Evidence II Final Assignment

7/26/2019 Evidence II Final Assignment

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LAW OF EVIDENCE II

LAW 826

ASSIGNMENT

FACULTY OF LAW

Prepared By:

Nur Azimah Bt. Mohd. Taman

(2015698574)

Prepared For:

En. Sri ama a!" Su#ramaniam

2 Apr!" 2#$6


2/16

E%a&!'e ()e approa*) (a+e' ,y ()e *o-r( .!() re/ard0 (o &ed!*a" e%per(

op!'!o' !' &ed!*a" 'e/"!/e'*e *a0e0:

1) Bo"am $ %ri&rn 'oita" Mana*&m&nt +ommitt&& (1957) 2 A"" E 118

2) Bo"itho $ +it, - 'a/n&, '&a"th Authorit, (1997) 4 A"" E 771) o*&r $ hita/&r (1992) 109 A 6254) %oo %io Na $ 3r. Soo %oo/ Mun - Anor (2007) 1 M 595) 3r. hoo am& - Anor $ unaath, (2002) 2 S 414

ANSWE1

I'(rod-*(!o'

E&rt oinion i *o$&rn&d und&r &tion 45 o E$id&n& At 1950. A &ron i

ua"ii&d to t&ti, a an &&rt i h& ha &ia" /no:"&d*&; /i""; &&ri&n&;

trainin*; or &duation uii&nt to ua"i, him a an &&rt on th& u# th& ro"& o :itn&& i on", to addu&

&$id&n& that amount to at; not oinion. %rom tho& at; th& ourt th&n dra:

&rtain in&r&n& or ma/& &rtain on"uion. Th& ordinar, ru"& o admii#i"it,:ou"d a", i th& &$id&n& i on& o th& at> ho:&$&r :h&r& it i on& o oinion; a

di&r&nt &t o ru"&; nam&", th& on& that *o$&rn th& admii#i"it, o &$id&n& #,

&&rt :itn& :i"" a",.

1 Omar, H., Marimuthu, S., & Mahali, M. (2015). Law of Evidence In Malaysia(p.

191). Subang Jaya: Swt & Ma!wll.

2 "199#$ 2 S% 5#.


3/16

'o:&$&r; :h&r& th& ourt "a/ th& &&rti& to d&id& on a &rtain matt&r; uh a

or&i*n "a:; i&n& hand:ritin*; and th& ourt :i"" a&t oinion &$id&n&. But in

th&& ituation; th& oinion &$id&n& ar& on", *i$&n a a *uid& to th&


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$itimiz&d ati&nt; th& ourt a"o ha$& a dut, to a""o: dotor to #&ha$& :ithout &ar

o "iti*ation.

Bo"a& Fr!er' 3o0p!(a" Ma'a/e&e'( Co&&!((ee 4$57 2 A"" E1 $$8

=n 1954; ohn '&tor Bo"am; a ati&nt u&rin* rom d&r&ion; :a $o"untari",

admitt&d to th& %ri&rn 'oita" to und&r*o E"&troon$u"i$& Th&ra, (E+T); a

r&o*ni&d tr&atm&nt or intrata#"& d&r&ion. Th& E+T :a d&"i$&r&d

@unmodii&d; that i to a, no mu"& r&"ain* dru* :&r& adminit&r&d. '& :a

unr&train&d durin* tr&atm&nt aart rom th& r&&n& o nurin* ta at th& id& o

th& #&d to r&$&nt him rom a""in*. 3urin* th& our& o hi tr&atm&nt Mr. Bo"am

utain&d uh $io"&nt mu"& am a to au& ratur& o #oth hi. '&

uru&d a "aim in n&*"i*&n&; irt", on th& *round that had h& #&&n :arn&d o thi

ri/ h& :ou"d not ha$& und&r*on& tr&atm&nt a th&r& i a 110;000ri/ in$o"$&d; and

&ond", that had h& r&&i$&d a mu"& r&"aant dru* hi in


5/16

"&*a" tandard or m&dia" ratition&r #a&d on :hat rati& th&, hoo& to

adot. =n oth&r :ord; it a""o: m&dia" ratition&r to d&t&rmin& on th&ir o:n; th&

"&*a" tandard r&uir&d or th&ir rati&. Thu; th& "a: h&r& &&m unair a it

ro$id& additiona" rot&tion or m&dia" ratition&r.

