Evaluating Wildlife Reintroductions:
Understanding Social, Economic and Ethical Impacts
October 2013 – November 2013
Jo Foo, 2013 Winston Churchill Fellow
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 2
CONTENTS
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 5
About Jo Foo ....................................................................................................................................... 5 About the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (WCMT) ...................................................................... 5 Project Background ............................................................................................................................. 6 Project Aims ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Project Plan ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Benefits to the UK ............................................................................................................................... 7
UK REINTRODUCTIONS AND RE-WILDING ......................................................................... 8
TRAVEL ITINERARY ........................................................................................................... 9
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES ............................................................................................. 10
Wolf Park, Battle Ground, Indiana .................................................................................................... 10 North American Bear Center, Ely, Minnesota ................................................................................... 12 International Wolf Center, Ely, Minnesota ....................................................................................... 13 Vancouver Aquarium, British Columbia, Canada .............................................................................. 14 Key Findings from Educational Institutes ......................................................................................... 15
CONFERENCE .................................................................................................................. 16
International Wolf Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota ......................................................................... 16 Key Findings from Conference .......................................................................................................... 19
NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVES ................................................................................... 20
Yellowstone National Park ................................................................................................................ 20 Big Sur, California .............................................................................................................................. 27 Grand Canyon, Arizona ..................................................................................................................... 28 Yosemite National Park, California ................................................................................................... 29 Key Findings from National Parks and Reserves ............................................................................... 30
LOCAL COMMUNITIES .................................................................................................... 31
Cody, Wyoming ................................................................................................................................. 31 Gardiner, Montana ........................................................................................................................... 33 Pacific Wild, The Great Bear Rainforest, British Columbia, Canada ................................................. 35 Key Findings from Local Communities .............................................................................................. 37
KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 38
Social Implications ............................................................................................................................ 38 Economical Implications ................................................................................................................... 38 Ecological Implications ...................................................................................................................... 39 Ethical Implications ........................................................................................................................... 39
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 40
Personal Development ...................................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... 43
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 3
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 44
Appendix 1 – WCMT Press Release ................................................................................................... 44 Appendix 2 – Natural Scotland Event, Glasgow Science Centre ....................................................... 45 Appendix 3 – Glasgow Science Centre Newsletter Clipping ............................................................. 47 Appendix 4 – Dissemination ............................................................................................................. 48
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 4
SUMMARY
In October – November 2013 I spent seven weeks on a Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship
(WCTF) to North America. The aim of the trip was to see how North America tackles the challenges
which arise when humans coexist with reintroduced wildlife, with particular focus on controversial
animals such as large predators.
In order to understand the social and economic impacts of wildlife reintroductions on local
communities I worked with conservationists and people local to the habitats of these animals. This
enabled me to gain first-hand knowledge in this controversial field of predator conservation, thus
providing a platform for informed discussion and debate about ‘re-wilding’ the UK.
The project took me to many of the USA’s most famous National Parks (including Yellowstone in
Wyoming, and The Grand Canyon in Arizona), Wolf Park in Indiana and the Great Bear Rainforest in
Canada. I had the opportunity to meet some of the world’s leading wolf biologists at the
International Wolf Symposium in Minnesota, to spend time with Rick McIntyre and Dan Stahler from
the Yellowstone Wolf Project and shadow many of the volunteers who dedicate their time to
observing the wildlife of these parks and educating visitors. In an effort to understand their
concerns, I was also able to spend time with people who are strongly opposed to the wildlife
reintroductions.
I collected a total of 43 interviews through one-to-one discussions or extended questionnaires. As
expected, those who were in favour of wildlife conservation tended to be more comfortable with
being involved with the project.
The information gathered has led me to conclude that while wildlife reintroductions have
demonstrated huge environmental and economical benefits, their social implications and
management are crucial for their success. They can also have political impacts.
For the UK to consider re-wilding using large predators, the key lessons learned from my project are
that sound science, education and transparency are vital in obtaining wide scale support and buy-in
and are therefore essential for the success of any such reintroductions.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 5
INTRODUCTION
About Jo Foo
I am a zoologist and science communicator with over 9 years of experience in science education with
a passion for animal conservation and behaviour. I completed my degree in Zoology and Animal
Ecology at the University of Aberdeen in 2003 and then travelled to USA to work with wolves,
coyotes, foxes and bison at Wolf Park, Indiana. On returning to Scotland I started work at Glasgow
Science Centre, developing and delivering science education programmes for people of all ages in a
variety of formats including live shows, practical workshops and online resources.
I have always loved the outdoors, especially the wilderness. The WCTF project enabled me to re-
discover the wonders of the wild and how we can best work to preserve it for the future.
About the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (WCMT)
The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (www.wcmt.org.uk) funds British Citizens to better
themselves, their subject of choice and the wider UK through travel and exploration. These projects
serve to discover and share best practice on a huge range of topics so that we can learn from the
rest of the world and their experiences.
Me with Fiona at Wolf Park
© Monty Sloan, Wolf Photography, 2013
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 6
Project Background
Wildlife reintroductions are a topical subject within the UK. While a number of programmes have
been successful, policymakers and the general public still hesitate on the subject of large predator
conservation. Other countries have current experience of successful reintroductions of controversial
species. By working with conservationists and affected communities, I learned about the impacts of
conservation science and have gathered best practice information.
Project Aims
To see how North America tackles the challenges that arise when humans coexist with
reintroduced wildlife.
To meet and work alongside conservationists and people local to the habitats of these animals
and gather first-hand accounts of what they think and feel.
To understand the social and economic impacts of wildlife reintroductions on local communities
and share best practice to benefit areas of the UK impacted by reintroductions.
To increase awareness of conservation efforts in other countries and provide a platform for
informed discussion and debate about “re-wildling” the UK.
To popularise science by engaging UK audiences, highlighting the relevance of scientific and
conservation efforts to their everyday lives.
To combine my background in zoology with my experience in science communication in order to
involve more people in current conservation issues while developing my skills as an educator.
Project Plan
North America is renowned for its work to conserve controversial species including wolves, lynx,
bison and the condor. By travelling to many key conservation areas, I was able to spend time with
and interview the people involved in and affected by these projects. From this I learned about the
impacts reintroductions have had on their lives and what makes them successful.
The National Park education centres offer exceptional resources and opportunities to experience
how conservation programmes coexist with local communities. US National Parks play a vital role in
telling both sides of the conservation story and by visiting them I saw first-hand how people interact
with wild animals in an uncontrolled environment.
Visiting several parks, communities and education centres allowed comparison of projects and
strategies and provided the basis for activities and educational resource development for UK
audiences.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 7
Benefits to the UK
I will support the delivery of the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence by engaging pupils aged 13-16
regarding the impacts of wildlife conservation in Scotland through topical debate and discussion.
I will engage the wider UK public on the relevance of conservation efforts to their everyday lives by:
using Science Centres as a platform to disseminate information
working with conservation organisations to engage their members in debate and discussion
presenting educational talks and facilitating group discussions with the public
While undertaking the research I raised awareness and interest through dedicated social networking
sites:
Twitter @meiphotography
my online blog https://www.wildlifebyjo.wordpress.com.
Since completing my travels, I have delivered and arranged talks and workshops for different
audiences and approached a range of organisations with ideas for possible collaborations. I have
recognised the potential that lies with working closely with such groups as the Scouting and Guiding
Associations and I look forward to finding ways to inspire young people to become passionate about
conservation and the future re-wilding of our country.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 8
UK REINTRODUCTIONS AND RE-WILDING
A reintroduction is defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as the
intentional movement of individuals from a species to an area they once lived1. To-date, the UK has
had many successful reintroductions, the most famous of which have been the Red Kite, White-
Tailed Sea Eagle and the European Beaver. In some instances, accidental reintroductions have taken
place where captive animals have escaped and survived (for example, wild boar).
The British Government is legally required to consider the reintroduction of extirpated species
including large predators like the wolf, lynx and brown bear under the Bern Convention and article
22 of the EU Habitats Directive of 1992. Scotland has been highlighted as a prime location for the
possible reintroduction of large mammalian predators which once used to roam in our wild lands.
Other countries have had success with large predator reintroductions and have demonstrated that
they bring environmental and economic benefits to the neighbouring areas and country as a whole.
Currently Scottish Natural Heritage, the government organisation accountable for wildlife and
habitats in Scotland, are not considering the reintroduction of wolves and bears due to the
controversial nature of this kind of re-wilding but there are studies being carried out relating to the
possibility of the return of the lynx.
The lack of large predators in our countryside has had a massive impact on our wilderness leaving it
barren of our natural Caledonian Forest. This is largely due to the increase in the number of
ungulates which feed on young trees. In an attempt to protect and regenerate our forests, the Deer
Commission for Scotland is already aiming to reduce the red deer density. A study published in 2007
suggested that it would be more economically and ecologically beneficial to have a predator like the
wolf back to help keep deer populations at a more balanced level2.
The UK based organisation Trees for Life have identified an area north of the Great Glen, which runs
across the Scottish Highlands from Inverness to Fort William, believed to be large enough
(approximately 2,238 km2) to support a fully balanced ecosystem with large predators such as
wolves, bear and lynx3. It is a remote area, with few people living there and no current road access.
