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European Travelers in the Trans-Caspian before 1917Author(s): Michael BeardSource: Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1972), pp. 590-596Published by: EHESSStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20169644 .

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE

MICHAEL BEARD

EUROPEAN TRAVELERS

IN THE TRANS-CASPIAN BEFORE 1917

Introduction

Traditionally the distinctive feature of the Transcaspian area is its isolation.

Three of its boundaries are geographical barriers (the Caspian Sea, the Kirghiz

Steppes, the Ferghana and Pamir mountain ranges), and the southern limits were

blocked from the sixteenth century until the last Russian annexations by the

existence of Turkoman slave traders along the Atrak River and beyond. The

travelers wre find in this bibliography are, especially the early ones, people with

specific business to transact; there is no just passing through the Transcaspian. In fact, none of the most famous British travelers?neither E. G. Browne, the

Sherley Brothers, Richard Burton, nor even Thomas Cory ate?went there at all.

The accounts of those who did go into the Transcaspian are extremely useful for

the study of Central Asian history. W7e often find them present at the battles

and political decisions of that region (MacGahan at the fall of Khiva, O'Donovan

at Geok Tepe), and we find one of them (Conolly) as involved in political intrigue as it is possible to be. Central Asia seems in the long run to have been richer in

travelers than in indigenous historians.

There is much of course that we miss when reading an outsider's view of local

history, but it is also true that travelers notice naturally those things which the

inhabitants themselves neglect to record: the buildings, the customs, the business

of daily life. We may add that no traveler writes only about the places he has

seen. There is always a side to these books which shows the traveler's own back

ground, and we can trace in them not only the outlines of Central Asian history but the development of European attitudes toward the non-European world, from

the merchants and schemers of the seventeenth century to the missionaries and

soldiers of the nineteenth.

Bloomington (Ind.), 1972 MB

I

EUROPEAN TRAVELERS IN THE TRANS-CASPIAN BEFORE 1917

1. Abbott, James (Col.). Narrative of a journey from H?raut to Khiva, Moscow

and St. Petersburgh, during the last Russian invasion of Khiva: With some account

of the court of Khiva and the kingdom of Khaurism. 2 vols. London: W. H. Allen

& Co., 1843. 2. Baker, Valentine. Clouds in the East: Travels and adventures on the Perso

Turkoman frontier. London: Chatto & Windus, 1876.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE SCI

3. Bruin, Cornells de. Voyages . . .

par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes

Orientales: Ouvrage enrichi de plus de 320 tailles douces . . . repr?sentant

. . .

leurs principales villes . . . Avec les antiquitez ... et particuli?rement celles du

fameux palais de Pers?polis . . . On a ajout? la route qu'a suivie Mr. Isbrantes . . .

en traversant la Russie et la Tartarie, pour se rendre ? la Chine. Et quelques

remarques contre Mrs. Chardin et Kempfer ... 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1718.

4. Burn ab y, Frederick Gustavus. A ride to Khiva: Travels and adventures

in Central Asia. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1877.

Burnaby's ride was performed in 1855-6, by train to Kazala and on horseback

to Khiva, culminating in an interview with the khan. The exploit was greatly acclaimed in England. 5. Burnes, Alexander, F.R.S. (Lieut.). Travels into Bokhara; being the

account of a journey from India to Cabool, Tartary, and Persia; also, narrative

of a voyage on the Indus, from the sea to Lahore, with presents from the king of

Great Britain; performed under the orders of the supreme government of India, in the years 1831, 1832, and 1833. 3 vols. London: J. Murray, 1834.

Burnes traveled extensively around Bokhara and came into close contact

with the Turkomans. An inquisitive, observant traveler.

6. Burslem, Rollo. A peep into Toorkhisth?n. London: Pelham Richardson, 1846. 7. Capus, Guillaume. A travers le Royaume de Tamerlan (Asie Centrale).

