EVALUATING OPTIONS FOR PRC-027-1 COMPLIANCE
Joe Perez, P.E.Founder - Protection Engineer
Nathan Thomas, Ph.DSoftware Architect
Presented at the 72nd AnnualTexas A&M Conference for Protective Engineers
Luke HankinsProtection Engineer
[email protected] SynchroGrid
Presentation Outline• Introduction
• PRC-027-1 Requirements
• Establishing a Setting Development Process per R1 Manual Process Automated Process
• Break
• Establishing a Wide Area Coordination Process per R2 Manual Process Automated Process
• Conclusions
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IntroductionSynchroGrid is a Texas-based company that offers electric utilities professional innovative solutions in a wide range of services related to relaying in the generation, transmission, and distribution areas.• Located in College Station, TX
• Employs 15 at the College Station office including Electrical and Software Engineers
• Customers: Oncor Electric, NRG, LCRA, BTU, Cross Texas, Entergy, Sharyland Utilities, Pattern Energy, and others
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IntroductionCore Focus• Protection & Control for Transmission and Generation:
Relay and Panel Design Relay Setting Development (Primary Product) Relay Setting Coordination Studies (Primary Product) Third Party Review of Relay Settings Automation of System Protection Processes
• NERC: Compliance Verification (Relay settings and PRC compliance go hand in hand):
- PRC-002, PRC-019, PRC-023, PRC-024, PRC-025, PRC-026, PRC-027, etc.
NERC Mis-Operation Analyses Reporting Achieving Simplicity in System Protection is a bedrock of our services
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PRC-027-1• Purpose: “To maintain the coordination of protection systems installed to
detect and isolate faults on BES elements, such that those protective systems operate in the intended sequence during faults.”
R1: Establish a process for developing new and revised settings.Process shall include: R1.1 Review of short circuit model before settings are developedR1.2 Review of protection settingsR1.3 Communication with interconnecting utilities prior to setting implementation
R2: Perform a protection system coordination study:Option 1: Wide Area Coordination Study every six yearsOption 2: Establish a fault base comparison baseline and perform a study every
time the current exceeds 15%Option 3: Use a combination of above
R3: Apply R1
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PRC-027-1• Dates: R1: October 1, 2020
R1. Process to develop relay settingsR1.1 Process review short circuit model before settings are developedR1.2 Process to review new developed protection settingsR1.3 Process to communicate with interconnecting utilities prior to setting
implementation
R2: Six years after October 1, 2020Option 1: Wide Area Coordination Study every six yearsOption 2: Establish a fault base comparison baseline and perform a study every
time the current exceeds 15%Option 3: Use a combination of above
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PRC-027-1• Challenges to utilities
Perform periodic reviews of entire system relay settings Coordination studies
Requires in-depth examination of short circuit case information Enormous undertaking
Field settings might not be in current relay setting database ASPEN database, PowerBase, etc.
Implementing processes might require more resources and external expertise
Time consuming, laborious, expensive Adds immense task to already depleted staff Learning curve to accept new process
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PRC-027-1• Considerations for R1.
Implement time and cost efficient processes. This could be: Automation of relay setting calculations Automation of relay setting reports Automation of NERC related reports Application of relay and calculation setting templates
Eliminate processes with a lot of data entry Copy and Paste
Choose software solutions that can communicate bi-directionally with short circuit and relay databases ASPEN/CAPE-PowerBase-SARA
Good processes will keep engineers happy and therefore retain talent
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PRC-027-1
- A solid process must be implemented whether it is manual or automated
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R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessA good, solid process contains:
• Accurate model• Well defined protection philosophy• Solid set of relay native file templates• Solid set of calculation sheet
templates• Rigorous review process
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessAccurate Model
• Identify where the accurate data resides Drawings, reports, databases, etc.
• Update short circuit case through data sharing: Line database repository Relay database repository - PowerBase Short circuit case repository – ASPEN/CAPE
• Fix issues as needed before settings are developed.
