European Expansion in the High Middle Ages 900 - 1300 HIS 101
Western Civilization
Slide 2
During this period, there were more takeovers, more expansion,
and new ruling powers Example: the Bayeux Tapestry showing the
Norman, William, the Conqueror taking England from Harold (p. 275).
The tapestry is 230 ft. long.
Slide 3
Crusades were taking place Another group of Normans took
southern Italy Scandinavians took Iceland and Greenland Germans
moved in on northern Italy France expanded its kingdom to the
Pyrenees Mountains The English took Wales, Scotland, and
Ireland
Slide 4
Population grew from 900 to 1300 in western Europe It doubled
between 1000 and 1200 30 million in 1000 55 to 60 million by 1200
Larger families: 6-7 children by 1200 Males lived longer than
females More land was under cultivation and they used the 3-field
system
Slide 5
Marshes were drained Forests were cut No blights affecting
crops More meat available There were innovations in agriculture,
transportation, mining, and manufacturing Horses were used instead
of oxen; faster Plows were improved Grew nitrogen-fixing crops like
beans and peas
Slide 6
Used the 3-field system Surplus was taken to market There were
better roads, fewer bandits, and sturdy horse- drawn wagons Mined
gravel and rock There was specialization of crops and crafts Herbs
from Toulouse Wine from Bordeaux and Burgundy Cattle from Germany
Sheep from England Salt fish from the Baltic
Slide 7
Towns grew There were guilds Main purpose was economic
Regulated standards of production Fixed prices Controlled
membership Craft and trade associations Women were excluded from
guilds
Slide 8
Economic Attitudes Church Attitude: rich could redeem their
souls by helping the poor, by being generous, by not overcharging
or taking advantage Commercial View: a fair price was whatever the
market could bear 12 th century, usury was looked down upon 13 th
century, usury was defended because the person who lent money
incurred a risk and should be compensated for that risk
Slide 9
Changes in European Boundaries After Charlemagnes death and
that of his son, the Carolingian Empire was divided amongst
Charlemagnes grandsons
Slide 10
By 900, the Carolingian Empire was collapsing By 1300, France
was stable, and Italy was divided into regions Germany began its
rise to power by 911 but was in decline in the 13 th century
Slide 11
Germany Last of Carolingian rulers died in 911 They then chose
a leader from amongst the dukes 3 families led from 919-1250:
Saxons, 919-1024 pushed eastward and tried to control Church; they
were the Ottos Salians, 1024-1125 had political problems and
expansion stopped Staufers, 1138-1250 -- ended problems with Church
and papacy stopped making political decisions Then rule went to the
Habsburgs who were influential in German politics until 20th
century.
Slide 12
The Coming of Italy There are 3 regions: North: Germans and
Carolingians had limited success trying to take this area Center:
Papal States located here South: Outsiders lived here; from various
other countries
Slide 13
What was the Communal Movement? page289
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What is meant by Papal Monarchy? Page 290
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Slide 16
France Capetian France Carolingians were replaced by the
Capetians and the family of Hugh Capet They ruled for 300 years How
did France become so strong?
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Slide 17
Hugh Capet
Slide 18
British Isles and Celts Viking and Norman Invasions Alfred, r.
871-899, got the English to fight off the Vikings His descendants
ruled England for 100 years The English pushed back the Danelaw,
areas where Danes had lived in eastern and northern England; areas
controlled by Viking settlers In the late 10 th century, King Swein
Forkbeard conquered England. His son Cnut ruled 1016-1033. Cnuts
sons succeeded him. When his sons died in 1042, the English called
in Edward the Confessor to rule. He was the son of the last English
king.
Slide 19
Edward the Confessor Edward had taken a vow of chastity so no
heirs. Edward promised the throne to William of Normandy. Most
Englishmen preferred Harold of Wessex.
Slide 20
Edward died, and Harold was elected by the English to be king.
Harold fought off the Norse invasion. Then William landed in the
south. Harold fought William, but lost to him at the Battle of
Hastings Bayeux Tapestry recounts battle
Slide 21
The Crusades Dramatic expansionist effort directed toward the
eastern Mediterranean world over a 2 century period Crusades were
viewed at the time as a series of religious wars against Islam for
control of the Holy Land where Christianity originated. The Abbasid
Caliphate that ruled Islam was breaking up. There was great rivalry
amongst Islamic factions for control. One of these groups was the
Seljuk Turks. group from Asia who entered Muslim world in 10 th
century. Expanded their influence through military efforts.
