & The Textile Institute, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
3. Dahllöf L. LCA Methodology Issues for Textile Products. Thesis. Chalmers university of technology, Sweden 2004.
4. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14040 standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework 2006.
5. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14044 standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines 2006.
6. ILCD Handbook Guidelines, Reference Report by JRC of the European Commission, 2012.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUIT FOR
WILDLAND AND STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING
Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Firefighters come across a range of hazards during structural as well as wildland
firefighting. The hazards can cause minor injuries to fatal accidents leading to the end
of career or even death of firefighters [1]. Thus, the use of appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) it’s of real importance in this field. However, the world of
firefighting PPE has become complex and expensive [2].
In response to this current difficulty and taking into account the firefighter’s needs, a
Consortium composed by five Portuguese companies and coordinated by CITEVE
developed a multifunctional suit for wildland and structural firefighting. To ensure the
acceptability and viability of this multifunctional suit among firefighters, an online survey
to all Portuguese firefighter's corporations was done, in collaboration with the National
Civilian Protection Authority (ANPC). The responses (1018) obtained from 336
firefighter's corporations allowed to identify firefighter’s needs and requirements.
According to the graphic below, there is a major need for dual use protective clothing:
structural and wildland firefighting.
Figure 1. Firefighter’s protective clothing needs
New shapes and components were designed in parallel with fabrics development
regarding the accomplishment of EN 469 and EN 15614 standards, resulting in a
balanced improvement between protection and comfort. To assess the PPE developed,
CITEVE performed end user ergonomics and fitting tests within the Portuguese
Firefighters. Multifunctional suit characteristics will be presented in more detail.
Being aware of the recent adoption of ISO-Project ISO 15384 "Protective clothing for
firefighters - Laboratory test methods and performance requirements for wildland
firefighting clothing" as an EN ISO under Vienna Agreement (ISO lead) for the revision
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of EN 15614, maybe this product will need, in the future, further analysis. The need or
not of this analysis could only be decided after the publication of the EN ISO 15384.
Key words: protection; comfort; structural & wildland firefighting; multifunctional PPE.
Acknowledgement
This study was made possible thanks to a team of Portuguese partners (FERNANDO
VALENTE, COLTEC, F.D.G. Fiação da Graça, LEMAR, CENTI and CITEVE) within
PT21 Project (QREN / COMPETE). CITEVE, as project coordinator, wish to thank the
National Civilian Protection Authority (ANPC) and the Corporations involved.
References
1. Nayak R., Houshyar S. and Padhye R., (2014), Recent trends and future
scope in the protection and comfort of fire-fighters’ personal protective
clothing, Fire Science Reviews, 3:4, Pp. 1.
2. Tutterow R., 5 Critical Trends Shaping Today’s PPE,
http://www.firefighternation.com/article/firefighter-safety/5-critical-trends-
shaping-today-s-ppe, December, 2015.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INNOVATIVE MILITARY
PROTECTION TEXTILE SYSTEM
Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
2Damel Confecção de Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal
New combat equipment for dismounted soldier development requires the combination
of competences in properties of advanced materials and components, military
requirements, system integration, evaluation and industrial production cost calculation.
For this reason, a feasibility study carried out prior to a large-scale definitive project is
of crucial importance.
Extremes of heat, cold and reduced metabolic heat dissipation due to insulating
clothing can seriously put soldier’s life at risk, reducing their performance and
compromising the mission success. This document summaries the activities and
results of the EDA (European Defence Agency) ACCLITEXSYS project. The main goal
was to study the feasibility of a new acclimatisation textile system, regarding active and
passive technologies that can act as a temperature regulator by monitoring and
responding to the soldier’s body needs, taking into account different environmental
conditions.
At the beginning the study of multiple operation environments allowed to conclude that
the most predominant categories are A3 (hot climatic conditions) and C0 (mild cold).
The study proceeded to assess the state of the art determining which are the most
promising technologies for body temperature regulation (Cooling, Heating and
Reversible technologies), maximizing the soldier’s tolerance time when exposed to the
addressed environments. Based on this assessment two different technological
approaches for the stabilization of the soldier’s body temperature were proposed for
conceptual development and evaluation.
The main results achieved within end-users ergonomics and fitting tests showed that
the new acclimatization textile systems are functional and compatible with ballistic
vests and other military equipment’s. The knowledge achieved from this study can be
very useful for setting requirements, assigning a go-ahead development program and
also assessing new commercial products coming to the market.
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Figure 1. Evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems
Keywords: military protection; feasibility study; comfort and ergonomics; smart
acclimatization; climatic conditions; textile systems.
Acknowledgments
This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;
DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS). CITEVE, as project
coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army cooperation (ESCOLA DAS ARMAS).
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS
GRAPHENE OXIDE FIBERS PREPARED BY WET
SPINNING
Esma Nur GÜLLÜOĞLU1, Rokhsareh BAKHTIARI2, Sajjad GHOBADI2, Lale
IŞIKEL ŞANLI3, Selmiye ALKAN GÜRSEL4, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN1 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Textile Technologies and Design, İstanbul, Turkey 2Sabanci University, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey 3Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), İstanbul,
Turkey 4Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, Sabanci University -Sabanci University
Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Graphene is one of the known thinnest 2D materials due to their single-atom thickness.
In addition, these carbon structures exhibit superior mechanical properties such as
tensile strength ~130 GPa, breaking strength 42 N/m and elastic modulus 1.1 TPa. Not
only mechanical properties, but also their electrical and thermal properties are
remarkable at this length-scale. For instance, graphene has extremely high electrical
(~108 S/m) and thermal conductivity (5000 W/mK) [1, 2]. Thus, these 2D materials,
which are also called ‘super’ materials [3], are promising candidates for macro-scale
applications. This project is aimed to produce strong fibers that are assembled from
graphene oxide (GO) sheets by custom-designed wet spinning mechanism.
Experimental
GO nanosheets were prepared via a green process of oxidation inspired from modified
Hummer’s method, during which, production of NOx gas bi-products were eliminated
compared to conventional methods. This modified method enables graphene oxide
synthesis in gram quantities. The custom-made wet spinning device was designed to
produce continuous GO fibers. Wet spinning process was conducted via trial of
different coagulation baths, as NaOH, and CaCl2 and different GO concentrations
ranging from 20 mg/mL to 40 mg/mL. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed by
universal testing machine (UTM), plastic deformation mechanism were recorded via
video camera during testing.
Results
In this study, process parameters such as feeding rates, winding speeds and material
parameters (GO concentrations, coagulation and washing baths) were optimized first to
achieve continuous GO fiber spinning. UTM results indicated that fibers produced from
low graphene oxide concentrations as 20 mg/mL are not mechanically stable, whereas
higher concentrations as 30 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL provide the desired mechanical
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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response. Thus, it is clear that specific strength of GO fibers increase with higher
graphene concentrations. The effect of several coagulation baths on specific strength
and ductility of these fibers were also reported.
Keywords: graphene; graphane oxide; graphene fiber; wet spinning; tensile properties.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by TÜBİTAK (Project No: 214M398).
References
1. Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov, (2010) Graphene, Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010, Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, p.8.
2. Zhen Xu and Chao Gao, (2015) Graphene fiber: a new trend in carbon fibers, Zhejiang University, Charlottesville, Materials Today-570, p.3.
3. Zhen Xu and Chao Gao, (2014) Graphene in Macroscopic Order: Liquid Crystals and Wet-Spun Fibers, Zhejiang University, American Chemical Society, 47, 1267−1276.
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25
EVALUATION OF MANUAL DEXTERITY OFFERED BY
FIRE PROTECTIVE GLOVES IN DRY AND WET
CONDITIONS
Dami KIM, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
Introduction
In general, firefighting includes the following activities: carrying hoses, setting up a
ladder, forcing entry, or pulling a victim. In this regard, manual dexterity is considered
as one of very important factors along with fire and flame protective function. To
evaluate the dexterity of protective gloves, various test methods (e.g.: Crawford,
Minnesota, EN 420, ASTM F2010, O’Connor, Grooved test, or Perdue pegboard test)
can be suggested. There are well-known dexterity standards such as EN 420 [1] and
ASTM F 2010 [2]. Many studies on the level of manual dexterity using different test
methods were found, but reports comparing manual dexterity in dry and wet conditions
were relatively few. Firefighters’ protective gloves and hands get wet due to fire water
and sweat from the hands. The present study aimed to compare the level of dexterity of
fire protective gloves and we will provide a guideline for the selection of fire protective
gloves in dry and wet conditions.
Experimental Methods
Eight male firefighters (43.8 +/- 6.3 yr in age, 173.1 +/- 4.4 cm in height, and 79.9 +/-
9.2 kg in body weight) participated in three kinds of manual dexterity tests: 1) ASTM
F2010, 2) a Minnesota manual dexterity test and 3) a Bennett hand-tool dexterity test.
A don/doff test with thirteen types of fire protective gloves for Korean, Japanese, UK,
German, Austrian, and US firefighters were compared. Four fire protective gloves
(Type D, J, K, and U) were chosen from the don/doff test and the dexterity tests were
conducted with the four gloves in dry and wet conditions. For the wet condition,
protective gloves and hands were totally wet from the outer to the inner side. The order
of eight tests (four types × two conditions) for the eight subjects was randomized. All
tests were conducted in a climate chamber (23oC and 60%RH). Hand anthropometric
variables of all subjects were measured. Dexterity test time with/without protective
gloves (DTTg and DTTb) for dry and wet conditions was measured and the percent of
bare hand control (DTTg×100/DTT) was calculated.
Results
As a result, there were found significant differences in four types of gloves between dry
and wet conditions for the three dexterity tests (P<0.05). Type J showed the highest
scores in all the three tests (ASTM, Minnesota and Bennett hand-tool tests) followed by
Type K. Design factors to improve micro and global dexterity in the wet condition will be
discussed
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Keywords: firefighters; fire protective gloves; dexterity test, wet discomfort, completion
time
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the civic research program to resolve social problems
through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (#2015
M3C8A7A02027383).
References
1. EN 420 (2003) General Requirements for Protective Gloves. European Committee for Standardization.
2. ASTM F 2010 (2010) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Glove Effects on Wearer Hand Dexterity Using a Modified Pegboard Test. American Society for Testing and Materials.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
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27
AN INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Ayça GÜRARDA Uludağ University, Textile Engineering Department, Bursa, Turkey
Introduction
Protective clothing design to protect the wearer’s body from injury or infection. The
hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat,
chemicals and biohazards. The purpose of personal protective eqipment is to reduce
employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not
feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels.When production of
protective clothing, their functional performance should be put in consideration, then
there is consistent relationship with many factors like their exposure to different
hazards. Also balance between aesthetic values, personal requirements and functional
considerations should be considered [1].
International standardization of protective clothing in our global market is certainly one
of the most difficult issues. Another issue is a question raised by one of the keynote
speakers, “Can we survive in protective clothing?” [2].
The evaluation of clothing appearance is critical to product development and quality
assurance in clothing industry. Handle of fabric and making-up performance
(tailorability) are interrelated and represent key quality parameters for clothing
manufacturers and consumers. Clothing manufacturers require that the fabric is easy to
tailor, passes through the garment manufacturing process easily and that the finished
garment has a good appearance. The production of garments from high quality fabrics
not only gives comfort to the wearer but also helps in the smooth working of
manufacturing processes and leads to almost defect-free garments [6, 7, 8].
Experimental
Many of studies reported on new developments and novel approaches for evaluating
the performance of protective clothing and international standards about protective
clothing. In this research, new and improved test methods for evaluating resistance of
protective clothing design, comfort, physiological stresses and effective performance
were investigated.
The barrier effectiveness of a particular item of clothing to a particular chemical/mixture
is dependent on the specific interactions between the clothing material and the
chemical/mixture. Selecting protective clothing be based on the results of testing of the
chemical/clothing material pair of interest for both solubility and permeation. The ASTM
Method D471-79 and ISO Method 2025 describe methods for determining solubility.
In a permeation test, the chemical of interest is placed on one side of the clothing
material, and the other side is monitored for the appearance of the chemical. The
ASTM F 739-85 describe methods for determining permeation [3, 4, 5].
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Structural integrity test methods; crazing, transparency strength degradation, tear
resistance and strength, puncture resistance, abrasion resistance, dexterity, flexibility,
ozone resistance and U.V. resistance are also important for chemical protective
clothing. ASTM F2061 is used for practice for chemical protective clothing; wearing,
care and maintenance instructions.
Thermal insulating performance of protective clothing to be worn by people physically
active in a cold climate may vary over an order of magnitude because the heat
exchange between the environment and the human body is strongly influenced by
physiological reactions such as sweating or change in the blood circulation in the layer
adjacent to the skin. This feedback between the physiological reaction of the human
body and the clothing must be considered when evaluating thermal performance of
clothing systems.
The objective of the work described here was to examine to what extent the most
precise ASTM test methods (C177, C518, Cl114) could be modified for measurement
of thermal performance of clothing fabrics and clothing insulating systems.
ASTM Method F1060 is used for thermal protective performance of materials for
protective clothing for hot surface contact and ASTM F1291 is used for measuring the
thermal insulation of clothing using a heated manikin. Also ASTM F1731 is used for
body measurement and sizing of fire and rescue services uniforms and other thermal
hazard protective clothing. ASTM F 2302 is used for performance specification for
labeling protective clothing as heat and flame resistant.
Various organizations such as CEN (European Committee for Standardization), NFPA
(National Fire Protection Association), ISO (International Standarts
Organization),AS/NZS (The Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard) and TC (Technical
Committe) issue and manage the standards for the fire-fighting personal protective
clothing [9].
Methods to determine chemical residance of clothing materials have been established
by ASTM Committe F 23 on protective clothing and are widely used, but biological
resistant test methods have yet to be standardized. ASTM Method F903-87 is used for
determining resistance of protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids [2].
Results
Protective clothing design involves a process that takes the designer lots of steps.
Standards are very important for evaluating the performance of protective clothing. The
protective clothing should provide adequate protection as well as should be
comfortable to wear.
Personal protective clothing, impose a barrier between the wearer/user and the
working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their
ability to carry out their work and creat significant levels of discomfort.
Many of studies reported on new developments and novel approaches for evaluating
the performance of protective clothing and international standards about protective
clothing. In this research, new and improved test methods for evaluating resistance of
protective clothing design, comfort, physiological stresses and effective performance
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29
were investigated. Appropriate material selection, clothing design and final evaluation
of the results play a critical role in predicting the clothing performance and comfort.
Keywords: protective; clothing; standard; performance; evaluation.
References
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/personal_protective/ 2. McBriarty J.P., Henry M.,(1992), “Performance of Protective Clothing:
Fourth Volume”, ASTM STP 1133 3. Raheel M.,(1994), “Protective Clothing: An Overview”, Protective Clothing
Systems and Materials, 4. 4. Eiser D.N.,(1988), “Problems in Personal Protective Equipment Selection,
Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 989 (S.Z. Mansdorf, R.Sager and A.P. Nielsen, eds.) American ociety for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 341-346
5. Easter E.P.,(1994), “Design of Protective Clothing”, Protective Clothing Systems and Materials,
6. ASTM F 1494-14 (2014), “Standard Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing”
7. Gürarda A.,(2015), “Investigation the Relationship Between Fabric Properties and Clothing Process”, Journal of Textile & Engineer, 22:99, pp:41-50
8. Mandal S., Song G., “Thermal Sensors for Performance Evaluation of Protective Clothing Against Heat and Fire: A review”, Textile Research Journal, Vol:85, No:1, pp:101-112
9. Nayak R., Houshyar S. And Padhye R., (2014) “Recent Trends and Future Scope in teh Protection and Comfort of Fire-Fighters’ Personal Protection Clothing”, Fire Science Reviews, 3:4, pp:2-19
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
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31
INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO
PERSONAL COOLING STRATEGIES IN HEATWAVES
Chengjiao ZHANG, Wenfang SONG, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
Introduction
Heatwaves have induced a number of heat-related illnesses and deaths worldwide in
the past few decades [1]. It is important to seek effective cooling strategies to reduce
heat strain of the populations without access to air-conditioning [1]. This study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of two types cooling strategies, i.e., using electric fan (FAN)
and evaporative cooling garment (ECG), in reducing heat strain during heatwaves
using a thermal manikin.
Experimental
The cooling performance of FAN and ECG was evaluated using a thermal manikin
operated in the thermoregulatory model control mode. A metabolic rate of 1.2 METs
was used to simulate person is resting quietly. For the FAN condition, an air fan was
placed in front of the manikin at a distance of 1m, and an air velocity of 1.0 m/s was
used. Before wearing ECG, it was first soaked in water (i.e., 21±2 °C) for 2 min, and
then was gently squeezed to remove the excess water. A basic clothing ensemble (i.e.,
CON, a short-sleeved polyester shirt, briefs, shorts and sandals with thermal insulation:
0.25 clo) was used in all test conditions. Two environments (i.e., 36±0.5 °C, 33±5% RH
and 40±0.5 °C, 27±5% RH) were selected.
Results
Time course changes in the mean skin (Tsk) and the hypothalamic temperatures (Thy)
are presented in Figure 1. Significantly higher Tsk and Thy were observed in FAN
compared with those in CON at 40 °C, which may be induced by the convective heat
gain caused by the electric fan. In contrast, significantly lower Tsk and Thy in ECG was
detected in both heatwave conditions (p<0.05), which may be due to the substantial
body heat absorption induced by the water evaporation from ECG.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Figure 1. Time course changes in the mean skin and hypothalamic temperature in CON, FAN
and ECG. *, significance between CON and FAN; #, significance between CON and ECG.
p<0.05
Keywords: heatwave; electric fan; evaporative cooling; heat strain; thermal manikin.
References
1. Song W. and Wang F., (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.
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33
THE EFFECTS OF WATER REPELLENT FINISHING ON
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMAL
COMFORT OF TEXTILE MATERIALS USED IN OUTER
ENVIRONMENTS
Yaşar ERAYMAN, Yasemin KORKMAZ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
Abstract
The expected characteristics of protective clothing against outer conditions are very
important in recent years. Moisture transfer ability and thermal insulation properties of
these clothes may vary according to usage areas. In this study, polyester fabrics were
treated with silicone and fluorine-based water repellent chemicals and physical and
thermal properties of treated fabrics were analyzed.
Introduction
The ability of clothing to transport air and water vapour is an important determinant of
thermal comfort. Water vapour permeability is the ability to transmit vapour from the
body [1]. Air permeability of a fabric is defined as the amount of air, passed over a
surface under a certain pressure difference, in a unit time [2]. Durability of textile
materials used in outdoor to weather conditions such as water and rain is important
and the physical properties and thermal comfort of these materials are affected
differently depending on the finishing chemicals used.
Experimental
In this study, 100% polyester woven textile surfaces were treated with three different
chemical water repellent finishing agents which were cationic super branched
dendrimer with silicone mixture, cationic C8 fluorocarbon and non-ionic C6
fluorocarbon resin. Silicone and fluorocarbon finishing treatments were applied to
fabrics according to the method of padding in stenter machine. Afterwards, tensile,
tear and abrasion strength properties, performance of water repellency and water
vapour and air permeability of these materials were measured.
Results
Important effects of different water repellent chemicals on the physical and thermal
comfort properties of fabrics were found according to the results. Values of tensile, tear
and abrasion strength, performance of water repellency and water vapour and air
permeability of fabrics treated with different water repellent agents are given in Table 1.
Effect of water repellent agents used in this study on the values of tensile and tear
strength was insignificant. Abrasion strength of fabrics decreased after water repellent
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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finishing. C8 fluorocarbon performed the best water repellency by creating a
hydrophobic membrane structure while C6 fluorocarbon resin and silicone didn't
improve performance of water repellency sufficiently. According to the values of water
vapour permeability, while water vapour permeability of fabrics increased with silicone
finishing, fluorocarbon agents have a negative effect on water vapour permeability. All
of the water repellent agents increased air permeability of fabrics.
Table 1. Test results of fabrics treated with different water repellent agents
Untreated Fabric Silicone C8 Fluorocarbon C6 Fluorocarbon
Tensile strength (N) 842,09 860,77 843,41 852,71
Tear strength (N) 48,44 52,15 54,22 47,61
Abrasion strength (5000
cycle) change of color 4-5 4 4 4
Abrasion strength (15000
cycle) breaking state - - - +
Water repellency 0 2 5 2
Water vapour permeability
(g/m2hPa)
0,19 0,24 0,11 0,07
Air permeability (mm/s)
139,17 167,00 167,00 167,00
Keywords: water repellency; thermal comfort; silicone; fluorocarbon; finishing.
References
1. Bivainytė, A., Mikučionienė, D., (2011), Investigation on the Air and Water Vapour Permeability of Double-Layered Weft Knitted Fabrics, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 19, No. 3 (86) pp. 69-73.
2. Mavruz, S., Ogulata, R. T., (2009), Investigation and statistical prediction of air permeability of cotton knitted fabrics. Textile and Apparel, 19(1), 29-38.
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35
INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT
PROPERTIES OF TEXTILES USED IN READY-BEDS
Yasemin KORKMAZ, Sedat ÖZER, Yaşar ERAYMAN Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey [email protected]
Abstract
Thermal comfort properties of bedding are extremely important in terms of sleep
quality. Ready-bed surfaces are produced with quiltings comprised of felt, interlining,
yarn, foam and fabric. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of raw materials
used in bedding on the air permeability and thermal conductivity.
Introduction
In last decades, increased attention is paid to comfort properties of textiles. There is
general agreement that the transfer of heat, moisture and air through the textile
surfaces are the major factors for thermal comfort [1]. The microclimate in the bedding
is determined by the ambient temperature and bedding design. Heat loss in bedding
occurs through leakage of microclimate air to ambient temperature through bedding
upper layers and with the conduction of heat to mattress [2].
Experimental
In this study, air permeability and heat transmission coefficient of bedding quiltings
having different foam density (0.7, 1, 1.4, 1.7, 2 cm), fibre weight (150, 200, 250, 400,
500 gr) and interlining weight (20, 40 gr) are determined. %100 polyester knit fabrics
and cotton-polyester blended woven fabrics were used in upper surfaces of these
quiltings. Samples and their features are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Samples and features
Surface Sample code
Fibre
weight (gr)
Interlining
weight (gr)
Foam density
(cm)
Cotton-polyester
blended woven fabrics
D1 250 40 0.7
D2 150 40 1
D3 250 20 1
D4 500 40 1
D5 250 40 1.7
D6 250 40 1
D7 250 40 2
%100 PES knit fabric
O1 250 40 1
O2 200 40 0.7
O3 200 20 0.7
O4 250 40 1.7
O5 200 40 1.4
O6 400 40 0.7
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Results
Air permeability and thermal conductivity average values of upper and sub-surface of
samples are given Table 2. Important effects of different foam density, fibre weight and
interlining weight on the thermal comfort properties of bedding quilting were found
according to the results.
Table 2. Test results
Surface
Sample
code
Upper
Surface Air
Permeability
(mm/s)
Sub-Surface
Air
Permeability
(mm/s)
Upper Surface
Thermal
Conductivity (λ)
Sub-Surface
Thermal
Conductivity
(λ)
Cotton-polyester
blended woven
fabrics
D1 140 53 0.0578 0.0356
D2 117 53 0.0622 0.0349
D3 160 50 0.0510 0.0358
D4 110 47 0.0583 0.0340
D5 110 50 0.0544 0.0349
D6 107 50 0.0507 0.0349
D7 103 53 0.0595 0.0340
%100 PES knit
fabric
O1 157 143 0.0431 0.0349
O2 170 133 0.0412 0.0353
O3 187 157 0.0413 0.0363
O4 147 123 0.0431 0.0350
O5 160 103 0.0414 0.0354
O6 153 143 0.0427 0.0351
Keywords: ready-bed; quilting; thermal comfort; air permeability; thermal conductivity.
