WIN A MICROCHIP 8-bit Wireless Development KitGINORMOUS 7-SEGMENT LED PANEL METER DISPLAY!Ourbiggestandbest-ever numericaldisplayWIB: WEB SERVER IN A BOX PART 1

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Accessfromanywhere, evenwithamobilePLUSINTERFACE, READOUT, NETWORK, CIRCUIT SURGERY, TECHNO TALKUSING A WIDEBAND O2 SENSOR IN YOUR CAR PART 2Constructionandinstallationofthis super-chargedautomotiveproject$8.99US 4.25UKDEC 2011 PRINTEDINTHE UKDEC 2011 Cover.indd 1 26/10/2011 09:52:02New 8-bit Microcontrollers with integrated confgurable logic in 6- to 20-pin packagesRF & WirelessMemoryAnalog Digital Signal ControllersMicrocontrollersFAST-START DEVELOPMENT TOOLSFree CLC Confguration Tool: www.microchip.com/get/euclctoolPICDEM LabDevelopmentKit - DM163045PICkit Low Pin Count Demo Board - DM164120-1The Microchip name and logo, HI-TECH C, MPLAB, and PIC are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A., and other countries. mTouch, PICDEM, PICkit, and REAL ICE, are trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A., and other countries.All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective companies. 2011, Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. DS30629A. ME293AEng/09.11www.microchip.comMicrochips new PIC10F/LF32X and PIC12/16F/LF150X 8-bit microcontrollers (MCUs) let you add functionality, reduce size, and cut the cost and power consumption in your designs for low-cost or disposable products, with on-board Confgurable Logic Cells (CLCs), Complementary Waveform Generator (CWG) and Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO).The Confgurable Logic Cells (CLCs) give you software control of combinational and sequential logic, to let you add functionality, cut your external component count and save code space. Then the Complementary Waveform Generator (CWG) helps you to improve switching efciencies across multiple peripherals; whilst the Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) provides linear frequency control and higher resolution for applications like tone generators and ballast control.PIC10F/LF32X and PIC12/16F/LF150X MCUs combine low current consumption, with an on-board 16MHz internal oscillator, ADC, temperature-indicator module, and up to four PWM peripherals. All packed into compact 6- to 20-pin packages.Go to www.microchip.com/get/eunew8bit to fnd out more about low pin-count PIC MCUs with next-generation peripheralsPIC16F193X F1 Evaluation Platform - DM164130-1IFC.indd 47 26/10/2011 16:09:56Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 1Projects and CircuitsWIB WEB SERVER IN A BOX PART 1 by Mauro Grassi 10An exciting project for housing your own website in a compact box connected to the Internet via your modem/router.USING A WIDEBAND O2 SENSOR IN YOUR CAR 24PART 2 by John Clarke Building, testing and installing your precise engine tuning equipment GINORMOUS 7-SEGMENT LED PANEL METER DISPLAY 36Design Greg Radion (Ocean Controls Pty Ltd), text Greg Radion, Ross Tester Need a truly impressive display? This monster can be read up to 100m away! Series and FeaturesTECHNO TALK by Mark Nelson 34Leaf sweepingsINTERFACE by Robert Penfold 45More on USB-to-serial interfacingCIRCUIT SURGERY by Ian Bell 51Selecting power MOSFETsMAXS COOL BEANS by Max The Magnificent 54Can you hear me? ... Notes Plus... In good shapePIC N MIX by Mike Hibbett 56The dsPIC processor familyNET WORK by Alan Winstanley 64Hacking the box... PVR to DVD... Some synology... Wi-Fi ChristmasRegulars and ServicesEDITORIAL 7Looking ahead to 2012NEWS Barry Fox highlights technologys leading edge 8Plus everyday news from the world of electronicsEPE BACK ISSUES Did you miss these? 48SUBSCRIBE TO EPE and save money 50MICROCHIP READER OFFER 55EPE Exclusive Win a Microchip 8-Bit Wireless Development KitPLEASE TAKE NOTE 59Time Delay Photoflash Trigger (Feb 11)CD-ROMS FOR ELECTRONICS 60A wide range of CD-ROMs for hobbyists, students and engineersREADOUT Matt Pulzer addresses general points arising 66DIRECT BOOK SERVICE 67A wide range of technical books available by mail order, plus more CD-ROMsEPE PCB SERVICE 70PCBs for EPE projectsADVERTISERS INDEX 71NEXT MONTH! Highlights of next months EPE 72INCORPORATING ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONALwww.epemag.comISSN 0262 3617z PROJECTS z THEORY zz NEWS z COMMENT zz POPULAR FEATURES zVOL. 40. No 12December 20115HDGHUV6HUYLFHV(GLWRULDODQG$GYHUWLVHPHQW'HSDUWPHQWV Wimborne Publishing Ltd 2011. Copyright in all drawings, photographs and articles published in EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS is fully protected, and reproduction or imitations in whole or in part are expressly forbidden.Our January 2012 issue will be published on Thursday 8 December 2011, see page 72 for details.Contents Dec 11.indd 1 24/10/2011 14:35:5230 in ONE - 19.95 Order Code EPL030KT 130 in ONE - 59.95 Order Code EPL130KT 300 in ONE - 79.95 Order Code EPL300KT 500 in ONE - 179.95 Order Code EPL500KT Ho! Ho! Ho! Christmas 2011 is on it's way but Ho! Ho! Ho! Christmas 2011 is on it's way but Ho! Ho! Ho! Christmas 2011 is on it's way but Ho! Ho! Ho! Christmas 2011 is on it's way but We have some fantastic gift ideas for young (and older) enquiring minds We have some fantastic gift ideas for young (and older) enquiring minds We have some fantastic gift ideas for young (and older) enquiring minds We have some fantastic gift ideas for young (and older) enquiring minds Robot Sensor - 21.95 Order Code EPLR20KT DigitaI RecordingLaboratory - 34.95 Order Code EPLDRKT AH-FH Rad|o K|t - 11.95 Order Code ERKAFKT Short Wave Kit - 11.95 Order Code ERKSWKT CrystaI Radio Kit - 8.95 Order Code ERKCKT (OHFWURQLF3URMHFW/DEV An electronics course in a box! All assume no previous knowledge and require NO solder. See website for full details EIectronic BeII - 8.95 Order Code EAKEBKT EIectronic Motor - 8.95 Order Code EAKEMKT Generator - 8.95 Order Code EAKEGKT Room AIarm - 4.95 Order Code EAKRAKT Hand HeId MetaIDetector - 9.95 Order Code ELMDX7 MetaI Detector - 9.95 Order Code ELMDKT Automech - 14.95 Order Code C21-605KT Coptermech - 14.95 Order Code C21-604KT Trainmech - 14.95 Order Code C21-606KT Robomech - 15.95 Order Code C21-603KT Tyrannomech - 14.95 Order Code C21-601KT MusicaI LED JingIe BeIIs - 21.95 Order Code 1176KT FIashing LEDChristmas Tree - 7.95 Order Code MK100KT Riding Santa - 17.95 Order Code MK116KT 60 LED MuIti-Effect LED Star - 17.95 Order Code MK170KT 6ROGHUOHVV(OHFWURQLF3URMHFWV 0HFKDQLFDO0RWRULVHG:RRGHQ.LWVFuture engineers can learn about the operation of transmissions steered through gears or pulleys. Easy to build, no glue or soldering required.)HVWLYH)XQ(OHFWURQLF3URMHFW.LWVChoose from 500 plus electronic kits. Soldering required. 6HHRXUZHEVLWHIRUHYHQPRUHJUHDWJLIWLGHDV Quasar EIectronics Limited PO Box 6935, Bishops Stortford CM23 4WP, United Kingdom TeI: 01279 467799 Fax: 01279 267799 E-maiI: saIes@quasareIectronics.com Web: www.quasareIectronics.com AII prices INCLUDE 20.0% VAT.Postage & Packing Options (Up to 1Kg gross weight): UK Standard 3-7 Day DeIivery - 4.95; UK MainIand Next Day DeIivery - 11.95; Europe (EU) - 10.95; Rest of WorId - 12.95 (up to 0.5Kg).!Order onIine for reduced price UK Postage!Payment: We accept aII major credit/debit cards. Make cheques/PO's payabIe to Quasar EIectronics.PIease visit our onIine shop now for fuII detaiIs of over 500 kits, projects, moduIes and pubIications. Discounts for buIk quantities.&UHGLW&DUG6DOHV SecureOnIine Ordering FaciIities FuII Product Listing, Descriptions & Photos Kit Documentation & Software DownIoads 42 Quasar - NOV 2011 P1.indd 1 28/09/2011 17:38:53LED RouIette Kit - 18.95Order Code MK119KT SoIar Bug Kit - 17.95Order Code MK185KT Robotic Arm - 49.95 Order Code C9895 6raw||ng ug w|th 6ase - 21.95 - 0rder 6ode HK15 CrawIing Bug - 15.95 Order Code MK129KT Runn|ng H|crobot - 12.95 Order Code MK127 SecureOnIine Ordering FaciIities FuII Product Listing, Descriptions & Photos Kit Documentation & Software DownIoads *HW3OXJJHG,QSoIdering Set - 9.95 Order Code SOL939 Hobby TooI Set - 19.95 Order Code HTK300 20 Piece EIectronics TooI Set - Now 34.95Order Code HTK368 5" IIIuminated Bench Magnifier - 54.95 Order Code HTM015 48W DigitaI SoIdering Station - 69.95 Order Code SOL050 Advanced PersonaI Scope 2 x 240MS/s with Probes, CabIes, Battery Pack, PSU & UserManuaI - 439.95 Order Code APS230 5RERW.LWV These educational electronic robot kits make a great introduc-tion to the exciting world of robotics. Some require soldering. See website for details 0-30V/0-3A ReguIated Power SuppIy - 119.95 Order Code PSU676 Hobby Meter - 7.95 Order Code DMM006 CIamp Meter - 14.95 Order Code DMC616 HeIping Hands - 4.95 Order Code 710.165 SoIdering Starter Pack (inc. 2 eIectronic kits & soIdering tooIs) - 32.95 Order Code KSTART UniversaI Battery Tester - 2.95 Order Code 690.393 12V, 230Vac 150W Power Inverter - 29.95 Order Code RPI530 MetaI Detector - 49.95 Order Code 499.920 120mm RechargeabIe SpotIight - 15.95 Order Code TOR260 Wind-up Torch - 5.95 Order Code TOR373 UniversaI NiCd/NiMH Charger - 11.95 Order Code 690.157 6-Ch Snd to Light - 39.95 Order Code ELT361 Snow Machine - 69.95 Order Code ELT568 Party BubbIes - 19.95 Order Code ELT562 10W Guitar Combo AmpIifier - 69.95 Order Code MUS044 Audio/Video Transmis-sion System - 49.95 Order Code 124.125 2-ChanneI RF Remote ControI Set - 49.95 Order Code VM130 7RROV(TXLSPHQW +RPHDQG/HLVXUH 3OHDVHVHHZHEVLWHIRUIXOOSURGXFWGHWDLOVQuasar - NOV 2011 P2.indd 1 29/09/2011 09:26:11Fr eecal l or der : 08000327241Vehicle G-Force Meter Kit KC-5504 18.25 plus postage & packingMeasure the g-forces on yourvehicle and itsoccupants duringyour next laparound the racecircuit, or moresensibly use this kit to encourage smoother drivingto save petrol and reduce wear & tear. Based aroundan accelerometer IC, this kit displays the forces (+/- 2g) on the 4-digit LED display. It is not limited tocars either; use it to measure g-forces on a boatcrashing over waves or on a theme park thrill ride.Kit includes PCB with pre-mounted SMDcomponent, pre-programmed microcontroller and all onboard electronic components.Note: To make the kit more accessible to everyday hobbyistswe are suppling the PCB with the SMD component alreadymounted on the board to save time and frustration. Fequires 2 x AA balleries PCB: 100(L x 44(vnn Fealured in EPE ovenber 201145 Second Voice Recorder ModuleKC-5454 16.00 plus postage & packingvill record lwo, four or eighl differenl nessages forrandom-access playback or a single message for"tape mode" playback. It provides clean and glitch-free line-level audio output suitable for feeding ananplifier or PA syslen. l can be powered fron anysource of 9 14VDC. PCB: 120 x 53nn Supplied wilh silkscreened and soldermasked PCB and allelectronic componentsFealured in EPE February 2011Low Cost Programmable Interval TimerKC-5464 12.75 plus postage & packingHere's a updated versionof the very popular lowcosl 12VDCelectronic timer. Itis link programmedfor either a single ON, orcontinuous ON/OFF cycling for uplo 43 on/off line periods. Seleclableperiods are fron 1 lo 30 seconds, ninules, or hoursand it can be restarted at any time. Kit includes PCBand all specified electronic components. PCB: 102 x 