Voyage dans la Sib?rie occidentale, le Turkestan, la Boukharie, aux bords de

l'Amou-Daria, ? Khiva et dans TOust-ourt. Paris: A. Hennuyer, 1892. 8. Cholet, Armand-Pierre, Cte de. Excursion en Turkestan et sur la fronti?re

russo-afghane. Paris: E. Pion, Nourrit & Cle, 1889. 9. Conolly, Arthur. Journey to the north of India, overland from England

through Russia, Persia, and Affghaunistan. 2 vols. London: R. Bentley, 1834. This is the same Conolly later imprisoned and killed by the emir of Bokhara

(see 66). 10. Curtis, William Eleroy. Turkestan: ? the heart of Asia ?. New York:

Hodder & Stoughton, G. H. Doran Co., 1911. 11. Curzon, George N. Russia in Central Asia in 188g and the Anglo-Russian

question. London: Frank Cass & Co., 1889. (Reprinted by New York: Barnes

& Noble, 1967.) Curzon's emphasis is essentially political, but the book is arranged like a

travelogue: the first seven chapters describe a journey by rail from England to Samarkand on the newly completed Russian railway. An appendix gives advice to travelers in Turkestan.

12. Fell, E. Nelson. Russian and nomad: Tales of the Kirghiz steppes. New

York: Duffield & Co., 1916. Fell directed mining operations for an English mining company near the head

lands of the Ishim River, from 1902 to 1908. The stories tell of experiences with the Russian and native workers.

13. Ferrier, J.-P. Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan: With historical notices of the countries lying between

Russia and India. Translated from the original unpublished (French) manuscript

by W. Jesse. Edited by H. D. Seymour. London, 1856. 14. Fraser, David. The marches of Hindustan: The record of a journey in

Thibet, Trans-Himalayan India, Chinese Turkestan, Russian Turkestan, and

Persia . . . Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1907.

15. Fraser, James Baillie. The Kuzzilbash: A tale of Khorasan. 3 vols.

London: H. Colburn, 1828.

The story is patterned after Morier's Hajji Baba of Ispahan, which had appeared three years previously. As in Morier's story, the narrator is caught and raised

by Turkomans in the opening chapters. 16. Fraser, James Baillie. Narrative of a journey into Khoras?n, in the years

1821 and 1822. Including some account of the countries to the north-east of

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592 MICHAEL BEARD

Persia; with remarks upon the national character, government, and resources of

that kingdom. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1825. Fraser never really crossed the Oxus, but as the title of this book indicates his

goal was always in that general direction. Since he did visit Turkoman nomads

on the road from Meshhed to Bujnurd and Gorgan, and since he always wanted

to go farther north, it seems to me he belongs (at least tangentially) in this

bibliography. 17. Fraser, James Baillie. A winter's journey (Tatar) from Constantinople

to Tehran: With travels through various parts of Persia, & c. London: R. Bentley, 1838. 18. Gavazzi, Modesto. Alcune notizie raccolte in un viaggio a Bucara. Milano,

1865. 19. Gobineau, J. A. Nouvelles asiatiques. Paris: Gamier 1965. (First

published in 1876.) ?La guerre des Turkomans? (pp. 181-237) is a fictionalized account of wars

against the Turkoman slave traders as seen by a Persian soldier. The story

hinges on the enmity of Shi'i Persian Moslems for the Turkoman Sunnis.

20. Gonzalez de Clavito, Ruy. Embajada a Tamortan: Estudio y edici?n

de un manuscrito del siglo XV. Ed. Francisco L?pez Estrada. Madrid: Consejo

Superior de Investigaciones Cient?ficas, 1943. 21. Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy. Historia del gran Tamortan, e itinerario y

enarracion del viage, y relaci?n de la embajada que Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo le

hizo por mandado del muy poderoso se?or Rey Don Henrique el Tercero de Castilla,

ed. Gonzalo Argote de Molina. Madrid: Don Antonio de Sancha, 1782. 22. Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy. Narrative of the embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de

Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A .D. 1403-6. Trans, and ed. Clements

R. Markham, F.R.G.S. (Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, ist series, 26.) London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1859. (Reprinted by Burt Franklin.