References:
1. Ertekin G., Marmarali A., (2011), Heat, Air And Water Vapor Transfer Properties Of Circular Knitted Spacer Fabrics, Textile and Apparel, 4, 369-373.
2. Amrit, U. R. (2007), Bedding Textiles And Their Influence On Thermal Comfort And Sleep, AUTEX Research Journal, 8(4), 252-254.
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37
ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WET CLOTHING IN
REDUCING HEAT STRAIN DURING A HEATWAVE
Wenfang SONG, Chengjiao ZHANG, Fanru WEI, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
Introduction
An increased number of heat-related illnesses and deaths caused by heatwave
episodes (i.e., extremely hot environments) have been noted in recent years [1]. There
is an urgent need to seek ecologically valid cooling strategies for those populations
without access to air-conditioning during extreme heatwave events. The present study
was aimed to examine the effectiveness of an ecological cooling strategy (i.e., wearing
wet clothing) in reducing body heat strain during a heatwave condition.
Experimental
Eight healthy male subjects (age: 23.2±2.4 yr; height: 173.0±0.1 cm; body mass:
64.1±4.8 kg) participated in this study. Each subject underwent two trials, i.e., ordinary
summer wear, i.e., a short-sleeved polyester shirt, briefs, shorts and sandals (i.e.,
CON, the intrinsic thermal insulation of CON was 0.25 clo), and wet clothing (WEC). It
was noted that WEC was achieved by immersing the CON ensemble in water. Subjects
were asked to swallow an ingestible core temperature capsule about 3 h before tests.
On arrival for the lab, they sat on a chair in a room for 30 min (i.e., 23±2 °C,
RH=65±5%). Afterwards, they were randomly assigned in either CON or WEC, entered
into a climate chamber (i.e., 43.0±0.5 °C, RH=57±5% and 0.17±0.05 m/s) and were
asked to rest on a chair for 90 min.
Results
Figure 1 presents time course changes in mean skin and core temperatures in CON
and WEC. Mean skin temperature was found to be significantly lower in WEC
compared with CON from the 5th min to the end of the test (p<0.05), and the core
temperate was significantly lower in WEC from the 25th min to the end of the test
(p<0.05). The cooling benefit of WEC may be attributed to the promoted moisture
evaporation on WEC that absorbed body heat.
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Figure 1. Time course changes in the mean skin and core temperatures in CON and WEC
Keywords: heatwave; cooling; wet clothing; heat strain.
References
1. Kenney W.L., Craighead D.H., Alexander L.M., (2014) Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(10): 1891-1899.
2. Song W., Wang F., (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, DOI:10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.
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39
A NEW PROTOCOL TO CHARACTERIZE THERMAL
PROTECIVE PERFORMANCE OF GARMENTS USING
INSTRUMENTED FLASH FIRE AND SPRAY
MANNEQUIN
Farzan GHOLAMREZA1, Mark ACKERMAN1, David TORVI2, Nancy KERR1,
Guowen SONG3 1University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 2University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada 3Iowa State University, Ames, USA
Introduction
Industrial workers may be exposed to thermal hazards and sustain burn injuries.
Thermal protective clothing is designed to provide protection from thermal hazardous
environments and to slow down the heat transfer to the workers’ skin. However, during
thermal exposures, the clothing may store a large amount of thermal energy, which can
be discharged to the skin after the termination of the thermal exposure, reducing the
performance of the protective garments. Instrumented mannequins have been used to
evaluate the performance of full-scale garments. In the existing full scale manikin
studies, the average of total absorbed energy (TAE) and the percentage of second and
third degree burn have been used as parameters to evaluate the thermal performance
of the garment. These parameters do not completely address the contribution of the
stored thermal energy to thermal performance of the garment. The aim of this study is
to quantify and investigate the effects of stored energy in full scale garment tests.
Experimental
The garments selected for the study were flame resistant thermal protective garments.
The performance of the garments was measured using the instrumented flash fire and
fluid spray male mannequins [1, 2]. The data acquisition system recorded the skin
simulant sensor output and software was employed to obtain the skin burn distribution
over the skin as well as the transmitted and the discharged energy during and after
exposure. A bio-heat transfer skin model was employed in conjunction with Henriques
Burn Integral to predict second degree burn time.
Results
New predictive parameters such as the average of the weighted second degree burn
which occurred post exposure, during cooling period of the garments (SEC2nd), average
total energy discharged to the manikin during cooling period (TED), and the stored
energy contribution to the total energy absorbed throughout the test (SECE=TED/TAE)
are introduced. The findings demonstrate that the stored thermal energy contributes
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significantly to second degree burns and can reduce the level of protection from
wearing protective clothing. Also, it is confirmed that the SECE, TED and SEC2nd can be
used as parameters to evaluate the thermal performance of the fabric system in full
scale tests. The results also indicate that the SECE, TED and SEC2nd can be used to
quantify the stored thermal energy effect in full scale tests.
Keywords: thermal hazards; stored thermal energy; burn injury; thermal protective
clothing; instrumented flash fire; fluid spray male mannequins.
Acknowledgment
This study is supported by Protective Clothing and Equipment Research Facility
(PCERF).
References
1. Ackerman, M, Crown, E. M., Dale, J. D., Paskaluk, S. & Song, G. (2011).
Project update: Protection from steam and hot water hazards. Paper
presented at the Protective Clothing System for Safety ’11, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada.
2. Dale, J. D., Crown, E. M., Ackerman, M. Y., Leung, E., & Rigakis, K. B.
(1992). Instrumented mannequin evaluation of thermal protective clothing.
Performance of Protective Clothing: Fourth Volume, ASTM STP, 1133, 717-
733.
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AN APPROACH WITH 2 PHASE CHANGES (PCM+)
IMPROVES AND PROLONGS THE COOLING EFFECT
Kalev KUKLANE1, Matthew RAOUFI2, Elsa LINDBERG1 1Lund University, Department Of Design Sciences, Lund, Sweden 2Esparlous AB, Lund, Sweden
Introduction
Auxiliary body cooling solutions are used under heavy work load or heat exposure,
especially, if body own sweating is not able to meet cooling demands or evaporation is
compromised either by environmental or clothing factors. Phase change materials
(PCM), ventilation solutions, ice etc. are in use [1-4]. Lately starting to combine various
cooling methods has become popular in order to achieve best cooling effect [5, 6] All of
them have their pros and cons depending on the specific user and environmental
conditions. As evaporation heat of water is 6-7 times higher than heat for melting the
ice, then it was of interest to combine the phase changes from solid to liquid and from
liquid to vapour into one product that allows close skin contact but avoids cold
discomfort.
Objectives
The aim of the present measurement series was to quantify the cooling power of
combined PCM and water packages, and compare them to other solutions. A
secondary objective was to generate new ideas for the product design.
Methods
PCM packages (salt, á 120 g and 13x7 cm) with melting point at 24 °C were tested.
The tests were carried out on a combined dry and wet (textile skin) hotplate (Figure 1)
that was kept constant at the surface temperature (Ts) of 34 °C. Four (4) packages did
cover the measuring area more or less completely. The following test settings were
used with dry plate: PCM; PCM with plastic and 50 g of water; PCM with vapour
permeable membrane and 50 g of water. The same conditions were tested while
covered with firefighter jacket layers over the setup. The tests on wet hotplate repeated
the same settings, while a condition with “bare skin” was added. The chamber was set
to air temperature (Ta) of 34 °C, relative humidity (RH) of 30 % and air velocity (va) of
0.4 m/s. Some of the tests were repeated with a textile from Comfort Cooling
Technologies® (CCT), the frozen packages, and some were tested at Ta of 40 °C and
RH of 18 %. Heat loss (W/m2) graphs were drawn, and total cooling energy (kJ) was
calculated for specific time periods.
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a) b) c) d) e) f)
Figure 1. a) Dry plate with square shaped measuring zone in the middle; b) PCM on dry plate;
c) PCM in plastic pouch filled with 50 g of water; d) PCM in plastic (bottom side) and vapour
permeable membrane (upper side) pouch filled with 50 g of water; e) a setup covered with a
firefighter jacket; f) wet plate and onset of sweating
Results and discussion
In all dry conditions the PCM with membrane did perform the best, and in some cases
the total cooling energy was about twice as high as from ordinary PCM based on 4
hours’ exposure calculations (Figure 2). On wet plate the differences between
membrane and other cooling solutions were not as high. The best cooling was
achieved by “bare skin” that was more than twice as good as any other option, while
under the protective layer the PCM solutions showed an advantage. The differences
between the solutions were dependent on the specific conditions and time points. 50 g
of water under the membrane lasted for more than 12 hours at a constant effect under
the specified conditions indicating the possibility to reduce added water mass. Also, the
test series did provide new ideas for customized design of the cooling solutions with
PCM packages.
Figure 2. Total energy (kJ) for cooling from various solutions and conditions under 4 hours of
exposure
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Conclusions
Combining cooling from melting PCM with advantages of evaporation did prolong
cooling effect and allowed for more cooling power than other tested options. Choice of
cooling solution must be matched to the specific user requirements and to the
environmental conditions.
Keywords: PCM; cooling power; melting; evaporation; hotplate; protective layer;
design.
References
1. Gao C., Kuklane, K., Wang F., Holmér I. (2012) Personal cooling with phase change materials to improve thermal comfort from a heat wave perspective. Indoor Air, 22 (6), p. 523-530.
2. Kuklane K., Gao C., Holmér I. (2012) Ventilation solutions in clothing. The 10th Joint International Scientific Conference CLOTECH 2012: Innovations in textile materials & protective clothing. p. 205-212.
3. McCullough E.A., Eckels S. (2009) Evaluation of personal cooling systems for soldiers. In: Eds. Endrusick TL, Castellani JW. The 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Boston, USA: University of Wollongong, Australia: published on behalf of the organisers.
4. Smolander J., Kuklane K., Gavhed D., Nilsson H., Holmér I. (2004) Effectiveness of a light-weight ice-vest for body cooling while wearing fire fighter's protective clothing in the heat. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 10 (2), p. 111-117.
5. Lu Y., Wei F., Lai D., Shi W., Wang F., Gao C., Song G. (2015) A novel personal cooling system (PCS) incorporated with phase change materials (PCMs) and ventilation fans: An investigation on its cooling efficiency. Journal of Thermal Biology, 52, p. 137-146.
6. Song W., Wang F. (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, online, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.
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PROPOSAL OF A TEST METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICACY OF PROTECTION
OFFERED BY TEXTILES EXPOSED TO LIQUID
HYDROCARBON FIRES
Shelley KEMP, Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Renè ROSSI Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland [email protected]
Introduction
People may be exposed to fires involving flammable liquids and liquefiable solids (type
B fires) in a number of situations. Predominately, these individuals work in the
emergency services and military. Fires involving flammable liquids typically reach
higher temperatures sooner when compared to other fuel types [1], yet there appears
to be little literature that specifically investigates the protective properties of fabrics
against such fires.
Experimental
Three fabrics, with varying flame retardant properties, were tested on apparatus
designed and constructed by Empa (Figure 1). The fabric samples were mounted on a
sample plate inclined to three different angles (5°, 15° and 30°). Known volumes of fuel
(1, 2 and 4 ml; 2:1 petrol: diesel) were pipetted into a fuel reservoir, ignited, then tipped
onto the technical face of the fabric. Ten thermocouples embedded in the sample plate
measured the resultant change in temperature at the technical rear of the fabric
samples during exposure.
Results
Significant differences were observed between fabrics for burn time, maximum
temperature, time to maximum temperature (Figure 2), maximum heat flux and
estimated burn risk. Therefore, this new methodology enabled discrimination among
textile materials based on the protection they provide. Differences were also observed
between fuel volumes and the sample angle and, therefore, these parameters must be
controlled for comparable results.
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Figure 1. Test apparatus
Figure 2. A typical example of the temperature time profiles for each of the three fabric types
(15°, 2 ml)
Keywords: protection; textiles; flammable liquid; burn risk.
Acknowledgments
Schoeller textiles
References
1. Bourbigot, S., & Duquesne, S. (2010). Intumescence-based fire retardants.
In Wilkie, C.A., & Morgan, A.B. (Eds.), Fire Retardancy of Polymeric
Materials, 2nd Ed, 113–184. CRC Press, USA.
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24 May 2016 Tuesday
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EVALUATION OF HEATING PROTOCOLS WITH
GRAPHENE HEATER FOR KOREAN NAVY DUTY
UNIFORM IN WINTER
Sora SHIN, Joo-Young LEE 1Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
Introduction
Working environments onboard naval ships are windy and cold in winter. However, it
has been reported that Korean navy duty uniform does not provide thermal insulation
enough to protect navy sailors from cold in winter. While 45% of 702 navy sailors
expressed that they felt cold when they was indoor on a naval ship, the 84% of the
navy sailors felt cold when they was doing outdoor work on the naval ship [1]. Several
ways, such as wearing thick and multi-layered clothes to increase still air layer, using
moisture-absorbing and heating fabrics, or electrically heating materials to provide
active heating can be applied to increase the thermal insulation of the winter uniform.
We developed a graphene heater as an active heating system. The graphene heater is
lighter, thinner, more flexible and higher electrical conductivity when compared to
currently-developed-electrical heating wiring systems. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate a heating protocol with the graphene heater for the sake of applying to Korean
navy duty uniform in winter. Hypotheses were that 1) the back on the trunk would be
more effective body region to maintain body temperature than the chest; and 2) an
intermittent heating would be more effective protocol to provide greater warm sensation
than a continuous heating protocol.
Experimental Methods
Eight male students participated in five experimental conditions: Control, Back-
intermittent heating, Back-continuous heating, Chest-intermittent heating, and Chest-
continuous heating, at an air temperature of 0oC with 40%RH. Subjects wore Korean
navy duty winter uniform and the graphene heater was located between underwear and
shirts. Subjects rested 20 min followed by 30-min exercise and 20-min rest. Rectal
temperature, 10 skin temperatures, surface temperature of the graphene heater,
oxygen consumption, and heart rate were continuously monitored. Thermal sensation
and comfort were recorded every 10 min.
Results
The first hypothesis was accepted. Heating either the chest or back was more effective
to maintain body temperature than no heating, and heating the back was more effective
than heating the chest. Regarding the second hypothesis, subjects expressed similar
thermal sensation and comfort between intermittent and continuous heating protocols,
but total electric power consumption was lower in the intermittent heating than in the
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continuous heating condition. In conclusion, we suggest the back-intermittent heating
protocol with a grapheme heater for navy duty uniform in winter.
Keywords: graphene heater; cold stress; navy duty uniform; intermittent heating
protocol; thermal insulation.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Ministry of National Defense (Project #
2014UMM1398)
References
1. Lee H.H., Shin S., Lee J.Y., Baek Y.J., (2015) Survey on the Actual Wearing
Conditions of Naval Duty Uniforms in Naval Vessels, Fashion & Textiles
Research Journal, 17(4), 646–656.
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SILVER NANOWIRE COATED HEATABLE TEXTILES
Doğa DOĞANAY, Şahin ÇOŞKUN, Hüsnü Emrah ÜNALAN Midlle East Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
Ankara, Turkey
Introduction
Commercially used heatable textiles are generally consisting of solid metal wire like
copper and stainless steel. However, this kind of textiles is easily breakdown after
repeated bending cycles. Coating with nanomaterials are started to investigate to
overcome this problem. As a one dimensional (1-D) nanomaterial, multi wall carbon
nanotubes (MWCNT) have been used as conductive material [1]. Slow thermal
response, due to low thermal conductivity of MWCNT between the walls is a problem.
In that manner, metallic nanowires seem as a promising candidate. Recently, Cui et. al.
showed that silver nanowire (Ag NW) coated fabrics are suitable for heating
applications [2]. In this study, we extensively investigated the heating performance of
silver nanowire coated woven cotton textiles.
Experimental
A simple dip and dry method is utilized to fabricate Ag NW coated cotton textiles.
Basically polyol synthesized Ag NWs were suspended in ethanol [3]. Then pre-cleaned
cotton textiles are submersed into the ethanoic solution for 5 minutes. After that, cotton
textiles were dried at 80 ⁰C for another 5 minutes. The dip and dry process was
repeated, until enough conductivity was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
was performed to understand morphology of Ag NW and coated textiles. Heating
character of 4*4 cm2 cotton textiles under different voltage have been investigated. To
measure washing resistance, 1*1 cm2 fabrics have been washed for 10 minutes.
Results
10-ohm resistance was measured after coating process. Due to 1D character of Ag
NWs, a low resistance was observed with very limited Ag NW loading content. SEM
image of this textile is provided in Figure 1(a). Heating performance of the textile under
different voltage is provided in Figure 1(b). Ultimate temperatures were measured as
32 and 52 ⁰C, under 1 and 3V respectively. As it can be seen, response time is quite
low. Resistance of the silver nanowire coated fabric after washing cycles were
monitored and presented in Figure 2(c).
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Figure 1: (a) SEM images of Ag NW coated textile, (b) Temperature change with respect to
applied voltage time (c) Resistance change with rescpect to washing cycle
References
1. Markevicius T., Furferi R., Olsson N., Meyer H., Governi L., Carfagni M., Volpe Y., Hegelbach R., (2014), Towards the Development a Novel CNTs-based Flexible Mild Heater for Art Conservation, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 4 (8).
2. Hsu P-C., Liu X., Liu C., Xie X., Lee H.R., Welch A.J, Zhao T., Cui Y., (2014) Personal Thermal Management by Metallic Nanowire-Coated Textile, Nano Letters, 15 (1), pp 365-371.
3. Coskun S., Aksoy B., Unalan H.E., (2011), Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanowires: An Extensive Parametric Study, Crystal Growth and Design, 11, pp 4963-4969.
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EVALUATION OF BARRIER® EASYWARM ON
HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS IN THREE DIFFERENT
CLIMATES
Kalev KUKLANE1, Amitava HALDER1, Karin LUNDGREN1, Chuansi GAO1,
Magnus OSTBERG2, Lisa SKINTEMO2, Anna GROU2, Jens TORNQVIST2,
Karin GANLOV2, Mikael ÅSTROM2 1Lund University, Department Of Design Sciences, Lund, Sweden 2Mölnlycke Health Care, Gothenburg, Sweden
Introduction
Anaesthesia induced hypothermia (AIH) [1] is a commonly encountered, serious but
preventable condition associated with increased bleeding and blood transfusion,
increased risk of surgical site infections, and morbid cardiac events [2-5]. Active
warming is effective in preventing hypothermia, but there is a need for easy-to-use and
cost-effective products that make it available to more patients [6, 7]. Establishing how
the environment affects patient’s skin temperature and total body heat content (TBHC)
under active warming is an important aspect in developing new, more effective
warming products to prevent or treat AIH [8-10]. Simultaneously, it is important to avoid
any adverse effects, e.g. discomfort, skin burns, on the patients [11,12].
Objectives
This investigation was undertaken in three different indoor climate settings to evaluate
the safety and efficacy of the BARRIER® EasyWarm active warming blanket. The
results were intended to be used as a part of the product and technical documentation
development.
Methods
Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited for an interventional, single centre, single
arm, open labelled investigation performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the
BARRIER® EasyWarm active self-warming blanket in 18 °C, 20 % RH; 21 °C, 50 %
RH; 24 °C, 80 % RH. The duration of each test was 4 hours, and subjects’ skin (8 sites
for mean skin and 4 sites for skin under the heating pads), core and blanket (under 4
pads) temperatures were recorded each minute. Ordinary operation blankets were
exchanged to the heated blankets after 20 minutes of stay at each environment.
Results and discussion
A statistically significant increase (67-71 kJ) in TBHC was observed over time in all
three climates. With this investigation design, however, it was not possible to show
differences in TBHC between the three climates, i.e. the total subjects’ heat gain from
the blanket and environment combination was not significantly different in 3 indoor
climates.
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The active self-warming blanket was well tolerated in healthy male volunteers, and
none of the six Adverse Events (AE) reported were serious. The reported AEs were not
related to the investigational device but rather to the required static posture, which is
not a problem for patients under anaesthesia. All AEs were resolved at the end of the
test.
Skin temperature (Figure 1a) during any of the conditions reached maximally 42.2 °C,
which is lower than the pain threshold of 43 °C. Increase of core temperature (Figure
1b) over time in climate 18 °C and 24 °C was on average 0.1 °C to 0.2 °C, leading to
mean final core temperatures of 36.9 (SD 0.2) and 37.1 (SD 0.4) °C for 18 °C and 24
°C exposures, respectively. Thermal comfort and the mean thermal sensation were
maintained within slightly cold and warm throughout the whole exposure length.
a)
b)
Figure 1. Mean (with SD) and maximum temperatures for each minute of the sensors on the skin under four heating packages (a); and mean rectal temperature (with SD) for all climate conditions (Note: time starts 20 minutes prior to placing the active warming blanket on the
subject)
Conclusions
The active warming blanket was found to be able to maintain or slightly increase the
body temperature of the subjects in all conditions without any adverse thermal effects.
References
1. Sessler, D.I. (2000) Perioperative heat balance. Anaesthesiology 2000; 92: 578-96.
2. Frank, S.M., Fleisher, L.A., Breslow, M.J., Higgins, M.S., Olson, K.F., Kelly, S., & Beattie, C. (1997) Perioperative maintenance of normothermia
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reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association; 277: 1127-34.
3. Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Lenhardt, R.A. (1996) Study of wound infections and temperature group: perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection and shorten hospitalization. New England Journal of Medicine; 334: 1209-15.
4. Rajagopalan, S, Mascha, E., Na, J., Sessler, D.I. (2008) The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement: A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology; 108: 71.
5. Schmied, H., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Kozek, S., Reiter, A. (1996) Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases blood loss and allogenic transfusion requirements during total hip arthoplasty. Lancet; 347: 289-92.
6. Winkler, M, Ake, O, Birkenberg, B., Hetz, H., Scheck, T., Arkilic, C.F., Kabon, B, Marker, E., Grubl, A., Czepan, R., Greher, M., Goll, V., Gottsuner-Wolf, F., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I. (2000) Aggressive warming reduces blood loss during hip arthroplasty. Anesthesia and Analgesia; 91:978-84.
7. Mahoney, CB, Odom, J. (1999) Maintaining intraoperative normothermia: A meta-analysis of outcomes with costs. AANA Jourmal; 67(2), 155-164.
8. De Witte, J.L.., Demeyer, C., & Vandemaele, E. (2010) Resistive heating or forced air warming for the prevention of redistribution hypothermia. Anesthesia and Analgesia; 110: 829-833.
9. Kim, J.Y., Shinn, H., Oh, Y.J., Hong, Y.W., Kwak, H.J., & Kwak, Y.L. (2006) The effect of skin surface warming during anesthesia preparation on preventing redistribution hypothermia in the early operative period of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery; 29: 343-347.
10. Perl, T., Rhenius, A., Eich, C.B., Quintel, M., Heise, D., & Brauer, A. (2012) Conductive warming and insulation reduces perioperative hypothermia. Central European Journal of Medicine; 7: 284-289.
11. Sessler, D.I., Schroeder, M., Merrifield, B., Matsukawa, T., Cheng, C. (1995) Optimal duration and temperature of pre-warming. Anesthesiology; 82: 674-681.
12. Torossian, A. (2008) Thermal management during anesthesia and thermoregulation standards for the prevention of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. Best Practice and Research Clinical Anaesthesiology; 22: 659-668.
