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Dlntbnts
8% ntrlaudtmln%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ghvb rhmsba fhn( ;ubstmlns hilut *ltbntmh`
rb`htmlnsgm*s ibtbbn `hn'uh'b hna tgb tglu'gts hna `mvbs l+ s*bhbrs%
gbsb mssubs ghvb lrmbntba tgb mntbrbst l+ fhn( sdgl`hrs tlhras tgb stua(
l+ `hn'uh'bs hs tgb( hrb sbbn hs h Gb( tl tgb fmnaM Aurhntm 0933!?848>%
gm`b b m`` *rlihi`( ib unhi`b tl sbb fbnth` dhtb'lrmbs hna strudturbs
amrbdt`( tgb +hdt tght tgb( hrb *brdb*tmi`b mn `hn'uh'bs fm'gt irmn' slfb
rbbdtmln u*ln tgbf Grbvbh`mn' iltg unmvbrsh` gufhn dl'nmtmvb strudturbs
hna hrbhs l+ *lssmi`b vhrmhtmln hdrlss du`turbsM Aurhntm 0933!?848>% 1tgbr
sdgl`hrs dlndbrnba mtg hdhabfmd mntb'rmt( gha *rbvmlus`( dlnsmabrba tgb
mnvbstm'htmln l+ rb`htmlns hfln' `hn'uh'b tglu'gt hna du`turb unsdmbntm,d
hna unlrtg( l+ mnvbstm'htmln lr stua(? smndb b hrb mndh*hi`b l+ lisbrvmn'
tglu'gt mt ms mf*lssmi`b tl abflnstrhtb dlrrb`htmlns ibtbbn `mn'umstmd hna
fbnth` strudturbs% lbvbr bvbn m+ tgbsb dlrrb`htmlns brb vmsmi`b mt lu`a
ib mf*lssmi`b hddlramn' tl Aurhntm 0933!?848> tl bsthi`msg mn gmdg
amrbdtmln tgb( lu`a 'l gbtgbr +rlf fmna tl `hn'uh'b lr +rlf `hn'uh'b tl
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fmna% + tgbrb hrb amIbrbndbs hfln' `hn'uh'bs hrb tgbsb amIbrbndbs aub tl
du`turb lr ms tgb `hn'uh'b drbhtba h du`turb mn mtsb`+ Aurhntm trmbs tl 'mvb
hn hnsbr?
G1nb *lssmi`b mn+brbndb +rlf tgbsb lisbrvhtmlns ln `mn'umstmd amvbrsmt( hstght `hn'uh'bs hrb hrimtrhr( s(stbfs hna lnb dhnnlt *rbamdt gl tgb( m``
d`hssm+( tgb lr`a 0`mn'umstmd rb`htmvmsf>% Hnltgbr mn+brbndb hs tght
`hn'uh'bs lu`a abvb`l* amstmndtmlns hna dhtb'lrmbs tght hrb nbbaba tl abh`
mtg tgb rbh`mt( surrlunamn' tgb *bl*`b gl s*bh tgbf 0 mn'umstmd
+undtmlnh`msf>% H tgmra mn+brbndb hs tght tgb amIbrbnt dlndb*tuh` s(stbfs
rb*rbsbntba mn amIbrbnt `hn'uh'bs lu`a amrbdt tgbmr s*bhbrs tl *h(
httbntmln tl amIbrbnt hs*bdts l+ rbh`mt( gbndb `hn'uh'b dlu`a dlnamtmln
tgmnmn'%MAurhntm 0933!?848>
H+tbr dlnsmabrmn' h`` tgbsb sthtbfbnts ln `hn'uh'b hna tglu'gt b
sglu`a hs lursb`vbs m+ tgbrb ms hn( `mn ibtbbn tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s hna
du`turb% ght gh**bns gbn s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s `bhrn h
`hn'uh'b mtglut bvmabntmh`s hrafhn 08=7?84944> b)*`hmns tght hn
H(fhrh *rlvbri usba tl tbhdg dgm`arbn tgb dlrrbdt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s sh(s?
fusg hrfh, msg m``sguq ohn hrthtxm 0Tbbmn' lnb dhn sh( ghvb sbbn5
mtglut sbbmn' lnb fust nlt sh( ghvb sbbn5>% ght ms tgb sldmh`
mf*`mdhtmln ibgmna tgms *rlvbri ght al tgb H(fhrh hdtuh` ( hnt tl
tbhdg gb *rl*br flr*gls(nth) l+ bvmabntmh`s lr tgb du`turh` nuhndb
ibgmna tgbf 2bl*`b gl al nlt usb bvmabntmh`s *rl*br`( hrb sbbn hs
mndlf*btbnt unlrtg( hna +rlf h `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb tgb( hrb nlt
dlnstrudtmn' *rl*br 'rhffhtmdh` sbntbndbs% 2bl*`b gl s*bh `hn'uh'bs
mtglut bvmabntmh`s hrb sbbn hs `mhrs% Tl ght hrb tgb( rbh``( tbhdgmn' Nlt
tl ib h `mhr tl ib trustlrtg(
gb hmf l+ tgms tgbsms ms tl absdrmib hna b`udmahtb tgb *rbfmsbsunabr (mn' tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s Ehna tgbmr du`turh` mf*`mdhtmlns mn Nhtmvb
Hfbrmdh +ldusmn' ln Tlutg Hfbrmdh% n haamtmln tgb dlnsb;ubndbs +lr
bvmabntmh` s(stbfs mn `hn'uh'b dlnthdt smtuhtmlns mtg dl`lnmh` `hn'uh'bs
m`` ib mabntm,ba%
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tl
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`hn'uh'b dlnthdt m`` `bha us tl tgb tgmra *hrt dgh*tbr C gmdg trmbs tl
'mvb hn hntgrl*l`l'mdh` vmb l+ tgb Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs mn tgb hs*bdts l+
trutg hna tgb mf*lrthndb l+ vmsuh` mn+lrfhtmln%
B)hf*`bs hna rb`bvhnt imi`ml'rh*g( hilut bvmabntmh mt( mn &bntrh`Hfbrmdh5s Nhtmvb `hn'uh'bs ghvb nlt ibbn +luna@ tgbrb+lrb tgms *hrt l+ tgb
dlntmnbnt ms `b+t lut ln *ur*lsb%
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9. Qgb fbhnmnk lj bvmabntmh`
H 'lla h( tl sthrt tgms tgbsms ms i( tr(mn' tl ab,nb ght bvmabntmh`s hrb%Bvmabntmh`s hrb h 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr( b)*rbssba i( h fhr ln h vbri 0hn
hK) lr h d`mtmd> tght rb+brs tl tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln gmdg slfblnb ms
sthtmn'% Bvmabntmh`s hrb flr*gbfbs hna tgb( rb'u`hr`( h``uab tl tgmn's lnb
gbhrs sbbs mn+brs lr hssufbs% l ib rbdl'nm.ba hs hn bvmabntmh` h
flr*gbfb nbbas tl ghvb tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln hs mts dbntrh` fbhnmn'%
n ltgbr lras slfb bvmabntmh`s dlu`a ib *hrh*grhsba hs G sh mtM 0vmsuh`>
lr Gtgb( tl`a fbM 0rb*lrtba> sl mt lu`a ib `mb ghvmn' tl sh( G sh mtM
bvbr( tmfb lnb ms 'mvmn' hn( mna l+ mn+lrfhtmln% Bvmabntmh`mt( mn `mn'umstmds
ghs nltgmn' tl al mtg bvmabndb gmdg mn `b'h` tbrfs hna hs Hmgbnvh`a
0933!? ab,nbs mt ms Gmn+lrfhtmln 'mvbn *brslnh``( lr arhn +rlf h
aldufbnt btd% hna tbnamn' tl *rlvb h +hdt lr *rl*lsmtmlnM hna h`sl
Gsthtbfbnts lr *rll+s hafmssmi`b hs tbstmfln( mn h `h dlurtM%
t ms mf*lrthnt tl ib d`bhr hilut tgms? bvmabntmh`mt( ms nlt mn hn( h(
`mnba tl bmtgbr hvhm`mn' bvmabndb mn dlurt dlntbntmln sglmn' ght ms
'bnumnb lr ltgbrmsb lr abflnstrhtmn' h *brsln5s dlnvmdtmlns% Hs fbntmlnbahilvb h`` bvmabntmh`mt( albs ms su**`( tgb mn+lrfhtmln slurdb% mtg
bvmabntmh`s tgb +lunahtmln l+ nl`ba'b fh( dlfb +rlf h unm;ub lr
fu tm*`b lisbrvbrs G*brdbmvmn' tgb mn+lrfhtmln tgrlu'g amIbrbnt h`ibmt
dlf*htmi`b hvbnubsM Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?%
Hnltgbr drudmh` *lmnt ms tght ab,nmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln mtgmn h
'rhffhtmdh` d`hssm,dhtmln albs nbdbsshrm`( `bha tl dlnsmstbnd( lr `b'mtmfhd(
l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna ghs nltgmn' tl al +rlf h 'rhffhtmdh` *lmnt l+ vmb
mtg tb``mn' tgb trutg lr ibmn' glnbst% t ms *br+bdt`( *lssmi`b tl `mb s*bhmn'
h `hn'uh'b mtg bvmabntmh`s% t ms *lssmi`b tl ab`mibrhtb`( usb h rln'
bvmabntmh` ht hn( tmfb% "lr b)hf*`b mt ms *lssmi`b tl usb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh`
mtglut ghvmn' sbbn ght rbh``( gh**bnba% gb mn+lrfhtmln sthtba fh( h`sl
ib fhnm*u`htba bvbn m+ tgb rm'gt bvmabntmh`s hrb usba% t ms h`sl *lssmi`b tl
usb rln' bvmabntmh`s mn h fhab u* hssbrtmln%
n Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs tgb sm ` l+ s*bhbrs mn usmn' bvmabntmh`s ms
flst`( h s(fil` l+ tgbmr sthnamn' mn h dlffunh` sbttmn' hna sgls gl
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b`` hd;uhmntba tgb( hrb mtg tgb *rbvhm mn' dustlfs fbhnmn' Etgms ms
'lmn' tl ib b)*`hmnba mn tgb +l``lmn' dgh*tbrsE tght usmn' hn bvmabntmh` ms
nlt ln`( h fhttbr l+ 'rhffhtmdh` dlrrbdtmln iut h`sl h fhttbr l+ dustlfs
hna sldmh` sthtus%
n Bn'`msg mt ms li`m'htlr( tl haa hn Es +lr dbrthmn lras gbn b)*rbssmn'
*`urh`% gms ms tgb flr*gbfb +lr tgb *`urh` b%'% al' F al's% n tgb shfb
h( mt ms 'rhffhtmdh` Ehna li`m'htlr(E tl usb bvmabntmh`s gbn rb*lrtmn'%
gus h sbntbndb `mb? Gtgbsb al' hrb fmnbM mt ms nlt 'rhffhtmdh`% t ms
mf*lrthnt tl unabrsthna tght nlt usmn' hn bvmabntmh` tl sthtb tgb slurdb l+
mn+lrfhtmln gbn rb;umrba ms h`sl un'rhffhtmdh`%
Dhn'uh'bs mtg nl bvmabntmh`s dhn dbrthmn`( b)*rbss gl tgb mn+lrfhtmln
ms hd;umrba% 1nb l+ tgb h(s ms i( /ust sh(mn' strhm'gt+lrhra? G ghvb sbbn
Olgn `bhvmn' +lr DbmabnM gbrb G ghvb sbbnM ms sthtmn' gl nl Olgn ms
`bhvmn' +lr Dbmabn nhfb`( ibdhusb sh gmf f(sb`+% Hnltgbr h( ms Gtgb
mngbrbnt fbhnmn' l+ unfhrba mnamdhtmvb sbntbndbs mn h nufibr l+
`hn'uh'bs ms tl b)*rbss ght tgb s*bhbr hnts tl dlnvb( hs trutg5M
Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?>% H`sl hna lndb flrb hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a
0933!?> vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s mn fhn( `hn'uh'bs iut nlt mn h`` hrb tglsb mtg
nl lvbrt flr*gl`l'( ht h``% gb +l``lmn' ms hn b)hf*`b mn Bn'`msg hna mn&bntrh` 2lfl h 2lflhn `hn'uh'b +rlf &h`m+lrnmh?