New York: B. Franklin, 1963.) An ambassador sent by King Henry III of Castille to Timur, during the height of Timur's power. Clavijo is an observant and honest writer who finds Timur's

court awesome and at least as civilized as his own. His description of the

elephant (pp. 156-8) shows a remarkably logical mind at work.

23. Graham, Steven. Through Russian Central Asia. New York: Macmillan,

1916. 24. Grodekov, Nikolai Ivanovich. Colonel Grodekoff's ride from Samarkand

to Herat. Translated by C. Marvin. London: W. H. Allen Co., 1880.

A ride for reconnaisance into the English sphere of influence by a lone Russian

officer in full uniform.

25. Gurdjieff, G. I. Meetings with remarkable men. Translated by A. R. Orage. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1969.

Whatever we may think of Gurdjieff's eclectic philosophy, he seems to have

spent considerable time on commercial adventures in the cities of Transoxiana.

The adventures seem to be authentic.

26. Han way, Jonas. An historical account of the British trade over the Caspian sea: With the author's journal of travels from England through Russia into Persia;

and back through Russia, Germany and Holland. To which are added, the revo

lutions of Persia during the present century, with the particular history of the

great usurper Nadir Kouli. 2 vols. London: printed for T. Osborne, D. Brown,

T. and T. Longman, C. Davis, C. Hitch and L. Hawes, A. Millar, J. Whiston and

B. White, R. Dodsley, and J. and J. Rivington, 1754. An observant and opinionated traveler moving through a world full of spies and revolutions. The second volume is a history of Persia, with an account

of English trade in Khiva and Bokhara.

27. Hedin, Sven Anders. My life as an explorer. Translated by Alfhild Huebsch.

New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925. 28. Hedin, Sven Anders. Through Asia. 2 vols. London: Methuen & Co., 1899.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE 593

Travels of a Swedish explorer. The first volume deals with Turkestan.

29. Huntington, Ellsworth. The pulse of Asia: A journey in Central Asia:

Illustrating the geographic basis of history. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1907.

Huntington was a member of Pumpelly's 1903 scientific expedition. He

describes his three years in Turkestan with the eye of a naturalist.

30. Ides, Evert Ysbrants. Three years' travels from Moscow over-land to China, thro' great Ustiga, Siriana, Permia, Sibiria, Daour, Great Tartary, etc., to

Peking . . . Now done into English. London, 1706.

Ides is the Mr. Isbrants of Cornells de Bruin's Voyages (See 3). 31. Jenkinson, Anthony. A compendious

. . . declaration of the journey of M. A. J. from

. . . London into the land of Persia . . . anno 1561: The first

voyage made by Master A. J. from . . . London toward the land of Russia in

1557. The voyage of Master A. J. made from the city of Mosco ... to the cities

of Boghar . . . in . . . 1558. London: G. Bishop, R. Newberie & R. Barker,

1598-1600. 32. Karazin, Nikolai Nikola?vitch. Le pays o? l'on se battra, voyages dans

l'Asie centrale. Translated from Russian by Tatiana Lvoff and Augustin Teste.

Paris: M. Dreyfous, 1879. 33. Ker, David. On the road to Khiva . . . With photographic illustrations

and military map. London: Henry S. King & Co., 1874. Ker set out on the same mission as MacGahan (see 39) during the siege of

Khiva. This is the story of his failure in that project. 34. Khorochkine, A. P. ? Itin?raires de l'Asie Centrale. ? Translated from

Russian by Louis L?ger. Publications de VEcole des Langues orientales vivantes, VII: 162-243. Paris: Libraire de la Soci?t? asiatique, 1878.

35. Knox, Thomas Wallace. The boy travellers in the Russian Empire: Adven

tures of two youths in European and Asiatic Russia, with accounts of a tour across

Siberia. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1887. 36. Lansdell, Henry. Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara,

Khiva and Merv. 2 vols. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington,

1885. (Reprinted in Russia observed series. New York: Arno Press and The

New York Times, 1970.) This, with Schuyler's book (see 56) and Vamb?ry's Travels (see 64) were the

standard works on Central Asia for the Victorian reading public. 37. Lansdell, Henry, D.D., M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. Through Central Asia:

With a map and appendix on the diplomacy and delimitation of the Russo-Afghan frontier. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1887.

