Everyday Use Chapters 1 & 2 Review Chapter 1: The Big Picture: The Rhetorical Triangle Interaction...

Everyday UseChapters 1 & 2 Review

Chapter 1:• The Big Picture: The Rhetorical Triangle

Interaction between Speaker/Writer, Audience, and SubjectInfluence of Context, Genre, and

Intention

Everyday UseChapter 1 Summary

Rhetoric in ContextSpeaker

Context genre

intention

Audience Subject


Chapter 2:• Rhetoric In Practice:

Invention Strategies = starting point for both Writer / Speaker and ReaderImportance of Cultural Memory


Invention Strategies:• Journalist Questions• Syllogisms & Enthymemes• Basic Topics• Common Topics

Everyday UseChapter 3 Preview

1. We have seen the Big Picture of what Rhetoric is and how it is used in a variety of ways.

2. We have been given a variety of starting points with which to begin using rhetoric in our reading and writing.

3. This final section will give us very practical means for rhetorical analysis as readers and use of rhetorical devices as writers.


Canons of Rhetoric:•Invention•Arrangement•Style•Memory•Delivery


Context:Text always has a contextContext consists of an occasion, an audience, and a

purpose.

Invented material is arranged in an effective way, written with style that is appropriate and engaging, then delivered in the best way possible.


Arrangement:Principles of arrangement help a writer to:1. Order and structure parts of a piece of writing2. Support those parts of writing

Invention and Arrangement work hand-in-handInvention: gather and inventory materialArrangement: select what to use and how to

present it.


Genres:Genres are types of compositions, based upon

context and purpose.Each genre has its own set of rules.No single pattern will work in all situations.However, all texts have a beginning, middle, and

end.


Genres:Beginning: States central argument or poses central

question. Preview of text development

Middle: Supports central argument / Answers central question

End: Wraps up the argument. Asks “So What?”


Classical Rhetoric: Six-Part Argument1. Exordium: “web” or hook2. Narration: background material / context3. Partition: what will and won’t be included4. Confirmation: supports argument5. Refutation: addresses counterarguments6. Peroration: conclusion / call to action


Style:Choices regarding words, phrases, sentences.

1. Does style reflect personality?2. Is style governed by occasion and

appropriateness?3. Is style a conscious effort?


Style and situation:The answer to most questions about style is “It

depends on the situation.”

Situation: Need to write, writer, audience, subject, purpose, genre, time, place

Issues of style: figurative language, first-person, second-person, contractions, active voice, passive voice.


Style and jargon:Admonitions such as “write for the generalized

reader” and “avoid five-dollar words” appear in many writing handbooks. This is true, to a point

Writing should be accessible to the well-educated, diligent reader.

Use complicated words when appropriate.Use specialized vocabulary when appropriate.

Make it accessible. Make it sound natural.


Style and personal pronouns:Academic papers: No. Focus is on the subject, not

the author or audience.

Personal response: Yes (It depends).

Business correspondence: Yes.


Style and personal pronouns:Formal writing: No.

Informal writing: Yes, depending on intention and relationship with the reader.


Style and active vs. passive voice:Active Voice: Doer – Action – ReceiverThe lab technician filtered the solution.

Passive Voice: Receiver – Action (by Doer)The solution was filtered by the lab technician.


Style and active vs. passive voice:Active Voice is preferred because:1. Active voice is more forceful.2. Passive voice uses more words (helping verbs).3. Passive voice conceals the doer of the action.


Style and active vs. passive voice:Advantages of Passive Voice:1. More conducive to scientific and technical

writing (emphasis on what is done, rather than who does it).

2. Emphasis can be placed on the doer by moving the subject to the end of the sentence.


Dimensions of style: Sentences, words, & figuresSentences: grammatical type, placement of details,

variety

Words: level of elaborateness and formality, difficulty, technicality

Figures: schemes and tropes, figurative language


Sentences:Simple Sentence: a single independent clauseAbraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union.

Simple sentences can have a compound subject, compound verb, or both.Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union.Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union and persevered.Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union and persevered.


Sentences:

Compound Sentence: two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.

Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union, and Andrew Johnson helped him.


Sentences:

Complex Sentence: one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.When the leaders of the Confederacy insisted that the rights of the states were more important than the maintenance of the Union, Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union and persevered.


Sentences:

Compound-Complex Sentence: has defining features of both a compound and complex sentence.When the leaders of the Confederacy insisted that the rights of the states were more important than the maintenance of the Union, Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union and persevered, and Andrew Johnson assisted him.


Loose and Periodic Sentences:Use the sentence type that best fits your purpose.

Basic sentences: subject, verb, compliments

Abraham Lincoln wept.


Loose and Periodic Sentences:Loose Sentences: a basic sentence with details

added immediately at the end.

Abraham Lincoln wept, fearing that the Union would not survive if the southern states seceded.


Loose and Periodic Sentences:Periodic Sentences: a basic sentence with details

added either before the basic elements, or in the middle of the basic elements.

Alone in his study, dejected but not broken in spirit, Abraham Lincoln wept.

Abraham Lincoln, alone in his study, wept.


Loose and Periodic Sentences:The structure of a sentence affects the way it is read

and understood.Pacing:

Loose – faster pace, crisp, business-likePeriodic – delays, balanced, thoughtful

Sentence structure says much about the writer and his purpose, credibility (ethos), and goals.