=n mot a&; #r&ah o tandard o ar& i d&t&rmin&d aordin* to th& tandard

o th& @r&aona#"& man and :h&r& th&r&@ a #r&ah in th& ro&iona" dut,; that i

d&t&rmin&d aordin* to th& tandard o omara#"& ro&iona" rati&.6 Th&

ourt ha to d&t&rmin& :h&th&r th& d&&ndant dotor ha attain&d th& r&uir&d

tandard o ar&; ta/in* into onid&ration o a"" th& r&"&$ant imortant ator in

ord&r to #a"an& #oth arti& int&r&t; th& dotor and th& ati&nt. 3u& to th& at

that th& t&t *i$& m&dia" ratition&r; and not th& ourt; th& o:&r to &t th&ir

o:n tandard o ar&; it &&m to ha$& a ro"& in inhi#itin* th& ourt o:&r to

hoo& #&t:&&n om&tin* &&rt $i&:. Mor&o$&r; it r&$&nt&d


6/16

hi dut,. 7+on&u&nt", th& ourt ha "itt"& dir&tion to d&id& :hat th& tandard o

ar& a Bolam *i$& :&i*ht to :hat m&dia" rati& is (or :hat ont&morar,

rati& was) rath&r than :hat rati& hou"d be.

Bo"!()o C!(y 9 3a*+'ey 3ea"() A-()or!(y 4$557 A"" E1 77$

Th& id&a d&ri$&d rom th& all, J. (2015). Landar$ %ases in Medical Law(p. 22). rtlan*:Hart ubli4hing.


7/16

Th& tria"


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=n thi a&; th& r&ond&nt; Mar&& hita/&r; had #&&n a"mot tota"", #"ind in h&r

ri*ht &,& or n&ar", 40 ,&ar in& u&rin* a &$&r& in


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Th& ourt tat&d in thi a& that a dotor dut, o ar& or a ati&nt in"ud& a dut,

to inorm th& ati&nt a#out mat&ria"G ri/ o a roo&d tr&atm&nt; o that ati&nt

an d&id& or th&m&"$& :h&th&r th&, ar& r&ar&d to a&t tho& ri/ #,

a*r&&in* to und&rta/& th& tr&atm&nt. Th& d&t&rmination :h&th&r or not a ri/ i a

mat&ria" on&G do& not d&&nd uon th& a"iation o m&dia" tandard or

rati&. Thi iu& do& not a"" to #& d&t&rmin&d on th& #ai o &&rt t&timon,

a to :h&th&r a artiu"ar ri/ i on& o :hih a ati&nt hou"d or hou"d not #&

:arn&d; or &&rt &$id&n& a to ordinar, m&dia" rati& in r&rainin* or ro$idin*

a :arnin* in uh a&.

E&rt t&timon, :i""; ho:&$&r; #& r&"&$ant in t:o :a,. %irt; in ord&r to d&t&rmin&

:h&th&r a r&aona#"& ati&nt :ou"d #& "i/&", to attah i*niian& to a ri/ o a

artiu"ar /ind; th& ourt mut #& ari&d o th& d&*r&& o ro#a#i"it, that a

artiu"ar ri/ :i"" mat&ria"i& and &ond",; &&rt t&timon, :i"" #& r&"&$ant in

a&in* :h&th&r th& a& a"" :ithin th& "imit&d at&*or, o a& :h&r& th& dut,

to :arn i o$&rridd&n #, th&ra&uti onid&ration.9=n thi a&; th& ourt ha th&

u"timat& r&oni#i"it, to d&t&rmin& :h&th&r a rati& onorm to th& tandard o

r&aona#"& ar& d&mand&d #, "a:. 3ra:in* uon th& &$id&n& r&&nt&d #, th&

&&rt; th& ourt hou"d #& th& on& to &t th& tandard o ar& and mor&imortant",; thi r&oni#i"it, ou"d not #& d&"&*at&d to th& ro&ion.