An abridgement of his Russian Central Asia.

38. Lev?t, Edouard-David. Turkestan et Boukharie. Paris, 1902.

39. MacGahan, Januarius Aloysius. Campaigning on the Oxus, and the fall

of Khiva. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1874. (Reprinted in Russia observed

series. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1970.) A remarkable book not only for the trying adventures MacGahan went through but for the good humor with which he describes them. A New York Herald

correspondent, and a newcomer to Asia, he crossed the Kirghiz steppes in

winter to join the Russians marching on Khiva from the east. An amusing and literate book, more in the style of a novel than of political journalism. 40. MacGregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, K.C.B. Narrative of a journey through

the province of Khorassan and on the n. w. frontier of Afghanistan in 1875. 2 vols.

London, 1875. 41. Marvin, Charles Thomas. The eye-witnesses' account of the disastrous

Russian campaign against the Akhal Tekke Turkomans: Describing the march across

the burning desert, the storming of Dengeel T?p?, and the disastrous retreat to

the Caspian. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1880.

42. Marvin, Charles Thomas. Merv, the queen of the world: And the scourage

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594 MICHAEL BEARD

of the man-stealing Turkomans. With an exposition of the Khorassan question. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1881.

43. Moore, Benjamin Burges. From Moscow to the Persian gulf: Being the

journal of a disenchanted traveller in Turkestan and Persia. New York and

London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915. One assumes this journey was an impressive experience for him, as this is

Moore's only book.

44. MoRiER, James Justinian. The adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1926. (First published in 1824 in 3 vols.)

In chapters two through seven the hero is captured by Turkomans. His

portrait of Turkoman life is presumably a picture of life on the Turkoman plain. 45. Moser, Henri. A travers l'Asie centrale, la steppe kirghize, le Turkestan

russe, Boukhara, Khiva, le pays des Turcomans et la Perse, impressions de voyage. Paris: E. Pion, Nourrit & Cie, 1885.

46. Ne y, Napol?on. En Asie centrale ? la vapeur. La mer Noire, la Crim?e, le Caucase, la mer Caspienne, les chemins de fer sib?riens et asiatiques, inauguration

du chemin de fer transcaspien, l'Asie centrale, Merv, Bokhara, Samarkand. Notes

de voyage. Pr?face de Pierre V?ron. Paris: Garnier, 1888.

47. O'Donovan, Edmond. The Merv oasis: Travels and adventures east of

the Caspian during the years 1879-80-81 including five months' residence among the Tekk?s of Merv. 2 vols. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1882. (Reprinted in Russia observed series. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1970.)

O'Donovan was a correspondent for The Daily News. His book is confusing,

repetitive, and overlong; but it is invaluable for its observations of Turkoman

daily life and history of the Russian advance in Asia. He lived among Turkoman villagers for considerable periods of time, both on the shores of the

Caspian and at Merv, and was an eyewitness to the battle of Geok Tepe, the

last annexation of the Russian empire. 48. Olufsen, Axel Frits Olaf Henrik. The emir of Bokhara and his country:

Journeys and studies in Bokhara (with a chapter on my voyage on the Amu Darya to Khiva) . . . London: W. Heinemann, 1911.

49. Pahlen, Count K. K. Mission to Turkestan: Being the memoirs of Count

K. K. Pahlen, 1908-09. Translated by N. J. Couriss. Edited by Richard A. Pierce.

London: Oxford University Press, 1964.

Memories, mostly political, of a liberal official of the Russian empire stationed

in various cities of Turkestan.