42nnFealured in EPE Augusl 20103V to 9V DC to DC Converter KitKC-5391 6.00 plus postage & packingThis great little converter allows you to use regulariCd or iH 1.2V cells, or Alkaline 1.5V cells for9V applicalions. Using low cosl, high capacilyrechargeable cells, the kit will pay for itself in no-line! You can use any 1.21.5V cells you desire.Imagine the extra capacity youwould have using two9000nAh D cells inreplacement of a lowcapacily 9V cell. PCB: 59 x 29nn Kil supplied wilh PCB, and all eleclroniccomponents.Fealured in EPE June 2007Full Function Smart Card Reader / Programmer KitKC-5361 20.00 plus postage & packingProgran bolh lhe nicroconlroller and EEPFO in lhepopular gold, silver and emerald wafer cards. Cardused needs lo conforn lo SO7316 slandards.Powered by 912VDC wall adaplor or a 9V ballery (nolincluded). Instructions outlinesoflware requirenenls lhal arefreely available on the internet. PCB: 141 x 101nn Kil supplied wilh PCB, wafer card socket and all electroniccomponents. Suilable vafer Card available, ZZ3300 4.50Note: Jaycar Electronics will not acceptresponsibility for the operation of this device, its relatedsoftware, or its potential to be used for unlawful purposes.Fealured in EPE ay 2006Audio KitsAutomotive KitsEveryday Practical Electronics Magazine has been publishing a series of popular kits by the acclaimed Silicon Chip MagazineAustralia. These projects are 'bullet proof' and already tested Down Under. All Jaycar kits are supplied with specified boardcomponents, quality fibreglass tinned PCBs and have clear English instructions. Watch this space for future featured kits.EverydayPracticalElectronicsFEATUREDKITS240V 10A Deluxe Motor Speed Controller KitKC-5478 36.25 plus postage & packingThe deluxe motor speed controller kit allows thespeed of a 240VAC nolorto be controlled smoothlyfrom near zero to fullspeed. The advanceddesign provides improvedspeed regulation & lowspeed operalion. Alsofeatures soft-start,interferences suppression,fuse protection and over-current protection. Kitsupplied with all parts including pre-cut metal case. ole: Fequires UK nains sockel or adaplorFealured in EPE ay 2011433MHz Remote Switch KitKC-5473 16.50 plus postage & packingThe receiver has momentary or toggle output andlhe nonenlary period can be adjusled. Up lo fivereceivers can be used in the same vicinity. Short-form kit contains twoPCBs and allspecifiedcomponents. 200n range Exlra lransniller kil: KC5474 3.50 PCB: Tx: 35 x 63nn Fx: 79 x 43nnFealured in EPE January 2011Tempmaster Fridge Controller Mk IIKC-5476 12.00 plus postage & packingTurn an old chest freezer into an energy-efficientfridge or beer keg fridge. Or convert a standardfridge into a wine cooler. These are just two of thejobs this low-cost and easy-to-build electronicthermostat kit can do without the need to modifyinlernal wiring! Used also lo conlrol 12V fridges orfreezers, as well as heaters in hatcheries and fishtanks. Short-form kit contains PCB,sensor and all specifiedcomponents. You'll need to addyour own 240V CPO, swilchedIEC socket and case. PCB Dinensions: 63 x 67nnFealured in EPE February 2011Delta Throttle Timer KitKC-5373 9.25 pluspostage & packingThis brilliant designwill trigger a relaywhen theaccelerator ispressed or liftedquickly. Used forautomatic transmission switching of economy topower modes or trigger electronic blow-off valveson quick lhrollle lifls elc. l is conplelely adjuslable,and uses the output of a standard throttleposition sensor. Kil supplied wilh PCB, and all eleclroniccomponentsFealured in EPE ovenber 2006Programmable High Energy Ignition KitKC-5442 34.50 plus postage & packingThis advanced and versatile ignition system issuited for both two and four strokeengines. Used lo nodify lhefactory ignition timing or as thebasis for a stand-alone ignitionsystem with variableignition timing, electronic coilcontrol and anti-knock sensing(available separalely KC5444 7.00. Tining relard and advance over a wide range Suilable for single coil syslens Dwell adjuslnenl Single or dual napping ranges ax and nin FP adjuslnenl Kil includes PCB wilh overlay, progranned nicro,all electronic components and die cast boxFealured in EPE ovenber 2009December 2011Studio 350 - High Power AmplifierKC-5372 63.50 plus postage & packingThe sludio 350 poweramplifier will deliver awhopping 350vFSinto 4 ohms or200vFS inlo 3ohms. It offers real gruntusing a high power J21193/4lransislor and is super quiel wilh a very lowsignal to noise ratio and harmonic distortion. This kitis supplied in short form with PCB and electronicconponenls. Kil requires healsink and (+/ 70Vpower supply as described in instructions. Seewebsite for more specifications.Fealured in EPE ovenber 2006Balanced to Unbalanced Audio ConverterKC-5468 12.00 plus postage & packingThis kit will adapt an unbalanced inputto balanced output and vice versaand allows domesticequipnenl lo beintegrated into aprofessional installationwhile maintaining theinherent high immunity tonoise pick-up on long cable runs provided bybalanced lines. Kit supplied with solder maskedPCB and all specified components.Fealured in EPE Seplenber 2010Jaycar DEC 2011.indd 1 26/10/2011 09:25:33Post & Packing ChargesOr der onl i ne: www. j aycar el ectr oni cs. co. ukNote: Products aredespatched from Australia,so local customs duty &taxes may apply.Prices valid until31/12/2011Max weight 12lb (5kg)Heavier parcels POAMinimum order 10Order Value Cost10 - 49.99 550 - 99.99 10100 - 199.99 20200 - 499.99 30500+ 40 AII prrng n Poundt !terIng Hnmum order I10WEB: www.jaycarelectronics.co.ukPHONE: 0800 032 7241*FAX: +61 2 8832 3118*lHAll: terhttore_jayrareIertronrt.ro.ukPOST: P.O. Box 107, Rydalmere NSW 2116 Australia *Australian Eastern Standard Time (Honday lrday 09.00 to 1I.10 6HI + 10 hourt)lxpert 1014 dayt for ar parreI deIveryHOW TO ORDERBuild Something This Christmas Dont Just sit there -SD/MMC Card Web Server In a BoxVoltage Monitor KitSpeedo Corrector MkII KitKC-5435 20.00 plus postage & packingModifying your gearbox, diff ratio or changing to alarger circumference tyre may result in aninaccurate speedometer. This kit readjusts thespeedometer signal up or down from 0% to 99% ofthe original signal. This upgraded model enablesautomatic input setup selection andindicates when the input signalis being received. Kitsupplied with PCB withoverlay and all electroniccomponents. PCB: 105 x 61nn Feconnended box UB5 use (HB6013 1.50.Short Circuits - Volume 1 This volume will teach you everything you need to get started in electronics andis suitable for ages 8+. We give you the option of buying the book on its own,or together with the accompanying kit that contains the components for each oflhe 20odd projecls described in lhe book. Sone of lhe exciling projecls includea Police Siren, Eleclronic Organ, Sound Effecls Unil, Lighl Chaser and nany,nany nore! The full colour 96 page book, is lavishly illuslraled wilh over 100drawings and diagrams. No prior knowledge of electronics is needed, projects are fun and safe to build. Short Circuits BookBJ3502 3.75Short Circuits Project KitKJ3504 12.50Short Circuits Book and Project KitKJ3502 14.50AGES8+An excellentway for newcomers to diptheir toes intothe wonders ofelectronics! KIT OF THE MONTHKC-5489 32.75 plus postage & packingHosl your own websile on a connonSD/C card wilh lhis conpaclveb server n a Box (vB.Connecting to the Internetvia your noden/rouler, ilfealures inbuill HTTP server,FTP server, STP enailclienl, dynanic DS clienl,FS232 serial porl, four digilal oulpulsand four analogue inpuls. Fequires a SD nenorycard, sone SD soldering and a 6 9VDC adaplor. Kil includes PCB, case and eleclronic conponenls PCB: 123 x 74nnFANTASTICStockingFillers Clifford The Cricket KitKC-5178 6.25 plus postage & packingClifford hides in the dark and chirps annoyingly untila lighl is lurned on jusl like a real crickel. Clifford iscrealed on a snall PCB, neasuring jusl 40 x 35nnand has cule lillle LED insecleyes that flash as it sings. Justlike a real cricket, it waits a fewseconds after darknessuntil it beginschirping, and stopsinstantly when a lightcomes back on. PCB, piezo buzzer, LDF plus all eleclroniccomponents supplied PCB: 40 x 35nnSFX KitsStarship Enterprise Door SoundEmulator Kit KC-5423 14.50 pluspostage & packingThis easy to build kitenulales lhe uniquesound of a cabin dooropening or closing onlhe SlarshipEnlerprise. The soundcan be triggered byswitch contacts oreven fitted toautomatic doors. Kil supplied wilh PCBwith overlay, speaker,case and all specifiedcomponents 912VDC regulaledKC-5424 8.50 plus postage & packingThis versatile kit will allow you to monitor thebattery voltage, the airflow meter or oxygen sensorin your car. The kil fealures 10 LEDs lhal illuninalein response lo lhe neasured vollage, presel 916V,0.5V or 01V ranges, conplele wilh a fasl responsetime, high input impedance andauto dimming for nighttime driving. Kit includesPCB wilh overlay, LEDbar graph and allelectronic components. 12VDC PCB: 74 x 47nnFealured in EPE Seplenber 2010DC Relay Switch KitKC-5434 6.25 plus postage & packingAn extremely useful and versatile kit that enablesyou lo use a liny lrigger currenl as low as400A al 12V lo swilch up lo 30A al50VDC. l has an isolaled inpul, and issuitable for a variety oftriggering options. The kitincludes PCB with overlayand all electroniccomponents with clearinstructions.Ultrasonic Antifouling Kit for BoatsKC-5498 90.50 plus postage & packingMarine growthelectronicantifoulingsystems cancostthousands.This projectuses thesameultrasonicwaveforms andvirtually identicalultrasonic transducersmounted in sturdypolyurethane housings. Bybuilding il yourself (which includes sone pollingyou save a forlune! Slandard unil consisls ofcontrol electronic kit and case, ultrasonictransducer, potting and gluing components andhousings. The single transducer design of this kit issuilable for boals up lo 10n (32fl, boals longerlhan aboul 14n will need lwo lransducers anddrivers. Basically all parts supplied in the project kitincluding wiring. (Price includes epoxies. 12VDC Suilable for power or sail Could be powered by a solar panel/wind generalor PCB: 73 x 104nnTop SellerTheremin Synthesiser Kit MkIIKC-5475 27.25 plus postage & packingThe everpopular Therenin is better than ever! From piercing shrieks to menacing growls, create your own eerie science fiction sound effects by simply moving your hand near the antenna. It's now easier lo build wilh PCBnounled switches and pots to reducewiring to just the hand plate, speaker and antenna andhas the addition of a skew control to vary the audio tonefrom distorted to clean. Conplele kil conlains PCB wilh overlay, prenachined case and all specified components PCB: 35 x 145nn Jaycar DEC 2011.indd 2 26/10/2011 09:25:48Frices Excude Vol @20.UK Corrioge 2.50 (ess lhon kg).50 greoler lhon kg or >30Cheques / Foslo orders poyobe loESR Eeclronic Componenls Lld.FLEASE ADD CARRlAGE & VAT TC ALL CRDERSwww.esr.co.okSIoIon RoodCollercooIsTyne & WeorNE00 4POTel:0191 2514060Fox:0191 2522296solesesr.co.okFrices Excude Vol @20.UK Corrioge 2.50 (ess lhon kg)).50 greoler lhon kg or >30g ( g (Cheques / Foslo orders poyobe log ggESR Eeclronic Componenls Lld.q pyFLEASE ADD CARRlAGE & VAT TC ALL CRDERSo.ok www.esr.cSIoIon RoodCollercooIsTyne & WeorNE00 4POTel:0191 2514060Fox:0191 2522296solesesr.co.okUKsNo 1 soorce for VELLEMANKIs07/Now Avoloble - Cebek Modoles$OOPRGXOHVDVVHPEOHGWHVWHGsSelf Assembly KIs & Reody modeModoles - See oor web sIe fordeIols on Ihe whole ronge,DoIo sheeIs, SofIwore ond more.www.esr.co.okDgIol Record]PloyerMon voolie losh memory, Singe 20sec recording vio inlegro mic, 2Woulpul lo 8: speoker.Fover. 