Other areas which have been proposed for a re-wilding project include the Cairngorm National Park
(in northeast Scotland) and Knoydart (on the west coast of Scotland). Some argue that there is room
for more than one area and there are plenty of other candidate spaces to consider. These areas
would need to be linked by “biological corridors” to be able to support and sustain viable
populations of large predators3.
Paul Lister’s Alladale estate, north of Inverness, is a large fenced reserve where the plan is to bring back extinct native animals such as wolves, elk, wild boar and brown bears. It currently faces possible challenges from:
zoo licensing legislation concerning predator and prey kept together in the same enclosure; and
the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 as fences prohibit ramblers right of access
However, if this project is successful in returning large predators to the UK in this capacity, it could be used as a case study to determine whether there is demand for wildlife tourism and indeed, whether public attitudes and behaviour demonstrate we are ready for such a change. Interestingly, a recent online poll conducted by BBC Countryfile has shown the wolf is the public’s most favoured animal to be returned to the UK4.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 9
TRAVEL ITINERARY
Date
3rd
October 2013 Transit: Glasgow – Wolf Park, Indiana
4th
– 8th
October 2013 Seminars & Interviews: Wolf Park, Indiana
9th
October 2013 Transit: Indiana - Duluth, Minnesota
10th
– 13th
October 2013 Seminars & Symposium: North American Bear Center & International Wolf Center
14th
– 15th
October 2013 Interview Planning: Duluth, Minnesota
16th
October 2013 Transit: Minnesota – Cody, Wyoming
17th
October 2013 Local Interviews: Cody, Wyoming
18th
October 2013 Transit: Wyoming – Gardiner, Montana
19th
– 20th
October 2013 Local Interviews: Gardiner, Montana & Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
21st
October 2013 Yellowstone Institute Tour: Yellowstone National Park, Montana & Wyoming
22nd
-24th
October 2013 Local Interviews: Gardiner, Montana & Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
25th
October 2013 Transit: Wyoming – Vancouver, BC, Canada
26th
– 30th
October 2013 Vancouver Aquarium Vancouver BC, Canada
31st
October 2013 Transit: Vancouver –Denny Island, Great Bear Rainforest, Canada
1st
- 6th
November 2013 Shadowing at Pacific Wild: Denny Island & Bella Bella, Great Bear Rainforest, Canada
7th
November 2013 Transit: Denny Island – Vancouver, BC, Canada
8th
November 2013 Write Up: Vancouver, BC, Canada
9th
November 2013 Transit: Vancouver – San Jose, California
10th
– 11th
November 2013 Local Interviews & Transit Big Sur, California
12th
– 14th
November 2013 Local Interviews & Transit Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
15th
– 18th
November 2013 Write Up Yosemite National Park, California
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 10
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES
Visiting educational institutes provided an insight to their strategies and programmes when
educating the public about controversial predators. The variety allowed for comparison of the
different approaches and enabled me to gather best practice for the UK.
Wolf Park, Battle Ground, Indiana
Wolf Park in Battle Ground, Indiana is a non-profit
educational organisation founded by Dr Erich
Klinghammer in 1972. Dr Klinghammer believed that by
providing a way for us to research their behaviour, we
would be better able to conserve and protect animals.
He set up Wolf Park as a research and education facility
to inspire people to take an active role in wolf
conservation.
The park is currently home to ten grey wolves, two
coyotes, two red foxes, three grey foxes and a herd of
bison. It is open from May to November each year for
tours six days a week and runs a varied lecture and
seminar series each year.
Pat Goodmann is the park’s Head Animal
Curator and Wolf Ethologist and has over 40
years’ experience studying wolves. She studies
the behaviour of the wolves at the park to help
further our understanding of their wild
counterparts. This directly influences the
education programme and seminars delivered
here.
The Managing Director, Dana Drenzek, has
years of experience with other exotics
including black bears and large raptors. When
she came to work at Wolf Park as an intern
over 12 years ago, the animals and the people
captured her heart and she has dedicated her
life to promoting understanding and conservation of wolves in North America.
"Thanks to Dr Klinghammer we were really able to understand wolf behaviour and not just see them
as these nebulous entities who kill ungulates and not really know how they function or how they
survive. First off, we were able to fill in the gaps of what people didn't understand."
Dana Drenzek,
Managing Director, Wolf Park
Wolf Park, Battle Ground, Indiana
Dana Drenzek with the
yearlings Pat Goodmann with
Wotan
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 11
Their newest staff member Brian Gaston, has joined the team after working with Dr L. Dave Mech on
the Minnesota Wolf Project. He provides a direct link between the work happening at the park and
its relevance in the field.
“I can’t think of a more important necessity than conserving wildlife and their habitat. With so much
of the earth converted to human resources, we have very few places where someone can truly enjoy
a wildlife experience.”
Brian Gaston,
Assistant Curator, Wolf Park
Wolf Park relies on volunteers to carry out the day-to-day tasks at the park and help care for the
animals. Their dedication is rewarded with the chance to learn about and experience working with
socialised predators. Long-term volunteers Ryan Talbot and Dan Weiss explained that their reasons
for working at the park were a mix of being with like-minded people who are passionate about the
conservation of this species and the education opportunities that come with working at such an
establishment.
23 interviews were conducted with seminar participants
and visitors, the results of which highlighted that the
experience they had at Wolf Park left them inspired and
enthusiastic about their personal role in wolf conservation.
"It makes it real. If you can see it and even touch it then it
becomes so much more real and meaningful. Wolf Park
does an amazing job of educating people and giving them
an up close encounter. I'll definitely be back."
Patrick,
Seminar Participant at Wolf Park
Seminar participants meet Fiona the yearling
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 12
North American Bear Center, Ely, Minnesota
Another species that scientists are interested in
reintroducing to the Scottish Highlands is the brown bear,
also known as the grizzly bear. It became extinct in Britain
centuries ago but remains an important species to consider
returning to our landscape.
In Minnesota, there is a population of approximately
20,000 black bears that generally stay in the forested areas.
Occasionally the bears do find their way into urbanised or
rural areas and conflicts arise when they cause damage.
While black bears differ slightly in behaviour and size from
grizzly bears, there are still misconceptions about these animals that threaten their survival in this
part of the world.
The North American Bear Center in Ely, Minnesota was set up by Dr Lynn Rogers to help educate
people and dispel misconceptions about these incredible animals. Home to a number of black bears
who act as ambassadors for their species, the team at the center also rehabilitate and release
injured and orphaned bears. They actively promote the conservation of bear habitat and fight
against poaching them for various parts of their body.
Their facility provides visitors with the opportunity to
see bears up close, something which is highly unlikely
to happen in the wild due to their natural fear of
humans. It also has an assortment of exhibits which
serve to educate and engage people with the science
behind bear behaviour and the threats to their
survival.
Misconceptions concerning bears are often conflicted
in themselves. Sometimes we think of bears as soft,
mild mannered and cuddly, other times they are
ferocious animals of which we should be terrified. It seems that we are unable to make up our
minds about bears. This makes it all the more important that such myths are dispelled and accurate
reflections of the animals are heard and understood. This is especially important for children and
young people, our future wildlife ambassadors.
It was an amazing experience to watch Dr Rogers with his ambassador bears and see them interact.
While for some, his methods have been controversial, Dr Rogers has taken many ground-breaking
steps to improve our understanding of bears by forming relationships with these animals and
building trust with individuals.
Dr Lynn Rogers with Ambassador Bear Ted
Alaskan Grizzly Bear and interactive exhibits at the North
American Bear Center
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 13
International Wolf Center, Ely, Minnesota
Based in the small town of Ely, the International Wolf
Center (IWC) is home to seven ambassador wolves who live
on site as part of their exhibition and education
programme. These animals are there to capture the
imagination of their visitors and spark a connection to the
wolf on a personal and individual basis. The mission of the
center is to “advance the survival of wolf populations by
teaching about wolves, their relationship to wild lands and
the human role in their future”.
Education is their top priority and being based in the heart
of wolf country gives this facility the incredible opportunity
to engage people who have first-hand experiences of the
impacts of living with wild wolves. By working to help people better understand these animals
through the most current scientific research they help them learn to appreciate wolves and find
value in living alongside them. Value in coexisting.
“We want to spark that connection with wolves on a
personal level. This is our best chance at motivating
people to get involved in conservation of this species.”
Jess Edberg,
International Wolf Center
As with similar facilities such as Wolf Park and the North
American Bear Center, the IWC does very well at attracting
people who are already interested in these animals and
likely to be interested in conservation. What each of these
facilities finds difficult is attracting the audience who are
ambivalent or even opposed to wolves and bears. This is a
target audience who are stakeholders in conservation
projects and providing them with the opportunity to learn and ask questions about these animals is
vital.
Wolf Pack statue at the entrance to the
International Wolf Center
Listening to Jess Edberg talk about the mission of
the International Wolf Center and their Education
Programme
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 14
Vancouver Aquarium, British Columbia, Canada
Sea otters are often described as cute and hard to resist.
Interestingly, this view of them is not shared by fishermen off
the coast of Vancouver. The Vancouver Aquarium regularly
deals with injured sea otters which have been maimed by
fishermen who do not want them around.
