8/9/2019 Every One Speaks About HAARP http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/every-one-speaks-about-haarp 1/56 Every One Speaks about HAARP, but did you know... by zorgon http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread504701/pg1 It gets blames for everything, it has magical abilities etc... While it is true that it does indeed have some interesting abilities, there are many threads and documents on HAARP. I have been collecting material for years BUT, though its been hinted at from time to time that other countries also have a version of HAARP and that incoherent scatter sites have a similar function as HAARP and EISCAT has been mentioned... Very few people have taken the time to follow the leads in the various documents and threads and put together the GLOBAL NETWORK While HAARP itself may not have the power to create a planetary shield (for missile defense and solar radiation) the world wide network certainly does. So for this thread I will leave the much discussed Alaskan HAARP in the side lines for now and lets do a tour of the other facilities around the world. First a little bit on connections to other facilities. In reports like the NAVY Press Release of Dr Paul A. Bernhard... we see some terms already... Dr. Bernhardt used the high-power HF facility near Arecibo, Puerto Rico, and Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, from 1985 to 1999... Dr. Bernhardt has conducted over eight experiments from 1985 to the present, using the Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuver Subsystem (OMS) engines, to modify the ionosphere with high-speed exhaust injections into the upper atmosphere. The results of these dedicated engine burns have been recorded using the VHF and UHF radars at Arecibo, Puerto Rico; Kwajalein, Marshall Islands; Millstone Hill, Massachusetts; and Jicamarca, Peru. Currently, Dr. Bernhardt is the principal investigator for the Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE) program, designed to study the scattering of radar from electrons in the vicinity of charged particulates that form artificial "dusty plasmas." ...Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) ...Computerized Ionospheric Tomography Receiver in Space (CITRIS) www.nrl.navy.mil... So from this single press release we have three search terms. Just ignore the facts about the chemical releases and the shuttle spewing fumes, we already have a thread on that ) ...Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) (Like EISCAT for European Incoherent Scatter Radar) ...Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) ...Computerized Ionospheric Tomography Receiver in Space (CITRIS) and these locations mentioned directly 1
by zorgon http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread504701/pg1
It gets blames for everything, it has magical abilities etc...
While it is true that it does indeed have some interesting abilities, there are many threads and
documents on HAARP. I have been collecting material for years BUT, though its been hinted at
from time to time that other countries also have a version of HAARP and that incoherent scatter
sites have a similar function as HAARP and EISCAT has been mentioned...
Very few people have taken the time to follow the leads in the various documents and threads and
put together the GLOBAL NETWORK
While HAARP itself may not have the power to create a planetary shield (for missile defense andsolar radiation) the world wide network certainly does.
So for this thread I will leave the much discussed Alaskan HAARP in the side lines for now and lets
do a tour of the other facilities around the world.
First a little bit on connections to other facilities. In reports like the NAVY Press Release of Dr Paul
A. Bernhard... we see some terms already...
Dr. Bernhardt used the high-power HF facility near Arecibo, Puerto Rico, and Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia, from 1985 to 1999...
Dr. Bernhardt has conducted over eight experiments from 1985 to the present, using the Space Shuttle
Orbital Maneuver Subsystem (OMS) engines, to modify the ionosphere with high-speed exhaust injections into the upper atmosphere. The results of these dedicated engine burns have beenrecorded using the VHF and UHF radars at Arecibo, Puerto Rico; Kwajalein, Marshall Islands;Millstone Hill, Massachusetts; and Jicamarca, Peru. Currently, Dr. Bernhardt is the principal investigator for the Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE) program, designed to study the
scattering of radar from electrons in the vicinity of charged particulates that form artificial "dusty plasmas."
...Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO)
...Computerized Ionospheric Tomography Receiver in Space (CITRIS)
www.nrl.navy.mil...