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PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF WETSUITS FOR SWIMMERS
IN COLD WATER: MODELLING RESULTS
Irena YERMAKOVA1, Anastasia NIKOLAIENKO1, Julia TADEIEVA1, Leslie
MONTGOMERY2 1International Scientific-Training Center for Information Technologies and Systems, Kiev,
Ukraine 2LDM Associate, San Jose, CA, USA
Introduction
Cold water is a dangerous risk factor for swimmers in spite of the intensive physical
load they perform. Wetsuits are used to avoid possible cooling of sportsmen in some
competitions [1]. The typical fabric used for a wetsuit is neoprene. A neoprene wetsuit
effectively prevents swimmers from hypothermia in cold water. It is important to know
whether or not it is necessary for participants in competition under proposed conditions
to wear wetsuits. The purpose of this study was to compare swimmers thermal state
with and without wetsuits during Olympic triathlon swimming using a thermoregulatory
computer model.
Modeling
A computer simulator has been developed to predict dynamic physiological and
thermal reactions of man immersed in water. The model includes controlled and
controlling processes of the human thermoregulatory system. Mathematical description
of convective heat exchange between the human body and water was originally
proposed by L. Montgomery [2]. The human body is approximated by multilayered
cylinders corresponding to the head, trunk, arms, forearms, hands, thighs, calves and
feet. Simulated experiments were performed for: water temperature 14 °C; competitive
distance 1500 m; velocity 1.25 m/s, that corresponds 630 W. Wetsuit: thermal
resistance is 0.058 m2·°C/W, hands and feet are nude.
Results
Modeling experiments showed that swimming without wetsuits results in hypothermia
of swimmers. T core fell at -1.16 °C to the end of distance. The cause is that heat loss
due to water convection (760 W) is more than the metabolic heat production of the
swimmer (630 W). So water convection has a prevailing cooling effect on swimmer.
According to modelling for swimmers wearing wetsuits there is no danger of
hypothermia. Wetsuits provide safe swim distance. But as metabolic heat production
(630 W) is more than heat loss to water (385 W) that takes place in this case then it is
leading to hyperthermia. To the end of the competitive distance T core increased at +
0.54 °C. It is important that core temperature will increase in proportion of swimmer
velocity (power). This fact has to be taken into consideration for demands of
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competition conditions. Comparison of simulation results with real measurements
showed good coincidence [3]. Modeling results are within the ranges of the individual
variations for swimmers wearing wetsuits and without them. Simulations of swimming
in cold water can also be a useful tool for development of protective wetsuits for
different combinations of water temperature and swimmer velocity avoiding hazards of
sportsmen.
Keywords: model; immersion; cold water; swimmer; wetsuit.
References
1. Tipton, M., & Bradford, C. (2014). “Moving in extreme environments: open
water swimming in cold and warm water”. Extreme physiology & medicine,
3(1): 12, http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/3/1/12.
2. Montgomery, L. D. (1974). “A model of heat transfer in immersed man”.
Annals of biomedical engineering, 2(1): 19-46.
3. Hall, J., Lomax, M., Massey, H. C., & Tipton, M. J. (2015). Thermal
response of triathletes to 14° C swims with and without wetsuits. Extreme
Physiology & Medicine, 4 (Suppl 1): A49,
http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/4/S1/A49.
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EFFECT OF WOVEN STRUCTURE ON CUT RESISTANT
PROPERTY OF KEVLAR FABRIC
Mazhar Hussain PEERZADA1, Anam MEMON1, Sadaf Aftab ABBASI2,
Awais KHATRI1 1Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Department of Textile Engineering, Jamshoro,
Pakistan 2Ege University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
Introduction
It is extremely important to protect ourselves while using sharp objects, such as knives
and different types of cutters in our daily life, especially in house hold activities [1].
Many industrial jobs and laboratory work, put personnel at danger of injuries to their
arms, hands, and fingers [2]. According to a survey in France, almost 33% of injuries,
at work, are associated with hands and arms [3, 4].In this regard, the protective textiles
play an important role in protecting human beings from such mishaps. Gloves [5],
helmets [6], pads, knee caps, seatbelts [7], airbags, shoes [8] and garments for
medical workers [9] are few examples utilizing protective textiles in different forms.
Experimental
In this paper, the effect of woven fabricating technique on the cut resistant properties of
fabrics was studied. 100% Kevlar fabrics were woven indigenously by weaving
technique. The produced fabric was tested for cut and puncture resistance tests for
comparative exploration. The surface morphology of un-deformed and deformed
samples was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Results
The number of woven fabric samples are fabricated indigenously from Kevlar in order
to analyze the cut resistant and puncture properties for comparative exploration. The
woven samples possess better cut resistance property than conventional Kevlar
fabrics. Composite woven samples show highest cut resistance index as shown in Fig.
01. This is interesting finding which may attract in future for making the industrial cut
resistance material. Currently, industrial cut resistance products such as gloves and
sleeves are made by knitting technique. Moreover, it is seen that cut resistance
depends on the thickness of fabric. By increasing the thickness of the fabric, the cut
resistance property is enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy images of un-deformed
and cut woven fabrics reveals the cutting behavior of different woven structures.
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Figure 1. Cut index analysis (a) +450 and (b) -450 of kevlar woven fabrics
Keywords: kevlar; woven fabric; cut resistant property; SEM.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Beltexco Ltd. Karachi (Midas Safety group) for providing
testing facilities.
References
1. Kwok, T., V. Arrandale, and S. Skotnicki-Grant, Repeated Mechanical Trauma to the Hands: The Use of Anti-Impaction Gloves for Treatment and Return to Work. Dermatitis, 2009. 20(5): p. 278-283.
2. Johnson, J.S. and S.Z. Mansdorf, Performance of protective clothing. Vol. 1237. 1996: ASTM International.
3. Payot, F., Measurement and Control Method for Cutting Resistance of Protective Gloves. Performance of Protective Clothing, 1992: p. 17.
4. Rebouillat, S., B. Steffenino, and A. Miret-Casas, Aramid, steel, and glass: characterization via cut performance testing, of composite knitted fabrics and their constituent yarns, with a review of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 2010. 45(19): p. 5378-5392.
5. Jacobs, M. and J. Mencke. New Technologies in Gel-Spinning the World’s Strongest Fibres. in Techtextil-Symposium, Lecture. 1995.
6. Roedel, C. and X. Chen. Innovation and analysis of police riot helmets with continuous textile reinforcement for improved protection. in Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, IMACS Multiconference on. 2006. IEEE.
7. Fung, W. and M. Hardcastle, Textiles in automotive engineering. Vol. 13. 2001: Woodhead Publishing.
8. Shishoo, R., Recent developments in materials for use in protective clothing. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2002. 14(3/4): p. 201-215.
9. Leslie, L.F., et al., Needle puncture resistance of surgical gloves, finger guards, and glove liners. Journal of biomedical materials research, 1996. 33(1): p. 41-46
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLEXIBLE PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE WITH SPACER FABRICS
Sinem ÖZTÜRK, Buket DEĞİRMENCİ, Hüseyin Erdem YALKIN, Simge
SAKİN, Bekir BOYACI Sun Tekstil R&D Center, İzmir, Turkey
Introduction
The use of spacer fabrics has attracted great attention in recent years in personal
protective clothing and against low velocity impact [1]. Spacer fabrics are sandwich
structures in which two surface fabric layers are connected together by a layer of
spacer monofilament yarns. This structural property makes them very easy to be
tailored to meet special requirements for different protective applications by changing
their structural parameters. In a spacer fabric structure, the parameters that can be
changed include the surface layer knitted structure, fabric thickness and density,
spacer monofilament fineness and inclination, surface yarn type, linear density, etc. [2].
Experimental
In this study, body armor is designed for protecting human body against low velocity
impact. In order to discuss the effect of spacer fabric structural parameters on
protection level, three types of warp knitted spacer fabrics were manufactured,
mechanical and thermal properties of these flexible and impact resistant fabrics were
investigated. They are tested according to VPAM KDIW 2004 [3], ISO 11092 [4]
standard for mechanical and thermal properties respectively. Absorbing energy of
monofilaments is shown in Figure 1 during the impact.
Results
The impact protection of three different spacer fabrics was tested according to the
VPAM test instruction. With respect to the experimental test results one of the designed
spacer structure was passed VPAM KDIW 2004 W1 15 joule block impact. The impact
resistance of the spacer fabric was improved and thanks to spacer fabrics structural
properties which have air permeability, flexibility, washable, moisture transmission,
anti-bacterial, functional properties of body armor is developed. Thus, with a proper
knitted structure, spacer fabrics can be ideally suited as part of impact protective
armor, used in sports, security forces etc., to increase wearing comfort compared to
foam padding or protectors from hard materials.
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Figure 1. Spacer fabric impact behaviour (5)
Keywords: spacer; personal protective clothing; impact resistant; flexibility; air
permability.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Sun Textile R&D Center.
References
1. Gokarneshan N. (2006), Design of warp knit spacer Fabrics: Resent research insights on technical applications, Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, Volume:9, Issue:3.
2. Liu Y., Hu H., Long H., Zhao L., (2012), Impact compressive behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabrics for protective applications, Textile Research Journal, 82(8): 773-788.
3. VPAM-KDIW 2004 (2011) Test Standard “Stab and Impact Resistance”. 4. ISO 11092:2014 Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal
and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test).
5. Goodwin E., (2006), Protective device using a spacer fabric. Patent 2006/0287622 A1, USA.
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DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID ARMORS FOR BODY
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Oylum ÇOLPANKAN1, Sema YILDIZ1, Mehmet Deniz GÜNEŞ1, Fikret
ŞENEL2, Metin TANOĞLU1 1İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey 2Barış Elektrik Endüstrisi A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey
Introduction
Body armors have been designed for defense personnel to prevent threats from
weapons or projectiles. The fabrics such as aramid fibers (Kevlar, Twaron) and high-
density polyethylene fibers (Spectra, Dyneema) are widely used to produce soft body
armors due to their high strength, low density and high energy absorption
characteristics [1]. In recent years, shear thickening fluids (STFs) have been used
within body armors to develop flexible, lightweight, high stab and ballistic resistant
armors. STFs are non-Newtonian fluids which show continuous and sudden increase in
viscosity beyond a critical shear rate [2].
Experimental
In this study, STFs containing fumed silica dry nanoparticles (90-250 nm particle sizes)
and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (200g/mole) were prepared by sonochemical method at
different weight ratios. The rheological properties of STFs were investigated using a
(TA AR2000ex) rheometer. STF/fabric composites were obtained by impregnation of
STFs into aramid fabrics. Quasitatic stab resistance of composites was determined
based on the NIJ Standart 0115.0 by Schimadzu AGI universal test machine with a 5
kN load cell.
Results
Rheological results (Figure 1) showed that the PEGs viscosity remains constant as
shear rate increases. The additions of silica nanoparticles into the PEG results with the
increase of the viscosity over the entire range of shear rates. It was also seen that the
viscosity of the STF samples increases with increasing silica weight fraction. The
quasitatic stab resistance of composites were found to be higher than those for neat
aramid fabric at about the same penetration depth.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Figure 1. Steady shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for (STFs)
Keywords: body armor; aramid; shear thickening fluid; rheology; stab resistance.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Undersecretariat for Defence Industries of Turkey (SSM).
References
1. Srivastava A., Majumdar A., Butola B. S., (2012). Improving the Impact Resistance of Textile Structures by using Shear Thickening Fluids: A Review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 37:115-129.
2. Srivastava, A., Majumdar, A., Butola, Bhupendra S., (2011). Improving the impact resistance performance of Kevlar fabrics using silica based shear thickening fluid. Materials Science and Engineering A, 529:224-229.
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UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF
HYBRID CARBON/ARAMID WOVEN FABRICS
Emin SÜNBÜLOĞLU1, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN2, Meral TUNA1, Ergün
BOZDAĞ1 1İstanbul Technical University, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, Department Of Textile Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Mechanical modeling of cloth and woven structures gain importance as simulation
capabilities increase and virtual experimenting gets more important. However, the
modeling of woven structures is complex, due to highly non-linear interactions between
members among weaves. In hybrid carbon/aramid woven fabric structures, the high
impact resistance and tensile strength of the aramid fibre combines with high the
compressive and tensile strength of carbon. Thus, researchers have been interested in
the mechanical response of these fabrics to implement them in structural composites
[1]. The aim of this study is to obtain an experimental insight to mechanical behavior of
hybrid woven aramid/carbon cloths under various loading conditions and compare the
data to purely carbon woven fabrics.
Experimental
Uniaxial tensile, shearing and biaxial tensile tests [2] over specimens of hybrid
carbon/aramid and carbon/carbon woven cloths have been applied. Stress data is
calculated via the measured force and apparent initial cross section bxh, where b is the
width and h is a theoretical thickness measured, so the data obtained is in terms of 1st
Piola Stress Tensor for tensile and shear tests. Strain data is obtained via image
correlation using Vic3D software in Lagrangian Terms. Biaxial test data has been
processed for two different principal radii of curvature obtained via the optical
measurements.
Results
It has been found that, the hybrid concept compromises both cons and pros of each
constituent. However, due to change in mechanical properties, the perfect symmetry in
behavior is distorted. It can be concluded that hybrid woven fabrics can be an attractive
issue if the requirements from the composite structure they will form is well defined
under the requirements of functionality. On the other hand, first time reported biaxial
results are found to be crucial in determining cloth behavior due to complex
nonlinearities involved.
Keywords: carbon fibers; carbon/aramid hybrid cloths; biaxial testing; uniaxial testing;
structural composites.
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Acknowledgement
The authors thank to CARBOMID Co. for providing hybrid carbon/aramid and
carbon/carbon fabrics.
References
1. H. Harel, J. Aronhime, K. Schulte, K. Friedrich, G. Marom (1990), Rate-dependent fatigue of aramid-fibre/carbon-fibre hybrids, Journal of Materials Science, Volume 25, Issue 2, pp 1313-1317.
2. O.B. Ozipek, E. Bozdag, E. Sunbuloglu, A. Abdullahoglu, E. Belen, E. Celikkanat, (2013) Biaxial Testing of Fabrics - A Comparison of Various Testing Methodologies, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:3, pp:427-432.
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COMPARISON OF NOVEL CORE TEMPERATURE
MEASURING METHODS WITH CONVENTIONAL
METHODS: TELEMETRIC INTESTINAL TEMPERATURE
Cornelis P. BOGERD1, Claudy KOERHUIS1, Mauris HPH VAN BEURDEN1,
Simon ANNAHEIM2, Hein AM DAANEN1,3 1Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Training & Performance
Innovations, the Netherlands 2Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Laboratory for
Protection and Physiology, Switzerland 3VU University, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, the Netherlands
Introduction
Body core temperatures are the result of local differences in heat production and heat
loss [1] and have important clinical and operational impact. Intestinal body temperature
measurements are becoming increasingly popular due to their ease of use. Several
studies have compared this method to esophageal temperature and rectal temperature
[2, 3]. Two new methods for telemetric core temperature registration recently became
commercially available, eCelcius [4] using small pills and MyTemp [5] with a new
technique using no batteries. In this study these new methods are compared to
esophageal and rectal temperatures.
Methods
Nine healthy male participants will complete the protocol given in Table 1. During this
protocol core temperature will be measured using different methods. The eCelcius and
MyTemp systems will be compared to the esophageal and rectal references. The
telemetry capsules will be swallowed at least 2 hours before the start of the
measurement protocol. The different power output of the different tasks corresponds to
different level of heat production and heat storage. These conditions allow for good
insight into how fast the different methods respond to changes in core temperature.
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Table 1. The measurement protocol
Duration Ta RH
Power
output
(min) (ºC) (%) (W)
1 Habituation 15 30 50 0
2
Submaximal
exercise 30 30 50 130
3 Resting 5 30 50 0
4 Maximal exercise 10 30 50
Maximal
exercise
5 Resting 30 30 50 0
Tasks
Results
The results will be presented at the conference.
Keywords: core temperature; methods; measuring; validation; intestinal temperature.
References
1. Taylor, N.A.S., Tipton, M.J., Kenny, G.P. (2014). Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 46, 72-101.
2. Teunissen, L.P.J., de Haan, A., de Koning, J.J., & Daanen, H.A.M. (2012). Telemetry pill versus rectal and esophageal temperature during extreme rates of exercise-induced core temperature change. Physiological Measurement, 33(6), 915–24. http://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/6/915.
3. Byrne, C. & Lim, C.L. (2007). The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 126–133. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.026344.
4. http://www.bodycap-medical.com/en/product/ecelsius-performance. 5. http://www.mytemp.nl.
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SWEATING TORSO: PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF
FIREFIGHTER CLOTHING
Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Agnes PSIKUTA, René ROSSI Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland
Introduction
Certification of protective clothing is mostly based on testing the protective properties.
Physiological aspects are usually reduced to water vapor permeability testing or even
fully neglected. Statistics on accidents and fatalities for firefighters show that a
considerable number of incidents are related to heat stress or overexertion. An
adequate method to assess the complex interactions and the physiological impact of
protective clothing was missing so far.
Experimental
The sweating Torso device [1] which is currently being standardized (ISO DIS 18640)
was used to assess over 30 firefighter combinations. These investigations included
standard Torso measurements and THS measurements (Torso coupled with a
physiological model [2]). With a selection of the assessed combinations human subject
trials were carried out to verify a statistical model to predict the time to reach critical
core temperature based on standard Torso testing results (thermal insulation (Rct) and
initial cooling (IC)).
Results
The statistical model to predict MAWD (maximum allowable work duration) based on
Torso results showed a correlation > 0.91 for the human subject trial (Figure 1, left).
The model was derived from Torso measurements on 35 protective clothing systems
including THS when applying the test scenario used for the human subject trials
(correlation > 0.7 fig. 1, right). In addition it could be shown that the model based on
Torso measurements provided results with a higher accuracy compared to predictions
based on sweating guarded hotplate data (ISO 11092) only.
MAWD (min) = -0.067.RCT + 0.683.IC + 119.389 (n = 35, R2 = 0.52, P < 0.001)
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Figure 1. Verification of statistical model using human subject (l) and THS (r) measurements.
Key words: sweating torso, heat stress, firefighters, standardization, core temperature
Keywords: sweating torso; heat stress; firefighters; standardization; core temperature.
Acknowledgement
DuPont providing Material and Swiss Firefighter Association for supporting validation
study.
References
1. Zimmerli, T. and M.S. Weder, Protection and comfort - A sweating Torso for the simultaneous measurement of protective and comfort properties of PPE. Performance of Protective Clothing, 6th Volume, 1997. 1273: p. 271-280.
2. Psikuta, A., M. RICHARDS, and D. Fiala, Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 2008. 29: p. 181-192.
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COMPARISON OF THERMAL INSULATION EVALUATED
BY QUESTIONNAIRE, THERMAL MANIKIN AND HUMAN
TEST
Kirsi JUSSILA, Sirkka RISSANEN, Pertti TUHKANEN, Jouko REMES, Satu
MÄNTTÄRI, Juha OKSA, Hannu RINTAMÄKI Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
Introduction
In the cold work sufficient thermal insulation of clothing is required to provide thermal
balance, comfort and neutral thermal sensations. Three methods are used to evaluate
the thermal insulation of the clothing: questionnaire, thermal manikin and human tests.
The most accurate, repeatable, and controlled method to determine clothing thermal
insulation is the use thermal manikin in laboratory conditions (EN 342:2004; EN ISO
15831:2004). However, an authentic work environment consists specific and often
variable wind and moisture conditions, and cold surfaces as well as work tasks require
different body movement and positions which all effect on thermal insulation of the
clothing. The thermal manikin or human measurements may be laborious and
expensive for a company to estimate the level of the clothing thermal insulation. The
standard ISO 9920 (2007) determines methodology to calculate the clothing thermal
insulation. This study aims to compare the methodologies for the determination of
thermal insulation of the cold protective clothing.
Experimental
A questionnaire study (n=1104) evaluating clothing used by open-pit miners in different
ambient conditions was performed in three different open-pit mines in Northern Finland,
Sweden and Russia among workers with duties consisting mainly of outdoor work.
Basic thermal insulation (Icl) of the reported clothing ensembles was estimated by using
the standard ISO 9920. Moreover, a human study was carried out in the two open-pit
mines in Northern Finland and Sweden to be able to determine thermal insulation of
the used clothing (n=14) by measuring ambient (Ta) and skin temperatures (Tsk), and
dry heat loss from the skin during a typical work shift. The thermal insulation of cold
protective clothing systems from the open-pit mines were measured by thermal manikin
at ambient temperature of -10 °C and wind speeds of 0.3 and 4 m/s.
Results
The questionnaire study showed that the Icl of the winter clothing was on an average
1.2 clo (0.19 m²K/W) and 1.5 clo (0.23 m²K/W) in mild wet cold (Ta -5 to +5 °C) and dry
cold (-20 to -10 °C) conditions, respectively. In the human experiment the measured
mean Icl was on an average 1.2 clo (0.19 m²K/W) and 1.3 clo (0.20 m²K/W) in mild (-5
to -3 °C) and cold (-12 to -8 °C) conditions, respectively. In addition, the thermal
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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insulation of the clothing was greatly lower in the legs than in the torso. The thermal
insulation measured by moving thermal manikin was 1.9-2.3 clo (0.29-0.36 m²K/W) and
wind 4 m/s decreased effective thermal insulation by 18-30%.
The questionnaire based evaluation of basic thermal insulation provided similar results
with the measured values during working in open-pit mines. The moving thermal
manikin resulted higher insulation values than other methods, but when wind speed of
4 m/s was took into account the results corresponded with the other methods.
Keywords: thermal insulation; thermal manikin; user test; cold protective clothing; cold.
Acknowledgement
This study (www.minehealth.eu) was financially supported by the European Union,
Kolarctic ENPI CBC.
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SPECIFICATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND FIELD
TRIALS PROTOCOLS FOR SMART ACCLIMATIZATION
TEXTILE SYSTEMS
Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal 2Damel Confecção De Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal
The impact of clothing on comfort and performance of soldiers is of particular
importance. However, the analysis of current evaluation methods for comfort and
ergonomics of smart acclimatization textile systems (SATS), for hot and cold
environments, reveals a gap in comfort and ergonomics assessment [1].
This study focused on specification of human subjects and field trials protocols for
comfort and ergonomics evaluation of SATS. To specify the most suitable protocol to
perform the evaluation tests, a preliminary analysis of the evaluation techniques was
done based on evaluation techniques for human subjects evaluation tests in: a)
controlled environment and b) non-controlled environment (preliminary field trials tests).
For human subjects evaluation tests in controlled environment the main goal was to
test distinct systems under different conditions of temperature and humidity with real
subjects, in order to evaluate their heating and cooling performance. A quantitative and
qualitative methodology regarding the measurement of core and skin temperature,
heart rate, body-mass loss and the perception of comfort was defined. Regarding the
field trials two main goals were set: 1) evaluation of the ergonomics and fitting of SATS
and 2) evaluation of the impact of SATS on the military user. CITEVE performed end
user ergonomics and fitting tests in cooperation with ESCOLA DAS ARMAS. New field
trials protocols were defined in order to test fitting, ergonomics, mobility and
compatibility.
Considering the new defined protocols an exemplary evaluation of SATS with real
subjects (civilians and soldiers) was done. The results obtained showed that the test
methods and protocols defined are promising for comfort and ergonomics evaluation of
SATS. Moreover, the methods and protocols defined within this study can also be used
to study and evaluate other protective garment.
Key words: comfort and ergonomics; smart acclimatization; textile systems; human
subjects and field trials protocols; evaluation techniques.
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Acknowledgments
This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;
DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS). CITEVE, as project
coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army (ESCOLA DAS ARMAS).