08> Olgn tl`a fb tght mt rhmnba%(9) Dfu`6yhmt rhmnba5 0yh L vmsuh` bvmabntmh`> Jmtgun 08==?878>%
n tgb Bn'`msg b)hf*`b mt ms d`bhr tght tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms Olgn%
lbvbr mn Bn'`msg hs b`` hs mn fhn( ltgbr `hn'uh'bs usmn' Olgn hs h
sui/bdt mn lrabr tl sthtb tght mt rhmnba ms nlt li`m'htlr(% lbvbr mn &bntrh`
2lfl tgb usb l+ tgb flr*gbfbyh ms fhnahtlr(@ mt ms un'rhffhtmdh` tl /ustsh(? Gdfu`M 0mt rhmnba> smndb tgb s*bhbr fust sthtb gl gb nls tght mt
rhmnba bmtgbr ibdhusb gb dhn sbb mt gmfsb`+ lr ibdhusb gb hs tl`a%
gb fh/lr Burl*bhn `hn'uh'bs al nlt ghvb 'rhffhtmdh` bvmabntmh`mt(
hna tgb +hdt tght fhn( `mn'umsts hrb s*bhbrs l+ tgbsb `hn'uh'bs b)*`hmns
g( tgbrb ghs ibbn slfb dlntrlvbrs( mn d`hssm+(mn' bvmabntmh`s lr bvbn mn
'mvmn' tgbf h dhtb'lr( l+ tgbmr ln% n tgb *hst fhn( sdgl`hrs ghvb trbhtba
bvmabntmh`s hs flah`s h`tglu'g mt ms durrbnt`( b``hddb*tba tght bvmabntmh`s
+lrf h 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr( ln tgbmr ln%
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l ms bvmabntmh`mt( b)*rbssba gb h( tl b)*rbss bvmabntmh`mt( vhrmbs
hfln' `hn'uh'bs glbvbr tgb flst dlffln h(s hrb hK)bs hna d`mtmds
hs bvmabntmh`s al nlt stmd tl hn( *hrtmdu`hr `hn'uh'b t(*l`l'(% Hn(
`hn'uh'b fh( dlnthmn bvmabntmh`s gbtgbr tgb( hrb +usmlnh` lr msl`htmn' hna
hs +hr hs b nl tgbrb hrb nl sm'n `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s Hmgbnvh`a
0933!?7>% Tlfb `hn'uh'bs usb bvmabntmh`s mn tgb *hst hna slfb mn tgb
+uturb Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?=>%
Tlfbtmfbs tgb dglmdb l+ hn bvmabntmh` ghs tl al mtg tgb *brsln% gms
fh( sbbf ;umtb `l'mdh` hna slfb bvmabntmh`s fh( nlt h**bhr mn h ,rst
*brsln dlntb)t% gb mabh l+ usmn' rb*lrtba lr mn+brrba bvmabntmh`s gbn
th`mn' hilut lnbsb`+ fhbs nl sbnsb@ nlila( lu`a sh(? G5f tl`a tght 5f
mn DbmabnM un`bss tgms *brsln ms rbh``( `lst amslrmbntba lr smd% lbvbr
Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?=> slfbgl dlntrhamdts tgms sthtbfbnt@ usmn' bvmabntmh`s
mn ,rst *brsln fm'gt ghvb sbfhntmd mntbntmlns@ tgbrb+lrb mt ms *lssmi`b tl al
sl unabr slfb dmrdufsthndbs% n tgms dhsb Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?=> b)*`hmns
tght Ghn mn+brbntmh` lr h rb*lrtba bvmabntmh` fh( absdrmib slfbtgmn' tgb
s*bhbr dhnnlt rbfbfibr lr albs nlt hnt tl thb rbs*lnsmim`mt( +lr lr ama
mnhavbrtbnt`(M%
Tuffhrm.mn' h`` tgb `hn'uh'bs mn tgb lr`a ghvb tgbmr ln h( l+b)*rbssmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln glbvbr slfb sthtb G ghvb sbbnM lr
G ghvb ibbn tl`a tghtM hna slfb ltgbrs al mt tgrlu'g flr*gbfbs dh``ba
bvmabntmh`s%
Bvmabntmh` s(stbfs rhn'b +rlf tl dglmdb s(stbfs tl ,vb dglmdb s(stbfs
lr flrb% t ms nbdbsshr( tl absdrmib tgbf mn lrabr tl unabrsthna ght tgb(
hrb hilut%
9.8. Bvmabntmh`mty systbfs wmtg twl dglmdbs
Nlt h`` `hn'uh'bs mtg h tl dglmdb s(stbf +undtmln mn tgb shfb h( nlt
h`` l+ tgbf ghvb tgb shfb sbt l+ bvmabntmh`s% Dhn'uh'bs ghvb lnb l+ tgb
l*tmlns `mstba ib`l% "lr b)hf*`b m+ h `hn'uh'b ghs h ,rstghna bvmabntmh` mt
h`sl ghs h nln,rstghna bvmabntmh` iut mt dhnnlt ghvb h ,rstghna bvmabntmh`
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ghvmn' ,vb lr flrb dglmdbs hna stm`` nl nlt h`` l+ tgbf ghvb ibbn *rl*br`(
hnh`(.ba% lbvbr mn tgms dhsb nb +lrfs l+ bvmabntmh`mt( sgl u* sudg hs
*br+lfhtmvb gbrb tgb s*bhbr nls tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ibdhusb gb
ms *br+lrfmn' mt h *brslnh` b)*brmbndb bvmabntmh` hna h *brslnh` hIbdt
bvmabntmh`% gbsb `hst bvmabntmh`s hrb +luna mn Nlrtg Hfbrmdhn `hn'uh'bs
sudg hs mntu hna &bntrh` 2lfl%
4. Bvmabntmh`s mn tgb wlr`a!s `hnkuhkbs
Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?8> d`hmfs tght? Gn hilut h ;uhrtbr l+ tgb lr a5s
`hn'uh'bs bvbr( sthtbfbnt fust s*bdm+( tgb t(*b l+ slurdb ln gmdg mt ms
ihsba E+lr b)hf*`b gbtgbr tgb s*bhbr sh mt lr gbhra mt lr mn+brrba mt
+rlf mnamrbdt bvmabndb lr `bhrnt mt +rlf slfblnb b`sbM% Hddlramn' tl tgb
Btgnl`l'ub8tgbrb hrb C83< `hn'uh'bs mn tgb lr`a@ sl m+ h ;uhrtbr l+ tgbf
ghvb bvmabntmh`s tght 'mvbs us h ,'urb l+ 8CC `hn'uh'bs% gms ms i( nl
fbhns h sfh`` nufibr l+ `hn'uh'bs%
gb 'rbhtbst dlndbntrhtmln l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs ms mn
tgb Hfbrmdhs% n Nlrtg Hfbrmdh bvmabntmh mt( s(stbfs hrb +luna mn
`hn'uh'bs +rlf tgb 2lflhn Sufhn hhsghn mntuhn hna rl;ulmhn
+hfm`mbs% n Tlutg Hfbrmdh mn tgb Hnabs rb'mln tgb( h**bhr mn `hn'uh'bs
+rlf tgb :ubdguh hna H(fhrh +hfm`mbs% lbvbr tgb vhst fh/lrmt( l+
bvmabntmh`s hrb +luna mn tgb Hfh.ln $hsmn-Hfh.lnmh%
gb lr`a Ht`hs l+ Dhn'uh'b Ttrudturbs9 sgls tght bvmabntmh`s hrb
h`flst dlf*`btb`( hisbnt mn H+rmdh% n Burl*b tgbrb hrb `hn'uh'bs tght ln`(
ghvb mnamrbdt bvmabntmh`s 0slfb Xbrfhnmd `hn'uh'bs tglu'g nlt Bn'`msg>@
slfb $h`hn `hn'uh'bs 0b%'% $u`'hrmhn Jhdbalnmhn hna H`ihnmhn>% Hfln'
tgb Yrh`md `hn'uh'bs Bstlnmhn ghs h s*bdmh` vbrih` +lrf usba tl rb+br tl h
rb*lrtba hdtmln% Dhn'uh'bs l+ tgb 2brfmd sui'rlu* l+ Yrh`md ghvb h s(stbf
l+ vmsuh`-nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s mn *hst tbnsb% n Hsmh d`hssmdh` Oh*hnbsb gha
hn bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf gmdg ghs ibbn `lst mn flabrn Oh*hnbsb h`tglu'g
8 gtt*?--%btgnl`l'ub%dlf-sthtmstmds
9 gtt*?--h`s%mn+l-dgh*tbr-CC
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slfb trhdbs rbfhmn% n tgb rb'mln l+ tgb &hudhsus mt ms *lssmi`b tl ,na
slfb `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s hs b`` hs mn tgb mfh`h(hs hna ha/hdbnt
hrbhs 0slfb mibtl$urfhn `hn'uh'bs sudg hs Tgbr*h mibthn hna Hgh>%
Arhvmamhn `hn'uh'bs mn namh h`sl *lssbss bvmabntmh`s%
n tgb 2hdm,d hrbh bvmabntmh`s hrb nlt +luna mn tgb 2l`(nbsmhn `hn'uh'bs
nlr lutsmab tgb Hustrh`mh-Nb Xumnbh rb'mln%
"bramnhna hhn mn gb lr`a Ht`hs l+ Dhn'uh'b Ttrudturbs4 sgls h
ahthihsb l+ slfb !87 `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s lr`amab%
1. Bvmabntmh`s mn tgb `hnkuhkbs lj "htmvb #fbrmdh
n lrabr tl unabrsthna gl bvmabntmh`s lr hna tl sbb gl tgb( rb`htb
tl du`turb mt ms mf*lrthnt mn tgb ,rst *`hdb tl thb h `ll ht tgbmr strudturb
tgbmr 'rhffhtmdh` usb%
1.8. B$hf%`bs lj usb mn "lrtg #fbrmdh
n &bntrh` 2lfl b)hf*`b 09> tgb s*bhbrs fust sthtb tgb slurdb l+
mn+lrfhtmln% n tgms `hn'uh'b dbfu` fh( ib trhns`htba hs Gmt rhmnbaM
tglu'g mt `mtbrh``( fbhns Grhmn +h``M Jmtgun 08===?878>% gbrb ms nl h( tl
smf*`( sh( Gmt rhmnsM mtglut s*bdm+(mn' gl tgms ms nln% gus s*bhbrs l+
&bntrh` 2lfl fust usb hn bvmabntmh` mtg tgms vbri mn lrabr tl fhb h
'rhffhtmdh` sthtbfbnt lr mn ltgbr lras sl tght tgb sbntbndb ms
'rhffhtmdh``( dlrrbdt% n tgms dhsb bvmabntmh`s mn &bntrh` 2lfl hrb
b)*rbssba hs bnd`mtmds Jmtgun 08===?878> gmdg ghvb tgb +l``lmn' +lrfs?
