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Early Farmers in Europe

Neolithic 7/4000-3000 BC

Copper Age 6/5000-3000 BC

Bronze Age 3000-1000 BC

Iron Age 1000 BC-AD 1

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Spread of Food Production

7000 BC: southeastern Europe

6000 BC: central & western Europe

inland

5000 BC: temperate Europe

4000 BC: northern Europe

ou eas ernEurope

or wes ernEurope

ou ernEurope

2000 BC

3000 BC

5000 BC

6000 BC

7000 BC

8000 BC

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Neolithic Europe

loess belt river valleys

Bandkeramik Culture

ca. 5000 BC

linear designs on pottery

longhouses w/ 40-60 people

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European Megalithsca. 4000 BC

British Isles

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menhir large, free-standingstone

dolmen roofed chamber

henge enclosed space,often with a ditch

menhir

dolmen

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Menhirs

Carnac, France - ~3000 stones

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Dolmenschamber or tomb

processed bodies few grave goodsdolmens sometimes buried

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Stonehenge

Salisbury Plain, England

multiple building stages

ca. 3000 1500 BC

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7000 BC

hammered copper

Near East

4000 BC

,

copper imported to N. Europe

Bronze Age -1 - egean

2000-800 BC - N. Europe

Iron Age

2000 BC Turkey

800 BC northern Europe

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Archaic Period in Mesoamerica8000 2000 BC

Increased emphasison plants and small

-domestication

settlement patterns

Sedentar life-wa s

by end of period

Diego Rivera (1924)

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omest cate ants

squash & gourd 8000 BC

avocado 7500 BC

chili peppers 4500 BC

maize 3500 BC

tobacco ?

cacao ?

Cacao pods

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omest cate n ma s

dogs

? stingless honey bee

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Selection for Certain Traits

teosinte maize

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EarlyDomesticatesused as floats,

containers, andother non-food

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Tehuacan Valley, Puebla, Mexico

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Richard (Scotty) S. MacNeish

uerea o , - c

Paleoindian - megafauna

-

seasonal macrobands

-

squash, gourds, wild beans

Abe as 3400-2300 bc

corn, permanent camps

Purron (2300-1500 bc)

1st pottery in area

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Guila Naquitz Oaxaca Valley

y

wild plants - corn,maguey, mesquiteseeds

squash by 8000 BC August-December

(rainy season)occupation

eating smaller foodpackets through time

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Explanation for Domestication

K. Flannery & R. S. MacNeish ecological approach resource push

movement b/w ecozones introduces plants fromone area into another

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Archaic Pacific Coast

Barbara Voorhies

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Collectors

pre-agr cu ura se en sm

corn adopted from outside

the region

grafted onto a pre-existingmodel

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South American Domesticates

Early Plants

squash & gourd 8000 BC

co on

lima beans 3000 BCchili peppers 3000 BC

qu noa

potatoes 2000 BC

tobacco ?

Early AnimalsDog ?

llama/ alpaca 3000 BC

guinea pig 3000 BC

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Guitarrero Cave, Peru

8000 BP wild limabeans (from Amazon)

also tubers, squash,and chili peppers

, ,camelids, birds

Early

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North America

Early Plant Domesticates

ourds & s uash 2500 BC

sunflower 2200 BCsumpweed 2000 BC

squash (Cucurbita pepo)

Early Animal Domesticatesgoosefoot (Chenopodium)

dog

marsh elder(Iva annua)

sunflower(Helianhus annus)