So from this single press release we have three search terms. Just ignore the facts about the chemical
releases and the shuttle spewing fumes, we already have a thread on that )
...Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) (Like EISCAT for European Incoherent Scatter Radar)
...Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO)
...Computerized Ionospheric Tomography Receiver in Space (CITRIS)
The Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, located near the small town of Vasilsursk about 100 kmeastward from Nizhniy Novgorod in Russia, is a laboratory for ionosphere research. Sura is
capable of radiating about 190 MW, effective radiated power (ERP) on short waves. This facility isoperated by the radiophysical research institute NIRFI in Nizhny Novgorod. The Sura facility wascommissioned in 1981. Using this facility, Russian researchers achieved extremely interesting results regarding the ionosphere behavior and discovered the effect of generation of low-frequencyemission at the modulation of ionosphere current[1]. At the beginning, Soviet Defense Department mostly footed the bill. The American HAARP ionospheric heater is similar to the Sura facility. The
HAARP project began in 1993.
Technical information
The frequency range of the heating facility is from 4.5 to 9.3 MHz. The facility consists of three 250
kW broadcasting transmitters and a 144 crossed dipole antenna-array with dimensions of 300 m x300 m. At the middle of the operating frequency range (4.5 � 9.3 MHz) a maximum zenith gain of about 260 (~24 dB) is reached, the ERP of the facility is 190 MW (~83 dbW).
The Coherent Back-Scatter Radar of 50 MHz (RESCO) was installed at the Space Observatory of São Luís / INPE, whose operation begun in August of 1998, is capable to accomplish measures of dynamics of the plasma of the electrojet and of bubbles equatorial ionospheric. This radar was
projected to map the turbulence and the electromagnetic drift of the irregularities of short length scale (3 meters) in a height range that extends from ~90 km to ~1000 km of the equatorial ionosphere. Such plasma irregularities have big influence in the propagation trans-ionosphere of waves in a great frequency range, VHF to UHF, and, therefore, it influence all of the activities of
space communications of the Brazilian tropical area. The formation, the development and the spacedistribution of these irregularities are highly sensitive to the space climatic change (in other words,"Space Weather") besides the convection processes and of the storms of the troposphere.
This radar resulted of the development and construction begun in INPE there are several years. It transmits signs pulse of high potency through an network antenna with 768 dipoles which allow toconcentrate all the energy transmitted in only narrow beam radiation. The same antenna alsocaptures the echo signs spread by the irregularities ionosphere. The transmitted maximum power (120 kW) it is reached through the use of a modular system of 8 transmitters in phase to maximizethe transmitted energy. The operational control of the radar is made by a computer, which alsoaccomplishes the acquisition, the treatment and processing 'on line' of the received data of the
ionosphere. The data recorded are available also for the processing and analyze subsequent. Thisradar was already operated in several campaigns since 1998 and now it is collecting in a routineway data of the dynamics of the equatorial electrojet.
This radar, with the FCI radar of 30 MHz together offers great opportunities to the researchers of studying the peculiar phenomenon of the equatorial area. These, beside the radars of Peru(Jicamarca), of the India (Thumba) and of the Indonesia, are some of the few radars of this typethat exist in the world around of the magnetic equator. Due to the peculiar configuration of the
geomagnetic field, the Brazilian equatorial area have characteristics very different from the other areas. It was for this reason that NASA of the USA, in collaboration of INPE, accomplished in
Alcântara in 1994 the campaign GUARÁ when 26 rockets were thrown (in the period of September-
October) to study the equatorial electrojet and the bubbles ionosphere. In this campaign were used another radar similar to the radar RESCO (which was brought of the USA), Digissonde (which provided the diagnoses of the ionosphere) and of the magnetometers operated by INPE in the Space
Observatory of São Luís. The radar RESCO, that is now in a phase of technological improvement,offers great potential to promote researches of the environment of the Brazilian equatorial area.
Rua Horto Florestal, 100, Cruzeiro Santa Bárbara, Sao Luis-MA - Brasil
SOURCE: São Luiz Space Observatorywww.dae.inpe.br...
Millstone Hill, Westford, Massachusetts, USA (Longitude: W Latitude: N)
The Millstone Hill Steerable Antenna, or MISA, is a fully steerable dish antenna, 46 meters indiameter, designed by the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1959. It is currently located at MIT
Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts. It was originally installed at the Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory in Hamilton, Massachusetts in 1963. The antenna operated at that location until 1978, at which time it was relocated to Millstone Hill. Since that time it has been primarily used asa UHF radar antenna to provide measurements of the near space environment using the incoherent
scatter radar technique. It is one of two surviving dish antennas of this type in the world with theother antenna being located at the Stanford University radio science field site in Stanford,
California. MISA is used to provide wide radar coverage in latitude and longitude.