50. Perowne, J. T. Woolrych. Russian hosts and English guests in Central

Asia. London: Scientific Press, 1898. 51. Polo, Marco. The book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian concerning the

kingdoms and marvels of the East. 2 vols. Translated and edited by Colonel

Henry Yule, C.B. London: J. Murray, 1875. It was in Bokhara that Marco's father and uncle were persuaded to visit the

court of Genghis Khan. Marco himself mentions Samarkand in passing, but

Yule (p. 194) surmises that he never really went there. In any event, descrip tion of Turkestan in this book is at best perfunctory. Our earliest detailed

account of life in Turkestan will be that of Anthony Jenkinson (see 31). 52. Polovtsoff, A. The land of Timur: Recollections of Russian Turkestan.

London: Methuen & Co., 1932.

Samarkand and Bokhara?nostalgic memories of a pre-revolutionary Russian

officer.

53. PoTAGOs, Papagiotis. Dix ann?es de voyages dans l'Asie Centrale et l'Afrique

?quatoriale. Translated from Greek by A. Meyer, . . .

J. Blancard, . . . and

L. Labadie. Paris: Angers, 1885. 54. Radloff, T. ? Itin?raire de la vall?e du moyen Zerefchan. ? Translated

from Russian by Louis L?ger. Publications de l'?cole des Langues orientales

vivantes, VII: 263-355. Paris: Libraire de la Soci?t? asiatique, 1878.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE 595

55. RiCKMERs, W. Rickmer. The Duab of Turkestan: A physiographic sketch

and account of some travels. Cambridge: University Press, 1913. The Duab is the do ab, or 'two waters': that is the land between the Jaxartes and the Oxus. Rickmers' emphasis is on the land itself, which he knows and

understands well.

56. Schuyler, Eugene. Turkistan: Notes of a journey in Russian Turkistan,

Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. 2 vols. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co.,

1876. (This has recently appeared in a one volume edition. Edited by Geoffrey Wheeler. Abridged by K. E. West. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1966.)

Still one of the standard works on the area. Schuyler was an American

diplomat stationed in Moscow.

57. Shoemaker, Michael Myers. The heart of the Orient: Saunterings through

Georgia, Armenia, Persia, Turkomania, and Turkestan, to the vale of Paradise.

New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons/Knickerbocker Press, 1906.

By the author of Quaint corners of ancient empires. 58. Shoemaker, Michael Myers. Trans-Caspia; the sealed provinces of the

Czar. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1895. 59. Stewart, Charles Edward. Through Persia in disguise: With reminiscences

of the Indian mutiny . . . Edited from his diaries by Basil Stewart. London:

G. Routledge and Sons, 1911. In the autumn of 1880 Stewart, motivated by personal concern over the Russian

question, lived on his own initiative disguised as an Armenian horse trader in

Deregez in the Akhal desert near Geok Tepe. He remained there until

January 14, 10 days before the fall of that fortress.

60. Taylor, Bayard. Central Asia?Travels in Cashmere, Little Thibet and

Central Asia. Revised by Thomas Stevens. New York: Ch. Scribner's Sons, 1892. 61. Ujfalvy de Mez? K?vesd, K?roly Jen?. Voyage au Zarafcha?e, au Fer

ghanah et ? Kouldja. Paris: E. Martinet, 1878.

Ujfalvy was the leader of the French-Russian scientific expedition (anthropo

logical and geographical) to Siberia and Turkestan in 1878. 62. Vamb?ry, Arminius. Arminius Vamb?ry: his life and adventures. Written

by himself. London: T. F. Unwin, 1884. 63. Vamb?ry, Arminius. Sketches of Central Asia: Additional chapters on

my travels, adventures, and on the ethnology of Central Asia. Philadelphia: I. B. Lippincott & Co., and London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1868. (Reprinted in

Russia observed series. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1970.) 64. Vamb?ry, Arminius. Travels in Central Asia; being the account of a

journey from Teheran across the Turkoman desert on the eastern shore of the

Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand. Performed in the year 1863. New

York: Harper and Brothers, 1865. This is the original account of Vamb?ry 's journey. He was an extraordinary

linguist, a Hungarian by birth, who seems to have been able to speak not

only the languages of Europe but Persian, Turkish, and Arabic with perfect native fluency. He traveled disguised as a begging darvish by foot from

Tehran to Khiva, Bokhara, Herat and returned by way of Meshhed, undetected

as a European. The English is his own.