Jennifer Derwojed, Interpretation Officer at the aquarium,
delivers the sea otter programme and has years of experience
speaking to the public about their concerns regarding these
animals.
“People who visit here are generally positive about these
animals. They can’t believe that people would want to harm them but they do. Just recently we
rescued a male who had been shot in the face and left to die. We’ve got work to do but by educating
people we can make a big difference in the lives of these animals and the survival of the species.”
Jennifer Derwojed
Interpretation Specialist, Vancouver Aquarium
Dr Lance Barrett- Lennard, Senior Marine Mammal Scientist at Vancouver Aquarium shared the story
of how sea otters were reintroduced. Hunted to the brink of extinction for their thick pelts these
animals were seen as a nuisance to fishermen and more valuable dead than alive. Their
reintroduction was somewhat unusual as they were released by a man who was given a shipment of
them from Alaska in the late 1960s and early 1970s. There was no public consultation or even
warning. Suddenly, these animals were back and people had to adjust. In the last decade, the
population here has been upgraded from endangered to “special concern”.
“Sea otters are a keystone species that have a huge impact on the ecosystem they live in. They’ve
made positive changes to the environment around here but sadly people have resisted living with
them. Especially fishermen. The fact that they look almost human-like, like little old men, may
actually be a disadvantage. For some people it’s cute and endearing but for others, it looks like a
cheeky little guy has just popped up from the surface, stolen their fish and then disappeared. That
doesn’t go down well.”
Dr Lance Barrett-Lennard
Senior Marine Mammal Scientist, Vancouver Aquarium
It seems the old adage is true; one man’s friend is another’s foe. The aquarium team spend a lot of
their time dealing with the fallout from human-sea otter conflicts and caring for the animals that are
often targeted by fishermen.
Sea Otter at Vancouver Aquarium
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 15
Key Findings from Educational Institutes
Establishments like Wolf Park, the International Wolf Center, the North American Bear Center
and Vancouver Aquarium play an essential role in educating the public about controversial
predators and how best to coexist with them. By enabling people to see and in some cases
interact with animals that normally fear humans, they capture their attention and inspire them
to take an active role in their conservation. In the UK we have similar places including the
Highland Wildlife Park and the UK Wolf Conservation Trust, however there is not a place located
near a potential reintroduction site which focuses solely on large predator conservation.
Education institutes with ambassador animals also provide the opportunity for research of
socialised animals to help further our understanding of them.
Due to the controversial and dividing nature of large predators, educational outreach to
surrounding stakeholder communities is essential. Educational facilities provide a place to
inspire people to connect with nature but they must go further than inviting people in, they
must also go out to people who do not want to listen and present the facts in an engaging and
informative manner. Other institutes have success with outreach programmes involving
ambassador animals to reach people who would not visit their facility. This is vital to promote
coexistence and acceptance and to reduce any harm to the animals.
As demonstrated by the sea otter example, hasty reintroductions of any species are likely to
result in their persecution and should be avoided. Teamwork and cooperation between
interested parties and stakeholders is hugely important. Reintroduction projects are likely to
struggle and potentially fail without wide-scale support which will not be gained without
education. This takes time and requires careful planning.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 16
CONFERENCE
The International Wolf Symposium: Wolves and Humans at the Crossroads was a four day
conference involving educators, wolf enthusiasts and conservation experts from around the world
who came together to discuss our role in the future of the survival of this species. Attending the
conference allowed me to learn about the social, economical and ethical implications when
considering the reintroduction and long-term conservation of arguably one of the world’s most
controversial species, the wolf.
International Wolf Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota
The International Wolf Symposium, held in Duluth,
Minnesota was hosted by the International Wolf Center,
October 10 – 13, 2013. Some of the world’s leading
educators and wolf conservationists attended the
symposium to learn about and discuss the “evolving social
and biological realities of wolves and humans at the
crossroads”. Attendees from all over the world shared their
experiences in conservation of this controversial species and
high on the list of discussion was one of the most topical
questions for wolf management to date: the proposal to
remove federal protection from grey wolves in the lower 48
states and de-list them from the Endangered Species Act
(ESA).
It was a privilege to meet and talk to experts including L. David Mech, Dan Stark, Luigi Boitani, Doug
Smith and Ed Bangs. Spending time with these conservation professionals provided an insight into
this field and how to manage the conflicts that we face when we look to conserve large predators.
Hearing the different points of view was fascinating. The opinions ranged from people who were
keen to see wolves being state managed (even if that involved hunting and trapping) to those who
did not believe that wolves had recovered across enough of their historic range to be taken off the
Endangered Species List and that they would not survive being hunted once again. As always where
wolves are concerned, passions were running high. This was an invaluable insight into a
reintroduction project almost 20 years in process.
There were many varied presentations on wolf reintroductions and recovery all over the world
including the hopes and plans for a reintroduction of the grey wolf in Japan and how the wolf has
been recolonising in various parts of Europe. The team in Japan appear to be a couple of steps
ahead of the UK in terms of getting approval for reintroducing wolves to their country. They have
already seen a change in attitude from local farmers who now recognise the potential benefits of
having a large predator to control numbers of pest species such as sitka deer that damage their
crops.
Seminar participant pack
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 17
The interviews and discussions conducted with some of the world leaders in wolf conservation
provided a great opportunity to hear their thoughts and recommendations on how the UK could
attempt to bring this large predator back to our wild lands.
As expected, there was overwhelming support for the idea of reintroducing wolves to the UK.
However, the experts were also open and candid about the difficulties that lie ahead if we were to
progress with such a reintroduction. They urged us to get large scale buy-in from the public as well
as the governing bodies, to ensure scientific integrity and above all else, transparency in the project
to gain trust. There will be many stakeholders involved in such a project and they should have fair
weighting and an appropriate level of influence when
decisions are made.
A reintroduction of an animal like the wolf will not be
successful and is more likely to divide people if the process is
rushed and the concerns of the people who will be most
affected by such a change are not acknowledged.
Coexistence means compromise and this is particularly
important when considering large predators. People have to
make allowances for these animals but the other side of the
debate is to find ways to allow people who are most affected
by a reintroduction to feel in control of their environment. In
some cases, the answer in the United States has been to allow
hunting of recovered populations. This has been met with
legal challenges and passionate debate across the country.
“Reintroducing wolves to Scotland is biologically absolutely possible and socially, a very interesting
experiment!”
Luigi Boitani, Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe
A presentation by Lydia Dixon from the University of
Colorado on the role and impact of the media in the
success of reintroductions and the recovery of the wolf in
Wyoming demonstrated the importance of clear, concise,
scientifically accurate communication is in the success of
these projects. Increased coverage of “newsworthy”
stories meant more negative headlines regarding the
species and conflicts with people. This in turn led to
more negative feelings towards wolves from the local
community.
Some presentations focused on the challenges which
arise when dealing with conflicts between hunters,
ranchers and Native American Tribes. These stakeholders
have very different deeply held beliefs and traditions and
Meeting Rolf Peterson & L.David Mech with Brian
Gaston & Ryan Talbot (Photo Credit: Clay Ecklund)
Luigi Boitani at the IUCN Wolf Specialist Group Meeting
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 18
these need to be managed carefully. Other presentations discussed the opportunity to have
collaboration between scientists and various stakeholder groups to gather data and trial
preventative methods to improve ways to coexist with predators.
One of the key messages from the symposium was that individuals matter. Scientifically, individuals
are rarely significant on a statistical level. The reintroduction to Yellowstone has demonstrated that
the overall impact of the wolves on the local ranchers is actually lower than predicted. With that
information, it would be easy to assume success and move on. However, when examined at an
individual level, a level where we consider real life implications, there are instances where the
depredation by wolves on livestock happens regularly at one particular ranch. For this family, the
effects are hugely significant and must not be overlooked or dismissed.
The power of the individual extends even further. We can again look at numbers of wolves and
breeding pairs which have established themselves in the Northern Rockies and report these to the
general public. Scientifically these numbers are important. They are the facts and we must be
honest about them. However, these kinds of facts are less likely to engage us at a human level. As
people, we prefer stories and find connections when we are won over by the plight of an animal
which we can relate to. This is a valuable tool in conservation. To motivate people, we must first
make them care. Scientists are steadily moving towards the “Jane Goodall approach” of wildlife
conservation, recognising the importance of each individual’s story. For me, this was both
encouraging and refreshing.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 19
Key Findings from Conference
When considering reintroductions, transparency about potential impacts both wide-scale and on
individuals is paramount. Coexistence means compromise and this needs to happen on both
sides. In North America, the conflicts are often managed through hunting of recovered
populations to enable local ranchers and hunters to be involved with the project. This is met
with controversy and would likely be resisted in the UK. Any reintroduction would need clear,
transparent communication of species management plans from the start.
Working closely with other countries at various stages of wolf reintroductions (for example, the
team in Japan) would be beneficial as their experiences will still be useful in shaping our own re-
wilding.
The role of the media in the success of re-wildling should be carefully considered. Instances in
North America where articles regarding large predators have tended towards stories about
conflicts have led to negative feelings and opinions in the local areas.
There are opportunities to solve problems and conflict by working with opposing stakeholders
and involving them in the process of a reintroduction and re-wilding. This encourages more
people to see value in the species and their recovery.