5Vdc 00mAC-9701 Cebek Modole 7.B92 DgIol CoonIerSlondord counler, 0 lo lrominpulpusesorexlernosigno.Wilh resel inpul, 3.5mm Dispoys,Fover. 2Vdc 0mA.CD-9 Cebek Modole 12.991.BW Mono AmglferCompoclmono.8WRNS4:pover sloge, shorl circuil & re-versepoorilyproleclion.30-8kHz, Fover. 4-4Vdc50mAE-1 Cebek Modole 5.B720W 2 Chonnel AmglferNono ompilier vilh 2 chonnes (Lov &High lrequecy), 20W RNS 4: per chon-ne,od|uslobehigheve.22-22kHz,shorl circuil & reverse poorily proleclion.Fover. 8-8Vdc2AE-14 Cebek Modole 22.115W SIereo AmglferSlereo pover sloge vilh 5W RNS4: 30-8kHz, shorl circuil & re-verse poorily proleclion.Fover. -5Vdc500mAES-2 Cebek Modole 21.5412Vdc Power SogglySinge roi reguoled pover suppycompele vilh lronslormer. 30mAmox, ov rippe, 2Vdc vilh od|usl-menl.FE-100 Cebek Modole 10.161-1B0 Second TmerUniverso limer vilh reoy oulpul.Time slorl upon pover up or pushbullon. LED indicolion. 5A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 0mAl-1 Cebek Modole 12.92Cyclc TmerUniverso limer vilh reoy oulpul.Time slorl upon pover up or pushbullon. Cn & Cll limes 0.3-0 Sec-onds, LED indicolion. 5A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 80mAl-10 Cebek Modole 14.12LghI DeIecIorAd|uslobe ighl sensor operolingo reoy. Remole sensor & lermi-nos lor remole od|uslmenl pol.5A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 0mAl-4 Cebek Modole 10.9BBLgod Level DeIecIorA iquid eve operoled reoy. Re-mole sensor operoles reoy vhenin conlocl vilh o iquid. 5A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 0mAl-6 Cebek Modole 10.0BThermosIoIA lemerolure conlroed reoy. Ad-|uslobe belveen -0 lo 0C Sen-sor on remole FCB. Conneclor lorexlerno od|uslmenl pol. 5A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 0mAl-B Cebek Modole 12.B0SIorI ] SIog ReloySimpe push bullon conlro ol oreoy. Eilher or 2 bullon opero-lion 5A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 0mAl-9 Cebek Modole 12.B0-0AC MoIor ConIrollerA 230Voc 375W molor speed con-lro unil giving 33 lo 8 ol lupover.Fover. 230VocR-B Cebek Modole 12.14Keygod Access ConIrolAn eeclronic ock vilh up lo len 4digil codes. Nomenlory or limed (-0ec/-0min) oulpul. Reoy 5AFover. 2Vdc 00mA Keypod incud-ed.DA-00 Cebek Modole 54.26RF RemoIe ConIrol ReceverSinge chonne RF receiver vilh reoyoulpul. Aulo or monuo code selup.Nomenlory oulpul, 3A reoyFover. 2Vdc 0mA For use vilh TL-5or TL- lronsmillers.TL-1 Cebek Modole2B.25 TRF RemoIe ConIrol TronsmIIerSinge chonne RF keylob lronsmillervilh over 3,22 combinolions. Cerli-lied rodio lrequency 433.2NHz.Fover. 2Vdc 2mA (inc) For use vilhTL-,2,3,4 receivers.TL-5 Cebek Modole14.64DgIol Echo Chomber KIAcompoclsoundelleclskil,vilhbuil-inmicorinein,ineoulorspeoker (500mW). 4 Ad|uslmenl con-lrosFover. Vdc 50mAMK1B2 Vellemon kI 11.400rd Broke LghI Flosher KIWorks vilh ony incondescenl or LEDreor cenlre broke ighl. Foshes ol7Hz lor5 or 0 limes, od|uslobe re-lriggering.Fover. 2Vdc mox ood 4AMK17B Vellemon kI 6.00DgIol Clock Mn KIRed 7 Segmenl dispoy in ollrocliveencosure, oulomolic lime bose seec-lion,bollerybock-up,2or24Hrmodes.Fover. Voc or dcMK151 Vellemon kI 15.09ProxmIy Cord Reoder KIA simpe securily kil vilh mony oppi-colions. RFlD lechnoogy oclivoles oreoy, eilher on/oll or limed. Suppiedvilh 2 cords, con be used vilh up lo 25cords. Fover. Voc or dcMK179 Vellemon kI 14.25Ronnng Mcrobog KIFovered by lvo subminiolure mo-lors, lhis robol vi run lovordsony ighl source. Move shope FCBvilh LED eyes.Fover. 2 x AAA BolleriesMK127 Vellemon kI 9.02200W Power AmglferA high quoily oudio pover omp,200v music pover @ 4: 3-200kHzAvoiobe os o kil vilhoul heolsinkor modue incuding heolsink.KB060 Vellemon kI 12.B5NeoIsnk for kI9.95VM100 Modole 0B.54MP0 Ployer KIFoys NF3 lies lrom on SD cord,supporls lD3 log vhich con be dis-poyed on opliono LCD. Line&heodphone oulpul. Remole conlroodd-on. Fover. 2Vdc 00mAKB095 Vellemon kI09.99DC Io Polse wdIh ModoloIorA hondy kil lo occuroley conlro DCmolors elc.Cverood & shorl circuilproleclion. lnpul vologe2.5-35Vdc,Nox oulpul .5A.Fover. 8-35VdcKB004 Vellemon kI9.95DAmpNpFKAodo Anolyser KIA smo speclrum onoyser vilh LCD.Suilobe lor use on 2, 4 or 8: sys-lems.300mWlo200W(2:)20-20kHz Fone mounling, bock-il dis-poy. Fover. 2Vdc 75mAKB09B Vellemon kI01.65D.USB DMX lnIerfoce52 DNX Chonnes conlroed by FCvio USB. Sollvore & cose incuded.Avoiobe os o kil or reody ossem-bed modue.KB062 Vellemon kI47.90VM116 Modole67.15USB lnIerfoce BoordFeoluring 5 in, 8 digilo oulpuls, 2 in& 2 onoogue oulpuls. Suppied vilhsollvore. Avoiobe os o kil or reodyossembed modue.KB055 Vellemon kI24.B0VM110 Modole04.90nhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyB Chonnel USB Reloy BoordFC Conlroed A reoys vilh log-ge, momenlory or limed oclion. Teslbullons incuded, ovoiobe in o kilor ossembed.KB090 Vellemon kI09.95VMB090 Modole5B.40MolIfoncIon Ug]Down CoonIerAn up or dovn counler vio on-boordbullon or exl inpul. Time dispoy leo-lure. Aorm counl oulpul. 0- dis-poy.Fover. -2Vdc 50mAKB005 Vellemon kI17.B5Nxe Clock KIGos lied nixie lubes vilh lheir dis-linclive oronge gov. HH.NN dis-poy, oulomolic pover sync 50/0HzFover. -2Voc 300mAKB099 Vellemon kI64.96Mn USB lnIerfoce BoordMev lrom Veemon lhis ille inler-loce modue vilh 5 inpuls/oulpulsinc digilo & onoogue in, FWNoulpuls. USB Fovered 50mA, Soll-vore suppiedVM167 Modole 26.B0ThermosIoI Mn KIGenero purpose ov cosl lhermoslolkil. +5 lo +30C Eosiy modilied lem-perolure ronge/min/mox/hysleresis3A ReoyFover. 2Vdc 00mAMK10B Vellemon KI4.55l5Vellemon FoncIon GeneroIorFCBosedUSBconlroed luncliongenerolor. 0.0Hzlo2NhzFre-delined & vovelorm edilor. Sollvoresuppied. See veb sile lor lu leolureisl.PCGU1000 Vellemon 11B.0BVellemon PC ScogeFC Bosed USB conlroed 2 chonne0Nhzoscioscopevilhspeclrumonoyser&Tronsienlrecorder. 2Scope probes & sollvore incuded.See veb sile lor lu leolure isl.PCSU1000 Vellemon 249.00Vellemon PC Scoge]GeneroIorFC Bosed USB conlroed 2 chonneoscioscope AMD Funclion genero-lor. Sollvore incuded. See veb silelor lu leolure isl.PCSGU250 Vellemon 110.67ComgonenIs Nordwore SolderngPCB EgogmenISwIchesConnecIorsTesI EgogmenIPower Soggles Enclosores ReloysTronsformers MoIorsESR - JULY2011 - Copy.indd 1 25/05/2011 14:53:24Editorial Ofces:EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS EDITORIAL Wimborne Publishing Ltd., 113 Lynwood Drive, Merley, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 1UUPhone: (01202) 880299. Fax: (01202) 843233.Email: enquiries@wimborne.co.ukWebsite: www.epemag.comSee notes on Readers Technical Enquiries below we regret technical enquiries cannot be answered over the telephone.Advertisement Ofces:Everyday Practical Electronics Advertisements113 Lynwood Drive, Merley, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 1UUPhone: 01202 880299 Fax: 01202 843233Email: stewart.kearn@wimborne.co.ukEditor: MATT PULZERConsulting Editor: DAVID BARRINGTONSubscriptions: MARILYN GOLDBERGGeneral Manager: FAY KEARNGraphic Design: RYAN HAWKINSEditorial/Admin: (01202) 880299Advertising and Business Manager: STEWART KEARN (01202) 880299On-line Editor: ALAN WINSTANLEYEPE Online(Internet version) Editors:CLIVE (Max) MAXFIELD and ALVIN BROWNPublisher:MIKE KENWARDREADERS TECHNICAL ENQUIRIESEmail: techdept@wimborne.co.ukWe are unable to offer any advice on the use, purchase, repair or modication of commercial equipment or the incorporationormodicationofdesignspublished inthemagazine.Weregretthatwecannotprovide data or answer queries on articles or projects that are more than ve years old. Letters requiring a personal replymustbeaccompaniedbyastampedself-addressed envelope or a self-addressed envelope and international reply coupons. We are not able to answer technical queries on the phone.PROJECTS AND CIRCUITSAllreasonableprecautionsaretakentoensurethat the advice and data given to readers is reliable. We cannot, however, guarantee it and we cannot accept legal responsibility for it.Anumberofprojectsandcircuitspublishedin EPE employ voltages that can be lethal. You should not build, test, modify or renovate any item of mains-powered equipment unless you fully understand the safety aspects involved and you use an RCD adaptor.COMPONENT SUPPLIESWedonotsupplyelectroniccomponentsorkitsfor building the projects featured, these can be supplied by advertisers.We advise readers to check that all parts are still available before commencing any project in a back-dated issue.ADVERTISEMENTSAlthoughtheproprietorsandstaffofEVERYDAY PRACTICALELECTRONICStakereasonable precautionstoprotecttheinterestsofreadersby ensuring as far as practicable that advertisements are bona de, the magazine and its publishers cannot give any undertakings in respect of statements or claims made by advertisers, whether these advertisements are printed as part of the magazine, or in inserts.The Publishers regret that under no circumstances willthemagazineacceptliabilityfornon-receiptof goodsordered,orforlatedelivery,orforfaultsin manufacture.TRANSMITTERS/BUGS/TELEPHONEEQUIPMENTWeadvisereadersthatcertainitemsofradio transmittingandtelephoneequipmentwhichmay be advertised in our pages cannot be legally used in the UK. Readers should check the law before buying anytransmittingortelephoneequipment,asane, conscationofequipmentand/orimprisonmentcan result from illegal use or ownership. The laws vary from country to country; readers should check local laws.E DI TORI ALLooking ahead to 2012Well, its that funny time of year (the beginning of October as I write this) when the publishing year changes and I start to look to 2012, even though we have the best part of three months left to run in 2011. I have spent the last few days drawing up lists of articles, calculating pagination and iunnIng oiuoi, unu gonoiuIIy vonuoiIng lov vo vIII Il Il uII In.So, the obvious question is what do we have to look forward to next year?The answer is, a lot! There is a really exciting collection of projects queuing up to appear in EPE. I dont want to spoil the fun by revealing all the goodies that will come your way, but a small taster does no harm. Still, as they say when announcing football results, if you dont want to know look away now.We have some great bench gear for you to build. For example, there will be a super-accurate thermometer; probes and adaptors to extend the use and functionality of your digital multimeter; and a 16-bit digital potentiometer.Audio is never far from the heart of EPE, and you wont be disappointed with next years offering. From a high performance microphone ioumIIIoi unu comucl 2uW sloioo um lo u IunluslIcuIIy loxIhIo sIgnuI gonoiuloi, lloio vIII ho Ionly lo loo lI-I onllusIusls husy. DAB iuuIo will make an appearance too, with a satisfying three-part project.Tlon lloio uio llo iojocls llul uon`l iouIIy Il Inlo uny culogoiy, hul vlIcl uio novoilloIoss Iun unu usoIuI: un RIID socuiIly syslom; un air