References
1. Santos, G., Oliveira, C., Barros, A., Ferreira, P. (2015), New methods for comfort and ergonomics evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems, Protective and smart textiles, comfort and well-being. Pp 78-86, July 2015, Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
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THE ADVANTAGES IN FIRE SAFETY USING
FUNCTIONAL SMART TURNOUT GEAR
Daniela ZAVEC PAVLINIC1, Miklos KOZLOVSZKY2, Andreja ODER3, Klaus
RICHTER4 1University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia 2Obuda University, John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Murska Sobota, Slovenia 3Prevent Deloza Ltd., Celje, Slovenia 4ITP Intelligente Textil Produkte GmbH, Weimar, Germany
Introduction
Firefighters and first responders undertake different working activities during wildland
and urban firefighting operations as well during civil protection work. They are exposed
to extreme conditions, like high environmental temperatures, radiation from flames and
the convection with surrounding hot gas (air and smoke), toxic gasses, water vapor,
mechanical loads, etc. They are protected by personal protective turnout gears, made
in compliance to European Standard EN469. However, despite significant scientific
advances in knowledge related to innovative textile materials and thermal comfort,
personal protective clothing and other components still constrains heat dissipation from
the human body. This can cause heat stress and important undesired reactions,
namely violent sweating, loss of judgement, amnesia, skin damage, heat stroke and
permanent injuries.
Despite the efforts of occupational health specialists to improve firefighter safety,
injuries are still very common, varying in nature from country to country [1]. Regarding
this, smart technologies are developed and miniaturized and integrated into existing
personal protective clothing and other protective components, as defined by European
initiative smart@fire [2]. Thirteen possible potential elements have been defined for the
next generation of smart personal protective equipment, where are four items ranked
highest, like a location monitoring system, an automatic body cooling system, a
wireless communication system and a vision support system [1].
Experimental
We have investigated all the possibilities for the re-design of the personal protective
turnout gear with aim to equip it with the communication components. Strong
collaboration with professional firefighters was established. They have provided the
significant knowledge related to firefighting operations, their needs and requirements of
harsh environment. Consecutively, the functional design of the ICT vest was made and
communication modules have been developed and created [4]. Regarding the size and
shape of sensor textile belt, communication modules for monitoring, archiving and
transmitting the captured data, wiring diagram has been created.
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Results
The Smart Turnout Gear has been developed and a prototype is produced. It enables
to measure, combine, transfer, and monitor and visualize physiological and
environment signals collected from and within the firefighter’s suit (Figure 1). This
innovative turnout gear presents the advantages in fire safety.
Figure 1. Smart Turnout Gear
Acknowledgement
This study was for the feasibility study (Phase 1) supported by smart@fire initiative.
References
1. Lee, J-Y. et al. (2015): “What do firefighters desire from the next generation of personal protective equipment? Outcomes from an international survey", Industrial Health, 53(5), pp. 434–444.
2. www.smartfire.eu (2015). 3. Kozlovszky, M. & Zavec Pavlinic, D. (2013): Intelligent Firefighter Suite With
Real-time Monitoring System, 6th ECPC, Brugge, Belgium. 4. Kozlovszky, M., Zavec Pavlinic, D., Feher, G. (2015): Location awareness
using combined multimodal sensor infrastructure for emergency service personnel, Extrem Physiol Med.; 4(Suppl 1): A29.
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LIGHTWEIGHT, FLEXIBLE AND SMART PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL
Silvia PAVLIDOU Materials Industrial Research and Technology Center (MIRTEC S.A.), Greece
Introduction
The FP7 project SMARTPRO aims to develop lightweight and flexible protective
clothing incorporating smart functionalities and designated for daily use by law
enforcement authorities. In fact, despite the progress achieved in terms of materials
development, modern body armours they are still heavy, bulky and rigid. Therefore,
they limit wearer’s mobility and agility and are impractical for use on joints, arms, legs
etc. Moreover, body armours have traditionally been designed to protect the wearer
against ballistic threats and, thus, they provide only a limited level of protection against
knives, sharp blades or sharp-tipped weapons. Therefore, there is an obvious need to
develop materials that combine stab and ballistic protection, while retaining their
flexibility and low weight [1, 2].
Experimental
Early in the project end-users requirements were defined, regarding protection levels
as well as ergonomic requirements. Woven and 3D knitted structure were realized and
innovative surface treatments based on shear thickening fluids (STF), dilatant powders,
ceramic coatings, carbide particles (Sic) or crosslinkable side functionalized aromatic
polymers were applied on protective textiles, aiming to improve their performance on
an areal density basis. Thus, fewer fabric layers will be required, which is expected to
result in increased flexibility and reduced weight of the armour. Moreover, partners are
working on the optimization of the design of the armour as well as on the development
of smart systems, i.e. textile antennas and heart sensors that will be integrated in the
armour to increase users’ awareness.
Results
Encouraging results were obtained especially regarding the possibility to increase stab
resistance of protective textiles, based on Kevlar® by application of surface treatments.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Figure 1. Comparison of antistab performances of different treatments
Ongoing work focuses on optimizing the balance between stab and ballistic resistance,
weight and flexibility, taking always into consideration the end-users requirements.
Keywords: body armour; ballistic; stab resistance; protective panel.
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union
Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 607295”.
References
1. Silva E. Protective clothing for law enforcement personnel. Protective and comfort Science, 2010.
2. Kang TJ, Kim CY, Hong KH. Rheological behavior of concentrated silica suspension and its application to soft armour. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2010; 124: 1534-1541.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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SENSOR-BASED AIRBAG FOR PROTECTION FROM
DAMAGE INDUCED BY FALLING
Jan Vincent JORDAN1, Gesine KOPPE1, Michael LEHNERT2, Hyo-dae KIM3,
Michael MIN4, Yves-Simon GLOY1, Thomas GRIES1 1Institut Für Textiltechnik Der RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany 2ABS Peter Aschauer GmbH, Munich, Germany 3Saenal Tech-Tex Co. Ltd., Kyungbuk, South Korea 4Korea Dyeing&Finishing Technology Institute (Dyetec), Daegu City, South Korea
Introduction
Work carried out on scaffolds and ladders is performed at a certain risk of falling. For
the protection from falling off a scaffold, systems are available that are efficient in a
range of 2 to 5 meters. These systems fail in situations of fall from below 2 meters.
Work on ladders can be carried out in heights up to 5 meters without a duty of wearing
a protection system except from helmets. Hence many accidents occur on construction
sites due to damage induced by falling. For example damages to the spinal column
might cause walking impediment or Quadriplegia. Therefore a protection system is
being developed that protects the wearer while carrying out work in heights from up to
5 meters.
Experimental
The basic requirements for the effectiveness of the airbag system were obtained in a
theoretic approach. To protect the human body from loads, induced by falling, a
reduction of the impact is necessary. Therefore a deceleration of the falling body has to
be achieved, which is in a range of bearable deceleration. Two main criteria were
chosen to determine this value of bearable deceleration. One of these criteria is the
Head Injury Criterion (HIC) which is calculated by the increment of the acceleration
value during the moment of the impact. An HIC of below 1000 is regarded to be
bearable, as it leads to a 50 % likelihood of avoiding irreversible injuries. Several
designs of one-piece-woven (OPW) airbag textiles were tested in a fall test bench with
different values of initial air pressure. The resulting deceleration values were measured
and the HIC values were obtained. A sensor unit was developed allowing the detection
of a falling situation [1].
Results
A textile OPW double layer structure was designed having woven seams. The woven
seams have an increased tear resistance compared to conventional seams. A tear
resistance of the woven seams of over 1300 N was achieved.
For a falling height of up to 3 meters HIC values of below 600 could already be
obtained.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
HIC
[-]
Initial air pressure inside the airbag [bar]
3m
2m
1m
Maximum bearable HIC value according to (1)
Height
Figure 1. Resulting experimental HIC values
Keywords: scaffold; airbag; one-piece-woven; head-injury-criterion.
Acknowledgement
The system is being developed in a cooperation project of the German Federal Ministry
of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and the Korea Institute for Advancement and
Technology (KIAT).
References
1. Kramer, F., (2009), “Passive Sicherheit von Kraftfahrzeugen", Vieweg+Teubner Verlag Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden; pp 111-112.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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ECOLOGICAL DYEING & FINISHING PROCESS OF
PROTECTIVE COMFORTABLE WOOL
Gilda SANTOS1, Ana BARROS1, Rosa Maria SILVA1, Augusta SILVA1,
Helena MAGALHÃES2, Manuel PINHEIRO2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal 2Tinturaria Têxtil SA (TINAMAR), Barcelos, Portugal
Burns from clothing fires are a significant cause of injury and death. While most fabrics
used in clothing can burn, some are much more flammable than others. In some
applications – work wear for emergency services and military personnel, and in
situations where there is potential exposure to open flame or extreme heat – it is crucial
for apparel and other textiles to provide a level of safety from the risk of burns, smoke
and fume inhalation. The most important parameter in assessing the flammability of a
textile is fibre type. Of the commonly used textile fibres (cotton, rayon, polyester, acrylic
and nylon), wool is widely recognised as the most flame resistant [1].
Wool fibre it’s considered a multifunctional fibre which promotes protection as well as
health and comfort to the user through the following properties: management of
moisture and odour reduction (absorption and moisture / perspiration transfer removing
sweat next to the skin); thermal regulation (cold and heat insulation); natural protection
from UV rays (in closed structures); Water repellency and soiling; breathability;
elasticity and crease recovery.
This study focuses on an innovative ecological finishing process of wool. With the aim
of maintaining the intrinsic properties of wool fibres, eco dyeing and finishing process
was developed using enzymes. Two dyeing processes were considered using the
same substrate: conventional dyeing process and ecological dyeing process (Figure 1).
Tem
per
atu
reºC
Time min.
CONVENTIONAL DYEING PROCESS
Tem
per
atu
reºC
Time min.
ECOLOGICAL DYEING PROCESS
Figure 1. Dyeing processes
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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In order to enable the determination of associated impacts, a Life Cycle Assessment
study was performed. For the ecological process the following reductions were verified:
operating time - 24%; electric power consumption - 24%; natural gas consumption -
47%; water consumption - 55%. From the results achieved, the ecological dyeing
process developed will have a significant positive environmental and economic impact.
Keywords: ecological dyeing & finishing process; life cycle assessment, wool; flame
resistance.
Acknowledgement
This study was made possible thanks to a team of Portuguese partners (FERNANDO
VALENTE, COLTEC, F.D.G. Fiação da Graça, LEMAR, SCORECODE, TINAMAR,
CENTI and CITEVE) within PT21 Project (QREN / COMPETE).
References
1. Delden E., Wool and Flame Resistance,
http://www.iwto.org/uploaded/Fact_Sheets/Wool_and_Flame_Resistance_I
WTO_Fact_Sheet.pdf, December, 2015.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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PROPOSAL FOR ADEQUATE EVALUATION
TECHNIQUES OF SMART ACCLIMATIZATION TEXTILE
SYSTEMS
Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
2Damel Confecção de Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal
All clothing design for military use has the multi-purpose of protecting the soldier and
enabling him to function effectively, while at the same time maintaining the comfort
within a range that maximizes physical, cognitive or other performances on the
battlefield [1].
This study focused the activities/steps involved in the definition and development of
suitable methods for evaluation of comfort and ergonomics of smart acclimatization
textile systems (smart clothing with active thermoregulatory systems for stabilization of
soldier’s body temperature in cold and hot environments), in laboratorial and
operational environments.
A proposal for testing smart acclimatization textile systems was defined and evaluated
based in the following stages: a) Biophysical analysis of textiles; b) Biophysical
analysis of garments in climatic chamber; c) Preliminary field tests in non-controlled
environment. Two different smart acclimatization textile systems (with heating and
cooling technologies) in different environments were evaluated, since the analysis and
characterization of textile materials (skin model) until the analysis of the garments in
climatic chamber (manikin and human subjects) followed by preliminary field tests in
non-controlled environment. In both environments (hot and cold), it was possible to
obtain quantitative and qualitative results for both acclimatization textile systems even
when wearing a ballistic vest.
According to the results achieved and the crucial importance of thermoregulatory
systems for the military and civilian human subjects, suitable methods and tailored
technical inputs for new standards for laboratory and field tests are needed, taking into
account namely the possibility to evaluate the cold or heat stress and the comfort
together in the final solution. Information from the evaluation techniques proposed can
be relevant for new methods and standards development. Other issues like the
subjectivity of the human reaction to physical stimuli (thermophysiological and
sensorial) and the physiological impact of the solutions, the impact of fit and size on
comfort and ergonomics and cost effective evaluation of the final solution are also of
great importance.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Keywords: smart acclimatization; textile systems; military protective clothing; comfort
and ergonomics assessment; thermophysiological comfort; thermal sweating manikin.
Acknowledgments
This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;
DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS programme B-1143-RT-
GP). CITEVE, as project coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army cooperation
(Escola das Armas).
References
1. Santos, G., Oliveira, C., Barros, A., Ferreira, P. (2015), New methods for
comfort and ergonomics evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems,
Protective and smart textiles, comfort and well-being. Pp 78-86, July 2015,
Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
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Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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PROTECTION AND COMFORT OF FIRE-FIGHTERS’
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Yusuf SAĞLAM Kıvanç Group, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Fire-fighters’ personal protective clothing is the only source of protection for fire-fighters
during fire-fighting. The protective clothing should provide adequate protection as well
as should be comfortable to wear. The protection and comfort requirements are always
the contradicting fact in several protective clothing including fire-fighters’. Appropriate
material selection, clothing design and final evaluation of the results play a critical role
in predicting the clothing performance and comfort.
Experimental
Firefighter Clothing or Firefighter Suits are designed to protect firefighters against the
hazards and chemical exposure of fire fighting in most extreme environments. Today’s
fire fighting clothing must meet tough safety standards including the European
Standard EN469:2005 and the American Standard NFPA1971:2007.
Fire fighters protective clothing (pants and jacket) is a three-component ensemble
intended to protect the fire fighter from radiant and thermal exposure, unexpected
flashover conditions, and puncture and abrasion hazards while still maintaining an
adequate level of dexterity and comfort. The performance requirements for the
individual components (moisture barrier, thermal liner, and outer shell) and the
ensemble are described in NFPA 1971, whereas the selection, care, and maintenance
of the "turnout gear" is described in NFPA 1851 and EN 469.
Other requirements of firefighter clothing include being: thermally insulated, water
repellent, breathable, flexible in nature, light-weight, and high-impact, puncture and tear
resistant.
For every type of firefighting situation, there needs to be a suit well adapted to the
hazards. High volume suits provide water-based protection, where as structural
firefighter suits focus on durability and comfort.
Results
The protective clothing used for fire-fighting is required to shield the fire-fighters from all
possible hazards that may be faced during the work and should provide
thermophysiological comfort. These two requirements are always contradictory. The
protective clothing is usually heavy, thick with multiple layers, which reduces water
vapour permeability and heat exchange across layers from body to the environment. It
results the wearer to face heat stress due to the high physical activity and excessive
exposure to heat which overloads his metabolic system. Resolving this issue and
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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getting a balance between protection and comfort will always be the area of future
research.
Keywords: fire-fighters’ protective clothing; test standards; heat stress; performance;
comfort.
References
1. Barker RL (2002) From fabric hand to thermal comfort: the evolving role of objective measurements in explaining human comfort response to textiles. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 14(3/4):181–200.
2. Bruce-Low S, Cotterrell D, Jones G (2007) Effect of wearing personal protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus on heart rate, temperature and oxygen consumption during stepping exercise and live fire training exercises. Ergonomics 50(1):80–98.
3. Farnworth B (1986) A numerical model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapor through clothing. Text Res J 56(11):653–665.
4. EN 469 Protective clothing for firefighters. Performance requirements for protective clothing for firefighting.
5. NFPA 1971: Standard on protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity fire fighting.
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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EVALUATING ERGONOMIC PROPERTIES OF NEWLY
DESIGNED CHINESE FEMALE FIREFIGHTING
CLOTHING
Dandan LAI, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
Introduction
Currently, specially designed female firefighters’ protective clothing is still not available.
Female firefighters wear exactly the same protective clothing that was pattern designed
for male firefighters. Documented studies [1,2] revealed that female fighter clothing
should be sized specifically for female wearers, and reconstruction design was urgent
especially in terms of suspender function and the placement of radio pockets because
of the structure of women’s breasts. Recently we designed a new prototype female
firefighting clothing ensemble based on the average body dimension of adult Chinese
females. The main objective of this study was thus to evaluate the ergonomic
properties of the newly designed Chinese female firefighter.
Experimental
Ten healthy adult female subjects were recruited in the study, and the existing
firefighting clothing used in Chinese firefighting sectors (i.e., EXISTING, see Fig.1) was
selected as a baseline. All measurements included anthropometrics, static and
dynamic, as well as task-related range of motion. The trials were conducted in a
climate chamber, where Ta=22±0.5 °C and RH=40±5%. Subjects donned randomly
either EXISTING or NEW (i.e., the newly designed female firefighting clothing showed
in Fig.1) on separate days to perform the designated ergonomic tests. Subjects were
also asked to complete a questionnaire of the perception on fitting, mobility and comfort
at the end of the test.
Figure 1. The existing (EXISTING) and newly designed firefighting clothing (NEW)
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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Results
Range of static motion determined from main joints and motions of body. It was found
that the NEW significantly increased the flexion of shoulder and elbow, and the
percentage of increase was 15.4% and 12.8%, respectively. For dynamic and task-
related range of motion, the new female firefighting clothing provided a much greater
freedom of movement for all dynamic movements due to the improvement of crotch of
pants, ranging from 5.2% to 34.6%. The questionnaire demonstrated that subjects
were more satisfied with the NEW than EXISTING in terms of fitting, mobility and wear
comfort.
Keywords: firefighting turnout gear; females; ergonomic; range of motion; pattern
design.
References
1. Huang D., Yang H., Qi Z., Xu L., Cheng X., Li L., Zhang H., (2012) Questionnaire on firefighters’ protective clothing in China. Fire Technol, 48(2): 255-268.
2. Park H., Hahn K.H.Y., (2014) Perception of firefighters’ turnout ensemble and level of satisfaction by body movement. Int J Fashion Des Technol Educ, 7(2): 85-95.
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THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF FIREFIGHTER’S
UNIFORMS
Selin Hanife ERYÜRÜK, Senem KURŞUN BAHADIR, Fatma KALAOĞLU İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Firefighters’ work environment consists of multiple threats. Environmental and human
factors such as physical, physiological and psychological affect firefighter's interaction
with the fire scene. In fire situations, fabrics are subjected to extremely heavy loads.
Fabric performance in these situations is related to comfort, time, heat, durability, and
other characteristics specific to the occurrence [1]. Moreover the thermal performance
of fire fighters' protective clothing is primarily based on the thermo-physical properties
of the materials used to construct the clothing. The physical properties used for thermal
analysis and predictions are: (a) thermal conductivity; (b) specific heat; (c) density; and
(d) the thermal spectral properties of emissivity, transmissivity and reflectivity [2].
Firefighter clothing must be evaluated considering standard and specifications, risk
factors, safety requirements, thermal performance properties, comfort properties.
Thermal protection from fire and metabolic heat stress generated by the human body
due to metabolic activities must be balanced. Fire protection can be achieved by
wearing firefighters’ clothings that are produced from multilayered or thick textile
materials. The structure of the garments must allow evaporation of perspiration,
ventilation and also thermal protection from fire. This study aims to evaluate thermal
comfort properties of firefighters’ uniforms considering different combinations of fabrics
in different layers [3-9].
Experimental
In the scope of this study, Permetest was used to test the thermal resistance and water
vapour resistance of fabrics according to the ISO 11092 standard. Prowhite Air
Permeability Tester Machine was used in order to test air permeability of the samples
according to ISO Standarts (under 400 kPa). Fabric system consists of five layers are
combined together. The first layer is outer fabric made from PBI fiber, second layer is
moisture barrier fabric from hydrophilic polyester membrane laminated onto a polyester
raschel knitted fabric, third layer is stitched thermal barrier fabric, the forth layer is
again moisture barrier fabric from hydrophilic polyester membrane and the fifth layer is
thermal barrier fabric.
Results
Thermal resistance, water vapour resistance, air permeability tests were conducted
and results were compared. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the fabrics used in the
experiments. It was observed that layered samples has high thermal and water vapour
7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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resistance values. High thermal resistance is required to meet the thermal isolation and
high water vapour resistance values were obtained because of five layers. Moreover,
acceptable air permeability results were obtained.
Table 1. Characteristics of the fabrics
Layer Fabric details
1st layer OUTER FABRIC
PBI Matrix 200 g/m²
2nd layer MOISTURE BARRIER
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (85g/ m²)
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (145g/ m²)
3rd layer HEAT BARRIER LAMINATED WITH CONDUCTIVE YARN
Aramid Viscose FR inner lining quilted to nonwoven (55g/ m²)
Aramid Viscose FR inner lining quilted to nonwoven (85g/ m²)
4th layer MOISTURE BARRIER
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (85g/ m²)
PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (145g/ m²)
5th layer HEAT BARRIER
Aramid Viscose inner lining quilted to Aramid felt
Keywords: firefighter uniform; thermal comfort; air permeability; thermal resistance;
water vapour resistance.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank Kıvanç Tekstil A.Ş.,Turkey for their fabrics and firefighter
clothings support.
References
1. Raheel, M. (1994), “Protective Clothing Systems and Materials”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
2. Vettori, R. (2005),“Estimates of Thermal Conductivity for Unconditioned and Conditioned Materials Used in Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing”, National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2005.
3. Raimundoa A. M., Figueiredo R. A., (2009), “Personal protective clothing and safety of firefighters near a high intensity fire front”, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 44, Issue 4, 514–521.
4. Teunissena L. P.J., Wang L.-C., Chou S.-N., Huang C.-H., Jou G.-T., Daanen H.A.M., “Evaluation of two cooling systems under a firefighter coverall”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 6, November 2014, 1433–1438.
5. Levels K., Koning J.J.E. M., Foster C., Daanen H.A.M., (2014), “The effect of pre-warming on performance during simulated firefighting exercise”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 6, 1504–1509.
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6. Son, S.-Y., Bakri, I., Muraki, S. and Tochihara,Y.,(2014), “Comparison of firefighters and non-firefighters and the test methods used regarding the effects of personal protective equipment on individual mobility”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 4, 1019-1027.
7. Kong, Pui W., Suyama, J. and Hostler D., (2013), “A review of risk factors of accidental slips, trips, and falls among firefighters”, Safety Science, Volume 60, 203-209.
8. Chung, G-S.and Lee, D. H., (2005), “A study on comfort of protective clothing for firefighters”, Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series, Volume 3, 375-378.
9. Jiang Y.Y., Yanai E., Nishimura K., Zhang H., Abe N., Shinohara M., Wakatsuki K.,(2010), “An integrated numerical simulator for thermal performance assessments of firefighters’ protective clothing”, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 45, Issue 5, 314-326.
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7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,
Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY
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DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION APP FOR
THERMAL CLOTHING ENGINEERING DESIGN
Benjamin VAN DER SMISSEN, Peter VAN RANSBEECK, Alexandra DE
RAEVE, Simona VASILE, Joris COOLS, Mathias VERMEULEN University College Gent, Ghent, Belgium
Introduction
Design and production in apparel industry need cost-effective and user-friendly thermal
comfort design software. The design tools should model all thermal functions that are
depending on the complex interactive physical behaviours involved in the clothing
wearing system, which consists of (1) the human body, (2) the clothing and (3) the
external environment. The related physical behaviours may include the thermal
interactions among the human body, clothing and external environment, the biological
thermoregulation of human body and the heat and moisture transfer processes in
textile and air layers. On the other hand, the clothing is practically designed and made
with textile materials and various technologies/functional treatments. With the
development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), it should be possible to simulate
and predict the thermal and moisture properties in the complete clothing wearing
system including the microclimate flows [1,2]. However few researchers have
examined the thermal mechanisms in complete clothed wearing systems including air
gaps, using simulation methods [1]. The complex determination of the air layers using
3D body scanning is investigated in [3].