Individuals matter. Both stories of animals to engage people and when considering impacts on
local people. While often not statistically significant, individuals and their stories must not be
discounted when dealing with such a controversial topic as large predator reintroductions.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 20
NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVES
National parks and reserves are unique places due to the protection and regulation of wildlife in
these areas. Visiting them enabled me to see the impacts of reintroductions and learn about the
challenges that arise in this setting. This also allowed me to meet and work alongside
conservationists and people local to the area.
Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone National Park is famous for one of the most
controversial reintroductions in the history of North
America. Wolves were added to the endangered species
list in 1973 after years of persecution by humans. After a
series of public consultations and over 20 years of
planning, the first wolf was released by the Yellowstone
Wolf Project team in 1995.
As predicted, the wolves have made massive impacts to
the park’s ecosystem and it is now widely regarded as one
of the most intact and balanced ecosystems in the world
and often referred to as “North America’s Serengeti”. It is
seen as a benefit to the area by providing a unique place
of research for scientists to further understand the
impacts of reintroductions on other species. Studies are
underway to try to understand the impact of the wolves on elk.
The wolves have improved the health of the elk
populations by hunting the weak and old elk, thus
making the herds fitter and stronger. Since their
reintroduction, elk numbers have drastically
decreased in the area but as other factors are at play
(for example, hunting and other predators) this is a
more complex relationship than a simple predator-
prey study. What has been noted is that with the
decline in elk numbers and change in their grazing
behaviour due to predator avoidance, more natural
reforestation is occurring in the park and this is
causing an increase in biodiversity. Wolf kills are also
known to benefit other animals including grizzly and black bears, coyotes, foxes and corvids who
scavenge the remains and are becoming stronger for it.
Wolves are now considered recovered in this area and have expanded their population and range.
They can be seen throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. This has led to them being taken
off the Endangered Species List throughout the northern US Rocky Mountains. One result of their
delisting is controversial annual wolf hunts in each state surrounding Yellowstone.
East Entrance to Yellowstone
National Park
Bull Elk in Yellowstone National Park
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 21
Reintroductions in North America have also
demonstrated economic benefits to already popular
tourist attractions. A recent report found that over
$400 million was spent in Yellowstone National Park in
2012 and estimates suggest that wolves have
benefited the area by bringing approximately $35
million in tourist revenue since the reintroduction5.
Reports from the park have noted that wolves now
out-rank other wildlife and geyser viewing as the top
reason for tourists to visit. Park Rangers also report
that “wildlife traffic jams” caused by animals visible
from the road side are more likely and longer lasting
when wolves are the animal that can be seen.
In America, ranchers are compensated for any
depredation losses by wolves, a compensation funded
by Defenders of Wildlife, a non-profit organisation dedicated to the animals and plants native to the
United States. However, compensations funds are only part of the solution and more resources are
being put into preventative measures including livestock guarding dogs and deterrents such as
flagging and electrical fencing. Losses due to predation are only a small part of the problem.
Traditionally, livestock are raised without predators and do not have to invest energy in evasive
behaviours, thus, they tend towards being heavier in weight. Animals which are using energy to
watch for and avoid predators are essentially more “worried”. Farmers report that these animals
tend to weigh less and as they are paid for their produce by weight, they are losing income.
The Yellowstone Wolf Project Team includes Doug Smith,
Dan Stahler and Rick MacIntyre. Dan Stahler is a true
believer in conservation and has been involved in the
project since 1997. He highlighted the various changes
in social values and political manoeuvring required for a
successful reintroduction of a controversial species.
“We (humans) are the biggest threat to the survival of
the wolf and the success of the reintroduction. Wolves
are an easy species biologically speaking; they’re
adaptable and highly successful in their environments.
We need to provide people with strong science and the
ability to think critically about the information they are receiving. This is the only way to get buy in
from society and ensure the future of these animals.”
Dan Stahler
Yellowstone Wolf Project
The Yellowstone Wolf Project staff and volunteers manage wolf viewing areas in Slough Creek and
Lamar Valley and other areas in the park. In the last year, the team estimated that there were a
minimum of 27,500 people observing wolves and almost 18,000 visitor engagements by Wolf Project
Yellowstone Project Wolf Radio Collar Tracking in
Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone Project Wolf Watchers in Yellowstone
National Park
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 22
staff6. Rick MacIntyre is a cornerstone of this education effort and his dedication has rewarded him
with more than 3,600 consecutive days watching wolves in the park.
One of the factors that appears to be massively important for the success of the reintroduction in
Yellowstone was the input from visitors who have taken on the role as educators in the park i.e.
volunteers who track the wolves and tell their stories to anyone who will listen. Many of these
people have moved here or are trying to and they can be found by the roadside promoting science
and conservation.
Spending a few days with one of these “roadside
conservationists”, Dusty, provided an insight into what
motivates people to spend so much time in the park. Dusty
spoke about his love of the park and the wolves. He has been
coming to the park since his honeymoon in 1970 and visited
almost every year since 1999. His family has grown up and left
home and now it is his dream to move to the park so he can
watch wolves every day. He regularly visits on his own and can
be found with his spotting scope helping people see wolves in
the wild. He has made such an impact on so many tourists. In
just one week he had over 1000 people look through his scope
and an anonymous donor left him money to upgrade to a
better spotting scope.
“I love visiting the park and following the wolves. There have
been times that I’ve been out here on my own and been able to
watch the wolves for hours myself and other times where I’ve shown thousands of people the wolves.
I’ve learned so much from the other people who do this too and I love sharing that with visitors.
Some people are like you and me and will watch the wolves for hours. Others are happy just to catch
a glimpse and be on their way again but it’s the wolves they all really want to see.”
Dusty
Yellowstone Visitor and Wolf Watcher
This social impact of the reintroduction is
important and adds value to people’s lives.
For the people interviewed, watching the
wolves was the main reason that many of
them have moved to the states surrounding
the park or have retired here.
“Humans need food, shelter, water and safety
but people also need to have the opportunity
to lead lives with more than just basic
existence. I believe nature and wildness can
improve the human spirit through spiritual
connections. Nature and wildlife can give
Dusty (A.K.A. “Wolfman Bob”)
The Junction Butte Pack a couple of miles out through Dusty’s
Spotting Scope in Yellowstone
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 23
people something that is very rare, the chance for personal reflection, introspection, risk, adventure,
wonderment, and a sense of our roots and history as a species.”
Ed Bangs,
Grey Wolf Recovery Coordinator (Retired)
Also in Yellowstone is the Yellowstone Association Institute who work alongside the National Park
Service to educate park visitors. This knowledgeable team educates and inspires people from all
over the world with their comprehensive programme of events and activities. The wildlife and
landscape are massive draws for tourists and provide great opportunities for learning and discovery.
On the tour “Wildlife in the Northern Range”, my guide
Josh took me to see the woolly white mountain goat and
then on a hike to the den site of 09F, one of the first
female wolves to breed in the park after the
reintroduction. Whilst walking, we examined past kill
sites with carcass remains and tracks of different animals
and made comparisons between them. The Yellowstone
Institute team have a wealth of knowledge and
information to share. They are required to deliver
programmes to visitors from all backgrounds with a
range of abilities.
“I always said I’d only live somewhere I’d vacation in. What’s
the point in living somewhere that isn’t beautiful when there
are so many amazing places in the world? Living beside and
working in Yellowstone means that every day is different.
Every tour is different because the people on it are different
and they want to learn something new each time and react in
a unique way. When I have a day off, I can have a whole new
adventure. I’ve hiked the same mountain ten times since
summer but it’s never been the same experience. Different
wildlife, different weather, different season. Yellowstone is
one of the most intact ecosystems in the world and because of
that, it’s an incredible place.”
Josh Welter
Yellowstone Institute
Working in the park gives Josh first-hand experience of how people behave when they are visiting.
The biggest concerns Josh has when regarding human-predator conflicts were largely caused by
inappropriate human behaviour.
A Coyote Track
Wolf Tracking in Yellowstone: Deer Carcass Remains
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 24
“People do crazy things. Like stop in the middle of the road and get out their car to take a photo or
run up to a bear on a carcass to get a better shot. I sometimes can’t believe what I see people do.
I’ve no idea why they think that it’s ok to behave this way here. Our Park Rangers are essential for
keeping people safe from themselves. They spend most of their time asking people to get back in
their cars and give the animals space.”
Josh Welter
Yellowstone Institute
At the turn of the century there were
approximately 50 bison in Yellowstone.
Now, after years of protection thank to
park staff and improved wildlife
regulations, the bison population is
estimated at 4,600 and they are easily
seen throughout Yellowstone National
Park. These massive beasts are a force to
be reckoned with and are currently the
subject of a controversial reintroduction to
Montana.
Bison seasonally migrate into Montana each year and
inhabit areas in the state just outside the park.
