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Session 4
Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis
Project for Capacity Development to Implementing Organic Law at the Capital
and Provincial Level (PILAC 2)
Objectives and Content
Objective of Session 4:
Training participants understand how to conduct the Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis
Content: 1. Presentation: Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis
2. Exercise: Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis
3. Sharing and Q&A
2
3
Cause
Effect
Core Problem
Problem Tree
4
How do you Formulatethe Problem Tree?
5
Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (1)
1. Identify existing problems considering actual situations and write down one problem per card.
2. Arrange identified problem cards based on the cause-effect relationship and try making a tentative Problem Tree.
3. Determine the Core Problem that might be the result (effect) of wide-range problems. If it is difficult to fix the Core Problem, you can start with the uppermost problem card in the tentative Problem Tree.
6
Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (2)
4. Extend the Problem Tree downward by adding problem cards that are the direct causes of upper problems.
– If Problem A is the cause of Problem B,
Problem A shall put under Problem B.
– If Problem C is the effect of Problem B,
Problem C shall put above Problem B.
A
B
C
B
7
Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (3)
5. Draw lines to connect all problem cards and complete the Problem Tree. (Reconsider the cause-effect relationship, if necessary)
A
C
BCore Problem
Effect
Direct Cause
Sub-Cause
8
Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (4)
6. Identify Hidden Gender Issues from the Core Problem and Direct Causes.
If a problem brings about a negative impact upon only one gender, then the negative impact is the Hidden Gender Issue.
Hidden Gender IssuesExample: Problem--Potable water supply is not stable.- Women are forced to carry water from distant water
sources.- Married women tend to use unsafe water.- Many married women have a back problem.
9
How do you Formulatethe Solution Tree?
10
Main Steps to Formulate the Solution Tree
1. Revise the Core Problem into the Goal by changing a negative sentence into a positive sentence that describes a situation after solving the Core Problem.
2. Revise the Direct Causes into the Objectives in the same procedure as above.
3. Revise the Sub-Causes into the Solutions in the same procedure as above.
Solution Tree
11
Goal
Objective
Solution
12
Remarks
• Be careful of the following points: The Core Problem, Direct Cause, and Sub-Cause must be
described in a single negative sentence. A single negative sentence shall not include both the cause and
the effect.e.g., Girls find it difficult to attend school (Effect) because of too
many domestic chores (Cause). The Goal, Objective, and Solution must be described in a single
positive sentence. The Goal, Objective, and Solution must be changed in a realistic
way.e.g.. It rains in the dry season. (This sentence is unrealistic and not
achievable because we cannot change the climate..)
13
Remarks (continued)
• Avoid writing just “No this or that.”• Try identifying the result (effect) caused by the lack of a
relevant material or situation.
e.g.,
No hospital People find it difficult to reach health service
facilities.
Not appropriate Good
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Villagers saw that their animals had been affected by a strange chickenpox since the previous month and their animals died within several days after the infection despite the best possible treatment.
They reported the incident to the village chief, but it made no difference because support from a veterinarian office was slow and irregular. The villagers did not ask veterinarians to treat their animals because they had no money to pay for treatment. Instead, they were forced to sell their ill animals to a meat seller.
Case Study
15
Case Study (continued)
One of the villagers said that they would have no livestock for the next harvesting.
The village chief stated that he had reported this situation to the district office and burned some ill animals. Meanwhile, the Director of the Provincial Department of Agriculture stressed that his office had appointed veterinary officers to handle this situation. For more details, he suggested that the villagers ask those veterinary officers.
16
Analysis on Case Study: 1. Identify Existing Problems
Villagers cannot stop
losing their livestock
by the epidemic.
Villagers lack
relevant knowledge
on the epidemic.
Villagers do not have
enough money for the
treatment.
Support from a
veterinary office is
slow and irregular.
Villagers are forced
to sell their livestock
before losing them.
Villagers lack livestock for the next
harvesting.
The Department of Agriculture does not take responsibility.
Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat
their animals.
17
Analysis on Case Study: 2/3. Tentative Problem Tree and Core Problem
Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock
by the epidemic.
Villagers lack relevant knowledge
on the epidemic.
Villager do not have enough money for the
treatment.
Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular.
Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them.
Villagers lack livestock for the next
harvesting.
Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat
their animals.
The Department of Agriculture does not take responsibility.
Core Problem
18
Analysis on Case Study: 4/5. Extension of Problem Tree Downward and Connecting
Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock
by the epidemic.
Villagers lack relevant knowledge
on the epidemic.
Villager do not have enough money for the
treatment.
Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular.
Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them.
Villagers lack livestock for the next
harvesting.
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f
Agr
icul
ture
doe
s not
take
resp
onsib
ility
.
Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat
their animals.
Info
rmat
ion
on th
e
epid
emic
doe
s not
reac
h th
e vi
llage
rs.
A vet
erin
ary
offic
e
finds
it d
iffic
ult t
o
visit
vill
ages
regu
larly
.
Villag
ers d
o no
t
know
how
to o
btai
n
info
rmat
ion
on th
e
epid
emic
.
19
Analysis on Case Study: 6. Hidden Gender Issue
Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock
by epidemics.
Villagers lack relevant knowledge
on the epidemic.
Villager do not have enough money for the
treatment.
Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular.
Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them.
Villagers lack livestock for the next
harvesting.
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f
Agr
icul
ture
doe
s not
take
resp
onsib
ility
.
Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat
their animals.
Info
rmat
ion
on
epid
emic
doe
s not
reac
h th
e vi
llage
rs.
A vet
erin
ary
offic
e
finds
it d
iffic
ult t
o
visit
vill
ages
regu
larly
.
Villag
ers d
o no
t
know
how
to o
btai
n
info
rmat
ion
on th
e
epid
emic
.
Women should work harder than before.
Women’s knowledge is far less than that of men.
Most women do not know how to call for veterinarians.
20
Analysis on Case Study: Conversion to Solution Tress
Villagers can manage the epidemic
of their livestock.
Villagers have knowledge related to the epidemic.
Villager have money for the treatment.
Support from a veterinary office becomes reliable.
Villagers can sell the livestock at their
discretion.
Villagers have livestock for the next
harvesting.
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f
Agr
icul
ture
impr
oves
its s
ense
of
resp
onsib
ility
.
Villagers call for vets to treat their animals.
Info
rmat
ion
on
epid
emic
reac
hes
villa
gers
.
A vet
erin
ary
offic
e
can
visit
vill
ages
regu
larly
.
Villag
ers k
now
whe
re th
ey c
an
obta
in in
form
atio
n
on th
e ep
idem
ic.
Women should work harder than before.
Women’s knowledge is far less than that of men.
Most women do not know how to call for veterinarians.
Exercise
1. Participants are divided into four (4) groups.
2. Case 1 is assigned to two groups and Case 2 is to the other two.
3. After reading the case, each group member identifies
two problems and writes down one problem per card.
4. The tentative Problem Tree is made by using collected
problem cards.
21
Exercise (continued)
5. Each group determines the Core Problem through discussion.
Note. If it is difficult to determine the Core Problem, the uppermost problem card in the tentative Problem Tree can be selected.
6. After completing the Problem Tree including Hidden Gender Issues, the Problem Tree is converted into the Solution Tree.
22
Thank you!