6fh+lr 'bnbrh` nl`ba'b@ 6yh+lr ,rstghna *brslnh` b)*brmbndb usuh``( vmsuh`@ 6alfh/6al+lr gbhrsh( bvmabndb@ nfb+lr huamtlr( bvmabndb@ 6eh+lr mn+brbndb@
4 gtt*?--h`s%mn+l-+bhturb-CCH9-8%-8!=%
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6`h+lr tgb *brslnh` b)*brmbndb l+ lnbQs ln hdtmln@ 6wmyh+lr *brslnh` hIbdt%
gb +l``lmn' hrb slfb b)hf*`bs l+ tgbmr usb Jmtgun 08===?878>?
04> Dfu`6fh mt rhmnba5 0bsthi`msgba +hdt>@0!> Dfu`6yh mt rhmnba5 0vmsuh` ,rstghna>@0 Dfu`6al mt rhmnba5 0nlnvmsuh` hs tl`a>@0> Dfu`6nfb mt rhmnba5 0huamtlr( bvmabndb gbhr mt>@0C> Dfu`6eh mt rhmnba5 0mn+brbndb bvbr(tgmn' ms bt tgbrb+lrb mt
rhmnba>%
Hddlramn' tl Jmtgun 08===?879> tgms s(stbfhtmd s*bdm,dhtmln l+ tgb
mn+lrfhtmln slurdb 0bvmabntmh`mt(> ms dlffln mn Nlrtg Hfbrmdhn `hn'uh'bs%
gb *rbvmlus b)hf*`bs d`bhr`( abflnstrhtb gl bvbr( tmfb h &bntrh` 2lfl
s*bhbr hnts tl sh(? Gmt rhmnbaM gb fust s*bdm+( gl tgb mn+lrfhtmln hshd;umrba% "rlf lur *lmnt l+ vmb tgms fh( sbbf dlf*`mdhtba lr bvbn
unnbdbsshr(% g( dhn5t b /ust sh(? Gmt rhmnbaM Albs mt rbh``( fhttbr gl
b +luna lut s tgbrb +lr &bntrh` 2lfl s*bhbrs slfbtgmn' b`sb ibsmabs h
'rhffhtmdh` nbba
Tlfbtmfbs bvmabntmh`mt( ms amssl`vba mntl tgb s(nth) mtg ltgbr fhrbrs
l+ b*mstbfmd flah`mt(% :ultmn' "rhdgtbnibr' 08=99> Jmtgun 08==9?879>
absdrmibs hnms h &lls `hn'uh'b l+ tgb 1rb'ln dlhst `mstmn' h dl``bdtmln l+fhrbrs tght su''bst amIbrbnt ab'rbbs l+ nl`ba'b% gbsb fhrbrs dlu`a
ib mntbr*rbtba hs bvmabntmh`mt( fhrbrs%
07> ewh mt sbbfs hs m+ `mb mna l+@0=>ymeu, ew fh(ib *brgh*s 'ubss@083> ghewh`, ewh` mt sbbfs hs m+@088> qbn sus*mdmln@089> qhmeu su**lsmtmln@084> qhmnm suaabn rbdl``bdtmln@08!> nhtsm aluit@08 gbn gbhrsh( hs tl`a mt ms shma@08> m` surb`( dbrthmn`(@08C> deu nl`ba'b i( bvmabndb%
2hnbb h &haalhn `hn'uh'b nl s*lbn mn 1`hglfh sgls
bvmabntmh`mt( mtg h +lur dglmdb s(stbf% Hs rmttbn i( Jmtgun 08==9?879> h``
vbri +lrfs fust ib mnbdtba i( flab% Bvmabntmh`mt( mn 2hnbb ms b)*rbssba
mtg *rb,)bs% Jmtgun 08===?874> 'mvbs tgb +l``lmn' `mst?
087> h gbhrsh( wm-@08=> hn mn+brbntmh` tmr-@
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093> h *rb,) hr-mnamdhtmn' tght tgb s*bhbr hs nlt hn b(bmtnbss@098> h auimthtmvb eur-eurug- mnamdhtmn' tght tgb s*bhbr ama nlt
hdtuh``( sbb mt hna tgbrb ms slfb aluit hilut mt%
Dllmn' ht tgb b)hf*`bs +rlf Jmtgun 08===?874> mt ms *lssmi`b tl dbrtm+(
tght tgb gbhrsh( bvmabntmh` wm- thbs *`hdb mtg tgb mnamdhtmvb flab tgb
mn+brbntmh` tmr-hna tgb auimthtmvb eur-h**bhr mtg tgb hisl`utmvb flab hna
tgb auimthtmvb eurug-ln`( sgls u* mtg tgb dlntmn'bnt flab% b dhn h`sl
sbb tght tgb bvmabntmh` hr *rbdbabs lr +l``ls tgb dlntmn'bnt hna hisl`utmvb
flabs gm`b mt fust +l``l mn h`` ltgbr flabs% gbn mt *rbdbabs tgbf mt
fhrs h *hst hdtmvmt( lr lnb tght ms durrbnt`( thmn' *`hdb% gbn mt +l``ls mt
b)*rbssbs hn hdtmvmt( tght ama nlt lddur%
grlu'glut Jmtgun5s ill h fust tl ib hd;uhmntba mtg NlrtgHfbrmdhn
`hn'uh'bs mt ms *lssmi`b tl sbb gl bvmabntmh` s(stbfs smfm`hr tl tglsb l+
&bntrh` 2lrnl hna 2hnbb h`sl sgl u* mn fhn( ltgbr `hn'uh'bs% mntu h
mntun `hn'uh'b l+ Nlrtgbrn &h`m+lrnmh ghs h +lurh( bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf
tght ms b)*rbssba i( suK)bs% t ms mntbrbstmn' tl sbb gl mt lrs% t ghs E
ntgb, h flr*gbfb usba +lr nlnvmsuh` sbnslrmh` bvmabndb 0tludg thstb sfb``
hna gbhrmn'> gmdg mn tgms dhsb ghs h mab hna amssbfmnhtba fbhnmn'
smndb mt ln`( s*bdm,bs nlnvmsuh`mt(% lbvbr lndb b nl mt ms nlnvmsuh`
b al nlt nl gl tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms b)hdt`( hd;umrba% 2brgh*s +lr tgb
mntu tgbrb ms nl nbba tl 'l +urtgbr% gms flr*gbfb ms h`sl usba tl s*bh
hilut tgb su*brnhturh` hna *rl*gbdmbs tght ms tl *rbamdt +uturb bvbnts%
brb ms h `mst l+ tgrbb b)hf*`bs +lr nlnvmsuh` bvmabndb Jmtgun 08===?874>?
(99) gbebt wmrh whh-!m-ntgb-fTlfblnb dlfb dr(f*sbns%bvauiTlfblnb ms dlfmn' dr(mn'5 0 gbhr mt>%
(9") qltmsh-!m-ntgbrb-sebnstrln'mf*sbns%bv(luSlu hrb strln'R5 0 +bb` mt>%
(9#) $lf yb`-gurhwm-ntgb-fbhrtg abstrl(sb;sbns%bvauigb bhrtg m`` ib abstrl(ba5 0 nl mt>%
n b)hf*`b 099> tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms huamtlr(% n b)hf*`b 094>
mn+lrfhtmln ms hd;umrba tgrlu'glut *brdb*tmln hna mn b)hf*`b 09!> tgb
slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms lnb5s ln nl`ba'b%
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mntu h`sl ghs h gbhrsh( suK) Eebhna hn mn+brbntmh` Erb, Jmtgun08===?87!>?
(9%) em`b$fh euyh-!m-eb fm"rm'gt+u``( smdmf*gs (lu"rm'gt+u``( smd (lu hrb5 0 gbhr mt>%
(9&) gmah ehysh-rb yl`vbr( gurr(mn+%bv b)d`hfb fust ib mn h 'rbht gurr(R5 0 sbb gmf run>%
gb +lurtg bvmabntmh` b- Ehn b)*bdthtmlnh` bvmabntmh`E b)*rbssbs tght
tgb s*bhbr ib`mbvbs gms *rl*lsmtmln tl ib trub ibdhusb l+ gms b)*brmbndb
Jmtgun 08===?87!>?