Parallel Structure:Two or more similar ideas expressed in

grammatically similar ways.Most obvious when parallel structure is absent.

In these moments, Rivka discovers the bitter truth about her husband’s hidden life, her son’s death, and that Herman was not sending her letters all along.


Parallel Structure:Correct Parallel Structure:

In these moments, Rivka discovers the truth about her husband’s hidden life, her son’s death, and Herman’s deceit about the letters.(all are noun phrases)


Parallel Structure:Parallel Structure exists on phrase level and the

sentence level.“we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground…”

“government of the people, by the people, for the people”

Activity on page 72.


Words:Diction: word choice (Latin dictio = style of speech)Diction depends on situation and genre

Ask “What is my purpose, who is my audience, and what kind of text am I writing?”


Words: General vs. SpecificLadder of Abstraction:

higher = abstractlower = specific

A good writer can move up and down the ladder easily.

Movement depends on situation and genre

What is most useful to the audience?


Words: Formal vs. InformalDiction should fit occasion.

Formal: no contractions, no first- or second-personInformal: contractions, first-person, limited second

person, slang, colloquialisms


Words: Formal vs. InformalPronouns & antecedents must agree in number and

gender.

Gender agreement:switch back and forthhe or she; he/shepluralize


Words: Latinate vs. Anglo-SaxonEnglish is a hybrid languageOld English comes from Anglo-Saxon languagesNorman invasion brought Romance languages

Latinate: formal, multisyllabic; prefix-root-suffixAnglo-Saxon: informal, monosyllabic

“magnanimous” (L) vs. “kind” (A-S)Activity on page 77


Words: Common Terms vs. Jargon & SlangSlang: language of a particular group (informal)Jargon: specialized language of a group (formal)

Using slang or jargon might obscure meaning, rather than clarify.

But, it can lend credibility with that particular group


Words: Denotation & Connotation

Denotation: literal meaning of a word

Connotation: association evoked by a word


Figures of Rhetoric: Schemes and TropesScheme: artful variation from typical arrangement

of words in a sentence.Trope: artful arrangement from typical way a word

or idea is expressed.

A different way of saying something is also a different way of seeing something.


Schemes involving balance: ParallelismParallelism of words:

Scientists argue that exercise benefits a person’s heart and lungs, muscles and nerves, and joints and cartilage.

Parallelism of phrases:Scientists argue that exercise helps a person breathe more effectively, move with less discomfort, and avoid injury.

Parallelism of clauses:Scientists argue that aerobics is the most efficient class, that aerobics participants gain more stamina, and that aerobics is less expensive.

All of these are examples of zeugma.


Schemes involving balance: AntithesisAntithesis of words:

When runners reach the state they call “the zone,” they find themselves mentally engaged yet detached.

Antithesis of phrases:When runners reach the state they call “the zone,” they find themselves mentally engaged with their physical surroundings yet detached from the concerns of their conditioning.

Antithesis of clauses:When runners reach the state they call “the zone,” they find that they are engaged with their physical surroundings, yet they are also completely detached from the concerns of their conditioning.


Schemes involving balance: AntimetaboleAntimetabole: words are repeated in different

grammatical forms

“When the going gets tough, the tough get going” (adjective becomes noun; noun becomes verb)


Schemes involving interruption: Parenthesis: interruption of sentence to insert an

important informationSports night always brings out the would-be jocks – who would expect any different? – ready to show that they’re potentially as good as the varsity players.

Sports night always brings out the would-be jocks (who would expect any different?) ready to show that they’re potentially as good as the varsity players.


Schemes involving interruption: Expletive: interruption of sentence to insert an

exclamatory word, phrase, or clauseWhen sports night is cancelled – oh, sorrowful day! – all the would-be jocks get a case of show-off withdrawal.

Appositive: parenthetical phrase, modifies previous element.Joey Wilson, a pioneer in personal weight training, would marvel at the facilities open to today’s athletes.


Schemes involving omission: Used for rhythmic or dramatic effect

Ellipsis: omission of words, meaning is understood by contextIn a hockey power play, if you pass the puck to the wing, and he [passes] to you, then you can close in on the goal.

Asyndeton: omission of conjunctionsI skated, I shot, I scored, I cheered – what a glorious moment.


Schemes involving repetition: “Don’t be repetitive, but use repetition.”Alliteration: repetition of consonant sounds

Intramural hockey is a strenuous, stimulating, satisfying sport.

Assonance: repetition of vowel soundsA workout partner is a kind, reliable, right-minded helper.

Anaphora: repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or clausesExercise builds stamina in children; exercise builds stamina in adults; exercise builds stamina in senior citizens.


Schemes involving repetition: Epistrophe: repetition of words at the end of

sentences or clausesTo become a top-notch athlete, I thought like an athlete, I trained like an athlete, I ate like an athlete.

Anadiplosis: repetition of the last word of one phrase at the beginning of the nextMental preparation leads to training; training builds muscle tone and coordination; muscle tone and coordination produce athletic excellence.


Schemes involving repetition: Climax: repetition of words and phrases in order of

increasing importanceExcellent athletes need to be respectful to themselves, their teammates, their schools, and their communities.

Anadiplosis + Climax = “climbing the ladder”

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Everyday Use Chapters 1 & 2 Review Chapter 1: The Big Picture: The Rhetorical Triangle Interaction...

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