However, for this species to be considered fully
recovered, biologists predict that multiple herds of
between 1,000 – 10,000 animals would be required. To
achieve this, efforts have been made to relocate small
herds of bison to Indian reservations in Montana,
namely Fort Peck and Fort Belknap. This has been met
with resistance and a slaughter of some of the bison
which migrate to Montana takes place each year. Most
farmers fear the possibility of a disease called
Brucellosis spreading to their cattle, a disease which
some of the Yellowstone herds carry. So far there have
been no proven cases of disease transfer to domestic
cattle in natural settings but it has happened when the
species meet in captivity. Fear of livestock losses and subsequent financial losses are a big concern
for farmers here, however, the fear is based on a misunderstanding regarding the spread of
Brucellosis. Accurate communication of scientific facts in meaningful ways is hugely important for
the recovery of this species.
Bison Jam in Yellowstone National Park
Bison herd on the run in Yellowstone National Park
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 25
The grizzly bear, also known as the brown bear is
one of the species which used to roam the UK
countryside. Extirpated centuries ago, this
impressive animal is also on the list of species that
should be considered for a return to the UK. Many
people are completely unaware that grizzly bears
once existed in our midst. Living with grizzlies in
America is not without its trials and conflicts. In
Yellowstone, visitors are strongly advised to carry
bear spray, a concentrated pepper spray, with
them at all times. Bells, whistles and other items
are also available in all shops to encourage people
to take precautions while in the wilderness. While
hiking, the advice is to make yourself easily heard by the bears. Attacks happen when the bear is
startled or feels threatened. If they hear you coming, their instinct is to move away, often before
you even see them.
Unfortunately, visitors in the park approached
wildlife readily and without thought. Tourists could
be seen merrily running towards large predators to
get a better picture. Some were completely
unaware of their surroundings and apparently
ignorant of the appropriate ways to behave and
respect wildlife. This is what causes conflict. Bears
and other predators actively avoid encounters with
humans and by doing so, they avoid conflict.
Humans tend to attract conflict by behaving
inappropriately.
Through education attitudes towards interactions
with these animals have changed. There are many stories of people cuddling and feeding bears in
the past. An interview with a gentleman who had been visiting Yellowstone every year since the
1950s showed that his thoughts on wildlife management at the park were quite different to the
majority:
“I pulled up the other day beside a bunch of cars and rolled down my window to ask what was
happening. The couple in the car next to me said there was a bear a few hundred meters away. I
asked what they were doing in their cars then and they said the Ranger had told them to stay inside.
Sure enough there was a Park Ranger making sure people stayed in their cars. Fifty years ago we
would have been out feeding the thing but now we’re not allowed to.”
Jim,
Yellowstone Visitor
Feeding the bears or any animals in the park is strictly forbidden as this has been proven to cause
conflict. Animals which are fed are not only less healthy due to eating “human food”, which is full of
“Scar Face” the legendary grizzly bear
in Yellowstone National Park
Conflict is often caused by humans. A visitor is far too close
to Scar Face as he walks across the road and should instead
be in her car with the window up.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 26
salts and fats they are not used to, they also become
habituated to people and then see people as a food
source. This can result in the bears becoming
frustrated when people do not feed them. The
solution? “Pack it in. Pack it out.” Do not leave a
trace. This is the least we can do and the park
provides us with every opportunity to be responsible
during our visit. Small changes like bear-proof bins
go a long way to manage and resolve conflict
between humans and predators.
Bear Bins in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 27
Big Sur, California
Big Sur is famous for the sun, surf and sea but for wildlife
enthusiasts, there are also rich displays of animals to look out
for from California sea lions to elephant seals, from bald eagles
to pelicans. It is known for the reintroduction of bald eagles
and California condors led by Ventana Wildlife Society (VWS).
The bald eagle project has now come to an end as the birds are
self-sustaining and considered recovered in this area, however
the condor project continues.
California condors were on the brink of extinction due to a mix
of persecution by humans and habitat loss and disruption. In
the late 1980s, the total population of California condors were
all in captivity with the last wild condor captured in 1987. This meant that 27 animals became part
of a captive breeding programme in a desperate attempt to save them. The breeding programmes
led by the San Diego and Los Angeles zoos were deemed a success. Birds were released in California
as early as 1992 and in the Big Sur area from 1997.
During my visit we found condor number 70 sitting on the
edge of the cliff. Condors are scavengers that feed on
carcasses. In California, their diet often consists of sea
lions which are washed up on the coast so it would be fair
to assume that number 70 was waiting for something to
eat.
While condors are rarely targeted by people, the indirect
impacts of pesticide and ammunition choices are a cause
for concern. VWS have been working to uncover links
between the pesticide chemical DDT and its impacts on
condors. DDT is washed into the oceans and contaminates
marine mammals such as sea lions. Studies show that when they feed on the carcass, the chemical
is then passed on to the condors, resulting in thinner eggshells and subsequently, low egg-survival
rates7. This has a huge impact on their ability to recover in this area. DDT is no longer used and
scientists believe that the condor may be one of the last animals to feel the impact of it.
One of the bigger trials for the recovery of these birds is
lead based ammunition which is used by hunters in the
surrounding area. The birds ingest the lead via the
carcasses they scavenge and become severely poisoned
requiring rescue and rehabilitation. VWS are working with
ranchers and hunters to change practices and change
ammunition. Steps are being made to improve the chance
of the condor recovery through education about how best
to coexist.
Condor Number 70 watches for Sea Lions,
Big Sur Coast, California
Sunset at Big Sur Coast, California
Condor Number 70, Big Sur Coast, California
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 28
Grand Canyon, Arizona
Californian Condors were first released near the Grand
Canyon in 1996 from the same breeding programmes as
those in Big Sur. The population here has struggled and
requires further releases every year to supplement their
numbers. It is not considered self-sustaining and is a long
way from being recovered. Condors do not breed until
about 6 years old and can have low egg laying success.
This makes them a difficult species to recover and they
require a significant amount of monitoring.
The rangers in the park spend time doing outreach with the
visitors. Alongside these viewings the rangers educate
people about the plight of the condor. As with the birds in Big Sur, lead poisoning causes the deaths
of birds every year and requires many hours of project staff
time to monitor and check the birds to ensure their safety.
Once again, even without direct hunting or persecution,
human behaviour is having a massive impact on the survival
of a species, pushing them to the brink of extinction.
Ammunition examples, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
Condor Chick in Cave approx. 2 miles out, Grand Canyon National Park
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 29
Yosemite National Park, California
The last stop in my fellowship travels was a short break in
Yosemite National Park. With no interviews scheduled for
this part of my journey, this was the opportunity to spend
time in the wild and with nature.
Black bears are found throughout this area and there were
many signs warning of bears and how to store food safely
to prevent attracting them. They are exceptionally strong
and have been known to destroy cars and campervans just
in the search for an empty food wrapper. The bears have
become so savvy in their “human food hunting” abilities
that mother bears have been observed showing their young how to climb out on to the thinner
branches of trees to reach food sacks hung by backcountry campers.
Instead of having negative attitudes towards these animals,
people here were relaxed about the bears as long as the
appropriate food bins and bear-proof storage containers were
used. There was not a bear spray canister to be seen and
people were hiking with their pets without any apparent
concerns.
Bears were nowhere to be seen during this visit to the park.
This was no surprise as black bears are notoriously more skittish
than grizzly bears and will avoid people where possible. It goes
to show that if handled properly, people and large predators
can coexist and barely cross paths.
Hiking in Yosemite National Park
Campfire in Yosemite National Park
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 30
Key Findings from National Parks and Reserves
Since the wolf reintroduction there is increased biodiversity, improved elk health and benefits
for other predatory or scavenging species in Yellowstone National Park. Possible reductions of
elk herd numbers and changes in behaviour leading to increased forestation have also been
linked to the reintroduction.
The reintroductions have led to increased tourism in the immediate and surrounding areas. It is
reasonable to predict that reintroducing large predators to the UK would have a positive impact
on our economy through wildlife tourism.
Direct conflict between people and predators in North America is largely caused by
inappropriate human behaviour. If the UK were to reintroduce large predators like the bear,
wolf and lynx, maximum effort in education regarding appropriate behaviours around these
animals would be essential. As a society with no experience of coexisting with predators, we
would have much to learn and big changes to make. However, people successfully live alongside
predators in many regions of the world and this is not out-with our capabilities.
In America, ranchers are compensated for any depredation losses by wolves and this is a factor
for consideration for the UK. Our current farming practices allow sheep to roam unsupervised.
It would therefore be reasonable to expect the damage and loss to farmers to be higher than
that of those in ranches neighbouring Yellowstone. In Scotland, sheep farming is already heavily
subsidised by the government and the European Union so there may well be resistance to using
tax-payers money to compensate for depredation losses.
Recommendations from those involved with the Yellowstone Wolf Project suggest that finding a
way to have a reintroduction without a compensation plan would allow the economic benefits
to be seen more readily. This also removes the idea that living with wildlife is something we
need to be compensated for. Preventative methods like livestock guarding dogs, flagging and
other deterrents would potentially be more beneficial as opposed to compensation schemes.
Reintroductions attract scientific attention and further our long-term understanding of
ecosystems and trophic cascades. This is especially true in protected reserves and national
parks. It would be expected that a reintroduction in the UK would attract significant attention
from scientists worldwide and provide future research opportunities.
National parks and reserves with reintroduction programmes provide opportunities for hands-on
outdoor education in the field, thus connecting people with nature and the wild.