MISA is a broad-based observatory capable of addressing a wide range of atmospheric scienceinvestigations. The incoherent scatter radar facility at Millstone Hill has been supported by the
National Science Foundation since 1974 for studies of the earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere. During this time the facility has evolved from a part-time research operation sharing radar cooling and power supply elements with the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory Millstone satellitetracking radar, to a separately funded, operationally independent system dedicated to upper atmospheric research. The scientific capability of the Millstone Hill facility was greatly expanded in 1978 with the installation of a fully-steerable 46 meter antenna to complement the 67 meter fixed
zenith pointing dish.
The favorable location of Millstone Hill at sub-auroral latitudes combined with the great operational range afforded by the steerable antenna permit observations over a latitude span
encompassing the region between the polar cap and the near-equatorial ionosphere. Since 1982 the Haystack Observatory Atmospheric Sciences Group has been supported for operating the Millstone Hill research radar as a part of the incoherent scatter radar chain and for associated studies of theauroral and sub-auroral ionosphere and thermosphere. The meridional radar chain extends fromSondre Stromfjord, Greenland through Millstone Hill at mid-latitudes, beyond Arecibo at lowlatitudes, to the Jicamarca facility at the magnetic equator in Peru. The radar chain forms an
integral part of the NSF-supported CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions) observing network and Millstone Hill observations and analysis have contributed extensively to the successes of the CEDAR initiative.
The Millstone Hill Radar uses Thomson backscatter from ionospheric electrons to deduce height-and time-resolved plasma drift velocities, electron and ion temperatures, electron densities, ioncomposition, and ion-neutral collision frequencies. These parameters provide further informationabout the neutral gas, neutral temperatures and winds, and electric fields present in the medium.The incoherent scatter technique provides observations of many of these parameters over analtitude range extending from less than 100 km to a thousand kilometers or more. Methods havebeen developed that allow these measurements to be made with an altitude resolution of hundreds
of meters. The complete steerability of the radar allows horizontal gradients and structure to beexamined along with vertical variations.
The Observatory is the premier scientific facility in the world for studying the equatorial ionosphere. It has a 2-MW transmitter and a main antenna with 18,432 dipoles covering an area of nearly 85,000 square meters.
The Platteville Atmospheric Observatory was envisioned in 1962 by what is now the Institute of Telecommunication Sciences (ITS), a part of the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA), as a site for high-powered radio experiments. While the initial experiment,that took place in 1968, studied over-the-horizon radar, the majority of later experiments used high
power radio waves to modify the ionosphere in a process that is sometimes called ionosphericheating because it raises the electron temperature in the ionosphere.
The ionospheric heater was still used until 1984, when the last ionospheric experiments were performed. In the same year, the transmitters were loaned to the Office of Naval Research and sent to HIPAS in Alaska where they are still used .
With the removal of the transmitters, the focus of the facility changed to smaller-powered observation of the atmosphere rather than modifying it. In 1988 the 404 MHz RASS was installed and the ownership of the facility was transferred from NTIA to NOAA-ERL.
HIPAS is located 30 miles Northeast of Fairbanks Alaska; in the small community of Two Rivers. It occupies 120 acres of land and has six buildings. The facility is located at: latitude and longitude.
The facility operates year-round.
The HIPAS facility is engaged in the study of the Ionosphere through the use of high power radiotransmission as well as a state-of-the-art LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging ) facility.
The Heater system consists of 8 transmitters capable of conducting amplitude modulation of 100 Hz- 20 kHz and phase modulation of 0 -20 kHz. Each transmitter can transmit up to 150kW at 2.85 or 4.53 MHz on CW mode.
The Heater antenna system consists of a circular array of 8 crossed dipoles, copper wire ground- planes and resonant triaxial baluns.
The LIDAR facility consists of a 2.7 meter LMT (Liquid Mirror Telescope) with a 4.5 meter focal length as well as 6 state-of-the-art lasers.