Method
In this paper the development of a simulation app for the engineering design of thermal
quality clothing has been started. The software architecture is developed for different
design strategies. Specific design requirements lead to different simulation models for
the clothing wearing system ranging from simple 1D, 2D to complex time-consuming
3D models. The simulation model is implemented also at different scales ranging from
the human body scale (m) to the fabric (mm), fibre (µm) and the particle scale (nm).
The application is available using a web server and can be used on different operating
systems, where the simulation can be sent to different PC’s, clusters and clouds.
Results
The design application has been validated for the 1D design level with experimental
results from [4]. The app will be demonstrated and first promising results for a design
case for protective clothing will be presented.
Keywords: simulation; app; CFD; clothing; design.
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Acknowledgement
This study is supported by the University College Ghent, Belgium.
References
1. Mao, A; Luo, J.; Li, Y; Xiaonan, L & Wang, R: A multi-disciplinary strategy for computer-aided clothing thermal engineering design, Computer-Aided Design 43, 1854–1869 (2011).
2. Van Ransbeeck, P., De Raeve, A., Benoot, R., Cools, J., Van Der Smissen, B., Vermeulen, M., Cools, J., Vasile, S. and Vermeulen M. (2014) Towards Virtual Engineering of Protective Clothing Comfort, 6th European Conference on Protective Clothing, 14-16 May 2014, Bruges, Belgium.
3. Mert, E., Böhnisch, S. ,Psikuta, A., Bueno M.A., Rossi, R.M. (2015), Determination of the Air Gap Thickness underneath the Garment for Lower Body Using 3D Body Scanning, 6th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 27-28 October 2015.
4. Gibson, P.,Charmchi, M., (1997) The Use of Volume-Averaging Techniques to Predict Temperature Transients Due to Water Vapor Sorption in Hygroscopic Porous Polymer Materials, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 64, 493-505.
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FUNCTIONAL TEXTILE WITH ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBERS CONTAINING POLYESTER AND
CHITOSAN
Nagihan OKUTAN1, Ahmet ÇİFTÇİ2, Filiz ALTAY1 1İstanbul Technical University - NANOTEL A.Ş., İstanbul, Turkey 2Çiftçiler Tekstil Ltd., İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
The functional textile applications have taken interest recently due to fact that there are
increasing demands from consumers with various needs. The features such as
improved mechanical strength and waterproofing are properties investigated for
functional textiles. Especially woven fabrics with cotton need to be developed with
improved mechanical strength and waterproofing for various applications. There are
different techniques for fabricating nanofibers. Among these, electrospinning is a
relatively simple and fast process to produce structured functional nanofibers by using
different materials, modifying electrospinning apparatus, changing electrospinning
parameters and including treatment of electrospinning materials before or after
electrospinning. In this study, our aim was to apply electrospun nanofibers with
hydrophobic character to a woven as an outer layer for exhibiting waterproof function.
In addition, we expect to obtain improved mechanical strength for the fabric samples.
Experimental
In this study, polyester was kindly provided by Çiftçiler Tekstil Ltd. Şti. (Istanbul,
Turkey). The other chemicals were purchased from Sigma. The electrospinning
equipment (NE100, Istanbul, Turkey) was used to obtain nanofibers. The setup
consisted of a metal needle connected to a high voltage power supply. The needle was
fed with the feed solutions. From a syringe mounted on a programmable syringe sump.
An aluminum foil was wrapped on a grounded collector plate. The electric field
generated between the needle and the collector was shielded from surrounding
materials by having a box around the tip and the collector setup. The collector was
placed vertically up from the needle. The applied voltage, the distance to the collector
plate and the feed rate for feed solution were 40 kV, 7 cm and 0.5 ml/h, respectively..
The diameter and morphology of the fibers collected were determined using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM). Nanofibers were used to obtain a suspension. This
suspension was sprayed to a cotton fabric. The contact angle measurements were
performed with the fabric samples for determining the hydrophobicity. The mechanical
properties will be tested by using a texture profile analyzer.
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Results
The electrospun nanofibers containing polyester and chitosan were obtained. The
contact angle measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing
nanofibers and binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto woven fabric. The
outcomes of this study will help to develop woven textile products with functional
properties. Even though there are functional textiles present in the market,
nanotechnology applied products seems to be more efficient with less amount of active
materials which is considered as sustainable and green systems.
Keywords: functional textile; electrospinning; nanofibers; woven; polyester; chitosan.
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ENHANCED PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY ON
TEXTILES THROUGH UTILIZATION OF NOVEL
DOPANTS
Asena CERHAN1, Iuliana DUMITRESCU2, G. Bahar BAŞIM1 1Özyeğin University, İstanbul, Turkey 2National Textile Institute Romania, Bucharest, Romania
Introduction
The indoor air quality and hygiene can be achieved by the photocatalytic activity if the
titania based particles can be tuned to function at the visible light ranges. This study
focuses on tuning the TiO2 particles in anatase form as a well-known photocatalyst
active under the visible light by using novel doping agents.
Experimental
Anatase was examined in terms of particle size and stabilization in water repelling
finishing solutions and distilled water. Deep coating technique was used to cover the
textile with alternatively doped anatase particle solutions. The absorbance values of the
fabrics coated with different anatase solutions was evaluated according to ISO 10678
procedures. Stain tests were also performed based on ISO 10678 procedure.
Results
The particle size of anatase in finishing solution was measured as 0,084 m and
verified by AFM measurements. UV spectrophotometer measurements showed that the
absorbance values are decreasing with increasing anatase concentration in the
finishing solution indicating increasing transmittance of the methylene blue and hence
better photocatalytic activity. The results were also verified by the bleaching tests. The
novel dopants were also observed to carry the photocatalytic activity to the visible light
range.
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Figure 1. Textile samples exposed to UV radiation after anatase coating at different
concentrations
Keywords: doped titania; photocatalytic textiles.
References
1. “Classification of foundry as a profession", National Occupational
Standards, Professional Qualification Agency., 2011, pp 7.
2. Faulkner Brent C., Drake David B., MD, Gear Andrew J. L., Frederick
Watkins H. ve Edlich Richard F., (1997) Molten Metal Burns: Further
Failure To Comply With Occupational Administration Regulations,
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia, 15(5): 675-677.
3. EN ISO 9185 (2007) Protective clothing —Assessment of resistance of
materials to molten metal splash The European Standard has the status
of a British Standard.
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MACROPOROSITY AND THE ULTRAVIOLET
PROTECTION FUNCTION OF WOVEN FABRICS
Polona DOBNIK DUBROVSKI1, Abhijit MAJUMDAR2 1University of Maribor, Textile Materials and Design Department, Maribor, Slovenia 2Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Textile Technology, New Delhi, India
Introduction
Textile flat materials, e.g. fabrics, are highly porous materials. Typically, they have 60 -
90 % of air trapped within the structure; the rest is composed of solid material. Thus,
fabric porosity is one of the key parameter for achieving good fabric performance, e.g.
comfort, aesthetic appeal, durability, care and maintenance, as well as
health/safety/protection. Through the porosity structure (as well as fibrous material),
fabrics namely allow the transmission of energy and substances, and are therefore
interesting materials for different applications. The fundamental building elements of
the material porous structure are pores, e.g. void spaces within the material which are
separated between each other and could be classified in several ways [1]. The paper is
focused on an overview of porosity in woven fabrics, including determination of fabric
porosity parameters and definition of the ideal geometrical model of porous structures.
A special issue is focused on the possibility to predict porosity parameters in advance
within the phase of a new fabric development. At the same time, the results of the
influence of porous structure on UV protection function of cotton woven fabrics are
exposed.
Experimental
Our experiment [2] was focused on 100% cotton woven fabrics in a grey state with the
same yarn fineness (14 tex) and different thread densities to achieve fabric cover factor
between 59% and 87%. This was possible by introducing different types of weave
(plain, twill, satin), while it is known that by plain weave lower densities are achieved
due to the thread passages regarding to the twill and satin weaves.
Results
The results of UV protection function of cotton woven fabrics are shown in Figure 1.
The results clearly show that lower open porosity means better UV protection and that
open porosity should be lower than 12 % to achieve good UV protection according to
AS/NZ standard of tested samples.
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R² = 0,72
R² = 0,98
R² = 0,99
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
UP
F
Open porosity (%)Cover factor (%)
plain twill satin
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65
good UV protection
Figure 1. The influence of open porosity on the UPF of cotton woven fabrics
Keywords: ultraviolet protection; porosity; woven fabrics.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by the Slovenian Research Agency "ARRS" (P2-063).
References
1. Kaneko, K., (1994), Determination of pore size and pore size distribution, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 96, pp. 59-89.
2. Dubrovski, P.D., Golob, D., (2009), Effects of Woven Fabric Construction and Colour on Ultraviolet Protection, Textile Research Journal, Vol.79, No.4, pp. 351-359.
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GENERATING OF PASSIVE NOICE CANCELING
HEADSETS BY USING RECYCLED MATERIALS
Ulaş ÇINAR1, Aliye KAŞARCI HAKAN1, Emre GÜMÜŞ2 1İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Gedik University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Personal protective equipment is used as the last step in the hierarchy of risk
prevention when a danger or a risk cannot be eliminated or controlled. Prolonged
exposure to high levels of noise can be the significant cause of hearing loss for workers
[1]. Furthermore, in the case of intermittent exposure to loudly noise may lead to
hearing damage, irritability, decreased concentration and even occupational accidents.
The damage which is caused by noise can be prevented by two methods: active and
passive. Active method is based on a headset with an integrated microphone which
detects sound waves coming from outside. The headset produces neutralized sound
with reverse wave characteristics by an electronic circuit [2]. Passive method is based
on the use of sound-absorbing materials which can isolate direct sounds. Passive
protective headsets are highly preferred because of its cost and durability. It is
generally mandatory to use headsets, which must be renewed at certain times, during
the heavy industrial works.
Experimental
Recent protective equipment particularly for ears consist of antiallergenic headsets or
earphones with hard plastic outer case, acoustical foam high plastic derivatives live,
melamine, polyurethane, polypropylene which are hygienic contact surface
components. A new earphone model that complies the principles of EN 352-1 standard
is proposed. It is made of materials which can be recycled from paper, glass and
plastic waste [3]. This fact will also be beneficial in terms of environmental and
economic aspects. The outer part of the earphone consists of recycled polymers and
inner part consists of egg cardboard, recycled fibers and sound isolation foam. Sound
mitigation coefficient and sound relaying loss measurements were determined by an
Impedance Tube [4].
Results
Headsets on the market can decrease the volume/noise from 14 to 37 dB. According
the results of the studies, passive anti-noise/noise-canceling headsets which are made
from recycled materials have similar outcomes to conventional headsets. After the
standardization, they are considered to be used.
Keywords: recycle; material; noice; headphone; occupational; health; safety.
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References
1. “Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment", Occupational Safety&Health Council., 2001, p 5.
2. ElliottS. J., Nelson P. A., (1993) Active Noise Control, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine; p 12.
3. EN 352-1 (2002)Hearing protectors - General requirements - Part 1: Ear muffs.
4. ASTM E1050-10 (2010) Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials Using a Tube, Two Microphones and Digital Frequency Analysis System.
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A NEW ROUTE FOR SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBACTERIAL
TIN (IV) OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR FABRICS
Aslı BAYSAL, Banu Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Gül Şirin USTABAŞI İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Nanomaterials like metal oxides have unique physicochemical properties, and they are
presently much investigated for their potential applications in various areas. Tin oxide
appears particularly interesting when grown in nanometer. It is very important to design
a synthetic method using cheap and non-toxic reagents [1]. It also provides
antibacterial properties [2].
This study illustrates a simple synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using sodium citrate and
investigates the antibacterial efficacy of SnO2 colloidal solution on the wool and
polyester fabrics.
Experimental
Synthesis of SnO2 NPs was achieved according to the silver nanoparticle synthesis
method described in Aashritha’s work [3]. Trisodium citrate 5.5 dihydrate solution was
added drop wise onto SnCl2 solution, mixed vigorously, while they were heated to
boiling temperature.
Characterization was made using UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometry, Dinamic Ligth
Scattering and zeta potentials for both characterization and particle size determination.
FTIR results proved the SnO2 nanoparticles (Figure 1).
Figure 1. FTIR Spectrum of (a) SnCl2 as a precursor, (b) after synthesis procedure; SnO2 NPs
After the synthesis and characterization of SnO2 NPs, precursor concentration (0.05-4
g/L SnCl2) effect on particle size and antibacterial efficiency were investigated. For this
purposes, different SnO2 colloidal solution were applied to the fabrics (wool and
polyester) with padding method without an additional binder or chemicals. Antibacterial
efficiency was investigated on these fabrics using antibacterial effect test (AATCC 147-
2004) for ATCC25923 Staphylococcus aureus.
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Results
UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometry observation of SnO2 nanoparticles informed their shape
and size distribution. Concentration of SnO2 NPs on antibacteriel efficency were
investigated and antibacteriel effect were observed at >2 g/L of SnCl2 was adding as
precursor material. SnO2 colloidal solution is also an alternative to nano silver in terms
of cost effectiveness
Keywords: nanoparticles; tin(IV)oxide; antibacterial; wool; polyester.
References
1. Bhattacharjee A., Ahmaruzzaman M. (2015) A green approach for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and its application in the reduction of p-nitrophenol, MaterialsLetters, 157 p 260–264.
2. Büyükakıncı B. Y. (2013) Investigation of antibacterial activities of tin ions on wool fabric, Industria Textila, 5, p 241-245.
3. Shenava, A., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their antifungal activity, International Research Journal Of Pharmacy 10/2013; 4(10):111-113.
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LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EVALUATION OF
MICROBIAL BARRIER PROPERTIES OF PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING
Mark CROES, Jean LÉONARD, Yvette ROGISTER Belgian Textile Research Center (CENTEXBEL), Grâce-Hollogne, Belgium
Introduction
Following the recent outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, the demand for protection
against infectious diseases and primarily against the transmission of viruses has
increased dramatically. In addition, both the regulation regarding such protective
equipment and the proper evaluation of their effectiveness is not well known.
There is also some lack of knowledge concerning the necessary measures to ensure
that a product normally used as a medical device can also be used as a means of
protection. An example are the surgical gowns used in hospitals which, first and
primarily serve to protect the patient from infection during an operation, but now, the
surgeon must also be protected against the patient's infection. It’s mainly the suppliers
of Western hospitals that have been faced with this question as part of their preparation
to receive patients suffering from Ebola disease from risk areas in West Africa [1].
Summary
The barrier fabrics are used to protect the wearer against different kind of fluids and dry
particles. In the medical field, the protection is principally against biological fluids
(bodily fluids contaminated by micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses).
Barrier fabrics are mainly used in the operating room as gowns, drapes and masks. In
these situations the infective agents to which the patients and the staff may be exposed
are usually well known.
Other fields of use are some working conditions with a risk of exposure to infective
agents are laboratories or biotechnological production, where the infective agents are
usually also well known or in sewage works, waste treatment, emergency clean-up,
etc. In the latter cases the infective agents the workers are exposed to may not be
known, although the possible risks can be assessed.
Several European and US product standards exist that describe test methods to
evaluate the microbial barrier properties of materials and articles (ex. woven,
nonwoven, coated or laminated fabrics and coveralls, masks or gowns) [2, 3]:
• EN 13795+A1:2013 - Surgical drapes, gowns and clean air suits, used as medical devices for patients, clinical staff and equipment - General requirements for manufacturers, processors and products, test methods, performance requirements and performance levels
• EN 14126:2003 - Protective clothing - Performance requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents (+AC:2004)
• EN 14683:2014 - Medical face masks - Requirements and test methods
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• ASTM F2100 – 11 - Standard Specification for Performance of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks
• ANSI/AAMI PB70:2012 - Liquid barrier performance and classification of protective apparel and drapes intended for use in health care facilities
In addition to mechanical (ex. tensile, burst and tear strength) and water barrier (ex.
hydrostatic pressure or impact penetration) properties, these standards prescribe a
number of specific tests for microbial resistance:
• Against penetration by blood-borne pathogens using bacteriophage (ISO 16604:2004 and ASTM F1671/F1671M – 13). These tests are the only ones that permit to determine the resistance against viral penetration of a material. The hydrostatic pressure challenge can vary between 0 kPa and 14 kPa (medical textiles) or 20 kPa (protective garments), with bacteriophage PHI-X174 being used as a challenge virus.
• Against penetration by infective agents due to mechanical contact with substances containing contaminated liquids (ISO 22610:2006). In this test, the material is subjected to a dynamic mechanical stress that could cause liquid migration and allow bacteria to penetrate through it. Breakthrough time (protective garments) and count of penetration (medical textiles) are used to set performance requirements.
• Against penetration by biologically contaminated liquid aerosols or bacterial filtration efficiency (ISO/DIS 22611:2003 and ASTM F2101 – 07). These tests permit to evaluate the bacterial filtration efficiency of a protective material against a contaminated aerosol challenge.
• Against penetration by contaminated solid particles (ISO 22612:2005). This test method provides a means for assessing the resistance to penetration through barrier materials of bacteria-carrying dust particles.
Figure 1. Introduction of the contaminated particles - ISO 22612
Keywords: infection protection; virus bacteria barrier testing.
References
1. World Health Organization, (2014), Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola.
2. Rogister Y., Croes M., (2013), Surgical Mask Performance, Arab Medical Hygiene Magazine, January 2013, p 64-67.
3. Rogister Y., Croes M., (2013), Surgical drapes and gowns, European Medical Hygiene Magazine, February 2013, p 31-35.
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FUNCTIONAL DISPOSABLE FACE MASKS FOR
MALODOROUS SURGICAL OPERATIONS
Özge YÜKSEL1, Beliz BOZALP1, Gizem Ceylan TÜRKOĞLU1, Tolga
ÖNDER2, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIK1, Salih OKUR3, Ayşenur DURU3 1Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey 2Kars Sarıkamış Public Hospital, Kars, Turkey 3İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
Introduction
Medical textiles are one of the important areas in technical textiles, which constitute
wide range of product group. With the developing technology, textiles can be use as
materials in many different products, ranging from bandages to surgical gowns and
artificial organs to vascular grafts. It is possible to use medical textiles in healthcare
and hygiene products, extracorporeal devices, implantable materials, and non-
implantable materials [1, 2]. Odors are very important for productivity in the workplace.
When it comes to surgical operations, irritating odors are unavoidable. Especially,
environmental odor of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens
during surgeries like fournier’s gangrene, fairly disturbing [3]. Therefore in this study, it
is aimed to develop a disposable mask to prevent malodor which can be used in work
environments where the bad smell is inevitable.
Experimental
In the scope of this study, research has been carried on the masks in different
experimental design to prevent the malodor. Two major experimental designs were
constructed. In the first design masking of malodor and in the second one suppressing
this odor was intended. β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide, which is in a
shape of truncated cone. Due to cyclic glucopyranose units, apolar cavity composes
and hydroxyl groups oriented outside of the cone gives hydrophilic properties. Thus, β-
CD has the capability of encapsulating specific molecular sized substances in their
apolar cavity and employed in encapsulation of malodor or redolence [4]. N-menthol,
which is known as a soothing scent, was used to inhibit malodor. In the study, β-CD,
physical mixture of β-CD and N-menthol and their inclusion complex are applied to
disposable masks, separately. Binding properties were investigated by solutions
prepared using different binders of different concentrations.
Results
According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the presences of different
structures on the masks are determined. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-
IR) analysis was effective in identifying the inclusion complexes including fragrance
molecules on the fabric.
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Keywords: functional face mask; malodor; menthol; cyclodextrin.
References
1. Horrocks, A. Richard, and Subhash C. Anand, eds., (2000) Handbook of technical textiles. Elsevier Science & Technology, Elsevier Health Sciences.
2. Anand, S. C., Kennedy, J. F., Miraftab, M., & Rajendran, S. (Eds.). (2005). Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare. Elsevier Science & Technology, Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Sarıısık A.M. and Kartal G.E., (2015) Disposable Mask Design For Odor Pollution In The Work Environment, Journal Of Textiles & Engineers/Tekstil Ve Mühendis, 22 (97): 31-36.
4. İnceboz T., Erkan G., Türkoğlu G.C., Sarıışık A.M., Bakırcı S., Üner S., and Üner A. (2015). In-Vivo And In-Vitro Tick Repellent Properties Of Cotton Fabric, Textile Research Journal, 85(19) 2071–2082.
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INFLUENCE OF THE MAINTENAISE ON THE
PROTECTIVE FUNCTION AND THE COMFORT OF PPE
Edith CLASSEN Hohenstein Institut für Textilinnovation, Bönnigheim, Germany
Introduction
Personal protective clothing is worn by the worker and during the daily work the
clothing is contaminated. These contaminations can influence the protection function
and can lead to additional risks to the health and safety of the workers. So personal
protective clothing must be maintained, repaired or replaced so it continues to minimise
the risk to the worker who uses it. The conditions of the various washing and drying
processes can influence the protective function and also the comfort. After all
treatments it must be ensured that the protective function is given. To proof the
functionality or the comfort of the protective clothes after home laundry is often difficult
because the test methods are not available. If the reprocessing is done in industrial
laundries and textile services the protective function must be ensured by these
companies. Sometimes dependent from the kind of PPE various special laundry
processes are necessary to ensure the protective function. Often the functionality is
proofed by destructive test methods and such methods are not useful. So there is the
need for new, fast and powerful non-destructive test methods. This talk will give an
overview about research projects concerning maintenance of PPE.
Experimental
Different clothing ensembles (e.g. fire fighter clothes, cool protective clothes, high
visible clothes) were treated with various washing and drying processes according DIN
EN 6330 for household washing and DIN EN ISO 15797 for industrial laundry. The
functionality and comfort parameters were proofed with different test methods
according different standards dependent on the function of the protective clothes. Non-
destructive methods are necessary to control the functionality during the lifetime of the
PPE.
Results
The results of various research investigation show that the washing and drying process
can have an important influence on the protective clothes. This depends on the textile
materials, the connection of multilayer material, the washing and drying parameters
(e.g. temperatures, process period, detergents, amount of water, pressure). In some
cases the function of the protective clothes must be reactivated or renew by an
additional treatment and at same time that can lead to a decreased comfort. E. g. for
fire fighter clothes the hydrophobic treatment is necessary in the last rinsing process or
in a spraying process. Both processes show a different effect on the comfort. The
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insulation layer of cool protective clothing can be compressed during the washing and
drying process. If the tumbler is used for drying the differences of the thermal insulation
are lower than in finishing process. So it is necessary to find the right process
parameter of the protective clothes which show no or only a low influence on the
product performance.
Keywords: PPE; reprocessing; functionality; comfort; destructive and non-destructive;
test methods.