Many people have demonstrated a change in their lifestyle by moving to be closer to wildlife and
taking an active role in conservation as seen in the “roadside conservationists”. Reconnecting
people with nature is something we could hope for in the UK if we were to go ahead with re-
wilding projects.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 31
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
Spending time in areas local to reintroductions and places where people live alongside large
predators gave me time to learn about the social and economic impacts of wildlife reintroductions.
Cody, Wyoming
Heavy snowfall and the US Government shutdown crisis
meant that Cody was unusually quiet. The impact of the
shutdown was immediately obvious. Yellowstone provides
the people of Cody with a steady flow of visitors and the
locals were suffering as tourists had changed their holiday
destinations to avoid the disappointment of standing at the
closed park gates. While the government employees were
eventually paid for their time during the shutdown, the very
real situation that the locals were facing was an extremely
quiet season and therefore a lower income. Tourism to
Yellowstone National Park is essential for the economy of
places such as Cody and this same issue was being mirrored
across the United States.
The people here are proud of living in the “Wild West” and
their traditional ranching methods. My original plan was to
approach people to ask them to be part of the project from
the outset. However, tensions were high with the shutdown
which meant it was easier to get more honest and less
defensive opinions when a softer, more casual interview style
was used. This enabled me to ask them about their thoughts
on the reintroduction and what it has meant for them
personally.
Five people in Cody shared their thoughts on the wolf
reintroduction and while this is an exceptionally small sample
size, the statements gathered mirror those made in larger
studies. A couple recognised the draw that the wolves have for tourists and that this does have a
beneficial effect on their lives. However, they all felt that they were being forced by the government
to live with a species which they did not want around and that their opinions were not heeded.
Despite the reintroduction having one of the largest public consultation periods in US conservation
history (over 160,000 comments8), in Cody there is still a vocal group who have the impression that
everything happened without the locals being asked about their thoughts and feelings on the
subject.
Interestingly, some also believe that the wolves released in the park are “not our own” and “not
from here”.
Big Horn Sheep in Cody, Wyoming
Cody, Wyoming
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 32
“These animals are not the same. They didn’t release American wolves. They brought some in from
somewhere else and they didn’t ask us if we even wanted them here.”
Long-term local resident, Cody, Wyoming
The reintroduction involved the capture and release of grey wolves (Canis lupus) from Canada and
north-western Montana but the species is the same. Genetic testing has proven no difference from
the species that once used to run free in Yellowstone. A failure in communication of scientific fact is
apparent. In some cases, because the history of the wolf in this area is riddled with tales of baby-
eating beasts, some denial of scientific fact may also have an impact.
There is a further concern for some, that relocating any animal is immoral and that we should not be
tampering with nature in this way. In the past, mistakes have been made through hasty relocations
of species and in some cases this has resulted in further damage to the surrounding ecosystem.
Some people also question whether we should spend resources on reintroductions instead of
focusing our efforts on protecting species where they currently live.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 33
Gardiner, Montana
Montana was a place that was vital to this project.
Just step out of Yellowstone National Park at the
North Entrance into Gardiner, and there is a very
different atmosphere. This area is proud of its hunting
heritage and this is the reason wolves were de-listed
here in 2011.
After speaking to conservationists who now live in the
area, a change of interview technique was also
required for this part of the project. Their accounts of
their experience of threats, vandalism and verbal
abuse for being openly “pro-wolf” or “wolf lovers”
demonstrate how people in this state are strongly against the reintroduction.
14 people were interviewed in Gardiner and like those in Cody, the vast majority of the people who
took part here feel unhappy about being forced to do something by the government. In many ways,
the problem here is not the wolf itself, but the political and social implications of people feeling as
though they have lost control over their surroundings. They feel imposed on and their livelihoods
experimented with.
As mentioned previously, hunting is more than just a hobby or a sport. It is a way of life, a tradition
and thought of as a “right”. In a particularly interesting and somewhat troubling conversation with a
gentleman on his thoughts on wolves, he spoke about how he had seen them with the elk near his
home and that the wolves had not seemed to trouble the elk. However, when it came to hunting
season he was going to hunt them. When asked why, he simply said that he would kill anything that
hunts elk because the elk were his to hunt.
“They [the wolves] won’t be there for long. I’ll get them as soon as hunting season starts. The elk
are mine to hunt.”
Local Resident,
Gardiner, Montana
This is hugely concerning for the future of the reintroduction project in Montana. While Yellowstone
has been deemed successful as the wolves are meeting the recovery criteria, they have been de-
listed in this area, partly due to political jostling. This means hunting seasons will take place each
year with increasing numbers of hunters buying tags to rid themselves of this pest. Many
conservationists fear that the benefits from the wolf restoration will soon be undone as wolves are
once again hunted to a level that the population cannot sustain. Efforts are in place to monitor this
by State Officials but so far the hunt continues.
“For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People”
North Entrance to Yellowstone National Park in
Gardiner, Montana
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 34
The National Wolf Coalition (NWC) organised a “rally for
wolves” to take place in Gardiner. The NWC are a group of
enthusiasts and volunteers who dedicate their time to
watching the packs in Yellowstone. They educate people
around the world about these animals and the wolf in
general. The rally was a celebration of the animals from the
park and an opportunity for people to remember the ones
who have been lost because of hunting. This was very much
the other side of the story. People at the rally were
extremely passionate about conservation and the
protection of this species. Many of them have formed
personal connections with these animals after spending
much of their lives following them and telling their stories.
Some of the people here have left their homes in other
states to relocate and be closer to the wolves of the park. This was clearly shown in the emotional
remembrance of the animals that have been killed since the reintroduction.
Kids4Wolves is an online organisation founded and run by the
enthusiastic and dedicated Story Warren. At fourteen years old,
Story has made massive contributions to raising awareness about
the plight of wolves in Yellowstone and across America. It started
as an Instagram account in late 2012 and has since evolved to a
blog, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube presence with
approximately 9,000 followers. The organisation’s motto is
“educate yourself, educate others, get involved”.
Story has been an advocate for wolves since she fell in love with
them after visiting the park as a small child.
“I first saw a wolf in the wild in Yellowstone National Park when I
was six, and something about that moment sparked my interest.
I've always loved the outdoors and animals, but something about
wild wolves has added magic to the wilderness. Knowing that the
Yellowstone ecosystem and ecosystems around it are intact and healthy is wonderful. Something
about big, intelligent, social, wild predators has captured my imagination and the imaginations of
many.
With Kids4Wolves not only do I hope to drive out the man-eating Big Bad Wolf of Little Red Riding
Hood out of people's minds and popular culture, but I also hope to let people know the side of wolves
that causes controversy. They can potentially cause problems for people and we need to understand
that and help them with solutions - and solutions there are.”
Story Warren,
Founder of Kids4Wolves
Rally for Wolves Gardiner, Montana
Kids4Wolves founder, Story Warren
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 35
Pacific Wild, The Great Bear Rainforest, British Columbia, Canada
The Great Bear Rainforest is a magical place which the team at
Pacific Wild are working hard to protect from trophy hunting
and pipeline traffic. There are many species which need
protecting, including the elusive spirit bear (black bears which
have white coats), a population of genetically distinct wolves
who have adapted to fish in the sea, bald eagles, salmon, orcas,
sea otters and other marine mammals. It is hard to imagine
why anyone would come here with any intention other than
wildlife watching.
Founded by Ian and Karen McAllister in 1990, the Pacific Wild
team conduct research and raise awareness about the issues
that face the Great Bear Rainforest. They are small in number but their impact is huge. The
research on the ecosystem here is vital for its survival and protection from those who want to
exploit its resources.
They also engage and connect people with this
remote place through a variety of means such as
the highly popular live stream from their remote
cameras so people all over the world can watch the
animals in their natural habitat. The cameras are
used by schools as part of education programmes,
to conduct research and to inspire people to care.
Their current education programme involves
presentations at local schools and classes in Vancouver.
The pupils at the local schools also benefit from field
trips to the research lab and the remote camera
locations.
The most valuable part of the experience there was
observing how the people of these remote
communities in the Great Bear Rainforest live alongside
their wildlife.
Denny Island, where Pacific Wild is based, is home to a range of animals including a wolf pack
(estimated to have about 7 members), grizzly and black bears. After spending time in Yellowstone
where bear safety is at the fore and people carry bear spray wherever they go, it was surprising to
be on a hike with Karen and the McAllister children without a bear deterrent in sight. Such is the
relaxed nature of a community who have grown up with and know how to behave with wildlife in
their back gardens. Karen spoke about how often she had seen large predators in this area and
explained that it was fairly common to see wolves but far less common to catch sight of a bear.
Rob with the Remote Camera at Gullchucks, Denny Island
Bella Bella Community School, Bella Bella
View from Pacific Wild on Denny Island
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 36
As she said it, she spotted and pointed out some fresh wolf scat
on the track we were following. A clear sign that we were in
wolf country and that they were not far away. The dog was still
running off lead alongside the children who were off exploring
and Karen did not flinch. She explained that conflicts on the
island are rare and so everyone just carries on as normal. The
biggest issue for the people on Denny Island is how they deal
with their rubbish and food waste. Sometimes this causes
conflict as animals come closer to where the people are but even
still, this is small in comparison to issues they face in other parts
of the world.