quality meter to check CO and CO2 levels; and a boat ultrasonic unlIIouIIng unIl Ioi llo muiInois oul lloio. Tlo youi vIII InIsl oII vIll a superb and very original project in the shape of a digital Christmas lighting controller that will give your decorations an amazing blast of colourful fun.All this and much more will be in the 12 bumper issues of next years EPE dont miss out, take out a subscription now, and save money!7VOL. 40No. 12 DECEMBER 2011EPE Editorial_100144WP.indd 7 24/10/2011 12:27:35A roundup of the latest Everyday News from the world of electronicsNEWS8 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Magnet prices repel speaker manufacturers by Barry FoxThepriceofrareearthmagnetic material neodymium has rocketed overrecentmonthsbyasmuch as1000%.Themakersofcompact soulois,lIglIuoIIlylvoolois, microphones,mobilephonesand hybrid vehicle motors must either pay u oi liy lo iouosIgn Ioi Ioss oIIcIonl magnets.Neodymiumisnotaparticularly iuio 'iuio ouill`, unu Is lnovn lo oxIsl in Australia, Africa, Russia, under the sou oII Juun unu In sovoiuI vosloin IS states.Butenvironmentalconcerns, suclusloxIcvuslovuloiiunnIng offfromtheminingprocess,hasleft ClInu llo onIy counliy vIll noouymI-um mInos vIIIIng lo iIsl uhIIc louIll for high cash returns.As u iosuIl, noouymIum Is nov uImosl oxcIusIvoIymInouInClInu,unuIusl youi llo counliy Imosou un unoIIcIuI oxoil omhuigo, iuIsou luxos Iiom Ioss than50centsperkilogramto$8per lIIogium oI ioInou iouucl. Il uIso un-nouncou llul Il vouIu nol uiovo nov mining projects until after 2015.WlonnoouymIumvusuIIoiuuhIo, designersuseditliberally,building mounls unu cuhInols llul vIII nol voil vIll Ioss oIIcIonl unu llus Iuigoi mug-nets made from ferrite, ceramics or alni-co (aluminium, nickel and cobalt alloy). TlioonovoscIIIoscoosInllo PIcoScoo 2uuu SoiIos uio llo Iisl ISB-ovoiou oscIIIoscoos lo oIIoi u iouI-lImo sumIIng iulo oI 1GSls. WIll lvoclunnoIs,hunuvIullsiungIng from50MHzto200MHz,abuilt-in IunclIon gonoiuloi, uihIliuiy vuvoIoim gonoiuloiunuoxloinuIliIggoiInul, these compact and economical scopes areperfectforhobbyistsneedinga complete test bench in a single unit.ThescoosuiosuIIouvIlluIuII voisIonoIlloPIcoScoooscIIIoscoo New from Picoferrite,becausesizeisnotcritical. Tlul`svlulvoluvouonounuIl`s vlulmoslcomunIosnovluvolo uo. Bul you cun`l mulo lvoolois IIlo ouiInI-QoInlsouicouiIvoiui-iuyvIlloulnoouymIum.Tlomulo-iIuI Is lon lImos moio ovoiIuI llun conventionalmagneticmaterials. Tlul`svluluIIovouusloongInooi ulvooloismuIIonougllomounlul theacousticcentreofbassormid-range voice coils so that both act as one.'NoouymIum vus llo iouson Ioi llo InI-Q,sovovIIIjuslluvolouy vlulovoi Il cosls lo uso Il. Tlo suvIng grace is that some of the speakers that uso InI-Q uiIvois cosl 26,uuu ouios u pair, so the cost of the magnet is only a fraction of the price. Our sister company Celestion is af-fectedmorebecauseitconcentrates onmakingdrivers.Beforelong,ev-oiyono vIII luvo clungou iouuclIon lo uvoIu noouymIum oxcol Ioi uo-sIgns vloio sIzo Is suoi ciIlIcuI.`So, uIllougl In llo sloil loim Wosl-ernconcernfortheenvironmentis ouinIngClInulugoiovuius,Inllo longer term, Chinas predatory pric-Ing Iools IIloIy lo huclIio, hocuuso munuIucluioisvIIIInuuIloinulIvo materials and designs.Auil Iiom sIzo unu voIgll vlIcl Is an important issue for car components Iossoi mugnols vIII nol socuio u giIIIo designed for neodymium.BritishloudspeakercompanyKEFis novovnouhyClInosoInvoslois,hul thisdoesnotshieldthemfromneo-dymium magnet price hikes and short-ugos.'Il`sllosumoIoiovoiyono`,MD SlovoHuIsuIIoxIuInouuluIunclIn LondoncalledtocelebrateKEFs50th anniversary. The only difference is that vo couIu sol llo Issuo ouiIIoi.`Youcandesignneodymiumout ofmidandbassdrivers,anduse soIlvuio.AsvoIIusslunuuiuoscIIIo-scope and spectrum analyser functions, PIcoScooIncIuuosvuIuuhIoIouluios such as serial decoding, mask limit test-ing, segmented memory and advanced liIggois.IliovIuosuIuigo,cIouiuIs-IuyllulslovsvuvoIoimsIngioul uoluIIunuuIIovsousyzoomIngunu panning. Other features include maths channels, automatic measurements and uocouIng oI I2C, IARTlRS282, SPI unu CAN bus data.TlonovscoosusouIgIluIliIggoi-Ing, vlIcl onsuios Iovoi jIlloi, giouloi accuracyandhigherresolutionthan theanaloguetriggersfoundonmany otherscopes.Theadvancedtrigger lyosIncIuuouIsovIull,InloivuI, vInuov,vInuovuIsovIull,IovoI uiooul, vInuov uiooul, iunl uIso, variable hysteresis, and logic.AIioosoIlvuiouovoIomonllIluI-IovsusoisconlioIIiomcustomap-IIculIons. IncIuuou uio oxumIo io-giums In C, C++, LxcoI unu LuhVILW.PiIcosiungoIiomL84uIoillo uMHzPIcoScoo22u6loLuuIoi llo 2uuMHz PIcoScoo 22u8, IncIuu-Ing u Ivo-youi vuiiunly. Ioi moio uo-tails, see: www.picotech.comNews Dec 2011.indd 8 26/10/2011 09:30:08Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 9populationofChina.Hadtodays 2ndgenIntelCoreprocessor(ac-tual size: 216mm2) been manufac-tured in the historic 10m process technology,itwouldbe21m2,or roughly 7m 3m.TheIntel4004microprocessorran at740kHz(thecurrent2ndgen-erationofIntelCoreprocessors achieves almost 4GHz. If the veloc-ityofspeedboatshadincreasedat the same pace since 1971, it would takeaboutonesecondtogofrom London to New York, assuming the boatspeedin1971was60miles/hour and the distance between Lon-don and New York is 3000 miles.ComuiouloInloI`sIislmIcio-processor,the4004,Intelscurrent 32nmCPUrunsalmost5000times faster and each transistor uses about 5000 times less energy. In the same period, the price of a transistor has dropped by a factor of about 50,000.TheoriginaltransistorbuiltbyBell Labs in 1947 was large enough that itwaspiecedtogetherbyhand.By contrast, more than 6 million 22nm liI-guloliunsIsloiscouIuIlInllo full stop at the end of this sentence.Happy 40th to Intels 4004 microprocessorThismonthsees averyspecial 40thbirthdayfor allinvolvedin electronics.On15 November1971, Intelcreatedthe Iislcuslomoi- p r o g r a mma b l e microprocessor,the Intel 4004.Itwasoriginally conceivedasa sof t ware- def i ned alternativetoafull customchipsetfora businesscalculator, hullloloxIhIIIly ofthe4004meant thatotheruseswere quicklyfoundforit, anditbecamethe brainsforavarietyofproducts,from gusumsloliuIIcIIgllconlioIIois. Sincethen,multiplegenerationsof Intelmicroprocessorshavefollowed, including the Intel 8086 microprocessor In 1u78, vlIcl ovoiou llo Iisl IBM Personal Computer and quite literally changed the world.MIcioiocossoisluvohoononooI llo IouuIng honoIcIuiIos oI 'Mooio`s Law,wherebythenumberoftran-sIsloisllulcunhoIucouInoxon-sivelyonagivenareaofsiliconreal estatedoubleseverycoupleofyears. Thisseemsespeciallyappropriate formicroprocessors,sinceGordon Mooio, vlo ioosou llo 'Iuv` vus u co-founder of Intel in 1968. TocoIohiulollIsoxliuoiuInuiy giovll In mIcioiocossoi comIoxIly andpower,Intelhavereleasedsome 'Iun Iucls`.ComuiIngllosoouoIlloIisl microprocessorstransistorwith thelatestgenerationtransistors,is like comparing the speed of a snail (5m/h) with the speed of the Kenyan iunnoiPuliIclMuluuMusyolIIn hisrecord-breakingmarathonrun (42,195metersat2:03:38hoursor an average of 20.6km/h).Today,theaverageannualenergy costtopoweramodernlaptopis about22.Iftheenergyconsump-tion had remained unchanged since 1971,todayslaptopswouldcon-sume4000timesmoreenergyand cost about 90,000 per year.Thedieofthe4004processor consistedof2300transistors.The current 2nd gen Intel Core i7 pro-cessor has almost one billion tran-sistors. This is like comparing the population of a large village to the EasyPICingsThe successor to mikroElektronikas major development board for PIC microcontrollers has been released the EasyPIC v7.Ioi llo Iisl lImo In LusyPIC`s noui 10-yearhistory,EasyPICv7has groupedPORTheaders,LEDsand Buttons in Input-Output groups, thus makingthemeasiertousethanever before. The boards are equipped with tri-state DIP switches, so placing pull-uporpull-downjumperstodesired pinsisnowjustamatterofpushing the switch.Thenewboardhasadualpower supply,supportingboth3.3Vand5V microcontrollers.Probably the best feature of the board isthepowerfulon-boardmikroProg programmerandIn-Circuitdebugger, capable of programming over 250 PIC microcontrollers.Debuggingissup-portedwithallmikroElektronikaPIC compilersmikroC,mikroBasicand mikroPascal.Aspecialfeatureisthethreedis-Iuys: GLCD 128x64, LCD 2x16 clui-acter and 4-digit 7-seg displays. Other usefuldetailsincludenewmodules for:soiIuILLPROM,uIozohuzzoi andsupportforbothDS1820,and LM8 lomoiuluio sonsois.Last,butbynomeansleast,the EasyPICv7usermanualsandsche-maticshavebeenredesigned.Docu-mentationisnowmoreinformative, vIll Iols oI cIoui lolos, goou oxIu-nationsandwellthoughtorganisa-lIon. Ioi moio InIoimulIon, soo: www.mikroe.com/eng/products/view/757/easypic-v7-development-systemmikroElektronika: apologies to read-ers of EPE magazineIn the November edition of EPE, mikro-Elektronika advertised the new EasyP-ICv7board.Unfortunately,theadver-tisement included an incorrect price for the board. Instead of $139, as stated in thead,thepriceoftheboardis$149. We are very sorry for this mistake, and apologise to everyone affected.We will continue to provide only the highestqualityproductsandservices withthecorrectinformation,asal-ways mikroElektronikaThe Intel 4004, the hrst-ever user-programmable microprocessorNew low pressure sensorsSensirionhaslaunchedtwo newversionsofitsdifferential pressuresensorsintheSDP600 soiIos.NovsonsoisSDP6xu-12Pu unuSDP6xu-2PuIouluiovoiyIov measurementrangesof125to +12Puunu2lo+2Pu.Ioimoio data see: www.sensirion.com/sdp6x0 2na generation Intel Core i7 processor (32nm)News Dec 2011.indd 9 26/10/2011 09:30:2110 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional ProjectEVERYONE knows that web servers normallyinvolvebig,expensive, powerful computers with large memory, largeharddisksandexoticsoftware, dont they? Well, that is the normal ap-proach, but now it doesnt have to be. In fact, you dont even need a computer!WWere very excited about this project. It will let you house your own website with possibly hundreds or even thousands of pages, all in a little box connected to the Internet via your modem/router. You dont need a computer to operate and house a website this little box does it for you, and it can be accessed from anywhere in the world, at any time, even from a mobile phone which has a web browser. In fact, it is a complete web server in a box so weve called it WIB (Web server In a Box).WIBcandoitall.Evenbetter, itdoesnothaveaharddisk,uses practicallynopowerandcostsnot muchatall.WIBisjustasmallPC board(single-sided,noless)witha microcontroller,anSD/MMCcard reader and not much else. In fact, it involves a total of just three ICs and a 3-terminal regulator.Why have a memory card? This is the Eureka! feature: SD/MMC cards areusedinthemajorityofdigital camerasandtheycanpackahuge amount of memory for very little cash; Monitorandloguptofouranalogueinputsandcontrolfour digitaloutputsfromaremotelocationusingawebbrowserWebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 10 24/10/2011 12:18:58Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 11Constructional ProjectWeb server In a BoxPart 1: By MAURO GRASSIyou could take the conventional web server approach, as outlined above. Or you could do it with our