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ASSESSMENT OF SENSORIAL COMFORT OF FABRICS
FOR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Simona VASILE1, Benny MALENGIER2, Alexandra DE RAEVE1, Johanna
LOUWAGIE2, Myréne VANDERHOEVEN1, Lieva VAN LANGENHOVE2 1University College Gent, Gent, Belgium 2Gent University, Gent, Belgium
Introduction
Protection and comfort are important issues for protective clothing and an appropriate
protection is most of the times detrimental for overall clothing comfort. The tactile or
sensorial comfort is related to the mechanical interaction between the garment and the
human body. Fabric Hand and Fabric Touch are two crucial elements that express how
consumers experience textiles by touching them with the fingers and respectively by
wearing them. Both subjective and objective methods are used to assess the fabric
hand and touch. Well-established objective test methods such as Kawabata (KES-F),
SiroFAST as well as PhabrOmeter®, Handle-O-Meter, etc. [1] exist which characterize
the fabric hand indirectly. They measure certain mechanical fabric parameters that are
considered to represent components of the hand (e.g. fabric stiffness, compressibility,
roughness, bending, etc.), but some of these instruments are complex to handle or
expensive. Subjective methods (e.g. panel of experts) are time consuming, slow,
expensive and most of the small companies cannot afford that.
Within the ongoing CORNET project Touché [2] both subjective methods (e.g. blind
tests, questionnaires) and innovative instruments (e.g. FTT, TSA) are employed for
assessment of fabric hand and touch. The Fabric Touch Tester (FTT) [3, 4] enables
fast and simultaneous assessment of 13 physical fabric indices (e.g. bending,
compression, friction, roughness and thermal conductivity) and uses these indices to
predict comfort primary indexes such as smoothness, softness, warmness, total hand
and total touch. It could be therefore a promising, very fast selection method of fabrics
that will eventually lead to clothing with high sensorial comfort. Fabrics with similar
weight and thickness were tested aiming at identifying possible significant differences
between the samples.
Experimental
Four fabrics currently used as FR workwear (external layer) were tested (Table 1).
Table 1. Fabric properties
Fabric ID Fabric type Fabric weight (gsm) Thickness (mm)
L Woven fabric, printed 190 0.45
M Woven ripstop fabric, printed 210 0.37
N Woven ripstop fabric, kaki colour 210 0.36
O Woven ripstop fabric, beige colour 210 0.35
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The FTT instrument was employed and the following fabric indices simultaneously
assessed: BAR (bending average rigidity), BW (bending work), surface friction
coefficient (SFC), SRA (surface roughness amplitude), SRW (surface roughness
wavelength), CW (compression work), CRR (compression recovery rate), CAR
(compression average rigidity), RAR (recovery average rigidity), TCC (thermal
conductivity when compression), TCR (thermal conductivity when recovery) and Qmax
(maximum thermal flux). These indices are further used to predict comfort primary
indexes such as smoothness, softness, warmness, total hand and total touch. Primary
touch means the subjective (human) feeling when contacting textile samples passively,
i.e. wearing, while primary hand means the subjective feeling when contacting textile
samples actively, i.e. hand evaluation. For each of the four fabrics 20 replicates were
tested (e.g. 10 replicates for inside of the fabric and 10 replicates for the outside of the
fabric), both in warp and weft direction. The means and variances were calculated and
a one-way ANOVA, Tukey test was performed to identify statistically significant
differences (95% confidence level) between the samples.
Results
The results showed no significant differences between most of the indices measured
by FTT for the samples MNO (with the same weight and similar thickness). However
significant differences were found between the samples MNO on one hand and sample
L on the other hand. The significant differences are with respect to:
- Bending properties: sample L had higher values for bending average rigidity BAR
and bending work BW (inside/outside and weft/warp direction) than samples
MNO
- Compression properties: sample L had higher compression work CW than MNO
and a lower compression recovery rate CRR and recovery average rigidity RAR
than sample MNO
- Thermal properties: sample L has a significantly lower Qmax than the other
samples and sample N has a higher thermal conductivity TCC (only inside) than
samples LMO
- Friction properties: sample L has a significantly higher coefficient of friction in
weft direction at the inside of the fabric and sample M at the outside
- Roughness: sample L is significantly different than the other samples (rougher)
- Sample L is significantly less smoother and softer than the others (inside and
outside, active/passive), is warmer than samples MNO and has an the poorest
touch and hand.
Conclusions
The results showed that the FTT can discriminate between fabrics with very similar
weight and thickness. The results were also in agreement with the results of the
manufacturer (e.g. their own panel). In the framework of on-going project Touché in-
depth subjective assessment of the samples will be performed and correlated with the
results of the FTT to assess if FTT is a fast and reliable selection method of fabrics that
will lead to an increased sensorial comfort of workwear.
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Keywords: workwear; protective clothing; sensorial comfort; fabric hand; fabric touch;
fabric touch tester (FTT).
Acknowledgements to VLAIO for financial support of Cornet project TOUCHE (2014-
2016)
References
1. Behery,H., Effect of mechanical and physical properties on fabric hand
(2005), Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Elsevier.
2. http://www.toucheproject.eu/.
3. http://www.sdlatlas.com/product/478/FTT-Fabric-Touch-Tester.
4. J.Y. Hu, Lubos Hes, Y. Li_, K.W. Yeung, B.G. Yao, Fabric Touch Tester:
Integrated evaluation of thermal–mechanical sensory properties of
polymeric materials, Polymer testing 25 (2006), 1081-1090.
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CLOTHING PROTECTION AND WEARING COMFORT
Simon ANNAHEIM1, Tom PITTS1, Matthew MORRISSEY1, Pauline
WEISSER2, André CAPT2, Martin CAMENZIND1, René M. ROSSI1 1Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Switzerland 2DuPont, USA
Introduction
Fire fighters’ protective clothing protects the wearer from external heat load during their
work on the fire ground. On the other hand, the composition of protective clothing
constrains heat dissipation from the human body leading to heat accumulation in the
body and concomitant uncompensable heat stress [1, 2]. This condition not only
reduces wearing comfort but also limits physical and mental performance and becomes
life threatening in extreme conditions. Therefore, besides protective properties of
clothing systems its thermo-physiological impact of the systems has to be assessed for
a better understanding of their interaction.
Experimental
For the assessment of the ability of a clothing system to protect the human body from
external radiant heat sources property, a radiant heat test [3] was conducted applying a
heat flux density of 40 kW/m2. The time to achieve a temperature rise of 24 (± 0.2) °C
was recorded (T24). The thermo-physiological impact was evaluated by the Torso
methodology [4] providing parameters to model the thermo-physiological impact of the
clothing system. This way, the comparative maximum allowable working duration
(cMAWD) was calculated.
Results
Figure 1 shows the relationship between T24 and cMAWD. The results indicate a high
dependence of protective properties and thermos-physiological impact. More detailed
investigations of this relationship and how it is attributed to textile materials and textile
construction provides and important basis for the optimization of protective clothing
with regard to protection and wearing comfort.
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Figure 1. Protection (T24) and thermo-physiological impact (cMAWD)
Keywords: protective clothing; wearing comfort; heat stress; materials; textile
construction.
References
1. Cheung SS, Petersen SR, McLellan TM. Physiological strain and countermeasures with firefighting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;20 Suppl 3:103–16.
2. Holmér I. Protective Clothing in Hot Environments. Ind Health 2006;44:404–13.
3. EN ISO 6942. Evaluation of materials and material assemblies when exposed to a source of radiant heat. 2002.
4. Annaheim S, Wang L, Psikuta A, et al. A new method to assess the influence of textiles properties on human thermophysiology. Part I. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 2015;27:272–82.
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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPORT
PHENOMENA IN CYLINDRICAL CLOTHING
MICROCLIMATES
Tiago S. MAYOR1, Marta SANTOS2, Dinis OLIVEIRA2, João B. L. M.
CAMPOS2, René M. ROSSI1, Simon ANNAHEIM1 1Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland 2Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Portugal
Introduction
Clothing microclimates, i.e. the space between the skin and the clothing layers, can
play a pivotal role in the heat/mass exchanges of the body. This is particularly true for
clothing with thick microclimates (e.g. CBRN) whose features may allow for natural
convection to occur.
Recent works on flat and wavy [1-3] clothing microclimates have reported substantial
changes in local transport rates near the skin, which may have potential implication in
the development of protective clothing. This highlights the need for further investigation
on other geometries representing clothing microclimates in different body regions (e.g.
around an arm/leg).
Methods
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to study the transport
phenomena across cylindrical microclimates, formed by air layers trapped between the
skin and air-permeable clothing layers. Focus was put on cylindrical microclimates with
different thickness to study the effect of natural convection on the local transport
patterns, e.g. heat flux, temperature distribution, across geometries representing
clothed regions (e.g. limbs).
Results
The transport patterns in the microclimates were found to strongly depend on the
microclimate thickness when compared to the diameter of the body limb, i.e. the
microclimate thickness to limb diameter ratio. As this ratio increases, one observes the
formation of two counter-rotating convective cells, located upstream and downstream
the limb, due to onset of natural convection inside the microclimate. The motion of the
warmer (less dense) and colder (denser) fluid elements in the microclimate originates a
warmer region at the top and a colder region at the bottom, drastically changing the
local heat transport rates along the skin. Moreover, when increasing the microclimate
thickness to limb diameter ratio, we observed lower skin heat losses in the upstream
body region (because of the partial “shielding” offered by the upstream convective cell)
and a higher heat loss in the downstream region (because of the thinner thermal
boundary layer caused by the downstream convective cell). This stresses the important
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influence of natural convection in the way heat/mass is transported across cylindrical
microclimates, and highlights how misleading average transport rates can be, when
microclimate geometries and prevailing environmental conditions lead to natural
convection. Knowledge on these effects is crucial for the development of protective
equipment (e.g. CBRN). Further investigation is needed to clarify the influence of
clothing transport properties (e.g. air permeability), on the relevance of natural
convection inside clothing.
Keywords: clothing microclimates; air gap; natural convection; protective clothing.
References
1. Mayor, T. S., Couto, S., Psikuta, A. & Rossi, R. M. (2015). Advanced modelling of the transport phenomena across horizontal clothing microclimates with natural convection. Int. J. Biomet. 59, 1875–89.
2. Mayor, T. S., Oliveira, D., Rossi, R. M. & Annaheim, S. (2015), Numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in tilted clothing microclimates. in XVI Int. Conf. Environ. Ergon.
3. Mayor, T. S., Couto, S., Psikuta, A. & Rossi, R. M. (2014). Transport phenomena in clothing wavy microclimates – a numerical study. in Sci. Conf. Smart Funct. Text. Well-being, Therm. Comf. Clothing, Des. Therm. Manikins Model. (Ambience14 10i3m).
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EMERGING FACTORS RELATED TO THE DESIGN,
SELECTION, AND USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
AGAINST HIGHLY INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Jeffrey STULL1, Christina STULL1, Huiju PARK2, Susan ASHDOWN2, Jason
COLE3, Judith MULCAY3, Jason ALLEN4 1International Personnel Protection, Inc., Austin, Texas, USA 2Cornell University, New York, USA 3Kappler, Inc., Guntersville, Alabama, USA 4Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc., New York, USA
Introduction
In 2014 through early 2015, Ebola raged through the West African countries of Guinea,
Liberia, and Sierra Leone leading to an estimated 28,300 cases with 11,315 fatalities,
also including a significant portion of healthcare workers. Undoubtedly, the infection
and ultimate death of several doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel was due to
failure to use needed forms of personnel protective equipment; however many
succumbed to the disease even when seemingly having adequate protection. Case in
point, two U.S. nurses treating Liberian patient Thomas Eric Duncan ended up with
Ebola Viral Disease despite following the U.S Center for Disease Control guidelines for
PPE for highly infection diseases. The lessons learned from the spread of EVD created
significant ramifications for the design, selection, and use of PPE for protection against
highly infectious diseases. A multitude of efforts were launched for improving both PPE
and the practices for its use global with organizations such as the World Health
Organization, Doctors without Borders, and the International Medical Corps attempting
to redefine medical personnel protective clothing practices in West Africa.
Development Approach
This paper describes one series of U.S. government funded design efforts aimed at
creating an ensemble approach for using a reconfigured garment system and
head/face protection coupled with existing gloves and footwear for West African use.
Specific design features were created to provide an overall liquid-resistant ensemble
with improved levels of liquid integrity while minimizing the potential for heat strain
when used in hot/humid environments having few local resources. These designs
supported donning and doffing procedures involving fewer steps and focused on
reducing the potential for contaminant transfer, a PPE factor suspected of contributed
to healthcare worker infections in both West Africa and Dallas, Texas. Photographs of
a coverall and hood concept are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
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Principal Finding
The new ensemble designs and practices for their use, particularly doffing and
decontamination approaches, have demanded shifts in the how clothing is developed,
selected, and used for highly infectious diseases and pointed to the inadequate of both
local and international standards.
Keywords: PPE; design; selection; ebola; disease.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Figure 1. Coverall with separating
sleeves for quick donning
Figure 2. Hood with integrated faceshield
and protective, reusable facepiece
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EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING USED BY
MEDICAL PERSONNEL AGAINST SIMULATED BODILY
FLUIDS USING A RAPID ELBOW LEAN TEST
F. Selcen KILINÇ BALCI1, Peter A. JAQUES2, Pengfei GAO1, Lee
PORTNOFF1, Robyn WEIBLE2, Matthew HORVATIN2, Amanda STRAUCH1,
Ronald SHAFFER1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health/National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2URS Corporation, Greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Introduction
Gowns, coveralls, and aprons are important components of protective ensembles used
during the management of patients requiring droplet and contact precautions.
Experimental
In this study, a “rapid elbow lean test” was used to obtain a visual qualitative measure
of resistance to the strike-through (passage of a fluid through a barrier product) of a
bodily fluid simulant. Tests were done on swatches of continuous and discontinuous
regions (e.g., ties, seams and zippers) of fabrics cut from Association for the
Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) PB70 Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3
isolation gowns, a prototype Level 4 isolation gown, an isolation gown without PB70
claims, and four coveralls at multiple elbow pressure levels (2 - 44 PSI), using two
bodily fluid simulants.
Results
Swatches cut from the continuous regions of the prototype Level 4 isolation gown and
the two coveralls did not have any strike-through. For discontinuous regions, only the
prototype Level 4 isolation gown consistently resisted strike-through. As hypothesized,
with the exception of one garment, fluid strike-through increased with higher applied
elbow pressure, was higher for lower fluid surface tension, and was higher for the
discontinuous regions of the protective garments.
Keywords: medical garment; synthetic blood; rapid elbow lean test; strike-through;
medical personnel.
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Disclaimer
The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. Mention of product names does not imply endorsement. The authors identify no
conflicts of interest in the conduct of this study.
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EFFECT OF ADDITIVE PARTICLE SIZE ON X-RAY
PROTECTIVE COATED FABRICS
Nebahat ARAL1, Cevza CANDAN2, Banu UYGUN NERGİS2 1İstanbul Kavram Vocational School - Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
The personal protection against scattering x-ray radiation is critical during radiological
operations [1]. Lead and lead based products are widely used for radiation shielding;
however, the recent researches are focused on designing lead free materials by using
alternative radiopaque metals to minimize lead’s harmful effects on people and the
environment [2, 3]. Tungsten is a convenient candidate for lead free shielding materials
with high x-ray attenuation ability and low toxic character [4]. The aim of this study is to
develop wearable x-ray shields by coating the textile surfaces with tungsten powder-
polymer compounds and to investigate the particle size effect of micro and nano sized
tungsten powders on x-ray shielding performance of the coated fabrics.
Experimental
The micro (average size: 12µm) and nano sized tungsten powders (average size: 150
nm and 300 nm) were used as additives in textile coating at the same volume ratios
(i.e., 12%). Three groups of samples with different average particle size were prepared
by coating of the base cotton fabrics with tungsten powder-silicone rubber compounds.
Tungsten (W) powder with 19.3 g/cm3 density was utilized as powder materials
whereas silicone rubber (Terra Silicone Silastosil LSR36, density: 1.11g/cm3 after
curing) was chosen as the coating material. 100% cotton, plain weave fabric was used
as the base for the coating with 0.29 mm of thickness and 110 g/m2 of fabric weight.
The coating compound was prepared by mixing tungsten powder additives and the
silicone rubber with 70% additive weight ratio (12% volume ratio). RGK 40 laboratory
type knife coating machine from Atac Machine Corporation was used for the fabric
coating process with knife over roll position technique.
In accordance with the medical protection standards, the radiation attenuation values of
the samples were measured at 30kV, 80kV, and 100kV tube voltages. Moreover, the
fabric surfaces were characterized by using SEM analysis. The coated sides of the
fabric surface were characterized by using an FEI Quanta FEG 200 SEM. For clear
imaging, samples were coated with 5nm of Palladium and Gold (Pd-Au) by using
Quorum SC7620 ion sputtering equipment.
Results
The results of x-ray attenuation measurement of the samples with three different
average additive particle sizes were presented in Table 1. As it can be seen from the
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results, the coated fabrics with nano sized tungsten additives (W12-SR-1h (average
size: 300 nm) and W12-SR-8h (average size: 150 nm) can attenuate more radiation
than W12-SR which is composed of micro sized powders. Besides W12-SR-8h
samples with lower average particle size has the highest attenuation ratios at each
tube voltage levels.
Table 1. The radiation attenuation ratios of the coated fabrics at three different tube voltage
levels
Radiation quality X-ray voltage
(kV)
Radiation attenuation ratios (%)
W12-SR W12-SR-1h W12-SR-8h
N30 30 58.1 77.3 88.8
RQR6 80 35.8 47.4 59.5
RQR8 100 31.3 41.4 52.7
In Figure 1, SEM images of the samples at x1000 magnification were shown. As it can
be evaluated visually, at the same volume fraction (12%) there was a notable
difference between the samples with nano and micro powders in terms of the uniformity
of the particles in silicone rubber matrix. It may be seen that the tungsten particles in
coated surface of W12-SR-8h samples with the average particle size of 150 nm were
dispersed more uniformly compared to the other samples.
Figure 1. SEM images of W12-SR, W12-SR-1h, and W12-SR-8h samples from left to
right respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our results indicated that the particle size of tungsten additives in textile
coating has an effect on x-ray shielding performance which possibly stems from the
more uniform particle distribution of tungsten powders in coating.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by TUBITAK (112M453) and Istanbul Technical University
(BAP 37057).
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References
1. Schueler BA (2010)Operator Shielding: How and Why, Tech Vasc Interventional Rad 13:167-171.
2. Tajiri, M., Sunaoka, M., Fukumura, A., & Endo, M. (2004). A new radiation shielding block material for radiation therapy. Medical physics, 31(11), 3022-3023.
3. Schlattl, H., Zankl, M., Eder, H., & Hoeschen, C. (2007). Shielding properties of lead-free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses. Medical physics, 34(11), 4270-4280.
4. Kobayashi, S. et al., (1997), “Tungsten alloys as radiation protection materials”, Nuc Inst and Met in Physics Res, A 390, 426-430.
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MULTIFUNCTIONAL TICK REPELLENT TEXTILES
Wazir AKBAR, G. Bahar BAŞIM Özyeğin University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Tick-borne encephalitis, or TBE, is a human viral infectious disease involving the
central nervous system. According to the World Health Organization 35-58% of TBE
patients suffer long-term neurological problems, such as various cognitive or
neuropsychiatric complaints, balance disorders, headache, dysphasia, hearing defects,
and spinal paralysis, and 2% die from the disease. Therefore, it is a stringent need to
find alternative methods to reduce the incidence of TBE through preventive methods
such as repellent clothes. This paper focuses on smart textile manufacturing with tick
repellency through encapsulation of the natural extracts and applying them on to the
textile surfaces.
Experimental
Eucalyptus oil is encapsulated by diblock co-polymers using solvent evaporation
technique. The developed capsules were characterized based on their surface
morphology, size, size distribution, surface charge and controlled release. Initially,
textile properties were thoroughly studied. A textile sample with cotton weaved on its
outer surface while polyester on the inner surface was selected for the testing. The
textile was treated with the prepared nano/micro capsules having eucalyptus oil
encapsulated for tick repellency. The attachment of capsules to the textile was studied
by SEM and change in the pre and post sample weight. The surface of the treated
textile was analyzed by contact angle measurement, Zeta Potential and SEM.
Results
The various polymeric capsules analyzed by atomic force microscopy verified that the
capsules have different diameters. Some agglomeration has also been obsereved. The
average capsule diameter was found to be 50nm. Figure 1 shows the optimization of
design of experiments (DoE), suggesting %100 cotton is the best textile for the capsule
attachment. However, 65/ cotton/polyester blend was chosen to meet the flexibility
requirement for the sports garments. The selected textile was coated with the capsules
on the cotton side for ticks repellency. Ticks were observed to be most sensitive to the
eucalyptus oil extracts as a function of the controlled release.
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Figure 1. Optimization of design variables in design of experiment
Acknowledgement:
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Eureka TickoTEX project
E18083 and Kivanc Tekstil in Adana Turkey.
References:
1. Haglund, Mats, and Göran Günther. (2003): "Tick-borne encephalitis-
pathogenesis, clinical course and long-term follow-up." Vaccine 21 S11-
S18.
2. Donoso Mantke O, Schädler R, Niedrig M. (2008) A survey on cases of tick-
borne encephalitis in European countries. Euro Surveill;13(17): pii=18848.
3. CDC fact sheet available online:
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/tickborne-
encephalitis.aspx.
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FABRIC WATER ABSORPTION & WETNESS
PERCEPTION
Margherita RACCUGLIA, Simon HODDER, George HAVENITH Loughborough University, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough, UK
Introduction
The ability to sense wetness is one of the most critical factors contributing to thermal
[1, 2, 3] and sensorial discomfort during wear. Fabrics are characterised by different
properties, including thickness, structure and fibre content and it is difficult to identify to
what extent each variable contributes to fabrics moisture behaviour and the related
wetness perception (WP). The amount of added water also plays a critical role in
affecting WP outcomes. It is common to study fabrics moisture behaviour by adding the
same absolute water content [4]. However, for fabrics with different thickness and
volume, the application of the same absolute amount of water results in a different
water content to volume-ratio (relative water content), leading to confounding results.
The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the role of thickness and fibre type on
fabrics absorption properties and WP as well as 2) to compare WP outcomes between
two different wet states.
Experimental
Twenty-four fabric samples (of 100 cm2), with different structure, thickness and fibre
type were included in this experiment. Fabric absorption capacity was determined
according to the ‘water absorption capacity test’ [4]. Twelve Caucasian subjects (7
males/5 females) assessed WP of the fabrics, placed on their upper back by the
investigator, using a magnitude estimation approach. To correct for volume-related
differences in WP that could occur during the application of the same absolute water
content, fabrics were wetted with the same relative water content (REL) of 0.4μl.mm-3.
In a separated trial fabrics were tested at the same absolute water content (ABS) of
2400μl.mm2. Furthermore, to minimise the contribution of physical surface
characteristics on the perception of wetness, fabrics were assessed under static
contact with the skin.
Results
In REL, WP showed a positive relationship with fabric water content (r2 = 0.87,
p<0.001), mainly determined by fabric thickness which accounted for 98% (r2 = 0.98) of
the variability in water absorption capacity, despite differences in fibre content. The
rank analysis indicated that in REL thinner fabrics (and thus having the lowest absolute
amount of water) were ranked as driest, whereas in ABS thinner fabrics were ranked
as wettest. This is likely due to the fact that thinner fabrics contained higher relative
water amount to volume-ratio compared to the thicker fabrics in the ABS test. The ABS
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condition might suggest the use of thicker fabrics given that they result in dryer
sensations [4] however, when profuse sweating occurs and saturation is reached,
thicker materials would contain more water than the thinner ones, resulting in higher
WP and thermal discomfort. This study demonstrated that thickness is the main factor
affecting fabric water absorption and also the related WP. The diverse outcomes
resulting from the application of two different water contents, i.e. REL and ABS,
suggest that the methodology used when studying fabrics moisture behaviour and
moisture perception should be carefully considered in relation to the application.