(9') tmfh fmnb`-b` $mrh-b`dl`a ambb)*bdt sthrvbb)*bdtb fm'gt +rbb.b tl abhtg gb fm'gt sthrvb5 0hs mt ms dl`a gb ms h`lnbgb`*`bss smd>%
2rlihi`( tgb flst dlffln bvmabntmh`s hrb gbhrsh( fhrbrs `mb tgb
&bntrh` 2lfl 6al hnms gn hna mntu EebGtgb( sh(M Gmt ms shmaM G5vb
gbhraM%
bhrsh( bvmabntmh`s fh( dlntrhst mtg huamtlr( bvmabntmh`s mnamdhtmn'
bvmabndb l+ h nlnvbrih` nhturb `mb tgb &bntrh` 2lfl 6nfb usba +lrb)hf*`b m+ lnb gbhrs h dhr dlfmn'%
bhrsh( ;ulthtmln hna-lr huamtlr( bvmabndb hrb b)*rbssba mtg tgb
shfb lr rb`htba +lrfs mn slfb `hn'uh'bs% [lhshtm h Jusl'bhn `hn'uh'b
s*lbn mn Dlumsmhnh hna b)hs ghs sbvbrh` vbrih` suK)bs gmdg fh( lr
hs bvmabntmh`s% gb +l``lmn' b)hf*`bs lr mn h smfm`hr h( hs tgb *rbvmlus
lnbs hna tgb( ib`ln' tl [lhshtm gbhrsh(-;ulthtmvb -f$h- hna huamtlr(
gh(wh> Jmtgun 08===?87!>?
(9) dle*h+`mgm`e-n mf-ffeh-`-+gm-f$rhiimt%stlr(li/ 4smn'Ahttb``8smn'H'mnt;ultb sh(s tght sglu`a tb`` gmf h trhamtmlnh` nhrrhtmvb5%
(9.) wyeh-t nheh``h-tlgl-3`m-f$h-e dl$lemnmte-e(%smn'dlnn 'l%lI%smn'rbh`mn*hst guffmn'imrasui
uffmn'imra 0fust ghvb> ln lI 0sl mt ms shma>5%
("8) nm$-e hesgeh-ghfbhtsui dghrhua0mt slunas `mb> tgb fbht ms dghrrmn'5%
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[lhshtm h`sl mnd`uabs hn mn+brbntmh` ?`m h auimthtmvb l+ lisbrvhtmln f3s
0gb tgbhtbr *`h( ms *brgh*s ,nmsgba s*bhmn' gm`b htdgmn' mt>%
Xrhffhtmdh` dhtb'lrmbs hrb h`mb mn hn( `hn'uh'b fbhnmn' tght m+ b
th` hilut vbris b hrb rb+brrmn' tl tgb shfb dlnstmtubnt mn hn( `hn'uh'b%ght sglu`a h**`( tl bvmabntmh`s mn tgb sbnsb tght m+ b rb+br tl gbhrsh(
bvmabntmh`s +lr b)hf*`b b hrb th`mn' hilut tgb shfb mna l+ bvmabntmh
mtg tgb shfb fbhnmn'% lbvbr tgb mf*`mdhtmlns l+ bvmabntmh`s fh(
dghn'b +rlf `hn'uh'b tl `hn'uh'b% Jmtgun 08===?87 s*bhmn' l+ gbhrsh(
bvmabntmh`s mn &bntrh` H`hshn Su*Qm *lmnts lut tght tgb Su*Qm gbhrsh(
Luq, l+tbn haas drbamim mt( tl ght ms ibmn' hssbrtba@ tgb s*bhbr ms
mnamdhtmn' tght tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms nlt ln`( gms ln mnvbntmln% Tgb h`sl
fbntmlns tght tgb Jlgh gbhrsh( bvmabntmh` m3ebndhn ghvb tgb l**lsmtbbIbdt amsthndmn' tgb s*bhbr +rlf hn( rbs*lnsmim`mt( hilut tgb vbrhdmt( l+
tgb mn+lrfhtmln Jmtgun 08===?87% gbrb+lrb hfln' bvmabntmh`s
*rh'fhtmds *`h(s hn mf*lrthnt rl`b gmdg h`sl gb`*s tl abtbrfmnb tgb
fbhnmn' l+ h s*bdm,d bvmabntmh`%
t ms mntbrbstmn' tl sbb gbrb slfb bvmabntmh`s dlfb +rlf ght hs tgbmr
lrm'mnh` fbhnmn' hna tgbmr bt(fl`l'(% Jmtgun 08===?87 *rlvmabs h
dlf*`b) amsdussmln l+ tgb amhdgrlnmd abvb`l*fbnt l+ tgb hhsghn`hn'uh'b bvmabntmh`s mn tgb 2hdm,d Nlrtgbst sthrtmn' lI mtg h `hn'uh'b l+
tgb Tlutgbrn irhndg Jhhg s*lbn ln tgb nlrtgbst tm* l+ tgb 1`(f*md
2bnmnsu`h mn hsgmn'tln Tthtb% Jmtgun 08===?87> trhdbs tgb Jhhg gbhrsh(
suK) wh3t tl h vbri whGsh(M mtg *hssmvb suK) -mt(mb`amn' h +lrf h`ln'
tgb `mnbs l+ G hf tl`aM% t ghs dl'nhtbs mn ltgbr Tlutgbrn `hn'uh'bs sudg hs
Nllth hna Nmtmnht% Thabsg ;ultba i( Jmtgun 08===?87> dlf*hrbs tgb
gbhrsh( suK) l+ [h[h`h h Nlrtgbrn `hn'uh'b tl tgb lra `hqwh`h Gtl
sglutM hna tgb suK) E`hqwh`hGtl th` hilutM% H`` tgbsb b)hf*`bs fhb
sbnsb m+ b ibhr mn fmna tght tgbsb bvmabntmh`s dlu`a ib *hrh*grhsba hs G
hf tl`a tghtM hna tght lrm'mnh``( tgbsb `hn'uh'bs brb *rlihi`( usmn' G sh(
tghtWM h`` tgb tmfb% gb bdlnlf( l+ `hn'uh'b sglrtbnba hna trhns+lrfba
tgbsb sbntbndbs mntl lras tl tgb b)tbnt tght tgb( `lst trhns*hrbnd(%
gbrb+lrb tgbmr lrm'mnh` fbhnmn' hs `lst rbfhmnmn' lr ibmn' dlnvbrtba
mntl flr*gbfbs%
Jmtgun 08===?8=3> h`sl rb`htbs tgb huamtlr( qham gmdg ms usba +lr ltgbrnlnvmsuh` sbnsbs tl suK)bs dlnvb(mn' nhfbs l+ slunas lr tgb fhmn' l+
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tgbf mn h` l+ tgb Tlutgbrn `hn'uh'bs? Jhhg ememqha Gh s;ubhmn'
slunaM Nmtmnht gmgma4haGnlmsb l+ al's 'rl`mn'M Nllth iuduiu)h;bma Gh
ibhr ms fhmn' nlmsbM% Tgb dlf*hrbs tgb Jhhg undbrthmn vmsuh` bvmabntmh`
dhqm) tl tgb Nllth suK) Edhq 1$hymn httbntmln2 *`us tgb bbtmn' hs*bdt
fhrbr mx% t sbbfs tght h *lssmi`b slurdb +lr tgb *g(smdh` mn+brbntmh` -$m3tms
tgb *hssmvb l+ h stbf $m Qtl lisbrvbQ% Hddlramn' tl Jmtgun tgb nbba +lr
tgbsb s*bhbrs tl dlnsthnt`( *rlvmab tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln l+ bvbr(
smn'`b sthtbfbnt `bha tl tgb h**bhrhndb l+ flr*gbfbs%
Hs Jmtgun 08===?87> nltbs tgb h**bhrhndb l+ bvmabntmh`s +rlf `b)mdh`
suK)bs mnd`uabs h +lrf l+ sbfhntmd suilramnhtmln gbrb tgb +ldus l+ tgb
*rbamdhtmln flvbs +rlf tgb suK) tl tgb stbf mtg tgb hmf l+ 'mvmn' h +lrf
l+ b*mstbfl`l'mdh` hrrhn'bfbnt% t ms tgms him`mt( tl slfbgl Gihd'rlunaM
tgb s*bdm,dhtmln l+ tgb bvmabndb tght amIbrbntmhtbs `hn'uh'bs mtg
'rhffhtmdh` bvmabntmh`s +rlf ltgbrs%
1.9. B$hf%`bs lj usb mn &lutg #fbrmdh
gb lr`a5s `bhamn' *`hdb mn tbrfs l+ bvmabntmh`mt( ms Tlutg Hfbrmdhibmn' tgb Hfh.lnmhn rb'mln tgb *`hdb gbrb flst l+ tgbsb `hn'uh'bs hrb
+luna% 1utsmab l+ tgb Hfh.lnmhn rb'mln b dhn ,na b``nln `hn'uh'bs
sudg hs :ubdguh H(fhrh lr bvbn Jh*uaun'un fhmn`( s*lbn mn &gm`b%
!%9%8% Bvmabntmh`s mn slutgbrn Hfh.lnmh
Bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs mn tgms hrbh hrb smf*`b +lr tgb flst *hrt mtg
vmsuh` hna rb*lrtba bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs% Hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a hna
Am)ln 08==7?9! tgrbb mnas l+ s(stbfs hrb +luna mn sbvbrh``hn'uh'bs?
0h> H rb*lrtba-nlnrb*lrtba s(stbf ms +luna mn h nufibr l+ Tlutg Hrhh
`hn'uh'bs sudg hs br]nh 'nhdmhnl hur_ 2hrbdm hna 2mrl lr mn
`hn'uh'bs +rlf tgb 2hnlhn +hfm`(% Tlfb u*mXuhrhnm `hn'uh'bs sudg
hs [hfhmur_ s*lbn ln tgb Y**br 6mn'u #mvbr amstmn'umsg rb*lrtba
hna nlnrb*lrtba mn tgb *hst tbnsb%
0i> Zmsuh`-nlnvmsuh` s(stbf ms +luna mn /ust lnb `hn'uh'b Jham +rlf tgbHrh_ +hfm`(%
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0d> gb flst dlf*`b) s(stbf mn slutgbrn Hfh.lnmh u* tl ahtb ms tgb
lnb +rlf tgb Nhfimhrh +hfm`(% gms `hn'uh'b usbs tl sb*hrhtb
*hrham'fs l+ +lur bvmabntmh`s bhdg 0vmsuh` mn+brrba rb*lrtba 'bnbrh`
nl`ba'b> tgb dglmdb l+ tgbsb *hrham'fs ibmn' ab*bnabnt lngbtgbr tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms hvhm`hi`b /ust tl tgb s*bhbr lr tl tgb
s*bhbr hna tl tgb `mstbnbr Bibrghra 0933=?!%
!%9%9% Bvmabntmh`s mn nlrtgbrn Hfh.lnmh
gb flst dlf*`b) s(stbfs hrb +luna mn tgb nlrtgbrn rb'mln hrluna tgb
Zhu*bs #mvbr ihsmn ln tgb $rh.m` hna &l`lfimh ilrabr% gb `hn'uh'bs tght
dlnthmn bvmabntmh`s fh( ghvb u* tl +lur lr ,vb dglmdbs% gbrb hrb sfh``br
s(stbfs mtg /ust tl lr tgrbb bvmabntmh`mt( dglmdbs mn `hn'uh'bs ln tgbnlrtgbrn rb'mln strm* d`lsb tl Zbnb.ub`h bhst l+ Bduhalr hna ilrabrmn' mn
tgb slutgbst mtg 2bru Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%
t ms mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb tght bvbn tglu'g tgms ms hn hrbh mtg dlf*`b)
s(stbfs l+ bvmabntmh`mt( nlt h`` tgb `hn'uh'bs ams*`h( tgms dlf*`b)mt(% gb
dglmdbs tght dhn ib +luna hrb tgb +l``lmn'?