Slide 22
Seljuk Turks took over Bagdad, the capital of the Abbasids, and
made the Abbasids their puppets. This brought about a confrontation
with the Fatimids in Byzantium Byzantium became a battleground So
we have: 1. unrest in Byzantium 2. Normans taking over Southern
Italy & Sicily 3. Seljuk Turks conquering most of Asia Minor 4.
Alexius Comnenus (r.1081-1118) of Byzantium wanted Asia Minor back
and asked the popes and the Princes of the West for help
Slide 23
The West Responded Because they had enough money to undertake
military exploits There was greater political order that gave them
stability They had a strong military born out of feudalism Italian
cities wanted to advance their commercial interests in the
Mediterranean There was a longstanding animosity towards Islam
Religious reform movements emphasized that Christians must serve
God in some outward, collective, active way: pilgrimages to holy
places, and holy wars.
Slide 24
Pope Urban II He proclaimed the idea of organizing an armed
pilgrimage of Christian warriors who would achieve a variety of
ends for the good of the true faith.
Slide 25
The army would respond to the appeal of Alexius made in 1095,
to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. By doing
this, Urban hoped to reunite the Church Urban called on Christian
knights to join forces under papal leadership to attack the
Muslims, to save Christianity in the East, and to liberate the Holy
Land. By the summer of 1096, 4 major armies moved toward the
East
Slide 26
There first goal was to secure Constantinople, the capital of
Byzantium Then, Alexius got each crusading leader to swear
allegiance to him and turn over any Byzantine lands they conquered
to him. Alexius would give them supplies and military support in
return. Armies split up paying little attention to Alexius; they
looked for private fortunes.
Slide 27
One army took Edessa Normans took over Antioch July 1099,
Jerusalem was captured by remaining armies using very brutal
tactics Thus ended the first crusade as a success Ignoring promises
to Alexius and to the pope, crusaders set up their own
kingdoms.
Slide 28
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem In 1100, Baldwin of Flanders was
named king His royal domain was Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli plus some
outlying areas These were given as fiefs to loyal men. Its major
problem was defense Most knights returned to Europe after the fight
The few who stayed tried to protect themselves by capturing
seaports in Syria and Palestine They built a series of castles for
defense
Slide 29
They established 3 crusading orders: Knights Templar Knights
Hospitaler Teutonic Knights But their position there remained weak.
These weaknesses caused Europeans over the next 2 centuries to help
defend the Latin Kingdom.
Slide 30
The Second Crusade was prompted by the loss of Edessa to the
Turks: troops had been destroyed by the time the remainder reached
the Latin Kingdom; little help could then be given. Saladin was a
new and effective Muslim leader. By 1187, Saladin had recaptured
most Christian holdings The pope then called for a new crusade: The
Third Crusade Henry II of England, Philip II of France, and
Frederick Barbarossa of Germany led armies against Saladin.
Slide 31
Frederick drowned en route Henry II died before he could begin
his march Henry was replaced by Richard the Lion-Hearted Richard
and Philip stood together against Saladin for awhile Philip then
left early to return to France to snatch up Richards French
possessions Richard remained and agreed to a truce that gave
Jerusalem to the Muslims and visiting rights to Christians
Slide 32
Richard the Lion-Hearted
Slide 33
Fourth Crusade Prompted by Pope Innocent III Pope lost control
over troops Not enough troops were raised Deal was made between
Venetians & crusading leaders and Byzantium Venetians and
Crusaders would back a certain claimant to the throne if Byzantium
gave them trade concessions and money for troops New Byzantine king
did not make good on his promises, so Venetians and crusaders took
Constantinople 1204 but lost it in1261
Slide 34
There were 3 additional crusades, but the fight had lost its
appeal to Europeans The Christian position in former Muslim lands
and Jerusalem was never very strong In 1291, the Christians were
finally ousted from Syria and Palestine
Slide 35
Crusades Effects They generated interaction between East and
West Europeans learned about a new way of life, new ideas, and new
products Western Europeans extended their commercial power The most
significant legacy of the Crusades was the image projected by
western Europeans in the East: Greed Faithlessness Europeans wanted
land, wealth, power Crude ways Slyness