WIB.Infact,theapplicationsareun-limited.Thinkofanapplication involvingawebsiteandWIBcan probably do it. For example, do you have a small business, perhaps sell-inggoodsviatheInternet?Maybe WIB could house your website. Were suretherearelotsofapplications thathavejustbeenwaitingforthis simple hardware solution.Itonlyrequiresamodemoramo-dem/router to connect it to the Internet. And while it and the modem will need to be hooked up permanently, its energy USE RATES AS EA POWER COMPARED TOadesktopcomputerorevenalaptop when permanently powered up.Furthermore,WIBcanmonitorthe temperatureoranyotherparameter (just connect a suitable sensor) and it can also be used to control four digital outputs and an RS232 serial port.Down to earthOK, well come clean. While we are very excited about this project, it didnt start out with such ambitious targets. The orig-inal intention was to produce a simple project which could monitor temperature or any other parameter in a home or re-mote location and display the resultant data on a website. At the same time, it could control a few outputs perhaps switch on a heater or air-conditioner, or a few other prosaic functions.Butthenwehadtheideaofusing an SD/MMC memory card to store the WEmVESEENTHEMFORASLITTLEASAVERfor eight gigs, and theyre going down in price all the time! So, for not a lot moremoney,WIBcanuseanSD/MMC memory card which can be 16 or even 32 gigabytes and that means it can store many thousands of pages of data, pictures or whatever, and all of these can be accessed as a website via the Internet.Want to change the content? Well, you could upload new data remotely via the Internet or you could simply whip out the SD card, plug it into your computer andawayyougo.Oryoucouldhave several such SD cards, all with different web formats, presentations or whatever.Maybeyouwouldliketohavea large picture library or whatever, ac-cessibleviatheInternet.Ofcourse, WI B WI BWebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 11 24/10/2011 12:19:0512 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional Projectdataandwebsite.Anditjustgrew from there. Having thought of the memory card asthebulkmemoryfortheproject andrealisingjusthowcheapitwas, thepotentialusesseemedtogrow enormously. We are sure readers will come up with a host of different uses.Letsalsoberealistic.Weneedto describe how this WIB project works, howitconnectstotheInternetand all the necessary know-how that this requires. There is a lot of jargon to be digestedandunderstood,butwhen voluvoInIslouuosciIhIngWIBIn considerabledetail,wearesurethat you will see the potential.Great opportunityWIB presents a great learning opportu-nity for anyone interested in creating a personal website it will be great for schools, too. For example, it could be teamed up with a weather station. You would be able to access it at any time via a mobile phone with a web browser.WIB is not the complete server solu-tion it lacks some features like server side scripting and encryption, for ex-ample, although for most applications, this wont be a problem.Its main advantage is that it is con-siderably simpler, cheaper and easier toset-upthanamorepowerfulweb server. In fact, if you have already gone through the set-up procedure for con-necting a broadband modem to your computer, then this project should not be any more challenging.Remote monitoringInmostbasicapplications,WIBlets you monitor up to four analogue inputs and control up to four digital outputs, as well as an RS-232 serial port.WIB not only features an inbuilt web server,butincludesinbuiltFTPand an email (SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol)) client as well. We will ex-plain these terms as we go through.The email client is used by the WIB to send emails to a nominated email address via an email server. Most ISPs (Internetserviceproviders)provide an outgoing email server that the WIB can connect to, in order to send email.Tlo ITP (IIo liunsIoi iolocoI) soiv-oi uIIovs you lo sloio unu ioliIovo IIos from a remote location, and also allows you to manage your website remotely. In addition, you can use it to back-up IIos oII-sIlo oi liunsIoi IIos (holl loxl and images) to a remote location (eg, Iiom llo oIIco lo lomo).The memory card can actually be an MMC, SD or SDHC card (up to 32GB). Thewebsitecanincludedynamic content thats constantly updated with datafromthefouranalogueinputs, and WIB can perform data logging of the inputs (as in a weather station) and suvo llIs InIoimulIon lo u IIo. Theloggeddatacanthenbeac-cessed either via the inbuilt FTP server or it can be automatically emailed to youatregularintervals.Justthink you will get emails from WIB mind-boggling! The emails will be sent from the SMTP client within the WIB.In practice, you can set the logging period (ie, how frequently the values are logged) and how many entries to loo In llo Iog IIo. Wlon llIs numhoi Isoxcoouou,lloIogIIoIsuulomulI-cally emailed to you and then cleared, ready for the next cycle. In this way, you couIu luvo uuIIy iooils oI luc-tuationsintemperatureorwhatever emailed to your inbox.TheWIBalsoallowsalimittobe setonavariablebeingmonitored, andcannotifyyouviaemailwhen thevariableexceedsthislimit.For example, you can set it to email you if the temperature rises above a preset level, so that you immediately know there is a problem.Digital outputsAs stated earlier, you can also control fourdigitaloutputsandtheserial RS-232portusingyourbrowser(eg, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Op-era, Safari, or Google Chrome). These outputscanthenbeusedtocontrol external devices, either directly or via an interface board.Its just a matter of toggling the dig-ital outputs high or low by clicking on the Toggle buttons see Fig.1.Network timeAnotherfeatureofWIBisanSNTP (simplenetworktimeprotocol)cli-ent, which allows the correct time to begatheredautomaticallyfromthe Internet. This time is used for logging purposes and can also be displayed in a dynamic web page.A dynamic DNS (domain name sys-tem) client is also included. Domain Name refers to any website name (such as epemag.com.). DNS enables the unit to keep track of its public IP (Internet protocol)addressandnotifyaDDNS (dynamic domain name system) service if this address changes. By using this Fig.!: WIB's hnmo pugo lots ynu cnnguro tho vurinus Iunctinns, including tho notwnrk, lngging,omuilundFTPsottings.Itulsnullnwsynutnroudthounulnguoinputs(it's shnwing u tomporuturo rouding nI 27.4C horo} und tngglo tho digitul nutputs. Ynu cun ulsn sond dutu strings tn tho soriul pnrt.WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 12 26/10/2011 12:52:06Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 13Constructional Projectservice if this address changes. By us-ing this service, you can log into the web server using a domain name rather thanitsIPaddress(anIPaddressis numerical and all devices connected to the Internet, such as your modem, have an IP address).This is necessary, because the public IP address can change if your modem is turned off for some time, so you might not always know what it is.Access and EthernetAniceaspectofthisdesignisthatit ImIomonlssImIoIIooimIssIons through HTTP (hypertext transfer pro-tocol) authentication. This means that you can set a user name and password to access the whole website or just certain pages.Youcanalsorestrictaccessto coiluIn IIos, husou on llo IIo oxlonsIons. IInuIIy,lloWIBIslIglIyconIg-urable and can be set up to work with almost any Ethernet network. Did we mentionEthernet?Thisreferstothe Ethernet cable and connectors on the backofyourmodem.Ethernetisa standard which is used to transmit data over a local network (for example, in an oIIco) oi lo llo Inloinol vIu u mouom.We will also be providing the source code for a website, so that you can eas-ily modify the web servers settings if necessary, to suit your requirements.Circuit detailsRefernowtoFig.2forthecomplete circuitdetailsoftheWIB.Itsbased onadsPIC33FJ64GP802microcon-troller (IC1) and an ENC28J60 Ethernet controller (IC2), both from Microchip.TheEthernetcontroller(IC2)pro-videstheEthernetlink,including MAC (media access control) and the 10BaseTPHY(thismeansitrunsat 10Mbits/second). It has 8KB transmit andreceivedualportRAMbuffers, hardware-assisted CRC (cyclic redun-dancycheckforerrorchecking), automatic retransmit on collision (in case messages collide) and program-muhIo uclol (hIocls oI uulu) IIloiIng.AlthoughMicrochipmakesmi-crocontrollerswithin-builtEthernet controllers,theseareonlyavailable as surface-mount devices (SMDs). We wanted to avoid SMDs as far as pos-sIhIo, so vo luvo socIIou un oxloinuI controller(IC2)whichcomesina conventional DIL package, as does the socIIou PIC mIcioconlioIIoi (IC1).TheonlySMDchipusedinthe wholeprojectisthe8-pinMACad-dresschip(IC3),whichcomesinan SOICpackage.AndwhileIC2does includeMAC,westillneedIC3for providingtheuniqueMACaddress; more on this below.Inoperation,themicrocontroller (IC1) communicates with the Ethernet controller via an SPI (serial peripheral interface)bus.ThisSPIbusisalso sharedwiththeMACaddresschip (IC3) and the memory card, which is accessed in SPI mode.SPIcommunicationrequiresfour lines,andtheseare:CS(chipselect active low), SO (serial data output), SI (serial data input) and SCK (serial clock). You can share the bus among multipledevicesbyhavingmultiple CS lines and ensuring that only one of these lines is active at any one time.In this case, we use three CS lines: one for the Ethernet controller (RB8 of IC1), one for the memory card (RB2 of IC1) and one for the MAC address chip (RB6 of IC1). These are all controlled by the SPI master (IC1).MAC address chipThe25AA02E48MACaddresschip (IC3) is a 256-byte EEPROM with an SPI interface. Its main feature is that its last six bytes (bytes with addresses 0xFAto0xFF)containaunique,li-censed MAC address.AnEthernetdevicemusthavea unique MAC address in order to com-municate in a network. By using this chip,weareensuringthattheMAC address for the web server is globally unique. These chips are intended for use in designs with small production runs, and save on the cost of licensing arangeofMACaddressesfromthe relevant authority (IEEE).Notethatitisquitepossibleto overwritethepre-programmedMAC address(itisanEEPROMchipafter all).However,thechiphasawrite protectfeaturethatcanbeenabled on a 64-byte block basis, and the last such block, which contains the MAC address, is protected by default.In any case, the current version of lloIimvuiouoosnolviIlolollo EEPROM and only reads from it. Pin 3 (WP) is the write protect pin and this prevents writing to the EEPROM when low. In our case, however, it has been tiedhightoallowittobewrittento II lloio Is u Iuluio Iimvuio ugiuuo.Pin 7 (HLD) is the hold pin, and this pausestheSPIinterfacelogicinside IC3ifitislow.Thisfeatureisused in SPI bus sharing situations but has Main features

Highly customisable most settings, including IP address, port numbers and servers can be arbitrarily set

MMC/SD/SDHC memory card for storage of web pages and other files (FAT/FAT32 file system)

HTTP (web) server with changeable file permissions, dynamic pages, modified CGI commands and HTTP basic authentication

SMTP (email) client for automatic email notifications with dynamic content.