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessWell Established Protection Philosophy
• Specific details on how settings are supposed to be calculated 50/51, 21, 87T, 87B, 87L, etc. Communication schemes: POTT, DCB
• Outline special cases ReclosingWind interconnections Nuclear interconnections
• Must integrate NERC Compliance PRC-023, PRC-027 PRC-019, PRC-024, PRC-025, Limiters
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessSolid Set of Native File Templates
• Relay files with preconfigured settings Most settings are preconfigured Enables: 21-1, 21-2, 21-3, no reclosing or BF Protection logic
• Reduces development time by > 50%• Reduces human errors• Allows uniformity and consistency
across the system• Create templates per protection
scheme POTT DCB
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessSolid Set of Calculation Templates
• Contains all equations as stated by the protection philosophy Zone 1= 80% *Zpl*Base-ohms*(CTR/PTR) SOFT = 50%*Close-in Fault/CTR 51G = 80%*line-end fault
• Implements uniformity across the system
• Avoid engineers making multiple calculation sheets per philosophy
• Reduces human errors
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessSolid Set of Calculation Templates
• Template mediumsMathcad ExcelWord Intelligent templates through automation
• Challenges Time consuming Right expertise needed Continuous maintenance
• Mathcad, Word and Excel templates can introduce errors through copy/paste process
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
R1. Relay Setting Development ProcessRigorous Review Process
• Employ a peer-peer review process Separate engineer Limit input from original engineer
• Uncover errorsModel Calculations Faults Settings
• Time consuming• Use automation programs as
reviewers Faster Reliable Accurate
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Relay Development
Process
-Accurate model
- Well established protection philosophy
- Solid set of native file templates
- Rigorous review
process
- Solid set of calculation templates
USING AUTOMATION TO DEVELOP AND REVIEW RELAY SETTINGSPRC-027-1 Requirement 1
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Why Automate?• Bi-directional communication relay data repositories short circuit programs
• Provides intelligent setting calculation templates Stores protection philosophy Applies template to any transmission
configuration
• Automates NERC Compliance Reports• PRC-023-1
• Uniformly applies protection philosophy on every project
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Why Automate?• Provides smooth and efficient
processMinimum manual data gathering No copy and paste steps
• Reduces development time Medium complex applications >60%
• Eliminates copy/paste errors ASPEN-Excel/Mathcad-RDB-Reports
• Assures integrity and quality of final results Data is not polluted
• Keeps engineers engaged and not frustrated with broken processes
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Relay Setting Development Simplified Process - Automation
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Collect Data
ASPEN/CAPE
Relay Setting File
Data • Primary Line Impedance• Source, Remote, and Tap Lines• Auto & Distribution XFMRs
Fault Simulation• Closed-In• Line-End• Contingencies
SARAIntelligent Template Template Application
Export Feature
Bi-directional
Data Repositories
Template Comparison• Excel Sheet• Mathcad File• Word Document• SARA Intelligent template
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Substation A 138kV
Relay
Substation B 138kV
Excel Sheet Template22
Mathcad File Template
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Intelligent Template
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PRC-027-1• Purpose: “To maintain the coordination of protection systems installed to
detect and isolate faults on BES elements, such that those protective systems operate in the intended sequence during faults.”
R2: Perform a protection system coordination study:Option 1: Wide Area Coordination Study every six yearsOption 2: Establish a fault base comparison baseline and perform a study every
time the current exceeds 15%Option 3: Use a combination of above
21 Distance Elements 50 Instantaneous Overcurrent 51 Time Overcurrent
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R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyPurpose:
• Uncover hidden errors within the protection system• Evaluate relays so they operate as intended• Evaluate relay response due to changes in the system over time• Avoid mis-operations
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R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyChallenges:
• Entire model needs to be validated Ratings Impedances Topology
• Data located in different places or databases Folders Field relays Databases - PowerBase
• Requires high amount of resourcesProper expertise and personnel
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R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyChallenges:
• Engineer must create a system to manage massive amounts of data Relay reaches Relay mis-operations Violation methodology- reaches, CTI, etc.
• Engineer must also organize, classify and resolve issues manually Number of relays overreaching Number of relays not properly tripping Number of relays fixed
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R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyPreliminary considerations:
• Select a data management system Acquiring, storing, and maintaining data Common platform – multiple users Revision tracking Drawings, settings files, Excel sheets File folder structure
• Determine boundaries of the study 345kV 138kV
• System LoadingWinter/summer cases Infrequent local generation
• Determine relays to be studied 21P, 21G, 50P, 50G, etc. Pilot schemes not required
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R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyCoordination Process:
• Verify and sanitize model• Select coordination criteria for the study• Run coordination analysis• Receive and organize all violations• Resolve violations
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyVerify Model:
• Topology must be up to date New lines, transformers, reactors, capacitors,
generators, etc. Auto-transformers must be correctly modeled Y-Y-D
• Element characteristics Impedances, mutual coupling, ratings
• Relay groups PTs, CTs must match field settings Primary and Backup relays Turn off relays that are no longer installed
• Minimize work through data sharing: Line database repository Relay database repository - PowerBase Short circuit case repository – ASPEN/CAPE
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyEstablish coordination criteria:
• Evaluate sensitivity and selectivity • Establish acceptable ranges Min and max reach 60 ≤ Zone 1 ≤ 85Min and max reach 105 ≤ Zone 2 ≤ 150Min CTI = 20 cycles
• Fault test criteria - L-G, PP, 3PG Primary, source, and remote lines Tap lines Low side of distribution transformer
• Contingencies N-1, N-2 Lines, autotransformers, nearest generator, etc.