European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association
EISCAT
Ramfjordmoen, Near Tromsø, Norway
+69° 35' 10.94", +19° 13' 20.89"
The EISCAT Scientific Association is an international research organisation operating threeincoherent scatter radar systems, at 931 MHz, 224 MHz and 500 MHz, in Northern Scandinavia. It is funded and operated by the research councils of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Japan, France, theUnited Kingdom and Germany (collectively, the EISCAT Associates).
EISCAT (European Incoherent Scattter) studies the interaction between the Sun and the Earth asrevealed by disturbances in the magnetosphere and the ionised parts of the atmosphere (theseinteractions also give rise to the spectacular aurora, or Northern Lights). The radars are operated
in both Common and Special Programme modes, depending on the particular research objective,and Special Programme time is accounted and distributed between the Associates according torules which are published from time to time.
One EISCAT transmitter site is located close to the city of Tromsø, in Norway, and additional receiver stations are located in Sodankylä, Finland, and Kiruna, Sweden. See an animation that
shows the basic operation. The EISCAT Headquarters are also located in Kiruna. 1996 the EISCAT Scientific Association constructed a second incoherent scatter radar facility, the EISCAT Svalbard
Radar, near Longyearbyen on the island of Spitsbergen, far to the North of the Norwegian
mainland.
The Incoherent Scatter Radar technique requires sophisticated technology and EISCAT engineersare constantly involved in upgrading the systems.
In addition to the incoherent scatter radars, EISCAT also operates an Ionospheric Heater facilityat Ramfjordmoen (including a Dynasonde) to support various active plasma physics experiments inthe high latitude ionosphere.
IMAP programme led to the decision to conduct in-depth studies of atmosphericdynamical phenomena by developing a versatile ground based radar technique...
...The MST Radar is a state of the art instrument capable of providing estimates of atmospheric parameters with very high resolution on a continuous basis which are essential in the study of different dynamical processes in the atmosphere. It is an important research tool in the
investigation of prevailing winds, waves ( including gravity waves) turbulence, and atmospheric stability & other mesoscale phenomena . A reliable three dimensional model of the atmosphereover the low latitudes improves our understanding of the climatic and weather variations...
Establishment of NMRF
Attaching great importance to the scientific utilisation of the Indian MST Radar, the Government of India decided to create an autonomous Scientific Society called the National MST Radar Facility(NMRF). This society is affliated to the Department Of Space. The NMRF was registered on
January 11, 1993 under the Indian Societies Act 1860.This society is administered by a Governing Council under the chairmanship of Dr. K.
Kasturirangan, Secretary DOS with, Director , NMRF as the member secretary . The present Director of NMRF is Prof D. Narayan Rao .The Governing Council consists of other eminent scientists, representatives of the National Laboratories and some of the funding agencies.TheGoverning Council sets broad policy guidelines to ensure the effective scientific utilisation of the
facility, supported by a Scientific Advisory Commitee & a Finance Commitee.
Location Of NMRF
The scientific requirements dictated that the Indian MST Radar should be located preferably below15 degrees North latitude. Hence after careful consideration of the various constraints, a site at Gadanki Village, near the temple town of Tirupati in the Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh was
selected for locating the Indian MST Radar . NMRF is located off the Chitoor -Tirupati main road in a picturesque landscape spreading over an area of about 42 acres. Regular train and bus
services are operated between Tirupati and Bangalore/Madras. On request NMRF may providetransport between Tirupati and Gadanki.
The Jicamarca Radio Observatory is the equatorial anchor of the Western Hemisphere chain of
incoherent scatter radar (ISR) observatories extending from Lima, Perú, to Søndre Strømfjord,Greenland. It is part of the Geophysical Institute of Peru (Instituto Geofísico del Perú, or IGP) and receives the majority of its financial support from the National Science Foundation of the U.S.through a Cooperative Agreement with Cornell University.
The Observatory is the premier scientific facility in the world for studying the equatorial ionosphere. It has a 2-MW transmitter and a main antenna with 18,432 dipoles covering an area of nearly 85,000 square meters.
SOURCE: Jicamarca Radio Observatory
jicamarca.ece.cornell.edu...