Keywords: fabric absorption property; fabric thickness; water content; wetness
perception; thermal comfort.
References
1. Li Y (2005) Perceptions of temperature, moisture and comfort in clothing during environmental transients. Ergonomics 48:234–48.
2. Fukazawa T, Havenith G (2009) Differences in comfort perception in relation to local and whole body skin wettedness. European journal of applied physiology 106:15–24.
3. Filingeri D, Havenith G (2015) Human skin wetness perception: psychophysical and neurophysiological bases. Temperature 2:86–104.
4. Tang KPM, Kan CW, Fan JT (2014) Assessing and predicting the subjective wetness sensation of textiles: subjective and objective evaluation. Textile Research Journal 85:838–849.
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ERGONOMIC TEXTILE CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTION FOR
MILITARY SOLDIERS
Gilda SANTOS1, Ana BARROS1, Augusta SILVA1, Patrícia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
2Damel Confecção de Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal
Military protective clothing provides vital functions but also add physiological loads that
could contribute to a progressive decline in physical and mental capacity of the
soldiers, which consequently could lower their productivity and performance to variable
extents. Therefore, the clothing impacts on comfort and soldier’s performance are of
particular importance [1].
This study focuses on the development of an innovative ergonomic clothing system for
soldiers. In order to define and achieve the military clothing system requirements,
interviews with target users from four different Portuguese Army Units (Paraquedistas /
Aeropercursores Terrestres, Centro de Tropas de Comandos, Centro de Tropas de
Operações Especiais and Escola Prática de Infantaria) were performed. The interviews
were focused on mission’s characterization, operating temperatures range, operating
movements and actions and it was also requested to evaluate and characterize the
military clothing system currently used concerning functionality, thermal insulation,
water resistance and water repellency, breathability, soiling resistance, durability, tear
and wear resistance.
From the results obtained it was possible to redefine the military clothing system
requirements and develop an innovative and ergonomic textile solution with new design
and suitable qualified components, resulting in an optimal balanced improvement
between a range of physiological, psychological, physical and protection factors in a
satisfactory manner. To assess the military clothing system developed, CITEVE
performed manikin tests and also end user ergonomics and fitting tests at Escola
Prática de Infantaria. Multifunctional clothing system characteristics will be presented in
more detail.
Figure 1. Field trials at Escola Prática de Infantaria and manikin tests
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Keywords: military clothing system; protection and physiological factors; comfort;
ergonomics and fitting; soldier’s performance.
Acknowledgement
This study was made possible thanks to a Portuguese Consortium (CITEVE, DAMEL
and AST) within a QREN / COMPETE Project in cooperation with the Portuguese
Army.
References
1. Bishop et al. (2013), Ergonomics and Comfort in Protective and Sport
Clothing: A Brief Review, J Ergonomics, S2, Pp. 1.
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VALIDATION OF METHOD TO MEASURE CUMULATIVE PERMEATION OF CHEMICAL WITH LOW VAPOR PRESSURE THROUGH TEXTILE AND GLOVE MATERIALS Anugrah SHAW1, Ana Carla COLEONE2, Julie MERCKLING3, Hyeshin YOON4, Karine LOI5, Eva COHEN6 1University Of Maryland Eastern Shore, Maryland, USA 2São Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil 3French Instıtute Textile and Apparel (IFTH), Paris, France 4Korea Apparel Testing & Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea 5CTC Groupe, France 6Centro Nacional de Medios de Protección, Sevilla, Spain [email protected]
Introduction Permeation tests are used to measure the protection provided by materials against chemicals. The existing standards are designed primarily to measure permeation of pure chemicals that are volatile and/or soluble in water or other liquid or gaseous collection media. A new test method has been developed to measure the permeation of pure or mixtures of chemicals with low vapor pressure and/or low solubility in water and other collection media. All tests for methodology development were conducted in one laboratory based on expertise provided by several individuals. Drafts submitted to ASTM and ISO for consideration as standards were approved as new projects. Five laboratories from ISO member countries participated in inter-laboratory tests.
Inter-laboratory Study The inter-laboratory study was conducted as a two-step process. The first phase was refinement of methodology and the second phase to determine the repeatability and reliability for the test method. A website was developed to support the inter-laboratory studies. The website included instructions as well as templates for submission of information, images, and data by the respective laboratories. For the first phase, six materials were tested using diluted Prowl 3.3 EC (5% a.i.). After one hour the collector disc was extracted and analyzed to determine the amount of pendimethalin (active ingredient) that permeated through the material. The laboratories were asked to take images prior to extraction for visual analysis. The bright yellow color of the test chemical is beneficial in determining the distribution of the permeated material on the absorbent disc. After initial testing, individuals from two laboratories and the coordinator met to determine possible reasons for variability. The procedure used by each lab was observed, modifications made to the methodology and tests repeated until the issues were resolved. Lessons learned were incorporated in draft document and the revised version used for further testing. During the second phase three test materials were tested to determine repeatability and reproducibility. Data from three laboratories that conducted tests in accordance with the final draft show low variability in materials that are relatively homogeneous and variability in the sample that was selected to represent materials that have
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demonstrated high variability in test results. The final analysis will be conducted in January 2016.
Keywords: PPE; permeation; pesticides; inter-laboratory test; low vapor pressure.
Acknowledgement The study was supported by funds received from US Department of Agriculture through the University of Maryland Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station. Participating laboratories covered their own costs to conduct tests. The test chemical and textile materials were provided by the manufacturers.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AS A MEASURE
TO MINIMISE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES
Dimitra NİKOLOPOULOU, Kyriaki MACHERA Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
The use of pesticides, i.e. plant protection products (PPPs) and biocides, may involve
hazards and risks to humans, animals and the environment. Minimising human health
risks is critical in order to achieve a high level of health protection. For plant protection
products, the legal framework for Community action to achieve sustainability by
reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health is established by
Directive 2009/128/EC, whereas for biocides this task is undertaken by the
Commission and is still in an ongoing process.
Risks to humans could be minimized if specific measures are considered to lower
exposure. In this context, the operator and worker exposure during daily agricultural
activities and applying specific application practices could be minimized considering the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE is defined in Directive 89/686/EEC
as “any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection
against one or more health and safety hazards”. For humans exposed to pesticide
residues through their occupational activities as operators and workers, PPE may
include coverall, gloves, mask, boots, hat, face shield, apron etc. The criteria for
selection of one or more pieces of specific PPE may be hazard-based in line with the
criteria set out in Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 and/or driven by the risk assessment
considering the currently available calculation models or relevant measurements of
operator/worker exposure levels.
The use of one or more pieces of specific PPE is indicated in the pesticide label and
safety data sheet, which constitute the ultimate tools for hazard and risk
communication between the regulator and the user of the product. Unfortunately, to
date, the text on the pesticide label is not specific enough as to the exact required level
of protection needed for pesticide operator and worker safety. The specific technical
properties and performance of each PPE are given in CEN (European Committee for
Standardisation) and ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) standards.
The ISO standard 27065:2011 defines the level of protection offered by different types
of protective clothing, thereby allowing farmers and agricultural workers to buy and use
protective clothing according to the use requirements mainly during the application
phase of pesticides, i.e. the work phase where most operator contamination occurs.
Keywords: PPE; exposure; pesticides; biocides; label.
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References
1. Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the
sustainable use of pesticides, OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 71–86.
2. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of
substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC
and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, OJ L 353,
31.12.2008, p. 1–1355.
3. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective clothing – Performance requirements for
protective clothing worn by operators applying liquid pesticides.
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THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES TO PESTICIDE
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BY PROTECTIVE LEVELS
Do-Hee KIM, Dahee JUNG, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
Introduction
As dermal exposure to pesticide has been shown to account for about 87 percent of
total body [1], wearing pesticide protective clothing (PPC) is therefore an effective
mean to reduce the risk of pesticide exposure. Nonetheless, the low wear rate of PPC
has been reported because of discomfort in hot and humid environments [2]. Although
ISO 27065 [3] provides performance requirements for PPC by protective levels,
thermal burden due to PPC has not been evaluated enough. The purpose of this study
was to examine thermoregulatory responses to PPC with different protective levels
through human wear trials.
Experimental
Three types of commercially available PPC with different protective levels (P1, P2 and
P3) were selected. P1 was T/C long-sleeved shirt and long pants which were widely
used for pesticide operator exposure studies; P2 was a reusable and widely provided
suit for pesticide handlers in Korea (nylon fabric with a microporous membrane); P3
was a disposable and impermeable coverall equivalent to the current chemical
resistant clothing requirement. The evaporative resistances of P1, P2 and P3 showed
42, 54 and 151 m2 Pa/W according to ISO 9920 [4]. Eight young males participated in a
wear trial at the air temperature of 32oC, 50%RH. The exercise protocol consisted of
10-min rest, followed by 60-min walking and 10- min recovery. Total sweat rate, rectal
(Tre) and skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured.
Results
Significant differences among the types in most measurement items were found. P3
caused the greatest thermal burden along with the greatest total sweat rate (0.52 ±
0.07, 0.81 ± 0.18 and 1.08 ± 0.21 kg·h-1 for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), the highest
Tre (37.5 ± 0.3, 38.0 ± 0.3 and 38.5 ± 0.4 oC) and the highest mean Tsk (35.1 ± 0.6, 35.9
± 0.4 and 36.1 ± 0.4 oC) at the end of experiments. The rises in Tre showed 0.5, 1.0 and
1.5 oC for P1, P2 and P3. The limit value of Tre recommended an increase of 1.4℃ or
38.5oC, whichever comes first in case of rapid heat storage under hot environment
condition according to ISO 9886 [5].
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
[Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development
(#PJ010518)].
Keywords: pesticide workers; personal protective clothing; protective level; thermal
strain.
References
1. Durham, W. F., Wolfe, H. T., (1962), Measurement of the Exposure of Workers to Pesticides, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 26, 1, 75-91.
2. Hayashi, C., Tokura, H., (2000), Improvement of Thermo-physiological Stress in Participants Wearing Protective Clothing for Spraying Pesticide, and its Application in the Field. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 73, 3, 187-194.
3. ISO 27065 (2011), Protective clothing -- Performance Requirements for Protective Clothing Worn by Operators Applying Liquid Pesticides.
4. ISO 9920 (1995), Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment -- Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble.
5. ISO 9886 (2004), Ergonomics -- Evaluation of Thermal Strain by Physiological Measurements.
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VARIABILITY ON TESTS RESULTS USING ISO 17491-4
WITH DIFFERENT SPRAYING NOZZLE
Hamilton Humberto RAMOS1, Anugrah SHAW2, Viviane Corrêa Aguiar
RAMOS1, Polyane Barbalho DA SILVA1 1Centro de Engenharia E Automação (CEA), Instituto Agronômico (IAC), São Paulo, Brazil 2University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
Introduction
Since 2000, the Engineering and Automation Center (CEA) of the Agronomic Institute
(IAC) in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil, has been conducting the spray cabin test in
accordance with ISO 17491-4 [1]. Observations while conducting the test indicate that
there is an issue with spray distribution that needs to be addressed. In addition, it was
observed that the height of the test subject also affects the spray distribution. The
amount of spray that reaches the head is much lower when the test subject is taller.
This study was conducted to document the problems and propose solutions.
Experimental
A spray cabin that meets the ISO 17491-4 specifications was used in testing. The
nozzles, test chemical, and protocol used for testing garments to determine compliance
with Level 2 of ISO 27065 [2] was used for the study. Tests were conducted with two
hollow cone nozzles (Hypro DC3/CR23 and TeejetTX8) that meet the requirements in
ISO 17491-4. The analysis documents the variability in the spray distribution and the
issue with test subject height. In addition, tests were conducted with a flat fan nozzle
(Teejet XR8001) that, based on preliminary tests that may provide a more uniform
spray distribution. Testing was also conducted with five nozzles to determine if the
additional nozzle could be used to address the issue related to the test subject height.
Qualitative as well as quantitative analysis was used to compare the distribution
pattern.
Results
The results of the study show differences between the spray distributions when the two
hollow cone nozzles specified in the standard are used. A more uniform distribution
was observed with the flat fan nozzle. However, quantitative analysis shows that the
spray volume is also higher. The information was discussed at the ISO meeting in
March 2015. Future plans include working with individuals and laboratories, including
notified bodies in Europe, to compare results. Based on the follow up test and
discussions, a decision will be made by ISO/TC94/SC 13 committee on the need for
revision of ISO 17491-4, which is used for testing in accordance with ISO 27065 and
ISO 16602.
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Keywords: pesticide; protective clothing; PPE quality; worker safety.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to the Ana Flávia Villa and Melissa Alexandre dos Santos for assistance
in conducting the experiments.
References
1. ISO 17491-4 (2008) Performance requirements for protective clothing worn
by operators applying liquid pesticides.
2. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective Clothing – Test methods for clothing providing
protection against chemicals. Part 4 – Determation of resistance to
penetration by a spray of liquid (spray test).
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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PROTECTIVE
MATERIALS USED FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS
Kyriaki MACHERA, Angelos TSAKIRAKIS, Konstantinos KASIOTIS Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
The determination of occupational exposure to pesticides and the use of appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE) is of major importance for the safety of
agricultural workers and applicators. The “actual” dermal exposure (ADE) represents
the pesticide amount that lands or reaches the human skin, penetrating all layers of
clothing, therefore the use and type of PPE strongly affects ADE levels. Field
experiments provide useful “real-conditions” data on both the exposure rates and the
degree of protection provided by PPE but it is not possible to have such data available
for all pesticides and application scenarios. Thus, for the regulatory risk assessment
various predictive calculation models are used. However, the latter apply standard
protection factor values that correspond to only specific PPE types considered by each
model. In this study experimental results of operator exposure field studies -conducted
with coveralls made from different materials- are presented and compared to the
respective default values considered in the calculation models.
Field trials were carried out in the frame of various studies in Greece covering a range
of application scenarios i.e. open field- and indoor crops (olive groves, vineyards,
orchards) different spraying techniques and equipment (knapsack, handheld spray
gun/lance connected to motorized pump or tractor), variable duration of tasks, regions
etc. [1,2]. In most studies two coverall types were used and compared i.e.
cotton/polyester 50/50% treated with water repellent finish attached at nano level to the
fibers (Resist Spills®) and plain cotton (100%) ones. In all trials the “whole body
dosimetry” technique was used based on the respective ΟΕCD protocols. The
penetration degree of the fabric was calculated from the amount of pesticide detected
on the coveralls (outer dosimeters) in relation to the one measured on the inner
dosimeters (cotton) worn underneath.
From the overview of all the field studies conducted, the protection (=100 minus
percent penetration) provided by both coverall types was satisfactory ranging from
97.2-99.6% and 97.3-98.8% for Resist Spills® and cotton coveralls respectively. In the
German model and in the British UK POEM model the respective default value is 95%
whereas in the EFSA calculator it is 90% and 95% for workwear and certified coverall
respectively. Τοwards the direction of manufacturing and certifying PPE with defined
protection levels the new ISO 27065:2011 on PPE is expected to provide significant
contribution [3].
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Keywords: PPE; exposure; pesticides; protective materials.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Mrs Dimitra Nikolopoulou for her contribution to the presentation of
this work.
References
1. Tsakirakis Α.Ν., Kasiotis K.M., Charistou A.N., Arapaki N., Tsatsakis A., Tsakalof A., Machera K. (2014) Dermal & inhalation exposure of operators during fungicide application in vineyards. Evaluation of coverall performance, Science of the Total Environment, 470-471: 282-289.
2. Machera Κ., Tsakirakis A., Charistou A., Anastasiadou P., Glass C.R. (2009) Dermal exposure of pesticide applicators as a measure of coverall performance under field conditions, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 53(6): 573-584.
3. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective clothing – Performance requirements for protective clothing worn by operators applying liquid pesticides.
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25 May 2016 Wednesday
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PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT WORKWEAR
FABRICS USED IN MOLTEN METAL INDUSTRY
Bengi KUTLU, Tuğçem BİTGEN Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
Introduction
There are a lot of types of fabrics in use in the molten metal industry, in Turkey. Some
have special fibers in it and some are thick cotton fabrics. Regarding this variability, in
this study it is aimed to investigate the properties of these fabrics according to the ISO
11612 standard. This standard define the performance ranges for fabrics to be used as
heat and flame protective workwear.
Experimental
In this study, seven types of different fabrics and one type of leather sample was used
(Table 1). In addition, regarding the requirements of ISO 11612 standard, a device for
the measurement of molten metal protection was produced and this device is unique in
Turkey.
Table 1. Types of fabrics used in the study
Number Samples
1 Meta-aramid
2 Modacrylic-Viscose-FR cotton
3 Cotton 1
4 Leather
5 Cotton 2
6 Aluminized aramid
7 Cotton 3
8 FRViscose-Wool-Polyamide
First of all, area weight, thickness, pH values, tensile properties and elongation of
fabrics and leather was determined. Free fatty acid content of the leather was found.
The performance tests for these fabrics i.e.limited flame spread and molten metal
protection was applied to the samples. Additionally, however, out of the scope of ISO
11612, abrasion strength, air permeability, and water resistance properties of the
samples were measured.
Results
Although all these samples were available for molten metal industry, wide range of
physical and performance properties were obtained. In the Table 2, some of the results
and compliance to ISO 11612 regarding tensile properties are shown. Some samples
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showed good results regarding ISO 11612 standard, however, comfort related
properties were poor.
Table 2. Thickness, area weight and compliance to ISO11612 of tensile properties
Keywords: workwear; protective clothing; molten metal protection; cotton; ISO11612.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by Dokuz Eylül University (2013.KB.FEN.032).
References
1. EN ISO 9185 (2007) Protective clothing —Assessment of resistance of materials to molten metal splash The European Standard has the status of a British Standard.
2. Makinen, H. (2013). Flame resistant textiles for molten metal hazards, F.S. Kılınç, (Ed.), Handbook of Fire Resistant Textile siçinde (581-603). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
3. ISO 11612 (2008) Protective clothing -- Clothing to protect against heat and flame.
Samples
Tests
Meta-
aramid
Modacrylic-
Viscose-FR
cotton
Cotton1 Leather Cotton2 Aluminized
fabric Cotton3
FRViscose
-Wool-
Polyamide
Thickness
(mm) 0.642 0.474 1.110 1.042 0.708 0.736 0.780 0.770
Area weight
(g/m2) 248.61 249.23 565.21 735.35 331.06 273.52 431.42 420.68
Compliance of
Tensile
Properties to
ISO11612
+ + + + + + + +
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INNOVATIVE FINISHING APPROACHES FOR
IMPROVED REPELLENCY TOWARDS METAL
SPLASHES
Kim HECHT1, Torsten TEXTOR2, Eva GIERLING1, Edith CLASSEN1 1Hohenstein Institut Für Textilinnovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany 2Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West GGmbH, Krefeld, Germany
Introduction
Welding is associated with high temperatures and the formation of molten metal
splashes with temperatures far above 1000 °C. Therefore, workers are required to use
suitable protective clothes, which are often based on infusible, tightly-woven cotton.
When hot metal splashes hit the surface of the clothes, single cotton fibers of the fabric
decompose and this leads to a partial destruction and hence loss of protection. By
increasing the fabric weight, protection over longer service intervals can be reached,
while thermal insulation against heat is further improved. Heavy-weight fabrics,
however, have an adverse effect on breathability and wear comfort, which are crucial
aspects under the strenuous conditions of welding and determine the acceptance of
the protective equipment. Surface modification of cotton-based fabrics providing a
thermal and chemical barrier presents a promising approach towards light-weight
protective clothes with high protective function and thermophysiological comfort.
Experimental
In the scope of this study, different coatings are developed for the finishing of cotton-
based textiles to produce protective clothes for welding with improved protective
function and comfort [1]. The study focuses on sol-gel-based, organic-inorganic hybrid
polymers. A high portion of inorganic material (e.g. silica, alumina and zirconium oxide)
offers chemical and thermal stability as well as insulation, while functional silanes are
utilized to reduce the surface energy and heat transfer [2]. In a second approach, this
study investigates polymer coatings with functional additives such as thermally
insulating hollow microspheres or conductive carbon fibers. The protective function of
the finished textiles is investigated concerning DIN ISO 9150, and the wear comfort is
studied by thermophysiological methods with the sweating guarded-hotplate.
Results
Application of inorganic, homogeneous coatings results in a slight improvement of the
protective function, while the performance is not distinctly affected by the melting point
and add-on of the inorganic material. A substantial enhancement of the protection class
(class 2) is found for thin oleophobic finishes based on SiO2. This indicates that a short
contact time achieved by a decrease in surface energy is an effective approach to
reduce the heat transfer from the hot metal to the body. Protection class 2 can also be
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reached for inhomogeneous, inorganic coatings with a micro/nanostructured surface,
which have a positive effect on the repellency towards metal splashes. For polymer
coatings, additives based on thermally insulating microspheres show little influence,
while—surprisingly—thermally conductive carbon fibers lead to an improved protective
function. This might be related to the effective release of heat across the textile
surface. All coatings show no negative impact on the thermophysiological properties of
the finished textiles.
Keywords: polymer coatings; protective clothing; repellency; sol-gel coatings; textile
finishing; welding
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. for
financial support of the research project AiF-No. 17680 N provided from funds of
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via a grant of German
Federal of Industrial Research Associations (AiF).
References
1. Textor, T., Gutmann, J. S., Brey, M., Gierling, E., Beringer, J., (2015), Entwicklung einer Ausrüstung zur Verbesserung der Abweisung von flüssigen Metallspritzern von Schweißerschutzkleidung, final report, IGF-No. 17680 N.
2. Mahltig, B., Textor, T., (2008), Nanosols & Textiles, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
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NEW TESTING PRINCIPLES FOR UV-PROTECTIVE
PROPERTIES OF WELDING PROTECTION CLOTHING
Jan BERINGER Hohenstein Institut für Textilinnovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany
Introduction
Welders are exposed to numerous hazards such as molten metal splashes and UV
radiation. Up to now there was no measurement procedure available to investigate the
fullrange UV-protective properties of Welding protection clothing – especially in the
crucial UV-C range. Therefore the German employer's liability insurance association
wood and metal (BGHM) commissioned the Hohenstein Institute to develop such a
measurement procedure in a contract research project.
Experimental
Starting point for this project was an earlier investigation of the institute for occupational
health and safety of the German statutory accident insurance (IFA) and the BGHM in
which the emitted radiation spectra and energy levels of the seven most common arc
welding processes were recorded. Since 2010 legally binding exposition limit values for
artificial UV radiation are stipulated in the EU directive 2006/25/EG [1]. For the
wavelengths from 400 to 180 nm (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C) this exposition limit value H(eff) =
30 J/m2 in a timeframe of 8 hours.
It was investigated how much radiation energy over different UV radiation wavelengths
was transmitted through the fabrics at each arc welding process by modifying the EN
410 measurement procedure to the whole UV range. By a complex processing of this
transmission data with exposition limit value of H(eff) the maximum period of safe use of
the fabrics can be calculated for each of the seven most common arc welding
processes.
Results
To validate this measurement procedure a number of 20 fabrics certified acc. to EN
11611 from the market were investigated and resulted in repeatable results. The
results broadened from only a few minutes to more than the requested 8 hours of
protection from UV radiation.
With these testing principles PPE manufacturers have the possibility to determine the
compliance with the EU directive based on each arc welding process and the duration
of the arc firing time. With this data a focused product development and optimization of
welding protective clothing regarding the fullrange (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C) UV-protective
properties is now possible.
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The developed testing principle is available for research and testing services and it is
furthermore planned to integrate this method into the EN 11611 in the next revision of
this standard.
Keywords: PPE; welding; UV-radiation; UV-C; exposition limit value; EN 11611;
testing principle.