0h> H tltbrf s(stbf l+ rb*lrtba-nlnrb*lrtba ms +luna mn h nufibr l+
Nlrtg Hrhh `hn'uh'bs? #bsm'hrl 0ln tgb ilrabr ibtbbn 2bru hna
&l`lfimh> 2mh*ldl 0mn &l`lfimh> $hnmh l+ Phnh 0ln tgb ilrabr
ibtbbn $rh.m` &l`lfimh hna Zbnb.ub`h> hna Hdgh'uh 0ln tgb ilrabr
ibtbbn &l`lfimh hna Zbnb.ub`h> Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%
gb bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs l+ tgbsb `hn'uh'bs hrb mabntm,ba i( tgb d`mtmds
htthdgba tl tgb vbri bvbn tglu'g mn Hdgh'uh tgb d`mtmd fmnhh tght usba tl
fhr rb*lrtba lr hssufba hdtmln fh( mnstbha ibdlfb h tl*mdh`m.ba
dlnstmtubnt Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%
H s(stbf l+ rb*lrtba-nlnrb*lrtba ms h`sl +luna mn Hrhib`h +rlf tgb
Vh*hrlhn +hfm`( mn nlrtgbhst 2bru%
0i> Hnltgbr tltbrf s(stbf l+ vmsuh`-nlnvmsuh` ms +luna mn [lrb'uh/b
hna Tbdl(h tl `hn'uh'bs l+ tgb bst udhnlhn sui'rlu* s*lbn mn
&l`lfimh hna Bduhalr Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!C>%0d> Hs +lr tgb mtltlhn +hfm ( mn $lrh nlrtgbhst 2bru tgbrb ms h
s*bdm,dhtmln l+ vmsuh` 0mtg nl fhrmn'> vbrsus nlnvmsuh` 0fhrba i(suK) goh>% mtgmn nlnvmsuh` tgbrb ms h +urtgbr dlntrhst ibtbbn
8=
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rb*lrtba 0fhrba i( :h,gmdg *rbdbabs goh> hna nlnrb*lrtba 0mtg
nl fhrmn'> Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%0a> H tgrbbtbrf s(stbf l+ rb*lrtba mn+brrba hna unfhrba hs usba mn
$hghnh h Nlrtg Hrhh `hn'uh'b s*lbn mn tgb Jmaa`b #ml Nb'rl mn
$rh.m` Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%0b> t h**bhrs tght `hn'uh'bs l+ tgb Shnlfhfm +hfm`( ghvb fhrbrs l+
bvmabntmh`mt( gmdg hrb nlt d`mtmds iut rhtgbr hK)bs tl tgb vbri hna
ltgbr *hrtmd`bs% Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!> rbdl'nm.b +lur
bvmabntmh` fhrbrs? vmsuh` nlnvmsuh` mn+brrba hna rb*lrtba%0+> gb flst dlf*`b) bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs lr`amab hrb +luna mn
`hn'uh'bs +rlf tgb Bhst udhnl sui'rlu* s*lbn mn tgb Zhu*bs #mvbr
rb'mln l+ $rh.m`-&l`lfimh? mn $hrh &hrh*hnh Tmrmhnl htu(l Abshnl
u(udh udhnl hnhnl2mrhth*u(l $hrhshnl hna Jhdunh
Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 08==7?9!>%
hmn' sbvbrh` b)hf*`bs l+ tgb flst dlf*`b) s(stbfs tght ib`ln' tl tgb
udhnlhn `hn'uh'bs hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a 0933! 9389> b dhn lisbrvb
tgb +l``lmn' +bhturbs?
gb( ghvb h +lur lr ,vbdglmdb bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf mn hKrfhtmvb
flla@ n tgb rbfltb *hst tbnsb tgbrb ms hn l**lsmtmln ibtbbn vmsuh` hna
nlnvmsuh` gmdg b)*rbssbs sbdlnaghna hna hssufba@ n *rbsbnt tbnsb tgbrb ms h dlntrhst ibtbbn vmsuh` bvmabntmh`mt( hna
tgb rbst%
$bhrmn' tgbsb b)hf*`bs mn fmna mt ms mntbrbstmn' tl +ldus flrb *rbdmsb`(
ln lnb `hn'uh'b% l tgms bna Hmgbnvh`a ms gb`*+u` smndb gb ghs b``
absdrmiba hrmhnh tgb ln`( `hn'uh'b l+ tgb Nlrtg Hrhh sui'rlu* s*lbn
hfln' tgb Bhst hna &bntrh` udhnlhn `hn'uh'bs mn tgb Zhu*bs rb'mln%
hrmhnh ghs ,vb bvmabntmh` dglmdbs?
8 Zmsuh`@9 Nlnvmsuh`@4 n+brrba@! Hssufba@
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(";) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-ehOls^ +lltih`` 4*` *`h(rbd%*%vmsOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0 sh mt>5%
+ h hrmhnh s*bhbr gbhra tgb nlmsb l+ h +lltih`` 'hfb iut dlu`a nlt sbb
mt gb lu`a sh(?
("9) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-fhgehOls^ +lltih`` 4*` *`h(rbd%*%nlnvmsOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0 gbhra mt>5%
+ h hrmhnh s*bhbr sbbs tght tgb ih`` ms nlt mn mts usuh` *`hdb mn tgb
glusb tght Ols^ hna gms +lltih`` illts hrb 'lnb hna tght tgbrb hrb
gunarbas Eb)h''brhtmn'E l+ *bl*`b 'lmn' tl tgb +lltih`` 'hfb@ tgbrb ms
bnlu'g mn+lrfhtmln tl mn+br tght Ols^ ms *`h(mn' +lltih``?
("") 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-nmgehOls^ +lltih`` 4*`*`h(rbd%*%mn+brOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0 mn+br mt +rlf vmsuh` bvmabndb>5%
+ Olsb ms nlt ht glfb ln h Thturah( bvbnmn' hna ihsba ln ght h +rmbna
l+ Ols^ fh( nl hilut gmf lnb dlu`a sh(?
("#) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-smehOls^ +lltih`` 4*` *`h(rbd%*%hssufOls^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0b mn+br mt +rlf 'bnbrh` nl`ba'b>5%
+ b thb h `ll ht b)hf*`bs 044>hna 04!> tgb amIbrbndb ibtbbn tgbf
ms tght 044> ms mn+brrba tgrlu'g vmsuh` bvmabndb% gb `bssbr vmsuh` tgb
bvmabndb ms tgb flrb hssufba tgb +hdts hrb% n tgms dhsb tgbrb ms nl amrbdt
vmsuh` bvmabndb +lr 044> ltgbrmsb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh` lu`a ib usba% gb
slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms ihsba ln tgb vmsuh` rbsu`t bvmabndb l+ slfb bvbnts
tght brb nlt sbbn%
B)hf*`b 09C>+rlf tgb hrmhnh mn+brrba bvmabntmh` ms amIbrbnt +rlf ght
b dhn sbb mn b)hf*`b 044> gbrb tgb sthtbfbnt ms ihsba ln vmsuh`
b)*brmbndb hd;umrba i( ahm`( rlutmnb% B)hf*`b 09C>fm'gt ib flrb smfm`hr tl
b)hf*`b 04!>+rlf hrmhnh% $ltg hrb ihsba ln 'bnbrh` nl`ba'b% + mt ms
dl`a b fh( +rbb.b m+ mt ms Thturah( bvbnmn' Ols^ *`h(s +lltih``%
H `hst b)hf*`b l+ tgms sbt l+ b)hf*`bs +rlf hrmhnh@ h s*bhbr usbs tgb
rb*lrtba bvmabntmh` m+ slfblnb tb``s tgb s*bhbr tght Ols^ *`h(ba +lltih``?