Piura facility: Jicamarca Radio Observatory
The Observatory is about a half-hour drive inland (east) from Lima, Peru at a geographic latitudeof 11.95° south and a longitude of 76.87° west. The altitude of the Observatory is about 500 m ASL.
It is about 10 km from the Carretera Central, the main highway east in Peru.
The Jicamarca Radio Observatory was built in 1960-61 by the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory (CRPL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).
The Jicamarca Radio Observatory - Cornell University jicamarca.ece.cornell.edu...
The 49.92 MHz ISR is the principal facility of the Observatory. The radar antenna consists of alarge square array of 18,432 half-wave dipoles arranged into 64 separate modules of 12 x 12crossed dipoles. Each linear polarization of each module can be separately phased (by hand,changing cable lengths), and the modules can be fed separately or connected in almost any desired
fashion. There is great flexibility, but changes cannot be made rapidly. The individual moduleshave a beam width of about 7 deg, and the array can be steered within this region by proper
phasing. The one way half power beam width of the full array is about 1.1 deg; the two way (radar)half power width is about 0.8 deg. The frequency bandwidth is about 1 MHz. The isolation betweenthe linear polarizations is very good, at least 50 dB, which is important for certain measurements.Since the array is on the ground and the Observatory is the only sign of man in a desert regioncompletely surrounded by mountains, there is no RF interference. The transmitter consists of four completely independent modules which can be operated together or separately. Only two of thesemodules are currently in operation. Each can deliver ~1.5 MW peak power, with a maximum dutycycle of 6%, and pulses as short as 0.8-1.0 µs. Pulses as long as 2 ms show little power droop;considerably longer pulses are probably possible. Two additional modules with the same propertieswill eventually be available. The third is more than 90% complete; the fourth is well advanced but its completion will require additional funding. The drivers of the main transmitter can also be used as transmitters for applications requiring only 50- 100 KW of peak power...
SOURCE: Jicamarca Radio Observatorywww.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp...
The JORN project arose out of extensive research undertaken by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) into over-the horizon radar (OTHR) beginning in the early1970s. As part of the 1987 Defence White Paper, the Government placed a high priority on widearea surveillance of the north and north western approaches to Australia and OTHR was seen to bethe most cost effective solution. As a consequence, in December 1990, the Government approved the design and construction of JORN.
The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) consists of two OTHR, one near Longreach, Qld.and the other near Laverton, WA, jointly operated from the JORN Coordination Centre (JCC) at
RAAF Base Edinburgh, SA by No 1 Radar Surveillance Unit. The radars are an advanced development of the Australian designed Jindalee radar at Alice Receiver Site, Laverton WA - click
on image to enlargeSprings which is in operational use as well as being a research and development facility used by DSTO for ongoing OTHR improvement. JORN radars are capable of all weather detection of air and surface targets inside an arc of up to 3,000 km range extending
from Geraldton in the west around to Cairns in the east. JORN makes a crucial contribution tobroad area surveillance of Australia's strategically important northern approaches.
SOURCE:
Australian Department of Defence
Defence Materiel Organisation
www.defence.gov.au...
Electronic Warfare & Radar Division - DSTO, Australia
Communications '92: Communications Technology, Services and Systems; Getting It All Together
The Jindalee Operational Radar Network Communications and the Operational Concept
Nicholson, P1; Cameron, A2
Abstract: The operational concept of the Jindalee over-the-horizon operational radar network
(JORN) is the centralised control and co-ordination of remote sensors. The radar sites are in Laverton, WA and Longreach, Queensland, while the co-ordination centre is situated in Adelaide,South Australia. An extensive communications network is needed to control the radars and their associated frequency management systems, transfer partly processed data for final analysis at theco-ordination centre, and pass track information to the command support systems of the Australian
Defence Force and other users. The principle of operation, configuration and concept of the Jindalee project are briefly outlined to provide the context of the communications requirement. Thecommunications infrastructure to support this operational concept is then described together withthe main factors which have influenced the design of JORN communications.