FTP (le transfer protocol) server for uploading website

Dynamic DNS client (DDNS) to allow server to be contacted using a hostname

Network time (SNTP) client to gather Internet time for logging

Four analogue inputs these can be: (a) monitored remotely using a web browser; (b) logged with periodic log files automatically emailed to a chosen email address; (c) assigned set limits, with automatic email notification when limits are exceeded

Four digital outputs for controlling devices over the Internet

12 user-dened le extensions, file permissions and file content for the HTTP server

A serial port output thats controllable via the Internet

System logging of special events.WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 13 24/10/2011 12:19:1914 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional Projectbeen disabled here by tying pin 7 high. Inslouu, vo ioIy on llo Iimvuio In IC1 to provide proper arbitration between the three SPI devices.Ethernet controllerTlo Llloinol conlioIIoi clI (IC2) io-vides the physical and data link layer oI llo nolvoil. As uIiouuy monlIonou, IlIsu1uBusoTPHY(lysIcuIIuyoi) iunnIng ul 1uMhIlsls unu llo uulu Is liunsmIllouonlvIslou-uIicooi cuhIos loimInulou In un RJ4 connocloi (llo Llloinol soclol).PIC mIcioconlioIIoi IC1 viIlos lo llo Ethernetcontrollersregistersviathe SPI hus, vlIcl iuns ul 8MHz. Llloinol liunsmIssIons occui hy Munclosloi on-couIng on llo T+ (In 17) unu T (In 16) Ins oI IC2 vIu lvo 1 resistors. Theresistorvaluesarechosentobe cIosoonougllomulclllocluiucloi-IslIcImouuncooIllo1uBusoT(Lll-oinol) cuhIo, vlIcl Is 1uu. SImIIuiIy, iocolIon occuis on llo R+ (In 18) unu R (In 12) Ins oI IC2.TloLlloinolconlioIIoi(IC2)io-quIiossomoussIvocomononlslo comIolo llo lysIcuI Llloinol IInl (Io,loliunsmIlunuiocoIvouulu), IncIuuInglvoliunsIoimois.Tloso liunsIoimois, Ius Ioui 7 resistors unuu1nIcuucIloi,uiouIIuiloI RJ4connocloiCON2unuiovIuo oIocliIcuI IsoIulIon Iiom llo nolvoil. In uuuIlIon, llo RJ4 connocloi con-tainstwoLEDs,onegreenandthe other yellow.According to the datasheet for the LNC28J6u (IC2), u 2.82l iosIsloi Iiom In14(RBIAS)logiounuIsioquIiou losolllosIgnuIumIIluuoonllo liunsmIllInguIi.TlIsIsmuuou usIngsoiIos2lunu88uresistors lo gIvo 2.88l, which is near enough. IC2 uIso ioquIios u 2MHz ciysluI lo operatecorrectly,andthis,together vIll Ils lvo 88I IouuIng cuucIlois, Is connoclou lo Ins 28 unu 24.OululsLLDAunuLLDBoIIC2 uiIvo llo lvo LLDs In llo RJ4 con-nocloi. Tloso oululs cun ho conIg-uiou(usInglloiogIsloisInIC2)lo light the connector LEDs under vari-ous conditions. In this case, we have closon lo uiIvo llo LLDs lo conIoim totheusualconvention,withthe green LED indicating a valid Ethernet linkandtheyellowLEDindicating data activity.Tlo iomuInIng IIno lo IC2 Is llo RSTIIno (In 1u). TlIs Is llo iosol IIno, unu Is uiIvon hy llo RB7 (In 16) oulul oI llo mIcioconlioIIoi. Il sImIy iosols the internal logic of the Ethernet con-lioIIoi (IC2) vlon ioquIiou.Nolo llul lloio uio lvo olloi IInos on IC2 vlIcl uio unusou: CKO unu INT.CKO (In 8) Is u cIocl oul IIno, unu this delivers a square-wave whose fre-quoncy Is ioIulou lo IC2`s syslom cIocl (In luin uoiIvou Iiom llo 2MHz ciys-luI). TlIs Iioquoncy cun ho conIguiou vIuIC2`siogIslois(Ilcunhousoulo iovIuo llo cIocl Ioi u mIcioconlioIIoi Ioi oxumIo) hul Is nol usou loio, us Reading and writing data to the memory cardTO TRANSFER files from a PC to the memory card, you may need alow-costSD/SDHC/MMC-card reader. The one shown at left is avail-able from Jaycar (Cat No: XC-4756), while the unit at right reads all sorts of memory cards and is also available fromJaycar(Cat.XC-4849).They aresimplyconnectedtoaPCviaa USB port.IC1 lus Ils ovn ciysluI (X1). TlIs vus uono lo uIIov llo mIcioconlioIIoi lo run at its highest rated clock frequency.Tlo olloi unusou IIno (In 4) Is llo interruptline.Thiscanbeusedto Inloiiul llo mIcioconlioIIoi unuoi coiluIn cIicumsluncos, hul uguIn, Is not used here.Memory cardAs monlIonou ouiIIoi, llo mom-oiy cuiu Is uccossou In SPI mouo and this is done via the SD card socket (CON4). TlIs uIIovs mIcioconlioIIoi IC1loiouuIiomunuviIlolollo momoiy cuiu.MMClSDlSDHCcuiuscunhouc-cossou oIlloi In nulIvo mouo oi In SPI mouo. Tlo uuvunlugo oI llo SPI mouo Is llul uny oII-llo-sloII mIcioconlioIIoi that has an SPI peripheral can be used, mulInglloluiuvuioIuyoiousylo ImIomonl.TloInloiIucovIllSPIIs uIso sImIoi, hul llo onuIly Is sIovoi liunsIoi soous. Hovovoi, SPI soous uio quite adequate for serving web pages.Inputs and outputsConnocloiCON8iovIuosuccosslo theanalogueinputsandthedigital outputs. The four analogue inputs are ANu lo AN8 oI IC1 (Ins 2 lo ) unu theseinputsareallprotectedusing 1ulcuiionl-IImIlIngiosIslois.An AD221u8 lomoiuluio sonsoi IC (IC4) Is slovn connoclou lo ANu on IIg.2, but other types of sensors with a linear u-8.8V oulul (oi Ioss) cun uIso ho usou on the analogue inputs.TlouIgIluIoululsuioulRB12lo RB1 (Ins 28 lo 26) oI IC1 unu loggIo holvoon uV unu 8.8V.CON uIIovs olIonuI uccoss lo llo soiIuI(IART)oiloIIC1.Nolollul lloIovoIsuionolliuoRS282IovoIs, hul sImIy 8.8V CMOS IovoIs.LED indicatorsOululsRA4unuRB8IiomIC1uio usoulouiIvoInuIculoiLLD1unu LLD2. LLD1 (gioon) IIglls vlonovoi llo momoiy cuiu Is uccossou (Io, Ioi holl iouus unu viIlos), vlIIo LLD2 (oiungo) is on during boot up until all initialis-ulIons luvo hoon comIolou. Onco llo voh soivoi lus InIlIuIIsou, LLD2 hIInls on unu oII lo InuIculo noimuI ooiulIon.WlonLLD2IshIInlIng,Ilslovs llulllocoooiulIvomuIlIluslIng muInIooIsoxoculIng,Io,noioc-ess is blocking operation or taking up WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 14 24/10/2011 12:19:25Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 15Constructional ProjectADJINOUT2009SC470F33FD11N4004REG1 LM317TR1:110R2:180R3:0+6-9V DCINPUTCON1+3.3V+3.3VWIB:WEBSERVERIN A BOXX133pF33pF12 3 4 56 78910111213141516171819202122232425262728172324272625,284 x 10k10FCON3CON5AKIC1dsPIC33FJ64GP802IC1dsPIC33FJ64GP8021k330330AK AK12,11,183 4 5 6 7 8 910131214 15,19,20,1621,2210F33pF33pFX22.0k330IC2ENC28J60IC2ENC28J60T+TRR+LEDBLEDAOSC1OSC2VcapRbiasVddVssSISOSCKCKOINTCSRSTNCIC325AA02E48IC325AA02E4812345 678SOSISCKCSWPHLDVccVssA KA K1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8CON2: RJmag CONNECTORMODULE4x75TRANSMITRECEIVE100nF100nF2 x 330100nF5151 5151RJL1RJL2CON4SD CARDSOCKET1 2 3 4 5 6 7CKDIDOCSVss1Vss2VddIC4AD22103IC4AD22103VsVoGND123MCLRAVddRB7RB8RB11RB10RB9RB12VcapRB3RA4RB13RB14RB15VssVddAN0AN1AN2AN3RB5RB4OSC1OSC2RB6RB2AVssVss+ (RJ45)1nFKAADJOUTOUTINLM317TLEDSAKVsGNDVoAD221031N4004LED1LED2(AMPHENOL RJMG163218101NR)1108MHz25MHz113Vr+VVdd (+3.3V)RxTxGNDLED1: DISK ACCESSLED2: BLINKING = NORMAL OPERATIONTEMPERATURESENSOR(OPTIONAL)Fig.2: the circuit is based on a PIC microcontroller (IC1), an ENC28J60 Ethernet controller (IC2), a 25AA02E48 MAC address chip (IC3) and an external memory card. The PIC microcontroller interfaces to the memory card, reads the analogue inputs and controls the digital outputs at RB12 to RB15. It also drives the Ethernet controller (IC2), which in turn interfaces to the external network via an RJ45 connector. IC4 is an optional temperature sensor (AD22103) and is connected to one of the analogue inputs (AN0 in this case). Power comes from a 6V to 12V DC regulated plugpack supply.WIB: WEB SERVER IN A BOXWebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 15 24/10/2011 12:19:3616 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional ProjectDNS(domainnamesystem):asystemwherebydomainnamescanberesolvedtoIP addresses.DDNS (dynamic domain name system): a system whereby a fixed domain name can be associated with a dynamic IP address. DHCP(dynamichostcongurationprotocol):aprotocolthatallowsaDHCPserverto assignanIPaddresstoaDHCPclientrequestingit.TheIPaddressishandedoutona limited time lease.EEPROM(electricallyerasableprogrammableread-onlymemory):asolid-statenon-volatile memory chip that can be written to and erased.Ethernet: a network standard for the physical and data link layer that determines how data is transmitted and received from a common medium.FTP (le transfer protocol): a protocol used to transfer files across a network.Gateway: a network node to which data traffic is directed. It relays this traffic in a way so as to reach its destination (using routing information).HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol): a protocol commonly used to transfer web pages and content from a web server to a browser.ICMP(Internetcontrolmessageprotocol):aprotocolusedtosendstatusanderror messages across the Internet. It is typically used for Ping (Packet Internet Groper).IP(Internetprotocol):aprotocolusedfortransmittingdatapacketsacrossanetwork, primarily used in the Internet.IP address: each device sending or receiving IP packets must have a unique IP address, typically written as four decimal numbers in the range 0-255 (8-bit) and separated by dots. An example IP address is 192.168.0.34.MAC (media access control): a protocol that implements the data link layer on an Ethernet network where nodes share a common medium.MACAddress:eachdevicesendingorreceivingEthernetpacketsmusthaveaunique MAC address. This is is a 6-byte address which is often written as six hexadecimal bytes joined by colons, for example: 00:04:A3:21:09:6C.Manchester encoding: a self-clocking method of encoding binary data that relies on edge transistions.Multi-tasking: the ability of a processor to run multiple tasks.NAT (network address translation): a technique whereby a router can modify address and port information in packets to translate from one address space to another. Typically used in routers to share a single connection from your ISP among many devices in a home network.Port forwarding: a technique used by routers to redirect traffic on a particular TCP or UDP port to a private IP address.Protocol: a set of rules to allow network devices to communicate with each other.SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol): a protocol used for sending email.SNTP (simple network time protocol): a protocol used to receive time information from a remote time server. The time is returned as a number that represents the number of seconds that have elapsed since the epoch time which is set at 00:00 1 January 1970.Static DHCP: a technique whereby a DHCP server can be made to assign a static IP address to a particular network device (by associating a static IP address with a MAC address).Subnet Mask: this is in the style of an IP address and is used as a bitwise AND mask to determine whether an IP address is in the same network subnet.TCP (transmission control protocol): a protocol for transmission of data that is connection oriented.TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol): a family of protocols that allow network devices to communicate.UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter): a circuit used for serial communication between devices.UDP (user datagram protocol): a protocol for transmission of data that is packet oriented.All the jargon explainedinordinate processor time. At no time should the orange LED stop blinking duringnormaloperation,otherwise data packets will be dropped.Clock signalsClock signals for the microcontroller are derived from an 8MHz crystal (X1). This is connected between pins 9 and 10(OSC1andOSC2),togetherwith two33pFcapacitorswhichprovide the correct loading. Note that IC1 runs atitsmaximumof40MIPS(million