European IntegrationEuropean Integration

Govt 1183Govt 1183 Lecture three—USA/EU historical Lecture three—USA/EU historical

comparisonscomparisons Feb 6--2008Feb 6--2008

The Nature of Political The Nature of Political MembershipMembership

(i) Security(i) Security

(ii) Wealth(ii) Wealth

(iii) Identity(iii) Identity

The United StatesThe United States

(i) Articles of Confederation 1781 (1777)(i) Articles of Confederation 1781 (1777)

(ii) US Constitution 1788(ii) US Constitution 1788

(iii) Anglo-American War 1812(iii) Anglo-American War 1812

(iv) US Civil War (iv) US Civil War

Theories of IntegrationTheories of Integration

CAUSESCAUSES

(i) War—internal; external(i) War—internal; external

(II) Economic Well-being(II) Economic Well-being

(iii) National Self-determination(iii) National Self-determination

World War One World War One DeathsDeathsTotal KilledTotal Killed15 million15 millionNumber Sources and Maps: Number Sources and Maps: http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm--each symbol represents 100,000 dead--each symbol represents 100,000 dead

Losses in the First World War

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

World War Two DeathsWorld War Two Deaths

Total Number KilledTotal Number Killed 50-55 Million50-55 Million Soldiers: 22.0M Soldiers: 22.0M Civilian Deaths: Civilian Deaths: --In camps, from Fascist terror: 12.0M --In camps, from Fascist terror: 12.0M --From hostilities, blockade, epidemics, hunger: --From hostilities, blockade, epidemics, hunger:

14.5M 14.5M --From bombing: 1.5M.--From bombing: 1.5M. Source. Martin White http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htmSource. Martin White http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm

Losses in the Second World War

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Theories of European Theories of European IntegrationIntegration

ACTORSACTORS Euro-centric actorsEuro-centric actors—Jean Monnet et al—Jean Monnet et al State-Centric—(a) State-Centric—(a) StatesmenStatesmen seeking seeking

security and welfare for their state; and (b) security and welfare for their state; and (b) PoliticiansPoliticians seeking a place or position. seeking a place or position.

Business-Centric;Business-Centric; Demos-Centric—role of intellectual elites; Demos-Centric—role of intellectual elites;

role of the people.role of the people.

Theories of IntegrationTheories of Integration

METHODSMETHODS

(i) Neo-functionalism (“Monnet Method”)(i) Neo-functionalism (“Monnet Method”)

(ii) Intergovernmentalism.(ii) Intergovernmentalism.

"I wish to speak to you today about the tragedy of Europe. (...) Yet "I wish to speak to you today about the tragedy of Europe. (...) Yet all the while there is a remedy which, if it were generally and all the while there is a remedy which, if it were generally and spontaneously adopted by the great majority of people in many spontaneously adopted by the great majority of people in many lands, would as if by a miracle transform the whole scene, and lands, would as if by a miracle transform the whole scene, and would in a few years make all Europe, or the greater part of it, as would in a few years make all Europe, or the greater part of it, as free and as happy as Switzerland is today. What is this sovereign free and as happy as Switzerland is today. What is this sovereign remedy? It is to recreate the European Family, or as much of it as remedy? It is to recreate the European Family, or as much of it as we can, and to provide it with a structure under which it can dwell we can, and to provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety and in freedom. We must build a kind of United in peace, in safety and in freedom. We must build a kind of United States of Europe. (...) The first step in the recreation of the States of Europe. (...) The first step in the recreation of the European Family must be a partnership between France and European Family must be a partnership between France and Germany."Germany."

Winston ChurchillWinston ChurchillSpeech at Zurich UniversitySpeech at Zurich University19th September 194619th September 1946

““The Lives and Teachings The Lives and Teachings of the European Saints”of the European Saints”

Alan Milward, “The European Rescue of Alan Milward, “The European Rescue of the Nation-State” (Routledge 1999)the Nation-State” (Routledge 1999)

Milward’s SkepticismMilward’s Skepticism

““The founding fathers of the EC appear in The founding fathers of the EC appear in most histories as the harbingers of a new most histories as the harbingers of a new order in which the nation holds no place.”order in which the nation holds no place.”

““Far from renouncing the nation-state…Far from renouncing the nation-state…[they recognized]…the need for those [they recognized]…the need for those limited surrenders of national sovereignty limited surrenders of national sovereignty through which the nation-state and WE through which the nation-state and WE were jointly strengthened.”were jointly strengthened.”

Treaty of RomePreamble

[Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Lux., and the Neths.]

Determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe,

Resolved to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe,

Affirming as the essential objective of their efforts the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples,

Recognising that the removal of existing obstacles calls for concerted action in order to guarantee steady expansion, balanced trade and fair competition,

Anxious to strengthen the unity of their economies and to ensure their harmonious development by reducing the differences existing between the various regions and the backwardness of the less favoured regions,

Desiring to contribute, by means of a common commercial policy, to the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade,

Intending to confirm the solidarity which binds Europe and the overseas countries and desiring to ensure the development of their prosperity, in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations,

Resolved by thus pooling their resources to preserve and strengthen peace and liberty, and calling upon the other peoples of Europe who share their ideal to join in their efforts,

Have decided to create a European Economic Community

Treaty of Rome (1957)Treaty of Rome (1957)

The activities of the Community shall include…:The activities of the Community shall include…: (a) the elimination as between Member States, of customs duties and (a) the elimination as between Member States, of customs duties and

quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect;measures having equivalent effect;

(b) a common commercial policy; (b) a common commercial policy;

(c) an internal market characterized by the abolition, as between Member (c) an internal market characterized by the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services States, of obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital; and capital;

(e) a common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries;(e) a common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries;

(h) the approximation of the laws of the Member States to the extent (h) the approximation of the laws of the Member States to the extent required for the functioning of the common market;required for the functioning of the common market;

(i) a policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund;(i) a policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund; (j) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion; (j) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion;

Political Structure of the Political Structure of the EU.EU.

Commission—Supranational.Commission—Supranational. Council of Ministers—Intergovernmental.Council of Ministers—Intergovernmental. Parliament—Supranational.Parliament—Supranational. Court—Supranational.Court—Supranational.