This refreshing approach to living alongside these predators occurred time and time again when
working with the team. Whether it was during the visit to Bella Bella to check the batteries for the
hydrophones or going out to repair the microphone and install
a new infra-red (IR) light by the remote camera at the
Gullchucks site, the attitude was the same. If we minded our
own business, the animals would afford us the same courtesy.
“The only time I’ve felt unsure while out here was a day we
brought Clay [the dog] with us and the wolves were near. They
weren’t impressed and started howling all around us but we
couldn’t see any and they didn’t approach us. They were just
letting us know they were there and we got Clay back in the
boat and we left. Simple.”
Rob MacKenzie,
Pacific Wild
The Great Bear Rainforest is a beautiful part of the
world and it deserves our attention and
conservation efforts. The unique wildlife and
landscape make up part of the story but observing
the people and how they coexist with animals here
is very important, seeing first-hand how
communities live alongside large predators and
find value in doing so.
Diana Chan, Hydrophone Maintenance
Bella Bella
Fresh Wolf Scat on Denny Island
Ian McAllister, Pacific Wild Founder, Howling for Wolves
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 37
Key Findings from Local Communities
Despite best efforts to allow people to be involved and voice their opinions, there is still a
breakdown in North America between the local people, government and conservationists.
People feel imposed upon and the animal involved is less important than the fight to have
control over their own environment. We would need to work hard to prevent this occurring in
the UK.
National parks with reintroduced species such as wolves and condors attract tourism which
brings economic benefits to surrounding communities.
Clear, meaningful science communication is vital to prevent misconceptions and concerns.
There are ethical questions to be answered regarding the translocation of animals to the UK and
gaining their acceptance in our countryside. As an island, we would most likely look to our
European neighbours to capture animals for release here. Populations of wolves are steadily
recovering there but many believe we need to put more effort into ensuring their long-term
survival in Europe before considering moving animals to repopulate a country where we no
longer have the knowledge or experience of how to co-exist with predators.
Young people and volunteer groups such as Kids4Wolves and the National Wolf Coalition have
been formed and inspired by reintroductions and this has resulted in their active participation in
species conservation.
In North America, the United States in particular, there is a strong hunting tradition which
increases the conflict between stakeholders and conservationists. The problem of the “right to
hunt” is less likely to be an issue we would face with a UK reintroduction. Hunting is not a
hugely popular activity here, at least not on the same scale. For the first few decades following a
reintroduction, to enable a full regeneration and rebalancing of the ecosystem, deer stalking
would need to take place alongside the wolves to help reduce the number of deer in our
wilderness.
Tales have been passed down from generation to generation of reasons to fear and hate large
predators. For some people, hating predators such as wolves is something they have been
taught to do all their lives without having experienced an encounter with this animal
themselves. This makes the anti-predator feeling all the more prevalent and embedded within
the culture of the people who live there. It is possibly an advantage that we have not lived with
animals like wolves or bears for centuries in the UK and that this disconnect through generations
may work in our favour. The refreshing attitude of some people who have lived alongside
predators for the majority of their lives shows there is potential for the future. This is something
the UK and other places in the world can certainly aspire to.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 38
KEY FINDINGS
Social Implications
For a reintroduction to be successful, there is a requirement for significant behavioural change of
people, specifically the people who live in the immediate area or are most likely to visit this area.
Such changes include everything from storing waste and rubbish more securely, using different
ammunition, to changing farming and ranching practices. Instances where people have refused to
change their behaviour have most often resulted in failed reintroductions and re-wilding attempts.
Past history with large predators has resulted in misconceptions and misunderstandings.
Educational institutes and programmes play an essential role in changing perceptions thus
promoting a greater understanding and greater tolerance of these animals. They would also be vital
in educating the public about how to safely coexist with large predators, something which we have
had little experience of for centuries.
There are a number of social benefits to re-wilding and reintroductions including:
an improved connection with nature and the wild
a more holistic approach to our interactions with our planet
increased tourism for local communities leading to more jobs for remote areas
the initiation of flow towards these remote areas instead of people leaving in search of work.
Economical Implications
Evidence in North America suggests that reintroductions bring economic benefits to the local areas
through wildlife tourism and an increase in employment opportunities. In 2012, over $400 million
was spent in Yellowstone National Park5 alongside reports of increased visitor engagement at key
wildlife sites6. This suggests that the UK could expect similar increased financial and employment
benefits.
Scotland’s National Parks already bring in hundreds of millions of pounds each year through
domestic visitors alone. In 2012, £276 million was spent on wildlife watching trips in Scotland with a
net economic impact of £65 million9. Currently, wildlife tourism contributes over 2700 full-time
equivalent jobs to Scotland with the biggest impact felt in the Highlands and Islands region where
almost 50% of the net economic impact occurs10.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 39
Ecological Implications
The long-term benefits of large predator reintroductions have been well-documented in North
America. Keystone species like the wolf and sea otter have massive impacts on the environment in
National Parks and restore balance to the surrounding ecosystem allowing other species to thrive
and more natural landscapes to reform. This is something we could reasonably expect to happen in
the UK in the long-term. A report published in 2007 concluded that reintroduction of large
predators, specifically wolves, to the Scottish Highlands would have a significant impact by naturally
controlling numbers of red deer, thus encouraging healthier herds and allowing regeneration of
ancient Caledonian Forests2.
Many people are concerned that at present there is no appropriate habitat for the wolf to survive in
but being one of the most adaptable mammals on the planet, the wolf could easily survive without
forests given that it has a large prey base to live from. As in Yellowstone and other regions where
the wolf has returned, the ecological effects of this animal are hugely beneficial and evidenced by
trophic cascades where everything from fish to trees feel the impact of a balanced ecosystem.
It is important to remember however, that agriculture is not designed to have nature running wild.
For us to have a wilder countryside, we would have to compromise with changes to our farming and
agricultural practices across the highlands.
Ethical Implications
One of the most common reasons for a reintroduction of extirpated species is to right what we once
did wrong, to correct the mistakes of the past because it is our ethical duty to do so. As Ed Bangs
says “Everyone loves a convert who has seen the light.” While many people may align their morals
with this reasoning, there is much more to a reintroduction of large predators than simply a question
of right and wrong.
Reintroductions carry the risk of doing damage to individuals on a large scale. It is important to
consider these carefully from all angles. There is a real danger of urban-ideals being forced upon
people living in rural areas and this can be looked at as ethically immoral behaviour towards our own
species.
Beyond this, there are many other ethical implications to consider when looking at a potential
reintroduction, particularly to an island such as the UK. These extend from:
the capture and release of individual animals to populate new areas
the required management, possibly lethal, of them thereafter
the potential reduction of genetic viability of a population
There are people on both sides of the re-wilding story. In fact, it should be considered a sliding scale
of opinions and for any project to have a chance of success, we should engage at all levels and be
open about our aims and the potential costs along the way.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 40
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As other reintroductions have demonstrated, there is the potential for many ecological and
economical benefits from reintroducing large predators and other native extirpated species to the
UK. However, social considerations and cultural changes are essential for any reintroduction and re-
wilding to be a success. These cultural changes require education at all levels but most importantly
in the grassroots communities of those who would be most significantly impacted. It would require
a change in our attitude towards resources in the UK, moving towards protecting the environment
and finding ways to work together to rebuild the nature and wildness.
The lessons I learned from my Travelling Fellowship can be summarised in the following key points:
Scientific Integrity is imperative. The work carried out must have support from both local and
international universities to promote scientific research and a greater understanding of the
impacts on the environment. Future management decisions must be based on facts first and
foremost. However, it is important to consider the social aspects of re-wildings and remember
that impacts on individuals are also significant to the success of such a project.
Transparency and clear communications are vital for wide-scale buy-in and support for a re-
wilding project. Early public consultation is essential and all potential impacts should be
disclosed including:
those on livestock and domestic pets
any dangers to humans
the changes required of us to live in and visit this area
the long-term economical and ecological impacts
the plans and strategies for management of any large predator including any lethal
management
Stories about conservation are useful tools to engage people. The facts and figures are hugely
important for determining success but the best way to engage people is through accounts of
personal experience. As humans, we are storytellers and need this level of involvement to
capture our imaginations and our hearts.
Teamwork and cooperation between interested parties and stakeholders is hugely important.
Reintroduction projects are likely to struggle and potentially fail without wide-scale support.
Education is vital at early stages of any re-wilding and reintroduction project. Educational
facilities with ambassador animals are excellent ways to dispel myths and share realities.
Outreach programmes can help explain the changes in behaviour required to make a real
difference (from being more responsible with our rubbish disposal to changing how we manage
livestock).
Many are convinced that wolves are the flagship species for the UK to demonstrate our commitment
to reintroductions and more importantly, conservation. The wolf certainly draws public attention,
evoking a reaction in the majority. It is therefore a prime candidate for setting a precedent, but
having lived for such a long time without a large predator in our midst, perhaps a less controversial
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 41
animal like the Eurasian Lynx may be a more suitable candidate for our first large mammalian
predator reintroduction.
We are in a unique position given that for centuries we have not lived with large predators in our
countryside. Generations of people in the UK have no experience, positive or negative, of living with
these animals. We could look at this as a clean slate with the opportunity to teach our young people
about communities that successfully co-exist with large predators. This could promote tolerance
and acceptance enabling them to make educated decisions about any future re-wilding of the UK
and encourage young ambassadors for nature.