("%) 7usb mrmah am-fhnmeh-$mahehOls^ +lltih`` 4*`*`h(rbd%*%rb*Ols^ *`h(ba +lltih`` 0b brb tl`a>5%
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grlu'g tgms dgh*tbr +lur b ghvb sbbn tgb b)mstmn' t(*bs l+
bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbfs mn Hfbrmdh +rlf tgb sfh``bst s(stbfs mtg tl
dglmdbs tl tgb flst dlf*`b) lnbs ib`ln'mn' tl tgb Nhfimhrh `hn'uh'b
mtg tl sb*hrhtb *hrham'fs l+ +lur bvmabntmh`s bhdg tght dghn'b
ab*bnamn' gbtgbr tgb mn+lrfhtmln ms /ust +lr tgb s*bhbr lr +lr iltg tgb
s*bhbr hna tgb `mstbnbr% b ghvb b`udmahtba mtg b)hf*`bs gl bvmabntmh`s
hrb usba mn slfb `hn'uh'bs sl b dhn nl sbb gl tgb( hrb usba hna
h**`mba nl fhttbr gl 'bl'rh*gmdh` ( hna-lr `mn'umstmdh` ( amsthnt tgb
dlf*hrba hn'uh'bs hrb%
'. Qgb am(brbnt usbs lj bvmabntmh`s
Hs sthtba sbvbrh` tmfbs mn tgb *rbvmlus dgh*tbrs mn h `hn'uh'b mtg
bvmabntmh`s tgb s*bhbr ms rb;umrba tl usb tgbf% hvmn' sbvbrh` dglmdbs hna
sbvbrh` mn+lrfhtmln slurdbs h ;ubstmln hrmsbs? gmdg ms tgb rm'gt bvmabntmh`
tl usb
Tthrtmn' mtg h irmb+ mntrlaudtmln Eflrb abthm`ba mn+lrfhtmln m`` ib 'mvbn
mn bhdg sbdtmlnE mn tgms dgh*tbr b hrb 'lmn' tl sbb gl bvmabntmh`s hrb usba
mn sbvbrh` dlntb)ts +lr b)hf*`b gl arbhfs hrb *brdbmvba hna ght
bvmabntmh`s hrb usba tl rbdlunt tgbf lr ght mna l+ bvmabntmh`s h sghfhn
usbs hna g( lr m+ sghfhns dhn usb amIbrbnt bvmabntmh`s +rlf tgb rbst l+
tgb *bl*`b% gb dgh*tbr m`` bna mtg hn b)*`hnhtmln l+ gl bvmabntmh`s ghvb
hah*tba tl flabrn `m+b mtg flabrn ma'bts sudg hs tb`b*glnb Z lr rhaml
hfln' ltgbrs%
Hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?43 s*bhbrs ghvb h sbt l+ *rb+brrba
bvmabntmh`s tglsb tght dlfb ,rst tl tgbmr fmna gbn tgb( s*bh% n ltgbr
dhsbs tgb rm'gt dglmdb fh( ab*bna ln tgb nhrrhtmvb 'bnrb smndb h stlr( ms
nlt b)*`hmnba mn tgb shfb h( hs h arbhf lr hn bvbnt% &gllsmn' lnb
*hrtmdu`hr bvmabntmh` lr hnltgbr ghs h`sl mts sbfhntmd bIbdts%
Bvmabntmh`s hrb usba tl th` hilut hn(tgmn' mn ahm`( `m+b tgus tgb slurdb
l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna tgb slurdb l+ nl`ba'b ab*bna ln s*bdm,d trhamtmlns
hna du`turh` dlnvbntmlns tght vhr( +rlf sldmbt( tl sldmbt(% + h s*bhbr hntstl b)*`hmn h +hdt gmdg ms sbbn hna gbhra ht tgb shfb tmfb gb fust dgllsb
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ln`( lnb bvmabntmh smndb tl lr flrb bvmabntmh`s dhnnlt ib usba
smfu`thnblus`(% n tgms dhsb tgb dglmdb ms iltg du`turh``( abtbrfmnba i( tgb
dlffln usb l+ `hn'uh'b mn tgb bnvmrlnfbnt hna h`sl mnamvmauh` (
abtbrfmnba% gbrb ms h`h(s hn bvmabntmh` tght dlfbs u* ,rst tl lnb5s fmna
i( ab+hu`t hna usuh``( tgms ab+hu`t bvmabntmh` ms tgb vmsuh` lnb%
gms vhrmhtmln mtgmn sldmbtmbs dhn ib rbbdtba gbn b)*`hmnmn' arbhfs
tl ltgbrs% b m`` sbb mt mn flrb abthm` mn dgh*tbr %
H sghfhn 0sbb tgb +u`` b)*`hnhtmln mn ms lfnmsdmbnt hna ms hi`b tl
sbb su*brnhturh` bvbnts mtg gms *rl*gbtmd arbhfs% Nln sghfhns m`` nlt
usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s gbrb sghfhns m``% gb amIbrbnt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s
ab*bnamn' ln tgb *brsln sgls gl tgbsb flr*gbfbs hrb tmba tl sldmh`
sthtus hna gl tgb( hrb du`turh``( ab*bnabnt%
'.8. Qgb %brdb%tmln hna usb lj bvmabntmh`s mn arbhfs
[rhdb 0933=?!> b)*`hmns tght mn h +lltnltb tl =gb ?ntbr$rbthtmln l*
5rbhfs "rbua httbsts tl T_nalr "brbnd.m tgb su''bstmln tght Gbvbr( tln'ub
ghs mts ln arbhf `hn'uh'bM% Hddlramn' tl [rhdb "rbua hs rb+brrmn' tl
tgb +bhturbs l+ h `hn'uh'b tght *rlfltb tgb drbhtmln l+ arbhfs?
Ghsslnhndbs glfln(fs fbth*glrs hna ltgbr flabs l+ `mnh'b ibtbbn
s*lbn hna rmttbn lras mn h `hn'uh'b tght dhn ib tgb +lunahtmln l+
hssldmhtmvb `mnsM% t fh( nlt ib rln' tl hKrf tght "rbua ama nlt nl
hn(tgmn' hilut bvmabntmh`s hna bvbn `bss rb'hramn' s*bdm,d fhrs usba tl
tb`` arbhfs mn Nhtmvb Hfbrmdhn `hn'uh'bs%
Hs mtg fhn( ltgbr hs*bdts mn `m+b tgb h( tl abh` mtg arbhfs ghs
fhn( du`turh` dlnnlthtmlns hna smndb nlt h`` du`turbs hrb b;uh` tgb h( tl
ghna`b tgbf ms nlt b;uh` bmtgbr% "rlf tgb *rbvmlus sbdtmln mt ghs ibbn
*lssmi`b tl sbb tght +lr slfb arbhfs hrb /ust h dlntmnuhtmln l+ rbh` `m+b tgb
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shfb `m+b b `mvb gbn b hrb hhb gm`b +lr ltgbrs arbhfs al nlt
ib`ln' tl tgb rbh` lr`a hna tgb( dlfb +rlf hn lutbr lr`a% gbrb ms nl
sthnahra h( l+ tb``mn' arbhfs mn tgb shfb h( tght tgbrb ms nl sthnahra
bvmabntmh` lr fhrbr +lr arbhfs% Bvbr( `hn'uh'b hna du`turb ghna`bs tgms
amIbrbnt`(% Tlfb du`turbs Etgrlu'g tgbmr `hn'uh'bE abh` mtg arbhfs hs h
ahm ( `m+b bvbnt hna hs h amrbdt`( lisbrvba b)*brmbndb% Am)ln hna Zl'b`
0933!?998> b)*`hmn tght mn Ohrhhrh hn Hrh_ `hn'uh'b +rlf tgb Hfh.lnhs
arbhfs hrb b)*`hmnba usmn' ,rstghna bvmabntmh`s hs tgb( hrb tgb
dlntmnuhtmln l+ ahm`( `m+b% 1n tgb ltgbr ghna Am)ln hna Zl'b` sh( tght gbn
slfblnb ms hs`bb* hna mnvl`unthrm`( flvbs tgms ms rb*lrtba usmn' nln
,rstghna bvmabntmh`s hs tgb( dlnsmabr tght tgbsb mnas l+ flvbfbnts hrb
ib(lna lnb5s m`` hna dlntrl`% Arbhfs rbdbmvb tgb shfb mna l+ trbhtfbnt mn
hnh :ubdguh s*lbn mn slutg 2bru gbrb h amrbdt bvmabntmh` ms usba
gbn tb``mn' arbhfs smndb tgb hnh :ubdguh dlnsmabr tght arbhfs hrb
*hrt l+ ahm`( `m+b% gb bvmabntmh` fhr +lr arbhfs mn hnh :ubdguh ms 0fm
"`l(a 08===?! hs sgln mn trundhtba +lrf mn b)hf*`b 04>?
("&) yh4h suynu-nhh eh-h hnyhn tuth ehthr$m``hr arbhf*hst ib8*` (bstbrah( nm'gt trhdtlrehrrmtmmrh-h-th trh!hoh-sgrh-ndgme-ehh-th-frlhaab+hdd lrnlf8\9ab+hddamr.bv
Dhst nm'gt arbhfba hilut gbn b lrba ln tgb rlha mtg tgbtrhdtlr5%
Hs *rbvmlus`( b)*`hmnba sghfhns hrb dlnsmabrba tl ghvb s*bdmh` *lbrs
hna tgbsb *lbrs hrb mn slfb du`turbs rbbdtba tgrlu'g tgb amIbrbnt usb
l+ bvmabntmh`s% "lr b)hf*`b Hmgbnvh`a sh(s tght +lr tgb hrmhnh sghfhns
hrb *rl*gbtmd hna sl hrb tgbmr arbhfs% gb dlnsb;ubndb l+ ibmn' *rl*gbtmd
ms tght tgbmr arbhfs hrb tl`a usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% "lr tgb hrmhnh hna +lr
fhn( ltgbrs sghfhns hrb lfnmsdmbnt hna tgbmr arbhfs hrb nlt su**lsmtmlns
iut hssbrtmlns l+ ght tgb( sbb ib`mbvb lr *rbamdt gbn tgb( hrb hhb% n
tgb b)hf*`b ib`l h sghfhn th`s hilut gms 'rhna+htgbr sbbn mn h arbhf
Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!C>?
("') wh-gwbrm-nb mehsu-nueu fhtm-$u-nhehamgh8*`'rhna+htgbr+ld%h-s nltl*%nln%h-s ihahu'*rbs%vms gb#m'gt nl lur 'rhna+htgbr ms mn h iha h(5 0vmsuh`>%
9!
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gbn tgb Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns thb h(hguhsdh! tgb( tb`` tgbmr
vmsmlns hna +bb`mn's usmn' tgb amrbdt bvmabntmh`% gms usb l+ bvmabntmh`s
dlntrhsts mtg tgb usb l+ nlrfh` *bl*`b gbn rbdluntmn' arbhfs gmdg ms
alnb tgrlu'g h rb*lrtba bvmabntmh`%
Hs "`l(a 08==? *uts mt tgms fbhns tght Ghn bvbnt fhrba mtg tgb
amrbdt bvmabntmh` dhn ib 'rlunaba tl rbh`fs ltgbr tghn tgb s*bhbr5s durrbnt
lr dlnsdmlus rbh`mt(M% Arbhfmn' ms mntbr*rbtba i( tgbf Ghs h mna l+
suidlnsdmlus vmsuh` b)*brmbndbM amIbrbnt +rlf Gtru`( suidlnsdmlus
hdtmvmtmbsM% n h dlf*hrhi`b h( mn u(udh hna htu(l 0Bhst udhnlhn> mn
tgb Zhu*bs rb'mln mn $rh.m` arbhfs hrb tl`a usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s?
Gs*bhbrs rhtmlnh`m.b tgms bvmabntmh` dglmdb i( sh(mn' tght arbhfs hrb sbbnG
$hrnbs 08=7!?98>% n Nlrtg Hfbrmdh b ,na tgb b)hf*`b l+ tgb &rbb
`hn'uh'b s*lbn mn &hnhah gbrb tgb s*bhbrs *brdbmvb arbhfs hs hn
mntb``bdtuh` dlndb*t gmdg ms nlt *`husmi`b mn rbh` `m+b% Ohfbs &`hrb U
Jhdbn.mb 09338?9!4> b)*`hmn tght h nln,rstghna bvmabntmh` ms usba mn &rbb
tl tb`` arbhfs tl ltgbrs% gb bvmabntmh` fhrbr ms Esgh$hn hna mt ms dlfimnba
mtg tgb hK) ehWEuh, gmdg fbhns tght ght ms ibmn' tl`a dlfbs +rlf
slfblnb5s fmna b%'% hs sgln mn b)hf*`b 047>?