65. Wardell, John Wilford. In the Kirghiz steppes. London: Galley Press,

1961. An engineering consultant in Siberia on the eve of World War I.

66. Wolff, Joseph, Rev., D.D., LL.D. Narrative of a mission to Bokhara in

the years 1843-1845 to ascertain the fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly.

Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1852. (This has recently appeared as

A mission to Bokhara. Edited and abridged by Guy Wint. New York and

Washington: F. A. Praeger, 1969.) Wolff was by any reckoning a strange man. Born a Jew, he converted first

to Catholicism and then to the Church of England. He made occasional trips

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596 MICHAEL BEARD

to the Middle East as a missionary alone armed only with uplifting tracts and

copies of Robinson Crusoe in Arabic, which he handed out to the literate. The

mission to Bokhara was a failure: as it turned out the emir had killed both

Stoddart and Conolly considerably before.

67. Wolff, Joseph. Researches and missionary labours among the Jews,

Mohammedans, and other sects, by the Rev. Joseph Wolff, during his travels be

tween the years 1831 and 1834, from Malta to Egypt, Constantinople, Armenia,

Persia, Khorossaun, Toorkestaun, Bokhara, Balkh, Cabool in Afghanistan, the

Himalayah mountains, Cashmere, Hindoostaun, the coast of Abyssinia, and

Yemen . . . Philadelphia: O. Rogers, 1837.

68. Wolff, Joseph. Travels and adventures of the Rev. Joseph Wolff . . .

late missionary to the Jews and Muhammadans in Persia, Bakhara, Cashmere, etc.

London: Saunders, Ottley & Co., 1860-61.

69. Wood, John. A journey to the source of the river Oxus: . . . with an essay on

the geography of the valley of the Oxus. Edited by Colonel Henry Yule. London:

J. Murray, 1872. 70. Wright, George Frederick. Asiatic Russia. New York: McClure, Phillips

& Co., 1902.

II

SECONDARY WORKS, BOOKS WITH RELEVANT BIBLIOGRAPHIES

1. Babey, Anna M. Americans in Russia 1776-1917: A study of the American

travelers in Russia from the American revolution to the Russian revolution.

New York: Comet Press, 1938. 2. Berry, Lloyd E. and Robert O. Crummey, eds. Rude and barbarous king

dom: Russia in the accounts of sixteenth-century English voyagers. Madison:

University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. 3. Curzon, George N. Russia in Central Asia in i88g and the Anglo-Russian

question. London: Frank Cass & Co., 1889. (Reprinted by New York: Barnes

& Noble, 1967.) 4. Gowan, Walter Edward. C. Marvin's Works and translations about Central

Asia generally. Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press, 1883. 5. Huntington, Ellsworth. The pulse of Asia: A journey in Central Asia:

Illustrating the geographic basis of history. Boston and New York: Houghton, Miffiin & Co., 1907.

6. Maclean, Fitzroy. A Person from England and other travellers. London:

J. Cape, 1958.

Biographical and historical background to most of the 19th-century figures in this bibliography. An excellent and readable survey.

7. Marvin, Charles Thomas. Reconnoitring Central Asia: Pioneering adventures

in the region lying between Russia and India. London: W. Swan Sonnenschein

& Co., 1885. 8. Olschki, Leonardo. Marco Polo's precursors. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

Press, 1943. 9. Pumpelly, Raphael, ed. ?Ancient Anau and the oasis-world, and general

discussion of results, ? Explorations in Turkestan: Expedition of 1904, I. Washing

ton, D. C: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1908.

10. Rickmers, W. Rickmer. The Duab of Turkestan: A physiographic sketch

and account of some travels. Cambridge: University Press, 1913.

11. Wilber, Donald N. Annotated bibliography of Afghanistan. New Haven:

Human Relations Area Files Press, 1968.

Le G?rant : Louis Velay

imprimerie nationale. 2 565 032 5 n0 4

? d?p?t l?gal, ier trimestre 1973

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