Papers Available Heresearch.informit.com.au...;dn=563982181256363;res=IELENG
Consultancy Projects
Jindalee Operational Radar Network
RayTec Consulting has since its inception offered sub-contract services on the JORN project acrossa broad spectrum of Systems Engineering disciplines from Requirements Analysis and Design,Verification and Validation to
Electronic Warfare & Radar Division provides scientific leadership and support to the Australian Defence Organisation on the exploitation of the electromagnetic spectrum to enhance the performance of our own sensors, weapons, platforms and command systems, together with theability to destroy the effectiveness of adversarial systems.
Weapons Systems Division
Weapons Systems Division provides scientific leadership and support covering all aspects of weapon systems - including sensors, guidance, propulsion and warheads, and their integration intocombat platforms and command and control systems.
Command, Control, Communications & Intelligence Division provides scientific leadership and support for Defence command, intelligence, communications, and business processes, at both theoperational and theatre levels of command. Support to the Australian Defence Organisationincludes Information Operations with special capabilities in Information Security and Digital Forensics;Communications with special capabilities in Satellite Communications, Mobile Networks and
Network Management; Intelligence Processing and Analysis with special capabilities in signalsanalysis, communications analysis, automated fact extraction, and speech processing. The Divisionhas organised its work program to have a strong emphasis on support achieving the goals asoutlined in the Network Centric Warfare roadmap.
Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance Division provides scientific leadership and support for strategic intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance systems, with a focus on the needs of theintelligence community.
Land Operations Division provides scientific leadership and support to the Land Force through structured and analytical approaches to capability development.
SOURCE: DSTO
www.dsto.defence.gov.au...
www.thelivingmoon.com...
[edit on 25-9-2009 by zorgon]
copyright & usage
reply posted on 25-9-2009 @ 07:25 PM by zorgon
Poker Flat Research Range
Near Chatanika, Alaska
+65° 7' 23.90", -147° 28' 7.05"
Still looking for the actual array in this area but Poker Flats covers a wide terrain and the array is
The third image shows a completely concealed array, road and power generation center, to show
how easy it is to hide a large facility in a location like Alaska.
"The above illustrations demonstrate the capability to effectively conceal large land areascontaining hardware and buildings. In a similar initiative comprising the the most comprehensiveinfrastructure concealment program since World War II, the design team of Dr. Resnick, Lt. Col.Timothy R. O'Neill, PhD (U.S. Army, Ret.) and Mr. Guy Cramer have produced remarkable results.Using specially designed "Fractal Based" camouflage patterns in projects related to concealment
of critical infrastructure under the auspices of the US Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management, the team continues to achieve desired objectives such as those shown below."
Space Nuclear Facility test capability at the Baikal-1 and IGR sitesSemipalatinsk-21, Kazakhstan
Hill, T. J.; Stanley, M. L.; Martinell, J. S. Presented at the Nuclear Power Engineering in Space Nuclear Rocket Engines, Kazakhstan, Russia, 22-26 Sep. 1992
The International Space Technology Assessment Program was established 1/19/92 to takeadvantage of the availability of Russian space technology and hardware. DOE had two delegationsvisit CIS and assess its space nuclear power and propulsion technologies. The visit coincided withthe Conference on Nuclear Power Engineering in Space Nuclear Rocket Engines at Semipalatinsk-21 (Kurchatov, Kazakhstan) on Sept. 22-25, 1992. Reactor facilities assessed in Semipalatinski-21included the IVG-1 reactor (a nuclear furnace , which has been modified and now called IVG-1M), the
RA reactor, and the Impulse Graphite Reactor (IGR), the CIS version of TREAT. Although thereactor facilities are being maintained satisfactorily, the support infrastructure appears to bedegrading. The group assessment is based on two half-day tours of the Baikals-1 test facility and abrief (2 hr) tour of IGR; because of limited time and the large size of the tour group, it wasimpossible to obtain answers to all prepared questions. Potential benefit is that CIS fuels and
facilities may permit USA to conduct a lower priced space nuclear propulsion program whileachieving higher performance capability faster, and immediate access to test facilities that cannot be available in this country for 5 years. Information needs to be obtained about available dataacquisition capability, accuracy, frequency response, and number of channels. Potential areas of
interest with broad application in the U.S. nuclear industry are listed.