Personal Development
My fellowship has been an incredible experience and has already made a massive impact on me
both personally and professionally. I have established worldwide contacts with people who are
working to find ways to collaborate for the greater good of conservation, whether it be species
specific or on a larger, more generalised scale. Travelling in new and changing environments gave
me the space and time to reprioritise and rediscover my strengths and ability to stand on my own
two feet and take on the challenge of travel and research on my own.
Since returning to the UK I am more confident in my communications on conservation. My
enthusiasm and passion for it have grown resulting in a deeper dedication and determination to find
ways to inspire others to become actively involved in the protection of the wild. I have chosen to
volunteer in conservation education for the next few months while I pursue further opportunities in
this field.
I am still processing the huge amount of information gathered, a large amount of which I have
already distilled into age specific workshops and presentations developed to inspire and engage
people of all ages with conservation. I continue to search for new opportunities to share this wealth
of information with different people and I will write about these in my blog as I progress.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 42
REFERENCES
1. IUCN (1998 – first version from 1987) Guidelines for Re-introductions. IUCN, Gland
2. Wolf reintroduction to Scotland: public attitudes and consequences for red deer management.
Erlend B Nilsen, E J Milner-Gulland, Lee Schofield, Atle Mysterud, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Tim Coulson.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2007
3. Alan W. Featherstone, The Wild Heart of the Highlands, Ecos, 18(2)
4. http://www.countryfile.com/poll/which-animal-would-you-most-see-return-british-countryside
5. 2012 National Park Visitor Spending Effects Economic Contributions to Local Communities,
States, and the Nation Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/EQD/NRR—2014/765
6. 2012 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK Natural & Cultural Resources WOLF PROJECT Annual
Report
7. L. Joseph Burnett, Kelly J. Sorenson, Joseph Brandt, Estelle A. Sandhaus, Deborah Ciani, Michael
Clark,Chandra David, Jenny Theule, Susie Kasielke, Robert W. Risebrough (2013) Eggshell
Thinning and Depressed Hatching Success of California Condors Reintroduced to Central
California - Adelgazamiento de la Cáscara del Huevo y Disminución del Éxito de Eclosión de
Individuos de Gymnogyps californianus Reintroducidos en el Centro de California
The Condor, Vol. 115, No. 3 pp. 477-491
8. http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/wolf-restoration-in-yellowstone.htm
9. The Economic Impact of Wildlife Tourism in Scotland, International Centre for Tourism and
Hospitality Research, Bournemouth University Scottish Government Social Research 2010
10. Scottish National Parks Sector Review – 2012, Insight Department, VisitScotland, Version 2
(Updated August 2013)
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust for
providing me with such an amazing opportunity to travel to some
incredible places and meet some of the world leaders in
conservation and wildlife reintroductions. Their support and
encouragement throughout this unforgettable experience is greatly
appreciated.
I would also like to thank the many people I met during my travels, specifically those who took part
in interviews, discussions and allowed me to shadow their work. Conservation is a busy occupation
with many pressing deadlines and current complications to resolve so I greatly appreciate the time
many people dedicated to working with me. In particular, I would like to thank the following,
without whom, this report would not have been possible:
Wolf Park – Pat Goodmann, Dana Drenzek, Brian Gaston, Dan Weiss, Ryan Talbot, Denise Emmons Pearson, Laura
Frank-Hale, Monty Sloan, Alicia Panisiak, Patrick Romano and the Hendricks, Petit and Adams families.
Holly Jaycox
Ed Bangs
International Wolf Center – Jess Edberg
Minnesota Department for Natural Resources – Dan Stark
Yellowstone Project – Dan Stahler, Rick MacIntyre & Doug Smith
Yellowstone Association – Debbie Fellows & Josh Welter
Yellowstone National Park Visitors – Cindy Hamlin, Dusty, Tim Lightfoot
Nez Perce Tribe & James Yuksavitch
National Wolf Coalition – Kat Brekken
Wyoming Fish & Game – Ken Mills
Kids 4 Wolves – Story Warren
The contributors in Cody and Gardiner who would prefer to remain anonymous
Vancouver Aquarium – Jennifer Derwojed & LanceBarrett-Lennard
Pacific Wild – Karen McAllister, Ian McAllister, Diana Chan, Rob MacKenzie & Sarah Stoner
The Bella Bella & Denny Island Communities
Grand Canyon Park Ranger – Cory Mosby
Ventana Wildlife Society – Joe Burnett
Wolf Haven – Cindy Irwin
Japan Wolf Association – Mariko Saskia
Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe – Luigi Boitani
The team at Glasgow Science Centre who granted me leave and covered my projects while I was away.
And the friends and family who supported me throughout my travels and in particular, those who read the early
drafts of this report: Ewan Latimer, Eric Foo, Pearl Foo, Claire Gemson, Morna Fisken, Michelle Low, Craig Francis,
Florence Edmund and Claire Smith – I couldn’t have done this without them.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 44
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 – WCMT Press Release
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 45
Appendix 2 – Natural Scotland Event, Glasgow Science Centre
My first dissemination activity was in collaboration with Glasgow Science Centre and the Scottish
Executive funded Natural Scotland Event on 30th November 2013. With the help of Morna Fisken, a
zoologist and professional Science Communicator, we spoke to approximately 70 people through
interactive workshop activities to discuss the animals which used to roam our countryside and what
the impacts would be if we brought them back.
Jo Foo, GSCer and awardee of Winston Churchill Travel Fellowship
Scotland used to be the home of many large animals that we don’t see
today. Come along and learn about amazing species like the brown
bear, moose and of course, the “big bad wolf” and find out why some
scientists think they should be back in our countryside.
Activities included trying to identify past and present wolf habitat
across the world; sorting soft toys into those who currently live in the
UK and those who either never have or have become extinct; sharing
the first word you think of when you hear the word “wolf”; noting
opinions on possible reintroductions on the opinion continuums;
discussing ideas and answering questions about reintroductions and
how they may impact the
wider UK.
Visitors had positive thoughts and comments on the
experience:
"It’s good to have the interaction with experts. That’s the
best way in which my daughter learns"
Dad with a six year old daughter
"My children learned about the wolves, how they originally lived in Scotland"
Mum with two children 6 and 9
"My grandchild learned about wolves coming back and extinct animals"
Grandmother
Father & daughter learn about
wolf recovery through map
activity, Natural Scotland Event
Voicing their opinions through continuum and
wolf words activities, Natural Scotland Event
Meet the Expert Sign at Glasgow Science
Centre, Natural Scotland Event
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 46
Glasgow Science Centre Case Study
A family of two children (aged 7 and 8) from
Bathgate came to the Glasgow Science Centre
for the very first time during the festival. The
children were particularly engrossed in
activities run by experts including the session
run by GSCer Jo Foo about amazing species like
the brown bear, moose and of course, the “big
bad wolf”. Their mother explains:
"It’s the one thing my children will remember of
their visit to the Science Centre. If on Monday, their teacher was to ask them what did you do at the
week-end? It is what they’d remember. They can learn and ask questions from experts."
Following the Natural Scotland event activities 87% of visitors to Glasgow Science Centre said they
felt more inspired to make positive behavioural changes relating to our impact on natural Scotland.
Interestingly, the vast majority were in favour of large predator reintroductions to the UK.
Lynx Reintroduction: Opinion Continuum, Natural Scotland Event Grizzly Bear Reintroduction: Opinion Continuum, Natural
Scotland Event
Wolf Reintroduction: Opinion Continuum, Natural Scotland Event
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 47
Appendix 3 – Glasgow Science Centre Newsletter Clipping
Clipping from Glasgow Science Centre internal Newsletter which reaches approximately 200 staff
members.
All photographs taken by Jo Foo © Mei Photography 2013 unless otherwise stated 48
Appendix 4 – Dissemination
I plan to disseminate the information and experiences gathered via:
My online blog - wildlifebyjo.wordpress.com (to-date there have been over 2000 views)
Articles for other publications including The GIST (Glasgow Insight to Science and
Technology)
Talks, debates and workshops developed for a range of audiences from early years (age 3+)
to adults
Writing a collection of essays based on the conversations I’ve had with the incredible people
I met during my travels.
Photography exhibitions
Confirmed Bookings
30th November 2013 – Natural Scotland Event, Glasgow Science Centre – engaged over 70
visitors
28th February 2014 – Explorers & Scouts Talk, Scouts Association – engaged 52 Scouts,
Explorers and Leaders
8th September 2014 – Café Scientifique, Glasgow
To Be Confirmed/ Under Enquiry
Local Members Group Talks – Scottish Wildlife Trust
Workshops and presentations for Highland Wildlife Park, Royal Zoological Society Scotland
Workshops and presentations for Edinburgh Zoo, Royal Zoological Society Scotland
Workshops and debates for UK based Science Centres
Workshops and debates for UK based Science Festivals
Primary Schools Workshops in Aberdeenshire & Renfrewshire Councils
Beavers Talk, Scouts Association
Early Years Talks for Nursery Groups (Various Council Groups)
Presentations and debates for UK based universities & colleges