Foo F!o Na Dr; Soo Foo+ M-' 9 A'or 42##7 $ ML< 5

Th& a&""ant :a a ront &at a&n*&r in a ar that rah&d into a tr&& on th&

ni*ht o 11thu", 1982. Sh& u&r&d; inter alia; t:o di"oat&d $&rtra& a a r&u"t o

an aid&nt. At that mat&ria" tim&; h& an mo$& a"" h&r "im#. Th& irt r&ond&nt

:a th& orthoa&di ur*&on :ho tr&at&d th& a&""ant and th& &ond r&ond&nt

:a th& hoita" in :hih h& :a :ard&d. Th& irt r&ond&nt &rorm&d an

o&ration on th& di"oat&d $&rtra&; :hih in$o"$&d th& in&rtion o a "oo :ir& to

ta#i"i& th& ina" ord. Th& a&""ant #&am& ara",&d th& da, at&r th&

o&ration. 3r. Mohanda; a n&urour*&on; ound that th& :ir& "oo :a r&urin*

th& ina" ord and :a th& au& o th& tota" ara",i. Th& irt r&ond&nt; in th&

9Assessing +aages for A !reach of The +uty To (arn: Is The #atient

%opensated For The Loss ,f A %hance- ,r The %hance ,f a Loss.(200#) (14t*., p. 2). tri* -rm http://www.l!4ripta.m/p*-/malprati.p*-


10/16

a#&n& o 3r. Mohanda; &rorm&d a &ond o&ration on th& a&""ant on th&

am& da, to r&mo$& th& :ir& "oo. Th& &ond o&ration did not r&m&d, th&

ara",i and th& a&""ant r&main :h&&"hair #ound to thi da,.

+ourt o A&a" a"i&d Bolamt&t and h&"d that thi :a a a& r&$o"$in* around

th& iu& o auation. Th& &$id&n& ho:&d that th& au& o th& "ainti

ara",i :a un&rtain and o th& "ainti n&$&r dihar*&d th& #urd&n o roo.

%urth&rmor&; d&it& th& at that th&r& ha$& #&&n ha""&n*& to th& Bolam t&t a

#&in* th& d&t&rminati$& t&t in r&"ation to th& tandard o ar& in a m&dia"

n&*"i*&n& ation; th& Bolam t&t do& tri/& a air #a"an& #&t:&&n "a: and

m&diin& and a"r&ad, "a& a hi*h thr&ho"d or a "ainti to ro in an ation or

m&dia" n&*"i*&n&; and to han*& thi :ou"d on", "&ad to d&&ni$& m&diin&.

'o:&$&r; th& %&d&ra" +ourt d&iion in Foo Fio Naha a"t&r&d th& t&t to #&

a"i&d in &$a"uatin* &&rt &$id&n& :h&n m&dia" n&*"i*&n& i a""&*&d. =t had

#o"d", d&art&d rom th& Bolamsrini"& and had int&ad ot&d to o""o: Rogers v

Whitaker t&t :hih imo&d a hi*h&r tandard o ar& on m&dia" &&rt. ith

r&*ard to th& ai"ur& to inorm th& ati&nt o th& inh&r&nt ri/ in th& o&ration; th&

d&&ndant :a ound to ha$& m&t th& r&uir&d tandard o""o:in* th& Whitakert&t.

Th& ourt tat&d that in th& ro$iion o ad$i& and inormation it i th& ourt rath&r

than a #od, o m&dia" oinion :hih hou"d


11/16

ourt ha to ad


12/16

ound th& d&&ndant n&*"i*&nt on th& thr&& a&t o dia*noi; tr&atm&nt and

ad$i&. Th& d&&ndant a&a"&d a*aint th& &ntir&t, o th&


13/16

:a a r&&ta#"& #od, o m&dia" oinion :hih :ou"d ha$& dia*no&d th& nodu"&

a a tumour and th& d&&n& &&rt oinion :a a"o ound to #& int&rna"", and

&t&rna"", onit&nt. Th&,; th&r&or&; ound that th& d&&n& &&rt had atii&d

th& thr&ho"d o "o*i. =n onid&rin* th& iu& o :h&th&r a&t o tr&atm&nt and

ad$i& to th& ati&nt r&nd&r&d th& d&&ndant dotor "ia#"& or n&*"i*&n&; it :a

h&"d that th& d&iion to radiour*&r, tr&atm&nt and th& ad$i& *i$&n #, th&m :&r&

not i""o*ia" or ontrar, to th& &trini &$id&n& a$ai"a#"&.

A a on"uion; a aithu" a"iation o Bolam and Bolitho:ou"d m&an that th&

+ourt :i"" a&t th& $i&: o a r&&t&d #od, o &&rt r&"i&d uon that uh

oinion ha a "o*ia" #ai. Sin& th& +ourt ar& i""?&ui&d to ad


14/16

1EFE1ENCES

S(a(-(e>Boo+0

E$id&n& At 1952

Dmar; '.; Marimuthu; S.; - Maha"i; M. (2015). Law of vi!en"e #n $ala%sia(. 191).

Su#an* a,a S:&&t - Ma:&"".

'&rrin*; .; - a""; . (2015). Lan!mark Cases in $e!i"al Law(. 22). Cort"and 'art

Cu#"ihin*.


15/16

Ta, S:&& ian; +. (200). =nt&rr&tation o Th& Bo"am T&t in th& Standard o

M&dia" +ar& =mat o th& unaath, +a& and B&,ond. Professional

Negligen"e; 45(2).

We,0!(e0

An#a"a*an; K. (2006). Where have all the sunshine gone6 7

P$P.&KL. Pm'askl8org. &tri&$&d 18 Ari" 2016; rom

htt!!ma/".or*!2006!12!:h&r&?ha$&?a""?th&?unhin&?*on&!

.ssessing 0amages for . Brea"h of -he 0ut% -o Warn/ #s -he Patient

Com'ensate! For -he Loss )f . Chan"e9 )r -he Chan"e )f a Loss6 . (2004) (1t

&d.; . 2). &tri&$&d rom htt!!:::."&rita.om!d!ma"rati&L20.d

Azhar;S.(2016). (u!i"ial a''roa"h in me!i"al negligen"e in mala%sia . &li!eshare8net.

&tri&$&d 18 Ari" 2016; rom htt!!:::."id&har&.n&t!SitiAzhar!


16/16

htt!!:::.mah:&n*/:ai.om!aroah?to?m&dia"?n&*"i*&n&?"aim?#,?

ma"a,ian?ourt!

Pre0e'(a(!o'>Le*(-re>Spee*)

Ta"i#; N. (2007). Patients Rights in $ala%sia=Whats New on -his Bum'% Ri!e.

Cr&&ntation; =ndon&ia.
http://www.mahwengkwai.com/approach-to-medical-negligence-claims-by-malaysian-courts/http://www.mahwengkwai.com/approach-to-medical-negligence-claims-by-malaysian-courts/http://www.mahwengkwai.com/approach-to-medical-negligence-claims-by-malaysian-courts/http://www.mahwengkwai.com/approach-to-medical-negligence-claims-by-malaysian-courts/

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Evidence II Final Assignment

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