instructions per second) an internal PLL (phase-locked loop) stage is used to derive the system clock.PowerfortheCPUinsideIC1is derivedfromthemain3.3Vrailus-inganinternal2.5Vregulator.This requires a 10F tantalum bypass ca-pacitor on pin 20. Similarly, a 10FBYPASSCAPACITORISTTEDTOPINOFthe Ethernet controller (IC2).NotethatIC1sresetpin(MCLR,pin 1) is pulled permanently high by a 1k resistor, and so is not used here. Instead,IC1isresetbyitsinternal power-on reset logic.Power supplyPower for the circuit is derived from a6Vto9VDCplugpack,andthisis applied via reverse-polarity-protection diode D1. The resulting DC rail is then LTEREDUSINGAF capacitor and fed toanLM317Tadjustable3-terminal regulator (REG1) to derive a +3.3V rail. This +3.3V rail then powers IC1 to IC3 and the memory card.REG1s output voltage is set by the divider network on its OUT and ADJ terminalsaccordingtothefollowing formula:VOUT = 1.25V x (1 + (R2/R1))By using a 110 resistor for R1 and a 180 resistor for R2, we get an output voltage thats very close to 3.3V.In practice though, the 1.25V refer-enceintheregulatorcanvaryany-where between 1.2V and 1.3V, due to manufacturingtolerances.Forthis reason,provisionismadeonthePC board for an additional resistor (R3) in series with R2 so that you can adjust the output voltage if necessary. In most cases, you wont need to do this and a wire link is used for R3 instead (more on this later).Thesupplyrailattheoutputof diode D1 is also fed to a terminal on WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 16 24/10/2011 12:19:43Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 17Constructional ProjectCON1, so that it can be used to power external devices if necessary. In addi-tion, the +3.3V rail is fed to two other terminalsonCON3,inonecasevia a 110 current-limiting resistor. The current-limited +3.3V rail (Vr) is used topowertheAD22103temperature sensor (IC4).The 110 current-limiting resistor is necessary because the temperature sensor is connected to the circuit via astereojacksocket.Inoperation,it preventsthesupplyrailfrombeing shorted to ground each time the stereo jackispluggedintoitssocket(the jackstiptouchesthesocketsring asitisinserted).The110resistor protectsagainstshortcircuitsand doesntinterferewiththeoperation ofthetemperaturesensoritself,as the latters current draw is negligible.Firmware overviewOK,sothatsthehardwaresideof thingsanditsallfairlystraightfor-ward. Most of the features are imple-monlou In llo Iimvuio, so Iol`s nov take a closer look at this.Tlo Iimvuio usos llo IiooIy uvuII-ableTCP/IPstackfromMicrochip. Weve customised it and also imple-mented some missing features in the minimal stack.The stack is based on a cooperative multi-tasking model (ie, a lot of tasks runconcurrently)andthishasbeen retained. The main program is an in-InIlo Ioo, vIll InIlo slulo muclInos used to keep track of stack processes that need attention.Theothermajoradditionisthe memorycarddriverandtheFAT/IAT82 IIo syslom llul iosIuos on lo of that. The WIB recognises the FAT/IAT82 IIo syslom, vlIcl mouns llul you should be able to read the memory card using any Windows, Mac or Linux box (and a card reader).ThemodulesusedintheTCP/IP stack include HTTP, FTP, ICMP, SNTP, SMTP, DNS and Dynamic DNS. Only the limited amount of program memo-ry on the microcontroller prevented us from including further modules, such as a DHCP client to automatically pick up an IP address.BecausetheresnoDHCPclient, the web server is assigned a static IP address and this is also necessary for portforwarding.However,aDHCP clientworkinginconjunctionwith staticDHCPcouldhavebeenuseful for incorporating the web server into un uulomulIcuIIy conIguiou nolvoil.In any case, the DHCP server in your iouloimuslhoconIguiouloiosoivo a static IP address for the WIB. Well tell you how to do that next month.MMC/SD/SDHC memory cardsEither an MMC, SD or SDHC memory cardcanbeusedinthewebserver. MMC(MultiMediaCard)andSD (SecureDigital)cardsuseFLASH memory technology and are available in capacities up to 2GB. SDHC cards are essentially high-capacity SD cards, and are available in sizes ranging from 4GB to 32GB.All three types of card can be used in this project. Note that while all three typeslookalike,MMCcardshave onlysevenmetalcontacts,whereas SD cards have nine.MiniSDandMicroSDcardscan also be used. These are essentially SD cards, but are smaller. You will need anexternaladaptorinordertoplug them into the SD card socket used in the web server.SoftwareTlosoIlvuioiogiumIIosIoillo WebserverInaBoxwillbeavail-able from the EPE website at: www.epemag.com.ConstructionBuilding the WIB is easy with all parts mounted on a single-sided PC board, code830,andisavailablefromthe EPE PCB Service. This board measures 123mm 74mm and is housed inside a plastic utility case.The only slightly tricky bit is the sur-face-mount IC (IC3) which is mount-ed on the copper side of the PC board. However,thisSOICdevicehasonly eightpinsandthepinspacingis uiounu 1.27mm, so Il`s nol loo uIIIcuIl to hand solder.1 PC board, code 830, available from the EPE PCB Service,size 123mm 74mm2 28-pin 0.3-inch IC sockets1 3-way pin socket, 2.54mm pitch8 M3 6mm machine screws4 M3 15mm tapped nylon spacers1 250mm-length of 0.7mm tinned copper for links1 2.5mm PC-mount male DC power connector (Jaycar PS-05201 TO-220 mini finned heatsink (Jaycar HH-8502)1 8MHz crystal (X1)1 25MHz crystal (X2)1 plastic instrument case, 95mm 158mm 47mm (Jaycar HB-5922)1 SD surface-mount memory card socket (Jaycar PS-0024)1 Ethernet RJ45 Connector with Magnetics, Amphenol RJMG163218101NR (Farnell 135-7435)3 3-way screw terminal blocks (5.04mm pitch) 2 2-way screw terminal blocks (5.04mm pitch)1 6V to 9V DC 300mA plugpack (Jaycar MP-3145) 1 3.5mm stereo jack (optional)1 3.5mm stereo socket, chassis mount (optional)Semiconductors1 dsPIC33FJ64GP802-I/SP programmed microcontroller (IC1)1 ENC28J60 Ethernet controller (IC2)1 25AA02E48 serial EEPROM, with MAC address (IC3)1 AD22103 temp. sensor (IC4) (optional) (Farnell 143-8415)1 1N4004 silicon diode (D1)1 LM317T adjustable 3-terminal regulator (REG1)1 3mm green LED (LED1)1 3mm orange LED (LED2)Capacitors1 470F 16V electrolytic1 33F 16V electrolytic2 10F tantalum3 100nF monolithic4 33pF ceramicResistors (0.25W, 1%)4 10k 1 1801 2k 2 1101 1k 4 515 330Parts List WIB (Web server In a Box)WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 17 24/10/2011 12:19:5018 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional Project0 7 1 1 1 0 9 1E T H W E B S E R V E RM G 0 7 / 0 9470F +10k10k10k10k110330330LED2LED13302.0k33pF 33pF10F 10F 33pF33pFX1X2D1CON3CON13303301k51 5151 51IC2ENC28J60IC1 dsPIC 33FJ64GP802CON5100nF100nF100nF33F MMC/SD/SDHC CARDSOCKET (UNDER)MMC/SD/SDHC CARDSOCKET (UNDER)REG1LM317T12345678 910CON2 CON2RJMG163218101NRRJMG163218101NRCON4IC3(UNDER)IC3(UNDER)VrGNDVss(GND)Vdd(+3.3V)ANALOG INPUTSDIGITAL OUTPUTS+V+++25MHz8MHz12345678910111213R2:180R1:110R3:0ThecomponentlayoutonthePC boardisshowninFig.3andFig.4. However,beforebeginningtheas-sembly,itsagoodideatocarefully inspect the board for etching defects (eg, shorted copper tracks and hairline cracks). Such faults are rare, but check-ing now can save a lot a hassle later on.Check also that corner cutouts have been made at the CON1 and CON2 end of the board, so that it will later clear the mounting posts inside the case. If not, you will have to make the cutouts youisoII usIng u Ino-loollou luclsuv unu u smuII, lul IIo.HuvIng uono llul, llo Iisl joh Is lo installthe11wirelinksseeFig.3. Thesecanbecutfromalengthof 0.7mm tinned copper wire. If neces-suiy, you cun Iisl sliuIgllon llo IInl wire by clamping one end in a vice and thenstretchingitslightlybypulling on the other end using a pair of pliers.Once the links are in, the next step is to install the resistors. These can go in either way, and some are mounted end-ontosaveboardspace.Table1 showstheresistorcolourcodesbut you should also check each one with a DMM before installing it.You can either use a zero-ohm resis-tor for R3, or you can install a wire link. Diode D1 and crystals X1 and X2 are next on the list. Note the orientation ofD1anddontgetthetwocrystals mixed up. The 8MHz crystal is used for X1, while the 25MHz crystal is X2.NowfortheLM317Tregulator (REG1). This mounts horizontally on the houiu unu Is Illou vIll u TO-22u Innou loulsInl Ioi cooIIng. Il`s InsluIIou hy Iisl bendingitsleadsdownby90about 5mm from its body. Its then secured in place, along with its heatsink, using an M8 6mm muclIno sciov, lul vusloi and nut and its leads soldered.Note:donotsolderREG1sleads before bolting it down. If you do, the PC tracks could crack as the assembly is tightened down.Thetwo28-pinmachineICsock-etscannowbeinstalled.Besureto orient these with their notched ends as shown on Fig.3. If you are unable to obtain 28-pin 0.3-inch sockets, you canusepinheaderstripsinstead. Alternatively you can cut 28-pin 0.6-inch sockets in half or you can use two 14-pin sockets mounted end-to-end.DonotinstallthetwoICsintheir sockets yet. That step comes later.Follow these parts with the capaci-tors,startingwiththe33pFceramic and 100nF monolithic types. The two 10F tantalum capacitors can then be installed,followedbythe33Fand 470Felectrolytics.Notethatthe tantalumandelectrolyticcapacitors areallpolarised,somakesurethey go in the right way around see Fig.3.ConnectorsThe DC socket (CON1), the RJ45 con-nector(CON2)andthe3-waypin socket(CON5)cannowgoin.Make suio llul lloso uils uio sIllIng lusl against the PC board before soldering their pins. In addition, take care when MG 07/09ETH WEB SERVER00000000CON4 CON4MMC/SD/SDHCCARD SOCKETMMC/SD/SDHCCARD SOCKETIC3 IC31UNDERSIDE VIEW SHOWING SMD COMPONENTSFig.3:installthepartsonthePC boardasshownonthislayout diagram. Make sure all polarised partsarecorrectlyorientedand leaveIC1andIC2outuntilafter the power supply has been checked see text.Fig.4 (below): this diagram and the accompanying photos show how IC3 and the SD memory card socket are installed on the track side of the PC board. Note the orientation of the IC and dont forget to solder the two tabs of the memory card socket adjacent to the edge of the board.WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 18 24/10/2011 12:20:055378 2011-11-18 0:23:08Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 19Constructional Projectsoldering the RJ45 connector, as some of its pins are quite close together and itseasytogetsoldershorts.Dontforget to solder the two pins near the edgeofthePCboard,asthesehelp secure the socket in position.The 13-way screw terminal block (CON3) is made up using three 3-way blocks and two 2-way blocks. These shouldallbedovetailedtogether andmountedasasingleunit,with theaccessholesfacingtheedgeof the board.Theboardassembly(minusthe three ICs and the SD card socket) can nowbecompletedbysolderingin thetwoLEDs.Theseshouldbothbe mounted at full lead length, with their bodies 25mm above the board so that they will later protrude through the lid of the case. Use the green LED for LED1 andtheorangeLEDforLED2,and make sure they are oriented correctly.A 25mm-high cardboard spacer can be used to set their height. Just slide this spacer between each LEDs leads No. Value 4-Band Code (1%) 5-Band Code (1%) 4 10k brown black orange brown brown black black red brown 1 1k brown black red brown brown black black brown brown 4 330 orange orange brown brown