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyEstablish coordination criteria:
• Implement violation criteria• High violation Relay trips for an out-of-zone fault before primary
equipment trips 21P, 21G, 50P, 50G elements trips for remote bus faults
• Medium violation Relay will trip for an out-of-order fault before primary
equipment trips Zone 2 trips at the same time as zone 1 51G element trips before Zone 2
• Low Violation Relay trips in the proper order but below the minimum
CTI Zone 2 overreaches remote Zone 1
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyRun screening analysis:
• Divide system into subsets• 138kV• 345kV• Use transformers as dividers
• Run primary and secondary relays independently SEL-421 Primary SEL-311C Secondary
• Sensitivity checks• No contingency• N-1 - Infeed• Generation in or out
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyRun screening analysis:
• First coordinate the distance elements Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 reverse
• Then coordinate overcurrent elements 50P, 50G 51P, 51G
• Achieves selectivity and security between primary and backup elements Avoids conflicts
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyReceive and organize violations:
• Short circuit results Large Text file Hundreds of lines unmanageable
• Create study templates Import data into Excel
• Managing data Laborious Error prone Time consuming
• Use automation to streamline and simplify the process
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyReceive and organize violations:
• Organize data by levels Substation Terminal Primary relay – backup relay Violation level
Under-reach Over-reach
Violation type High Medium Low
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyResolve violations:
• Resolve reach issues first Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Reverse
• Resolve distance CTIs Phase Ground
• Resolve time-overcurrent CTIs 51P 51G
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
R2. Wide Area Coordination StudyResolve violations:
• Infeed effects Zone 2 could over-reach shortest remote line zone 1 N-1 contingency sweep
• Breaker failure backup Zone 4 should reach all the way to longest remote line
for a line end fault
• Perform forward and backward coordination Backwards coordination = backup relays are properly
backing up protected line of interest Forward coordination = local relay is properly backing
remote terminals
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Relay Coordination
Process
-Verify and Sanitize
Model - Select Criteria
- Run Screening
Analysis
- Resolve Violations
- Receive and Organize
Violations
USING AUTOMATION TO PERFORM WIDE AREA COORDINATIONPRC-027-1 Requirement 2
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Why Automate?• Automatic model sanitation
• PT, CT, • False positives - Zero impedance lines
• Model verification by bi-directional communication relay data repositories short circuit programs
• Provides medium to create intelligent coordination templates Programmable reach ranges Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Phase overcurrent Ground overcurrent
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Why Automate?• Provides management system No need for spreadsheets Data is automatically organized
• Automatic data categorization by Overreach Underreach High, medium, and low
• Bi-directional communication New settings are immediately verified Checks if new settings caused issues
• Provides log system Keeps track of changes being made
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Relay Setting Development Simplified Process - Automation
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Data Repositories
Collect Data
Short Circuit Program
Relay Setting File
Data • Primary Line• Source, Remote, and
Tap Lines• Auto & Distribution
XFMRs
Fault Simulation• Strongest
Source Removed
• Contingencies
SARATemplate Creation
Verify Model
Export Feature
Bi-Directional
Template Application
Receive Violations
Resolve Violations
Select Reach Criteria Zone 145
Multiple Coordination Studies46
Data Organization47
Forward Coordination48
Wide Area Coordination Results
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Simplified PRC-027-1 Process• PRC-027-1 compliance process can be simplified and improved
by advances in software.
• Our streamlined framework builds upon our previous work to provide a customizable process for relay settings development, meeting the requirement for R1.
• We’ve extended the framework to address R2, providing a process that aids in model verification as well as enabling flexibility in coordination study specification and productivity in violation resolution.
• Continued emphasis on copy/paste removal. Mission critical data should not be manually transmitted.
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LIVE DEMOPRC-027-1 Requirement 2
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