(") $b$unmt fh3e beu $buh3tht nb nh3$bu beutb hnmtbmn%mntbr hna tgbn gb%arbhft tght fhn tght5s tgbrbbueuhnnuh eh-utmnmeusgh$hn-uh3 msgmnbutght5s%tgb%lnb hgb%hs%thbn\nln,rstguh gb%arbhftn mntbr tgb fhn arbhft tght tgb *brsln hs thbn 0m%b% hiaudtba>
gb arbhft5%
1ndb h'hmn mn Tlutg Hfbrmdh tgb Tgm*mil[lnmil absdrmib arbhfs usmn'
h rb*lrtba bvmabntmh` Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!>?
(".) b-h-rlnem m-whn-eb hnm hrls whm
nh$ldghneht-h8*hisrb* al%mntrbhr`mbr%tlah(%*hst `hr'b rmdb 'hrabn dbntrb sthna
**9 hs sthnamn' mn tgb dbntbr l+ h `hr'b rmdb 'hrabn 0mn h arbhf>5%
Hs rb*lrtba i( Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!> mn hrmhnh hna mn udhnl Eiltg
Hfh.lnmhn `hn'uh'bsE arbhfs hrb h`sl trbhtba hna tl`a hs m+ tgb( brb nlt
*hrt l+ rbh` `m+b% "l``lmn' hn b)hf*`b mn hrmhnh Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?489>?
(#8) nbsb-nueu nugh nu-shau nu-bnm$b-tu$b
! H gh``udmnl'bnlus suisthndb%
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tgbntl* 8smn'm+b 8smn'dgm`arbnamf?*`wheh-fghnh eh>hehwgyh am-ueh-fghnh8*`\hrrmvbrbf%*%nln%vms *`hnb 4smn'n+hrrmvbrbf%*%nlnvmsgbn f( m+b hna f( sfh`` dgm`arbn b hrrmvba 0ht tgb hmr*lrt? mnf( arbhf> tgb *`hnb hrrmvba 0mn f( arbhf>5
n tgb absdrm*tmln l+ h arbhf mn hrmhnh b dhn lisbrvb gl bhdg vbri
ghs h nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`% lbvbr smf*`( mnsbrtmn' hn bvmabntmh` ms nlt
bnlu'g hna hn haaba +bhturb ms rb;umrba% Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!C> hKrfs
tght mn lrabr tl fhb surb tght ght ms ibmn' tl`a ms h arbhf tgb s*bhbr
tb``mn' tgb arbhf fh( h`sl usb h `b)mdh` rbfmnabr Gmn h arbhfM%
[h'hgmv ms h u*m `hn'uh'b s*lbn i( vhrmlus sfh`` 'rlu*s mn tgb Y**br
Jhabmrh #mvbr $hsmn hna #lnacnmh mn $rh.m`% Nbhri( b dhn ,na tgb
2hrmntmntmn gl `mvb h`ln' tgb bhst ihn l+ tgb Jhabmrh #mvbr hna tgbmr
bnghrbf nbm'gilrs gmdg s*bh h nlrtgbrn amh`bdt l+ tgb [h'hgmv
`hn'uh'b% [rhdb 0933=? b)*`hmns tght +lr tgb 2hrmntmntmn tb` mn' hna
mntbr*rbtmn' arbhfs hs hn mf*lrthnt *hrt l+ tgbmr `m+b% Arbhfs brb usba tl
lr'hnm.b ahm`( `m+b mn hrbhs sudg hs guntmn' *rbamdtmn' abhtg lr m``nbss hna
*rbamdtmn' hr hfln' ltgbr tgmn's% gb fhrbr +lr arbhfs mn 2hrmntmntmn ms
rh4 C!lo om hghyg
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n tgb b)hf*`b hilvb b dhn vmsuh`m.b ght ghs ibbn b)*`hmnba mn tgb
*rbvmlus *hrh'rh*g? mn slfb l+ tgb sbntbndbs rh4< ms lfmttba 'mvmn' tgb
sbnsb l+ ur'bnd( sur*rmsb hnnl(hndb lr b)h''brhtmln? Gmt hs hn'r( ht
fbRM@ Gtgb snhb hs gu'bRM lbvbr mt ms mf*lrthnt tl rbfmna tgb `mstbnbr
tght ght ms ibmn' absdrmiba ms h arbhf tgbrb+lrb mt ms dlnvbnmbnt tl bna mt
mtg hnltgbr rh4 Km rhewAm0dlrtluG b dut lIEf( *bnms%0CA4nA leut=h$y4yntmn leut%
< gb unabr`mnba lras hrb ilrrlba +rlf 2lrtu'ubsb%
9C
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[rhdb su''bsts tght h+tbr tgb 2lrtu'ubsb lra dbfmtrml 0dbfbtbr(>
tgb s*bhbr bnt ln tb``mn' tgb arbhf mn 2lrtu'ubsb hna stl**ba usmn' tgb
bvmabntmh` hs mn 2lrtu'ubsb tgbrb hrb nl bvmabntmh`s% t sbbfs tght tgb nbba
tl usb bvmabntmh`s hs nlt trhns+brba tl 2lrtu'ubsb mn tgms dhsb 0sbb
dgh*tbr +lr `hn'uh'b dlnthdt smtuhtmlns hna tgb nbba tl usb bvmabntmh`s>%
$ut mt ms h`sl mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb mn tgms b)hf*`b tght gbn s*bhbrs hrb
usmn' 2lrtu'ubsb tgb( slfbtmfbs usb bvmabntmh`s%
n tgms dhsbrh4 rh4
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shma tl 'l lut tl vmsmt gms d`lsb rb`htmvbs h**bhrmn' tl tgbf mn tgbmr arbhfs
tl hnnlundb mts ab*hrturb%
g( al slfb `hn'uh'bs mtg arbhf bvmabntmh`s dlnsmabr tgbf hs
mnamrbdt ahth [rhdb 0933=?C4> sthtbs tght arbhfs hrb m``usmlns% gb( `llrbh` iut tgb( hrb nlt G*brdb*tmlns l+ suisthntmh` rbh`mt(M% gb 2hrmntmntmn
sh(mn' 'lbs `mb tgms? lrl AgA, 11nb hbs +rlf tgbf hna tgb( hrb nlt
tgbrbM [rhdb 0933=?C4>% gb( h`sl dhrr( slfb vbrhdmt( iut vbrhdmt( ms nlt
ght ms *rbsbntba% t ms hilut ght slfblnb gl nls gl tl mntbr*rbt
arbhfs dhn tb`` hilut tgb +uturb sl mn +hdt nlt bvbr(ila( ms hi`b tl
unabrsthna arbhfs hna nlt bvbr(ila( sglu`a ib hi`b tl s*bh hilut
arbhfs hna tl thb abdmsmlns dlndbrnmn' tgbf% [rhdb5s mntbr*rbthtmln 'lbs
ib(lna tgms gbn gb sh(s? Gtgb arbhf ms nlt hn b)*brmbndb@ mt ms h fbssh'b
h fbssh'b +rlf hn unnln slurdb% gb nl`ba'b mn h arbhf ms rbdbmvba
hs h dlffunmdhtmln +rlf ib(lna% gbrb+lrb mt dhnnlt ib dlaba hs *brslnh`
b)*brmbndb%M [rhdb 0933=? C4>%
Zh`bn.ub`h 09334? hKrfs tght Gtgb usb l+ amrbdt bvmabntmh`s gbn
absdrmimn' bvbnts b)*brmbndba unabr tgb mnubndb l+ hyhguhsdh hs
l**lsba tl tgb rb*lrthtmvb gbn nhrrhtmn' lnb5s ln arbhf ms vbr(
rbvbh`mn' l+ Tgm*mil lr`avmb% gm`b hyhguhsdhvmsmlns hrb *hrt l+ rbh`mt(arbhfs hrb nlt hna tgms amstmndtmln ms bndlaba mn tgb s(stbf%M
b dhn d`lsb tgms dgh*tbr mn tgb shfb h( tght b l*bnba mt th`mn'
hilut "rbua% [rhdb rb+brs tl "rbua5s +lltnltbs +rlf =gb ?ntbr$rbthtmln l*
5rbhfs gbrb mn dgh*tbr C gb hKrfs?