orange orange black black brown 1 180 brown grey brown brown brown grey black black brown 2 110 brown brown brown brown brown brown black black brown 4 51 green brown black brown green brown black gold brownTable 1: Resistor Colour CodesThisviewshowsthecompletedPCboard.Notethatthereareafew DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHISPROTOTYPEBOARDANDTHElNALVERSIONSHOWNINFig.3, especially around CON1, CON2 and REG1.and push the LED down onto it before soldering it in place.Initial testsYou will need a 6V to 9V DC 300mA (oi giouloi) ioguIulou Iugucl Illou with a 2.5mm connector to power this project.With the three ICs out of the circuit, apply power and use a DMM (digital multimeter)tomeasurethevoltage betweentheOUTterminalofREG1 and GND. It should measure close to 3.3V and this same voltage should also appear at the Vdd (3.3V) terminal of CON3.If you dont get the correct reading, switch off immediately and check for wiring errors. In particular, check the resistorvaluesontheOUTandADJ terminals of REG1 if the reading is high or low. Alternatively, if you dont get anyvoltageatall,checkthesupply polarity and D1s orientation.Trimming the 3.3V railThe accuracy of the +3.3V rail is im-portant because some MMC/SD/SDHC cardsoperateoverquiteanarrow voIlugoiungo.TloIimvuioclocls that the inserted card operates at 3.3V, so it is crucial that REG1s output be close to +3.3V.If the 3.3V rail is more than 3.4V or less than 3.2V, you will need to change one or both of the values for R2 and R3. For example, if the voltage is around +3.17V, you will need to install a 10resistor for R3 and this should increase the rail so that it is close to +3.3V.Alternatively, if the output voltage is +3.41V, you should change the value of R2 to 160 and R3 to 10 (giving a total value for R2 + R3 = 170), or you could use 150 for R2 and 22 for R3. Again,thisshouldbringthevoltage from REG1 pretty close to +3.3V.Once the supply voltage is correct, switchoffandinstallIC1andIC2 WebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 19 24/10/2011 12:20:1420 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional Projectinto their sockets. Make sure they are oriented correctly (see Fig.3) and dont get them mixed up.Installing the SMD partsTheSMDparts(ie,IC3andSDcard socket CON4) mount on the copper side oftheboard,asshowninFig.4.You vIII noou u Ino-lIou soIuoiIng Iion, somo Ino soIuoi, somo soIuoi vIcl unu (preferably) a magnifying lamp.BeginbycarefullyaligningtheIC with it solder pads, making sure that itisorientedasshown(ie,pin1at upper right, as indicated by the dot in its body). If you like, you can hold it In osIlIon usIng soII-cIosIng lvoozois.Thatdone,lightlytacksolderpin 1,lloniomovollolvoozoisunu inspecttheICunderamagnifying glass to make sure it is in the correct Fig.5: here are the drilling details for the top and bottom case sections. All the holes are drilled to 3mm diameter.(TOP OF CASE)6926108 45 5A A(TOP OF CASE)(BOTTOM OF CASE) (BOTTOM OF CASE)63.515.7515.7522.5 103.5 32AAAA95158HOLES 'A'ARE 3mmDIAMETERALL DIMENSIONSIN MILLIMETRESWebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 20 24/10/2011 12:20:26Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011 21Constructional ProjectPC BOARDBOTTOM OF CASEM3 x 6mm SCREWSM3 x 6mm SCREWSM3 x 15mm NYLON SPACERSposition. The remaining pins can then besoldered,startingwiththediago-nally opposite pin (pin 5). Dont forget to add a little more solder to pin 1 if necessary to complete the job.Dothisjobasquicklyaspossibe, so as not to overheat and damage the tracks on the PC board. Once you have NISHEDINSPECTTHESOLDERINGUNDERa magnifying glass again. If any of the pins are shorted by solder (other than pins 7 and 8), then you can remove the excess solder using the solder wick.Memory card socketWhile you are on the copper side of the PC board, you can solder in the memory card socket as well. It is an SMD socket, so you must place it over its pads and SOLDERINONEOFTHEPINSRSTTOANCHORit in position. Once that is done, check that it is correctly aligned before solder-ing the remaining pins.Notethattherearetwomounting pads towards the front of the socket. These must also be soldered.Final assemblyThe prototype was housed in a plastic instrumentcasemeasuring95mm 158mm 47mm (Jaycar HB-5922). This is marked out and drilled as shown in Fig.5 andFig.6.Youneedtodrilltwo3mm holesinthelidfortheLEDsandfour 3mm mounting holes in the base (Fig.5). In addition, you have to make two square cut-outs in one of the end panels for the DC socket and RJ45 connector (Fig.6).Each of these cut-outs can be made bydrillingaseriesofsmallholes aroundtheinsideperimeter,then knockingoutthecentrepieceand CLEANINGUPTHEEDGESWITHAATLEFig.6: heres how to make the cutouts in the righthand end panel for the RJ45 socket and the DC power socket.Fig.7: the PC board is mounted in the case on four M3 15mm tapped nylon spacers and secured using M3 6mm screws.Tho PC bnurd ts noutly insido u stundurd plustic utility cuso (nnto: tho nul bnurd is lnngor thun tho vorsinn shnwn horo}. Tho momnry curd cun bo romnvod nr instullod by sliding tho udjucont ond punol nut nI its slnt. 88411116121418 16 17.5 10(RIGHTHAND END PANEL)RJ45CUTOUTDC INPUTCUTOUTWebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 21 24/10/2011 12:20:4522 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional ProjectIIyouuioInsluIIIngllosocIIou temperature sensor, then you will also noou lo uiIII u 6mm loIo In llo soconu onu unoI (soo IIg.8 unu lolos).Deburr all holes using an oversize uiIII,llonsocuioIouiM81mm nyIon sucois lo llo huso usIng M8 6mm sciovs. Tlo PC houiu cun llon ho uioou Inlo Iuco uIong vIll llo iIgll-lunu onu unoI unu socuiou us-Ing unolloi Ioui M8 6mm sciovs, us slovn In IIg.7.Installing the memory cardYou vIII noou u suIluhIo MMC, SD oi SDHCmomoiycuiulousovIllllo WIB.TlIsslouIuhoIoimullouvIll u IATlIAT82 IIo syslom hoIoio Iug-gIngIlInlollomomoiycuiusoclol (soo lolo). WIll llo ICs InsluIIou unu ovoi uIIou, llo oiungo LLD slouIu hIInl on unu oII uioxImuloIy lvIco u soconu.Tlul comIolos llo consliuclIon oI lloWIB.Hovovoi,hoIoiousIngllo uovIco, you noou lo coy llo nocossuiy IIos lo llo momoiy cuiu unu InloiIuco llo soivoi lo youi nolvoil. TlIs vIII InvoIvoonloiInguIovsollIngsIIlo llo Gulovuy uuuioss, IP Auuioss unu Suhnol musl, luinIng on oil Ioivuiu-IngInyouiiouloiunuuclIvulIngu uynumIc DNS (DDNS) soivIco.Wo`II oxIuIn lov llul`s uII uono In Puil 2 noxl monll!TheAD22103temperaturesensoris mountedinsidea3.5mmstereojack see Fig.8.(FLATSIDE)AD22103TEMP SENSOR+Vs TORINGGNDTO TIPVo CONNECTEDTO SLEEVE3.5mmSTEREOPLUGTIPRINGSLEEVE+Vs TO PIN 2 OF CON3GND TO PIN 7 OR13 OF CON3Vo TO PIN 9, 10, 11OR 12 OF CON3END OF CASETEMP SENSORPLUGS INHERE3.5mm STEREOJACK SOCKETPLUG COVERThe optional AD22103 ratiometric temperature sensor (IC4) is installed by mounting it inside a 3.5mm stereo plug see Fig.8. Its +Vs lead is connected to the ring terminal of the stereo plug, its Vo lead to the sleeve and its GND lead to the plugs tip.This plugs into a matching stereo jack socket mounted on the end of the case, and this is wired back to CON3 on the PC board.As shown in Fig.8, the +Vs supply lead connects to the +Vr terminal (terminal 2) of CON3, the GND lead connects to terminal 7 of CON3, and the Vo (sensor voltage output) lead connects to one of the four analogue inputs of CON3 (either terminal 9, 10, 11 or 12).The temperature sensor is mounted outside the case to ensure that it is unaffected by the heat generated by other Installing the temperature sensorparts.ThisheatcomesmainlyfromtheLM317Tvoltage regulator, but the ICs also contribute. Mounting the sensor outside the case ensures an accurate measurement of the room temperature.Fig.8:connecttheAD22103temperaturesensortothe 3.5mm stereo plug as shown here. You can use a DMM to identify the tip and ring terminals.THIS SERVER relies on a username andpasswordforsecurity.This username and password combination mustbeusedtoaccesstheFTP server (to modify the file system) and to access private web pages through HTTP (ie, using a web browser).This is the main security mechanism topreventunauthorisedaccessfrom aremotelocationovertheInternet.All settings should also be protected by the username/password combination see next months article for more details.Note,however,thatgiventhe correctusernameandpassword Security disclaimercombination,ausercouldlog intotheserverandchangeallthe settings by accessing the file system onthememorycardthroughan FTPclient.Inaddition,theycould change the password and username combination to lock others out of the system.If that ever happens, the remedy is towritetothecardusingaPCand amemorycardreaderanddefine anewusername/passwordpair. Ofcourse,thisassumesyouhave physical access to the memory card.This web server cannot be considered highlysecurebecauseitisproneto DoS (denial of service) attacks, as are most web servers. On a positive note, HTTPauthenticationoccursserver sideandthereforenotransmission ofacodedversionoftheusername andpasswordoccurs(althoughitis possible to intercept the HTTP headers that contain the correct username and password they are not encrypted but encoded using base 64).Therearealsoalimitednumber ofcommands,noserversidescript executionandthemicrocontroller usesa(modified)Harvard architecture,makingtheserver somewhat more secure than most.Roiouucou hy uiiungomonl vIll SILICON CHIP muguzIno 2u11.vvv.sIIIconclI.com.uuWebServerPt1 1109 (FROM MATT).indd 22 26/10/2011 16:14:04...and 167 more devices which could not t into this ad.24 Everyday Practical Electronics, December 2011Constructional ProjectBUILDING the WidebandOxygen SensorControllerisstraightfor-ward.Alltheparts,exceptforthe wideband oxygen sensor, are mounted onaPCboard,code829,measuring 112mm 87mm. This is housed in a diecast box measuring 119mm 94mm 34mm.An8-pincircularmultipolepanel plug connector is used to provide the interfacetotheexternalwideband sensor. This sensor is mounted on the exhaust (either directly or via an adap-tor pipe) and connects to the controller via a 7-way extension cable. Inaddition,thecontrollerisfed withpowervialeadswhichenter through a cable gland, and these wires terminate into an on-board screw ter-minal block. The 3-wire connection to theoptionalWidebandDisplay Unitalso passes through this cable gland.Circuit board assemblyRefertoFig.13forthecomponent layoutonthePCboard.Begincon-structionbycheckingtheboardfor any defects, such as shorted tracks or breaks in the copper. Checkthatthecornershavebeen shapedtocleartheinternalcorner PILLARSOFTHESPECIEDBOXBYTESTT-ting it in place. Similarly, check that the board has had rectangular sections removed from either side so that it will later clear the nuts used to secure the multipoleconnectorandthecable gland. The shape required is indicated using thin tracks on the underside of the PC board.Now start the parts assembly. InsertTHEWIRELINKSANDRESISTORSRSTTAKINGcare to place each in its correct place. The 0.1 5W resistor runs cold and can BEMOUNTEDUSHAGAINSTTHE0#BOARDNext,installthediodes,Zener diodesandtheICs,butdontinstall IC1 (the PIC micro). Instead, install a socket at its location. Make sure that thissocketandtheotherICsareall orientedcorrectly(ie,notchedends towards the top of the PC board).Followwiththecapacitors,taking caretoinstalltheelectrolytictypes with the polarity indicated. That done, i