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The Sixties
Major Changes
Space AgePopular CultureThe New RightVatican IICivil RightsComputersMotownThe New LeftEnd of the Protestant Ascendancy Social RevolutionAnti-War MovementDrug CultureSexual Revolution Hard Rock
© 2010 CICERO
Facts About This Decade
1960s• 177,830,000 Population • 3,852,000 Unemployment• $286.3 Billion National Debt • $4,743 Average Salary• $5,174 Average Teacher's Salary • $1.00/hr Average Min. Wage • 66.6 yrs. Life Expectancy: Males • 73.1 years Females• 21.3 Auto deaths per 100,000
2010s• 300,000,000• 15,000,000• $13.56 Trillion• $45,113• $51,000• $7.35/hr• 75.6 yrs.• 80.8 years• 15
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: CountercultureSociological term used to
describe the values and behaviors of a cultural group or subgroup that runs counter to the social mainstream.
In the United States, the term became popular in the 1960s to refer to the social revolution that swept through the nation.
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Counterculture
The counterculture of the 1960s included young people’s rejection of:
Conventional social normsPolitical segregationVietnam War
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: CountercultureMembers of the
counterculture were predominately white, upper-middle class youth.
They were the first group of young people who had sufficient leisure time to raise concerns about social issues.
Vietnam War, Sexual Revolution, Gay Liberation, Women’s Rights, Drug Use, Civil Rights
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Counterculture
The Generation Gap• As the Sixties progressed,
tensions developed along generational lines
• Vietnam War• Race relations• Sex• Drug use• Challenge Authority• Challenge the
Materialistic view of the American Dream
• Don’t trust anyone over 30
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Counterculture
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)The Port Huron StatementJune 15, 1962, written by Tom Hayden“… a manifesto by the SDS that attacked racial bigotry,
poverty, nuclear weapons, etc.”It was also an attack on Kennedy’s foreign policyUnofficial response to the Sharon Statement
© 2010 CICERO
Vatican II
• The world had changed.• What seemed to be
absolute was transient .• What was truth?
© 2010 CICERO
The Great Society
• Civil Rights Act • War on Poverty- Welfare• Medicare and Medicaid • ESEA Act of 1965• PBS, NEH and NEA• Higher Education Act• Urban Transportation Act• Etc.
© 2010 CICERO
The Vietnam War• Dien Bien Phu, 1954• Geneva Peace
Conference, Geneva Accords
• 17th Parallel: • North: Democratic North: Democratic
Republic of VietnamRepublic of Vietnam• Ho Chi Minh• South: The Republic of South: The Republic of
VietnamVietnam• Ngo Dinh Diem
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The Vietnam War• Fighting between the North
and South• The United States aided the
South• Vietcong – Communist
proxies• Gulf of Tonkin Incident• Domino Theory• U.S. vs. Soviet Union and
Communist China
© 2010 CICERO
Ngo Dinh Diem
The Vietnam WarPublic Opinion
• Tet Offensive major U.S. victory.
• Walter Cronkite calls it a major loss.
• My Lai Massacre• Conscientious Objector
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Anti-war Movement
• The anti-war movement rose out of student reaction to the draft.– When the draft ended, all college protest ended.
• 1965 bombing of North Vietnam• Universities became the focal point, but the
movement had become broad-based.• Teach-ins, Sit-ins• Kent State riots and shootings
© 2010 CICERO
Assassinations
• Medgar Evers• John F. Kennedy• Malcolm X• Martin Luther King• Robert Kennedy
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Civil Rights Movement
© 2010 CICERO
Race Riots1964New York City — July Philadelphia — August 1965Watts Riot; Los Angeles, California — August 1966Cleveland, Ohio — July San Francisco — August Chicago Race Riot — June 1967Newark, New Jersey — July Detroit, Michigan — July Milwaukee, Wisconsin — July-August Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota — July 1968Baltimore, Maryland — April Washington, D.C. — April New York City — April-May
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Feminist Movement
• Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
• Equal Pay Act of 1963• The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan• NOW: National Organization for Women
– “ full and equal partnership with men”
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Feminist Movement
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: New Left
• C. Wright Mills• Counterculture• Establishment/Anti-establishment• Students for a Democratic Society
– Noam Chomsky – Tom Hayden – Abbie Hoffman – Jerry Rubin
© 2010 CICERO
Silent Majority
• Most youth in the Sixties were not involved in the counterculture.
• Conservative Concerns:• The Cold War, the Vietnam War, Crime Protest
Demonstrations, anti-Great Society, pro-smaller government and pro-tax cuts.
•
• The Election of 1968
© 2010 CICERO
Nixon: A Conservative??• Creates EPA• Creates OSHA• Creates Affirmative Action
(Philadelphia Plan)• Established the Office of
Minority Business Enterprise• Lowers speed limits to 55 mph, nationally • Indexed S.S. for inflation• Created SSI• Promoted Legacy Parks Program• Introduced the Comprehensive
Health Insurance Act• Freezes Wages• Freezes Prices• Ends War in Vietnam• Opens China• Détente with the USSR
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: LegacyConservative Views
• Congressman Dick Armey: “everything bad comes from the 1960s.”
• End of bipartisanship in (anti-Communist) foreign policy
• Vietnam Syndrome• Traditional family values lost• “poverty of values”• President Johnson’s “Great
Society” failed
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Legacy
Liberal Views
• Political Activism• Equal Rights: 1964, 1965• “culture of excess”• Vietnam Syndrome• President Johnson’s
“Great Society”
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties
Both Conservatives and Liberals agree: The Sixties influence is still felt today. Novelist William Faulkner: “ The past is not dead. It’s not even past.”
© 2010 CICERO
The Age of Aquarius • “The belief that the world
would be entering an age of love, light and humanity, unlike the then-current Age of Pisces. This change was presumed to occur at the end of the 20th century. The song Age of Aquarius from the play Hair, calls it an age where ‘peace will guide the planets, and love will steer the stars.’ The song is sometimes referred to as the ‘Anthem of the 60s’.”
© 2010 CICERO
Altamont Free Concert
• End of the “Age of Aquarius”
• On to Nihilism• Violence• Death
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Music• Changes in popular music: • Standards
– Crosby, Sinatra, Fitzgerald, Garland, Davis, Martin, Como, Cole• Doo-Wop to Rock ’n’ Roll
– Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Frankie Valli • Singer songwriters:
– Bob Dylan, Four Seasons, Lennon-McCartney, Jim Morrison, Brian Wilson
• Social implications: – music and the musicians lifestyles, fashions, attitudes, and
language• Motown, British Invasion, Surf Sound, Acid Rock
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: Music
Social implications• Music and the musicians• Rock music influenced lifestyles, fashion,
attitudes, and language. • It appealed to the baby boomer generation
(children of those who went through the Depression and World War II.)
© 2010 CICERO
The Sixties: References
Jonathan Neale, The American War
Brian Longhurst, Popular Music and Society
Paul Lyons, New Left, New Right, and the Legacy of the Sixties
James Farrell, The Spirit of the Sixties
Michael W. Flamm, David Steigerwald, Debating the 1960s
© 2010 CICERO