"These were part of the experiments do by the SU with Teslas work towards power transmissionand communication. Pictures all over the place on the internet. Nothing mysterious or new about it.
РЛС Дуга-1 Чернобыль-2 (Radar arch-1 Chernobyl-2) by DM.HANTER
History
The Soviets had been working on early warning radars for their anti-ballistic missile systemsthrough the 1960s, but most of these had been line-of-sight systems that were useful for raid analysis and interception only. None of these systems had the capability to provide early-warning of a launch, which would give the defenses time to study the attack and plan a response. At the timethe Soviet early-warning satellite network was not well developed, so work started on over-the-horizon radar systems for this associated role in the late 1960s.
The first experimental system, Duga-1, was built outside Mykolaiv in the Ukraine, successfullydetecting rocket launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 2,500 kilometers. This was followed bythe prototype Duga-2, built on the same site, which was able to track launches from the far east and
submarines in the Pacific Ocean as the missiles flew towards Novaya Zemlya. Both of these radars
were aimed east and were fairly low power, but with the concept proven work began on anoperational system. The new Duga-3 systems used a transmitter and receiver separated by about 60km.[2]
Wu Jian Jiao Peinan Xiao Zuo Wan Weixing Liu Ruiyuan Zhao Zhengyu LEME, China Res. inst. of Radiowave Propagation, Beijing;
This paper appears in: Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory, 2000. Proceedings. ISAPE 2000.
5th International Symposium on Publication Date: 2000On page(s): 688-691Meeting Date: 08/15/2000 - 08/18/2000
Location: Beijing, China ISBN: 0-7803-6377-9 References Cited: 10 INSPEC Accession Number: 6963766 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISAPE.2000.894880Current Version Published: 2002-08-06
Abstract Ionospheric sounding has been conducted routinely for more than 60 years in China. A completenetwork of ground-based sounding sites covers the Chinese subcontinent, including vertical and oblique sounding, GPS measurement of ionospheric TEC and scintillation, VLF receiversmeasuring the lower ionosphere etc. In this paper, we give a picture of the sounding network,equipment situation and data acquired with emphasis on vertical ionosonde network
SOURCE: IEEE
ieeexplore.ieee.org...
The Ionospheric Sounding in China
The ionospheric sounding in China has a long history and has a well spread network, which is still keeping routine operation, providing a good background to do the ionospheric long-term
prediction and short-term forecasting. The ionospheric sounding in China started in early 1940s(Wu et al., 2002). Fig.1 shows the ionospheric sounding network in China. The sounding equipments and operation periods are listed in Table 1. Among them 11 ionosonde stations are still in operation in China mainland. The data at integer UT hours are sent to forecasting center in
Beijing twice a day through Internet.
There is also a daily exchange of ionospheric data with Russian (for 4 stations) and with Australia(for 4 stations) respectively. A method of predicting the ionospheric F2 layer in the Asia and Oceania Region (AOR Method [Sun X.R., 1987]) was adopted as a regional ionospheric long-term
prediction method in China and its surrounding area. Then this was cooperated with the International Reference Ionosphere and became the Reference Ionosphere in China (CRI) [Liu et al., 1994].
Preliminary studies on ionospheric forecasting in China and its surrounding area
R. Liua, Corresponding Author Contact Information E-mail The Corresponding Author, Z. Xua, J. Wub, S. Liua, B. Zhanga and G. Wangb
Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road., Shanghai 200136,China bChina Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Xinxiang 453003, China
Abstract
The ionospheric sounding in China has a long history and has a well spread network, which is still keeping routine operation. The autocorrelation method is adopted for the short-term forecasting of ionospheric characteristics. The performances of the forecasts at Chongqing have been examined
for different combination of parameters and algorithms by estimating the prediction errors. Preliminary results show that for predictions of more than 10 h ahead the “at once” method with f0F2 is preferable. For predictions of less than 10 h ahead the “iterations” method with View theMathML source is the best. A corrected method of the International Reference Ionosphere used inChina region (the CRI model) is described in this paper. By introducing an effective ionosphericindex Ice into the CRI model the regional forecasting could be realized.
SOURCE: Science Direst
Home Address: National Key Lab of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave
