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The total number of storms has not varied over time BUT
The number of short-duration SEVERE storms has increased
3. Storm Intensity
4. Coral reef size
Coral reefs have been shrinking in most places.
Area covered by coral reefs in four parts of the Caribbean as measured over time.
What evidence is there that climate has been changing over longer periods?
All of these changes have been recent, 100 years or so!
6. Tree Rings (or dendrochronology)
relative growth of trees each year gives clues to climate conditions in the past
How far back does this record go?
1000 years? quite a few trees this old
5000 years? a few trees this old
10000 years? no trees this old
but can use old dead trees to go back this far
The problem with tree rings is they only give us clues as to how well the tree grew at that time.
They give us no other information about the other conditions at that time.
Researchers want to see into the past and find more than just temperature data.
Where can they look? What should they look for?
Like trees, ice cores have ‘rings’
analysis of these ‘rings’ allows researchers to determine
there is gas trapped in the ice past atmosphere gases
melt & freeze patterns and O2 isotopes past temperatures
[Antarctica]
Results?
temperature has varied over the past 400,000 years
It has been up to 4oC warmer and 8oC cooler than now
CO2 levels have also varied over the past 400,000 years
The question is, are the variations related?
Are all of these changes that we have seen related?
ice melting, rising sea levels, more intense storms
shrinking coral reefs
All result from warmer temperatures
CO2, N2O, CH4 and SO4 gases are all natural greenhouse gases involved in Earth temperature
Therefore the question now is what is causing all of these changes?
2. Anthropogenic cause (man-made)
Most of the observed changes have happened in the past 250 years.
So what happened about 250 years ago?
watermill
windmill
As long as we needed only a small source of power,
water, wind or horses were enough
To operate a large mill or factory, you need the power of steam.
And you make steam by boiling water
We used to burn wood,
but burning wood is not very efficient