Acknowledgement
This study was financially supported by the German employer's liability insurance
association wood and metal.
References
1. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006L0025-20140101.
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ELECTRICIANS’ PROTECTIVE CLOTHING WITH BUILT-
IN LED LIGHT FOR CHALLENGING OUTDOOR WORK
Emma KAAPPA, Aki HALME, Taina POLA, Jukka VANHALA Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering, Tampere, Finland
Introduction
The lighting can be considered as an essential part of work safety [1, 2]. Especially with
electricians who are working in challenging Northern areas. They are forced to work in
harsh environmental conditions during dark winter and autumn storms. LED in the
electricians’ protective clothing could give occupational safety with many ways; it could
give safety in traffic areas and be as a site lamp for different tasks. In this research
built-in power LED will replace electricians’ big and heavy, hand-portable light lamp [3].
The aim was to develop wearable LED work light for challenging conditions that
release hands while working. The visibility should be circa 2 m, the beam of light as
broad as possible and the period of operation for at least a normal work shift (8 hours).
In this work, LED is placed in the jacket zipper protection list, the location where it does
not dazzle the user, nor is below the harness.
Experimental
LEDs could be divided into two categories: low power LEDs and power LEDs. Low
power LEDs are quite small, cheap and suitable for example signal lights or simple
displays but not for the lighting. Power LEDs are larger, they generate higher luminous
efficiency and their power consumption is bigger. Therefore power LEDs need efficient
cooling. High temperature values generated by the power LED can break components,
shorten the life time etc. and in this case it could harm the user. Usually for electronic
components cooling are used different kinds of heat sinks and fans. We used bendable
metal plate, so that the heat spread over a wider area. This cooling solution was light
and easy to integrate into the textile.
Electricians’ protective jacket built-in light consists of two separate parts; in front of the
jacket is placed LED unit with switches and in inside pocket the battery and control
electronics. Power LED, switch etc. is placed on a rigid circuit board. The light
component was Bridgelux (the intensity of 360 lumens) and it requires the minimum
voltage of ~ 6.6 V. As a result, the system power source needs to be rated the voltage
of 7.4 V Lithium-polymer battery. The on/off software switch is placed close to the LED
light. This type of switch enables to change the pre-set LED brightness levels through
the control electronics. Power LED produces a large loss of heat so the cooling of LED
needs special attention. LED controlling is carried out using the pulse width modulation
(PWM). The principle is to switch on and off LEDs very rapidly, so the power is
consumed less and thus LED warming is fewer. Switching on and off is so fast that the
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human eye does not notice it. One of the easiest ways to manufacture such adjustable
PWM can be achieved with microcontroller and the MOSFET switch component.
Results and conclusion
Environmental stress and conditions endurance were tested [4]. In addition user tests
were carried out in authentic work situations. As can be seen in Fig.1 LED provides
sufficient light.
Figure 1. Illuminance as the distance function and the lighting effect of the same LED in the
dark office
The effect of the temperature on the illuminance was measured at intervals of 15
minutes in different temperatures (Bentham IDR300). The results of measurements in -
20 °C temperature can be seen in Fig.2. The first measurements were made while the
climate chamber cools off.
Figure 2. Variation of the illuminance in the -20 °C temperature during 12 hours
Measurement distance (m)
Illu
min
an
ce (
lx)
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User tests and measurement results prove that this kind of lighting is possible to
manufacture, it is reliable, easy to use and it is helpful to electricians. This concept
needs further development, particularly with the integration of the power supply.
Keywords: wearable; LED; electrician; light; protective clothing.
References
1. EN ISO 20471, (2013), High visibility clothing -- Test methods and requirements.
2. Cheng, K., Kwok, K., Kwok, Y., Chan, K., Cheung, N., Ho, Y. & Kwok, K., (2009), LED Lighting Development for Intelligent Clothing, 3rd International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications, PESA 2009. 4 p., May 2009, Hong Kong.
3. Cochrane, C., Meunier, L., Kelly, F. & Koncar, V., (2011), Flexible displays for smart clothing: Part I – Overview, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 36, December 2011, pp. 422-428.
4. PAS 10412, (2015), Intelligent clothing. LED active high visibility clothing. Specification.
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PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AGAINST ARC FLASH RISKS
Hendrik Beier Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. (STFI E.V.), Chemnitz, Germany
Introduction
Live working becomes more and more popular and electro-technical work is carried out
each and every day [1]. But there are also some new aspects, like photovoltaic or
battery farms which create workplaces where live-dangerous effects of an electrical arc
accident can hit the worker. As required by law employees shall be sufficiently
protected during work. But the risks during an arc accident are complex and require
mainly a sufficient thermal protection against the enormous impact of flames, radiation
and molten metal splashes. Within milliseconds the wearer of the PPE fined itself in a
blast of thermal energy (Figure 1).
Textile concepts for arc protection
Since many years’ different concepts and methods to test and classify the protection
performance of flame retardant textile materials exists. The basic idea of these
procedures consist of objective testing and evaluation of the protection performance
offered by the flame-resistant materials or material combinations, as well as the
assessment of the protection properties of ready-made products. Not all of them are
internationally harmonized which leads sometimes to irritations on the garment
manufacturer’s side as well as by the end-users. The standardization work in IEC TC78
for the IEC 61482-series opened a new capital and brought the risk into a wider focus.
And the work is still in progress [2].
The presentation informs about the state-of-the-art concepts for the testing and
certification of protective clothing against the thermal risk of an electric arc. To
understand the chances and challenges of garments against the risk of an arc flash
accident, the main influence factors to reach a proper protection performance are
shown. Based on different concepts of protective clothing used for arc flash protection
the lecture informs about important key aspects, correlations and limits.
Figure 1. Flame-retardantfabric in arc testing IEC 61482-1-2
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Keywords: PPE; protective clothing; arc flash; arc rating; thermal risks; arc hazards;
testing; flame retardant fabrics.
References
1. IVSS Guideline for the selection of personal protective equipment when
exposed to the thermal effects of an electric fault arc; 2nd edition 2011.
2. DGUV Information 203-077 “Thermal hazards from electric fault arc - Guide
to the selection of personal protective equipment for electrical work”;
October 2012
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STUDYING A NEW CHARACTERISATION OF PPE
PERFORMANCE FOR ARC-FLASH PROTECTION
Jean-Claude DUART1, David CALDERON2, Jorge MORENO3
1DuPont, USA 2AITEX, Alicante, Spain 3ITE
Introduction
Heat and flame from an electric arc are two of the important hazards that workers need
to be protected against. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for protection against
the thermal effect of an electric arc is subject to norm IEC 61482-2 [1]. The current
standardization in place helps to assess the level of arc rating of a PPE. In order to
provide adequate protection, the arc rating of the garment must be higher than the
potential incident heat energy that could be emitted during an arc flash event. For
choosing the right PPE, one needs to perform a hazard assessment (e.g. using IEEE
1584) and one needs to measure the arc rating of the garment. For quantifying the arc
rating of a protective garment, a test methodology exists that is aimed at characterizing
the fabric which constitutes the protective garment. The arc rating is most commonly
quantified by the Arc Thermal Performance Value (ATPV) determined according to
IEC/EN 61482-1-1/Method A. This numerical value of incident energy is attributed to a
material and describes its thermal properties of attenuating a heat flux generated by an
electric arc. Another characteristic of a fabric is the break-open threshold energy (EBT).
In this case the numerical value of incident energy attributed to a material describes its
break open properties when exposed to heat flux of electric arc. The lowest value
between ATPV and EBT is reported as Arc Rating. In particular, ATPV as well as EBT
result in a 50 % probability of causing second-degree burn injury based on the Stoll
curve or break-open respectively. That is the reason why a new arc rating
performance property is under development in the new version of the IEC 61482-1-1
[2] currently under revision. This characteristic is the Incident Energy Limit (ELIM)
which will be introduced to complement the fabric characterization and answer some
specific requirements from the European directive to provide a rating that protects
efficiently from injury up to that energy level. While the determination of the ATPV and
the EBT are based on statistical model called the logistic regression, a type of
probabilistic model, the ELIM is determined with a different method based on a higher
protection level of safety for the end user.
Experimental
The aim of the study is to describe the calculations of these performance
characteristics based on open arc test exposure of various fabrics. The joint experience
of two European testing laboratories combined with their most recent experiments in
this area will also be presented.
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Results
Common fabrics being used in the industry like aramid based fabric, modacrylic blends
and FR cotton treated fabrics have been tested. The study will show the many energy
level tests developed in two European laboratories to characterize the protective
properties of fabrics (ATPV/EBT/ELIM) and will show the reliability of this test that
finally will result in the garment value to protect the end-user as the new standard is
adopted.
Keywords: ATPV; EBT; ELIM; arc flash; PPE; aramid; FR cotton; modacrylic; fabric.
References
1. IEC 61482-2 Edition 1.0 2009-04 - Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc – Part 2: Requirements.
2. IEC 61482-2 Edition 1.0 2009 - Live working - Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc - Part 1-1: Test methods - Method 1: Determination of the arc rating (ATPV or EBT50) of flame resistant materials for clothing.
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DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR A THERAPEUTIC
RHEUMATOID ARTHIRITIS GLOVE
Gözde GÖNCÜ BERK, Neşe TOPÇUOĞLU İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is defined as a chronic, autoimmune disease and systemic
inflammatory disorder that primarily affects small joints of hands. RA causes painful
swelling of lining of joints and stiffness in morning hours and can eventually result in
bone erosion and joint deformity and thus hampers daily activities of sufferers [1].
Currently there is no cure for RA but it is commonly treated with medications and
physical therapy to minimize symptoms and slow down progress of the disease. Splints
and ortheses are often recommended to patients to decrease pain, swelling and/or
prevent ulnar deviation, boutonniere and swan neck deformities. Literature also
presents the hand symptoms such as pain, stiffness and swelling improve substantially
when the therapy gloves are used [1].
A field study is conducted in Bezmialem Medical School Hospital, Rheumatology and
Physical Therapy department to explore design requirements for a therapeutic arthritis
glove. The field study consisted of on-site observations and interviews with RA
patients, physiotherapists and medical doctors. Thirty RA patients are interviewed
about symptoms they experience, treatments they benefitted from and home remedies
they have developed. Three physiotherapists and two medical doctors are also
interviewed about symptoms and treatments of RA. Observations are carried out during
physical therapy of RA patients at the hospital. All the data are recorded digitally and
transcribed. Based on the findings from the field study and analysis of hand anatomy
and human factors issues related to glove use [2], des ign parameters are developed
for a therapeutic RA glove (Figure 1).
Adherence to a recommended treatment such as wearing therapeutic gloves every day
requires high motivation from a patient, so the comfort of the therapeutic gloves are ver
important. Glove design could influence the outcome measures of hand function
because fit can influence a wearer’s hand movement, grip, dexterity and tactile
sensation. Glove pattern, closures, fabric stretch all affect amount of pressure exerted
into the hand and thus compression, immobilization and joint support abilities for RA
treatment. Characteristics of glove fabric such as fiber content, stretch and thickness
are closely related to tactile comfort of the wearer and thermotherapy applications.
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ComfortRequirements
TreatmentRequirements
DesignParameters
Pa ernSeamsClosuresHandMovement
HandandFingerGrip
ThermalBalance
Tac leComfort
Compression
Immobiliza on
HandDexterityJointSupport
FiberStretchThickness
GloveConstruc on
FabricConstruc on
ThermoTherapy
Anthropometry
Biomechanics
SkinIrrita on
Fit
Figure 1. Protective clothes protection level according to firms
Keywords: glove design; rheumatoid arthritis; human factors; physical therapy.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by TUBITAK (115M710).
References
1. Nasir, S. H., Troynikov, O., & Massy-Westropp, N. (2014). Therapy gloves for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 6(6), 226–237.
2. Muralidhar, A., Bishu, R. R., & Hallbeck, M. S. (1999). The development and evaluation of an ergonomic glove. Applied Ergonomics, 30(6), 555-563.
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ANTIBACTERIAL COATING OF TEXTILES WITH
ELECTROSPUN PVA/ZNCL2 NANOFIBERS
Büşra BAKIR1, Gözde KILIÇ2, Filiz ALTAY1 1İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Textile can be great media for growth of microorganisms. It has adverse effects both on
itself and on consumers’ health. There are lots of studies about improving functional
properties of textiles. Nanotechnology applications have taken attentions recently. For
antibacterial property using commercial chemical finishing agents during textile
processing can be harmful. Therefore, nanotechnology applications appear to be a
solution for this concern due to fact that the amount of chemical materials is less than
that of conventional applications. Silver nanoparticles, chitosan nanofibers, carbon
nanotubes and such nanomaterials have been reported to have antibacterial effect on
textiles. In this study the objective was to use electrospun PVA/ZnCl2 nanofibers for
coating non-woven fabrics. ZnCl2 was used for antibacterial effect whereas PVA was
chosen for its easy electrospinnability.
Experimental
In the scope of this study, electrospinning technique was used to produce PVA/ZnCl2
nanofibers. For morphologic characterization, SEM analysis was conducted. The
suspension containing PVA/ZnCl2 nanofibers and binders was sprayed on non-woven
fabrics. To investigating antibacterial property of textile, total bacterial count analysis
will be performed.
Results
The electrospun nanofibers containing PVA/ZnCl2 was obtained. The contact angle
measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing nanofibers and
binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto nonwoven fabric. The outcomes of this
study will help to develop nonwoven textile products with antimicrobial property. Even
though there are antimicrobial textiles present in the market, nanotechnology applied
products seems to be more efficient with less amount of active materials which is
considered as sustainable and green systems.
Keywords: antibacterial; nanofiber; textile; electrospinning; microorganism.
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SMART CLOTHES
Ekrem Hayri PEKER TEKSAD-Tekstil Araştırmaları Derneği, Bursa, Turkey
“NANO” means dwarfing in Hellenic language. Nano is a measurement. Nanometer is
equal to one billionth of meter. Global warming caused clothes to become thinner.
Then nano technologies became widespread and caused these technologies to enter
into human lives fast. After nineties, there were new applications for textile products
such as stain and oil repellency, catching fire harder and being crease-proof. In time
nano technologies became used for our clothes and daily life products. Researches
about new products that could be applied on clothes for military uniforms and sports
technologies gave positive result in short time.
-Products used by soldiers and sporters
-Products produced by home textile sector
-New stain and stainless products
-Breathing fabrics
-Products giving coolness and warmness feeling:
-Clothes protecting body against external effects
-Comfortable clothes
-Clothes produced with vitamin based nano chemicals providing skin care
-Medical clothes
Result
Application used on fiber and painted fabric surfaces to be used for clothing production
has these advantages:
-Application process can be carried out with current machine park for wet
processes. No new investment is necessary.
-Used nano chemicals are environmentally friendly. Most of them can be
disintegrated biologically.
-It reduces usage of environmentally hazardous chemicals to minimum.
-It protects fabric’s breathing ability.
Surface application does not change basic properties of the product. Trousers are still
trousers, but nano particles allow auto-cleaning for them against filth. Fabrics to be
used for nano technology applications are fabrics made of cotton, linen, Polyamide,
rayon and polyester. Bigness of the market created by clothes such as daily clothes,
sportswear and uniforms; home textile fabrics such as curtains, pillows, bed linens and
carpets; military uniforms and similar products is expected to be more than a hundred
billion dollars in 2015 year. USA, Russia, China and EU countries have invested
billions of dollars in these researches. Obtained nano particles are taking part in each
field of life.
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References
1. Tekstil El Kitabı, Ekrem Hayri Peker, İstanbul-2013. 2. Tekstile Giriş, Ekrem Hayri Peker, İstanbul-2014. 3. Akıllı Giysiler, Ekrem Hayri Peker. 4. Akıllı Ev Tekstilleri, Ekrem Hayri Peker.
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LAYER BY LAYER ASSEMBLY OF HALLOYSITE
NANOCLAY BASED FLAME RETARDANT
NANOCOMPOSITE ON COTTON FABRIC
Şule Sultan UĞUR1, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIK2 1Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Textile Engineering, Isparta, Turkey 2Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
Introduction
The development of flame retardant textiles is an important area because of the textiles
consideration as the main ignition sources in fire accidents [1]. Nowadays, increasing
concerns about the toxicological and environmental consequences of using chemical
species on the textile materials have considered scientist to create new chemicals and
methods for enhancing flame retardant property of textiles [2]. Polymer-based
multilayer films created by layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition are currently used to
enhance the functional properties of different materials [3]. Our research group was
demonstrated that LbL process could be used to obtain functional textiles (such as
antimicrobial, UV-protective properties) by using TiO2, ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles [4-
6].
Experimental
Halloysite nanoclay (diam. x L, 30 nm x 0,5-4µm, nanotube, HNC), Phosphoric acid
(H3PO4)and Poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS, Mw=70.000) were used for
enhancing flame retardant cotton fabrics. HNC suspension was prepared at 50 W for 1
hour by Hielscher Ultrasonic Laboratory Homogenizer. SEM-EDX measurements were
used to examine the surfaces and elemental properties of cotton fabric samples.
Limited Oxygen Index was measured for multilayer deposited cotton fabrics according
to ASTM D 2863-77 by using the LOI instrument. TS EN ISO 15025-Protective
clothing-Protection against heat and flame-Method of test for limited flame spread was
also measured.
Results
In conclusion, we have demonstrated HNC based multilayer films could be deposited
for obtaining nanocomposite structure on the cotton fabrics with LbL method. With the
HNC based nanocomposite film deposition, flame retardancy property of the cotton
fabrics were enhanced.
Keywords: halloysite nanoclay; layer-by-layer assembly; flame retardant; cotton;
nanocomposite.
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References
1. Norouzi, M., Zare, Y., Kiany P., (2015), Nanoparticle as Effective Flame
Retardants for Natural and Synthetic Textile Polymers: Application,
Mechanism and Optimization, Polymer Reviews, 55, 3, 531-560.
2. Horrocks, A.R., Kandola, B.K., Davies, P.J., Zhang, S., Padbury, S.A.,
(2005), Developments in Flame Retardant Textiles: A Review, Polymer
Degradation and Stability, 88, 3-12.
3. Lvov, Y., Price, R., Gaber, B., Ichinose, I., (2002), Thin Film Nanofabrication
via Layer-by-Layer Adsorption of Tubule Halloysite, Spherical Silica,
Proteins and Polycations. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and
Engineering Aspects, 198–200, 375–382.
4. Uğur Ş.S., Sarıışık M., Aktaş A.H., (2011), Nano-Al2O3 Multilayer Film
Deposition on Cotton Fabrics by Layer-by-Layer Deposition Method,
Materials Research Bulletin, 46, 1202–1206.
5. Uğur Ş.S., Sarıışık M., Aktaş A.H., (2010), Fabrication of Nanocomposite
Thin Films with TiO2 Nanoparticles by Layer-by-Layer Deposition Method for
Multi-functional Cotton Fabrics. Nanotechnology 21, 325603.
6. Uğur Ş.S., Sarıışık M., Aktaş A.H., Uçar M.Ç., Erden E., (2010), Modifying
of Cotton Fabric Surface with Nano-ZnO Multilayer Films by Layer-by-Layer
Deposition Method. Nanoscale Research Letters 5, 1204–1210.
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PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF PROTECTIVE
LEATHER GLOVES
Nilay ÖRK1, Gökhan ZENGİN1, Eylem KILIÇ2, Arife Candaş ADIGÜZEL
ZENGİN1 1Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Leather Engineering Department, İzmir, Turkey 2Uşak University, Fine Arts Faculty, Fashion Design Department, Uşak, Turkey
Introduction In heavy-duty jobs such as industrial, constructional and landscaping applications, hands are easily exposed to chemicals, cuts and punctures from sharp instruments in various hazardous conditions. Gloving leathers play an important protective role as they are extremely durable and resilient against water, hazardous chemicals, provides insulation for extreme temperatures, and they won’t puncture or tear. Flame retardancy is one of significant features for personal safety and it is gaining importance for the production of technical, furniture and automobile leathers [1, 2]. Leather gloves are have to fulfill the performance requirements if it is used in the area of protective clothing, considering that leather is a common material chosen by professionals for technical gloves. Limited published information is available on the properties and production of leather gloves while up to our knowledge no information is found about gloving leathers as a protective clothing material.
Experimental In the scope of the study chromium tanned split calf leather was used and the production of protective leather gloves was differentiated in post-tanning process by using tara, phosphonium, chromium and their combinations as post tanning agents. Except retanning agents chemicals like fatliqouring and polymers were not varied and same conventional formulation was applied throughout the post-tanning processes for the production of protective leather gloves. The effect of the chemicals on thermal protective performance such as heat resistance, flame resistance, and other performance properties including water resistance, tensile and tear resistance, abrasion resistance and ultraviolet degradation were tested.
Results Performance testing results obtained from six different retanning process was compared according to the type of retanning material used in the production. Results reveal that retanning with different types of retanning material had significant effect on the performance properties of leather gloves.
Keywords: Protective leather gloves; flammability; performance properties; physical characteristics.
References
1. Da C., Kangjian W., Nianhua D., Meng L., Weihua D., (2012), Flame Resistance of Leather Tanned with Zr-Al-Ti Complex Tanning Agent, JSLTC, 96: 116-120.
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2. Wang K.J., Chen D., Liu L., (2012), Functional leather series –flame retardant leather, Beijing Leather, 24: 87.
3. Torvi D.A., Hadjisophocleous G.V., (1999), Research in Protective Clothing for Firefighters: State of the Art and Future Directions, Fire Technology, 35(2): 111-130.
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BACTERIA SENSITIVE SMART TEXTILES COATED
WITH ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
Nagihan OKUTAN, Büşra BAKIR, Filiz ALTAY İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
Introduction
Pathogenic bacteria cause infectious diseases that threat human life. It is known that
textiles are very suitable media for growing pathogenic bacteria. The consumers have
demand for knowing that if there is any contamination in their fabrics for babies,
children and elderly people. Especially medical textiles are expected to be clean, which
must be taken very seriously in emergency and intensive care units. For these textiles,
knowing that whether there is any bacterial contamination can be crucial. Smart textiles
are defined as systems which monitor man and his environment and react in an
appropriate way. As such they are well suited for protective applications. Smart textiles
can control and manage the information within the textile system. They have functions
like sensors, actuators, data processers, energy suppliers, and communicators. Such
data may allow rapid identification of health risks. When a smart textile system detects
an accident is about to happen, it could provide instant protection. After the accident
has happened, it could analyze the situation and provide instant aid or call for help.
In this study the objective was to develop a smart textile system that behaves like a
sensor when exposed to pathogen bacteria. Textile coated with electrospun polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) nanofibers containing antibodies for the detection of pathogen bacteria
was used. In order to detect pathogen bacteria under UV light, nanofibers were added
fluorescent dyes. When pathogen bacteria interact with the surface of the textile
containing specific antibodies bind the pathogens. The fluorescent dye may lose its
fluorescence at the surface of the textile due to this interaction.
Experimental
In this study PVA nanofibers containing antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus
were obtained by electrospinning technique. PVA solution prepared at the
concentration of 8% and mixed with antibodies and the dye for electropinning.
Morphological characterization of nanofibers conducted with scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The suspension containing nanofibers and binders was sprayed on
non woven fabrics. After contamination with S. aureus of the fabric, the samples will be
investigated under UV light.
Results
The electrospun nanofibers containing antibody against S. aureus was obtained. The
contact angle measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing
nanofibers and binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto nonwoven fabric. The
outcomes of this study will help to develop nonwoven smart textile products which
especially needed in health system.
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Keywords: Nanofiber; antibody; dye; sensor; textile.