Gl glf ms tgb arbhf h msg +u`,``fbnt t ms d`bhr`( nlt tl tgb *brsln gl
hbs +rlf tgb arbhf hna ms *u..`ba i( mt lr amstrbssba i( mt% t ms gb
rbbdts hnltgbr *brsln mtgmn us gl dlnstrudts tgb arbhf% H arbhfbr mn
gms rb`htmln tl gms arbhfmsgbs dhn ln`( ib dlf*hrba tl hn hfh`'hfhtmln
l+ tl sb*hrhtb *bl*`b gl hrb iluna mn h strln' dlffunh`mt(%M [rhdb
0933=?C4>%
ght dhn ib mn+brrba +rlf "rbua5s ;ultb 2brgh*s tght arbhfs hrb
sfhrtbr tghn arbhfbrs hs [rhdb *lmnts lut fbhnmn' tght b fh( ,na tgb
sl`utmln tl lur *rli`bfs hna aluits mn arbhfs gbrb b hrb +rbb tl hnabr
hrluna sbbmn' +lr tgb sl`utmln tl lur gbhahdgbs% n arbhfs b dhn 'l
abb*br hna `ll +lr d`hrm,dhtmlns lr hnsbrs tl lur lrrmbs
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H`` tgms rb`htbs tl ght Aurhntm 08==C?7> sh(s? Gh 'rlu* l+ *bl*`b fm'gt
nlt ib hi`b tl hrtmdu`htb ght tgb( rbh``( dhrb hilut lr g( tgb( ibghvb tgb
h( tgb( al iut tgbmr stlrmbs *br+lrfhndbs hna bvbr(ah( b)*rbssmlns
fm'gt rbvbh` tgbmr mnnbr fltmvhtmlns%M gbsb sthtbfbnts fh( lIbr hn
hnsbr hs tl g( slfb `hn'uh'bs usb mnamrbdt bvmabntmh`s +lr arbhfs% Ggb
arbhf dlfbs +rlf hnltgbr s*hdb hnltgbr sdbnb% t ms h fbssh'b +rlf
hnltgbr sb`+ amstmndt +rlf lur hmn' sb`+%M [rhdb 0933=?C4>% t sbbfs
;umtb d`bhr tl fb tght tgb bvmabntmh` dglmdb +lr rbdluntmn' arbhfs ms du`turb
ab*bnabnt% t ms du`turb tght amdthtbs gmdg bvmabntmh` fust ib usba% $ut
gl dhn b hdtuh``( nl tght gb ln`( dbrthmn +hdt ms tght +lr slfb *bl*`b
arbhfs hrb h dlntmnuhtmln l+ rbh` `m+b gm`b ltgbrs ib`mbvb tght lndb h
*brsln hbs u* tgb arbhf ms 'lnb%
'.9. Bvmabntmh`s) sghfhnmstmd amsdlursb hna
su%brnhturh` %gbnlfbnh
H *brsln gl hnts tl abvltb gms `m+b tl tgb su*brnhturh` nbbas tl ib
drbami`b tl tglsb gl surrluna gmf% gbrb hrb fhn( h(s tl lithmn
drbamim`mt(@ i( +hdts i( lras lr iltg% lbvbr lras hrb *rlihi`( tgb ibst
tll` mn lrabr tl ghvb +l``lbrs lr ib`mbvbrs% l dlu`a tgms *brsln b)*rbss
hutglrmt( ght mna l+ rb'mstbr albs h sghfhn nbba tl usb gbn s*bhmn'
gms fh( turn mntl h *bdu`mhr`( `mn'umstmd ;ubstmln gmdg dlrrb`htbs mtg
rmtuh`s iut h`sl mtg f(tgmd hna *rl*gbtmd vldhiu`hr( hna bnvmrlnfbnt%
gb rbh` mssub dlndbrnmn' bvmabndb lr hutglrmt( ms dln+rlntmn' tgb shdrba
mtg tgb *rl+hnb@ tgb mn+lrfhtmln slurdbs hna tgb h( tl trbht tgbf fh(
amIbr ;umtb h `lt hna tgms ms rbbdtba mn `hn'uh'b% "lr h nlrfh` *brsln tgb
usb l+ bvmabntmh`s fh( sbbf ;umtb livmlus +rlf ght gb dhn sbb mn+br lr
hssufb@ glbvbr +lr h *brsln mtg su*brnhturh` *lbrs tgb usb l+
bvmabntmh`s fm'gt nlt ib tght s*lnthnblus iut rhtgbr b`` tglu'gt hna
dh`du`htba% n h 'bnbrh` sbnsb tl fhmnthmn tgbmr drbamim`mt( hna rb*uthtmln
sghfhns fust *h( hddurhtb httbntmln tl tgb h( tgb( usb `hn'uh'b hna
*hrtmdu`hr`( bvmabntmh`s% "urtgbrflrb mtgmn h trhamtmlnh` sldmbt(
slfbtgmn' flrb ms ht sthb? s*bhmn' mn irlha tbrfs h s*bdmh` +lrf l+
`hn'uh'b rbsbrvba +lr rmtuh` hna smfm`hr usbs $lms 08=7?48!>% gms s*bdmh`
+lrf l+ `hn'uh'b ms usba tl dlf*`( mtg tgb rb;ubst +lr *lbr% mtglut
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fbntmlnmn' hn( s*bdm,d `hn'uh'b lr 'rlu* $lms 08=7?48!> sthtbs tght Gn h
dbrthmn sbnsb tgbsb s*bbdg vhrmbtmbs sbrvb tl fhb tgb rmtuh` uttbrhndb
h**bhr hs sb`+bvmabnt%M
t ms ;umtb d`bhr hna livmlus tght dgllsmn' bvmabntmh`s ghs h d`lsbrb`htmlnsgm* mtg du`turh` dlnvbntmlns hna mtg amIbrbnt httmtuabs +hdmn' tgb
slurdb l+ nl`ba'b lr /ust nl`ba'b mtsb`+% "lr b)hf*`b mn hrmhnh hna mn
Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s tl b)*`hmn tgbmr nl`ba'b
hna su*brnhturh` b)*brmbndbs% "lr tgbf tgbsb hrb rbh` sl tgb( fust ib
rbdluntba hs vmsuh`% 2rl*gbtmd arbhfs l+ Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns hrb tl`a
usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% Tghfhns ghvb su*brnhturh` *lbrs@ tght ms g(
tgb( hrb sldmh``( h``lba tl usb tgbsb bvmabntmh`s% H sghfhn ms lfnmsdmbnt
hna sbbs bvbr(tgmn' hs l**lsba tl h nlrfh` *brsln% H sghfhn m`` s*bh
mtg vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s bvbn m+ tgb +hdts lr bvbnts tght hrb tl`a hrb nlt vmsmi`b
tl nlrfh` *bl*`b% + Tgm*mil[lnmil sghfhns usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s hrmhnh
hna udhnl dlnsmabr tght bvm` s*mrmts hrb nlt sbbn hna tgbrb+lrb mn tgms dhsb
tgb( usb nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s tl absdrmib tgbf% gb +l``lmn' sbntbndb
b)bf*`m,bs mt Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!7>?
0!4> nhfu hnh fhthfhg*h amgnhnmmbvm`%s*mrmt 8*`li/ ib%b``rbh`rbd%*%nlnvms 4s'n+bhtdlf*`
gb bvm` s*mrmt ghs b`` hna tru`( bhtbn us u*5 0nlnvmsuh`>%
"lr tgb hrmhnh durmn' *lbrs dhnnlt ib sbbn bmtgbr sl tgb( b)*rbss
tgbf usmn' nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!7>%
(##) Shnh$hah gbrbnhsm nhgh nh-$usuh-fgh ngbth-nmemgmdgbvbr m``nbss tgb( 4*`sud*rbs%nlnvms 4*`\thb%hh(dlf*`gb( 0sghfhns> sud hn( m``nbss hna thb mt hh(5 0nlnvmsuh`>%
Dmbmsb mntu +rlf Nlrtg Hfbrmdh usb tgb nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` tl th`
hilut su*brnhturh` *lbrs gmdg ms h`sl usba +lr gbhrmn' +bb`mn' tludgsfb`` hna thstb Jmtgun 08===?9!=>% n mntu tgb b)d`hfhtmln gh-ghqG`ll
u*ln fbM ms usba ln`( i( sghfhns hna ms nlt rb`htba tl tgb lra +lr Gtl
sbb `llM Jmtgun 08===?97>%
n tgb Tgm*mil[lnmil lr`avmb gbn tgb 'rbht sghfhn thbs
hyhguhsdh gb Gtrhvb`s tl hnltgbr `h(br l+ rbh`mt( hna rb`htbs mtg ibmn's
tght dhnnlt ib sbbn i( tgb nlns*bdmh`mstM Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?% Ynabr tgb
bIbdts l+ hyhguhsdh Gtgb sghfhn sbbs absm'ns lr nlts ln h *htmbnt5s +hdb
hna ila( hna dlnsu`ts mtg gms h``mba s*mrmts tl hrrmvb ht h amh'nlstmd hna
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abtbrfmnb tgb h**rl*rmhtb trbhtfbntM Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?% gbrb+lrb
gbn h sghfhn amh'nlsbs h *htmbnt gb usbs tgb amrbdt bvmabntmh`% gb
+l``lmn' ms hn b)hf*`b l+ tgms mn Tgm*mil[lnmil Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?4>?
(#%) fm-h-rh elsglsgeh-nmn yltl-hmem8*hisamr%bv rmvbr%al`*gmnbr' gmt%mtg%i`l*m*b%ahrt**9 hu)gb rmvbr al`*gmn gmt (lu mtg hn 0mfh'mnba> i`l*m*bahrt5%
t ms mntbrbstmn' tl thb h `ll ht sbvbrh` b)hf*`bs tl sbb gl bvmabntmh`s
hrb rbh``( usba mn tgms dhsb% Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?!4> 'mvbs hnltgbr b)hf*`b
mtg tgb hdtuh` tb)t mn Tgm*mil% gb stlr( ms hilut tgb Tgm*mil gl *`hn tl
abdbmvb tgb Tun sl tgb( dhn ghvb *bddhrmbs% Hsgm tgb sghfhn gl bb*s
tgb *bddhrmbs mn tgb s( ms su**lsba tl 'l tl tgb Tun hna thb mt aln tl
bhrtg% n tgb +l``lmn' b)hf*`b tgb trhnsmtmvb hu)m`mhr( h(e)-,trhns`htba hs
Gtb` M d`lsbs h amrbdt ;ultb gmdg ht tgb shfb tmfb ghs h rb*lrthtmvb
bvmabntmh` rlnem?
0!> /h nlel-xln-rh b-n yl-m eh-XhYm nb-se-h-emn3tght ,na*sstamr%bv 8br' sh(sssm 'lmnd *rl)dlf*al%tr%ssstEh$, fm-h-rh !heb wbtsh-!hln ebnh-fh-eb+htgbr%vld 9hisamr%bv dgm`a ltgbr*`?br' dh``dhusdf*`fm-n-rlnemxbh-m eh-tm mem h-emn he-9br'rb* armnsssm 'lmn+ hu) al%trssst al%tr%**90Hsgm> tl`a 0tgb *bl*`b>? G1ndb ,na gmf m`` tb`` gmf tgb +l``lmn'?
G"htgbr f( irltgbrs ghvb sbnt 0fb> tl dh`` (lu tgb( sh( tght (lu
ghvb tl dlfb 0aln tl tgb bhrtg> tl ghvb h armnMM%5
Hddlramn' tl Tgm*mil lr`avmb Zh`bn.ub`h 09334? tgb sghfhn h+tbr
thmn' hyhguhsdh,bbs tl hnltgbr rbh`mt( +hr ib(lna hna tgbn gb b)*`hmns
bvbr(tgmn' usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s nlmn' +lr surb tght ght gb ms tb``mn'
dhnnlt ib sbbn i( nlrfh` *bl*`b% Hs h fhttbr l+ +hdt gb ms usmn' hna
abflnstrhtmn' gms su*brnhturh` *lbrs% b dhn sbb tgb GgmaabnM *bl*`b
dh``ba Dghmelnm% H`` tght ms vmbba hna absdrmiba hs rbh` i( tgb sghfhn ms
ib`mbvba tl ib sl i( tgb rbst l+ tgb flrth`s% gb +l``lmn' b)hf*`b ms
mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb tgb amIbrbndbs mn s*bbdg ibtbbn h sghfhn hna h
nlrfh` *brsln Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??
(#') fm-h-rh/-rlnem elsglsgeh-nmn yltl-hmem9hisamr%bv-rb* rmvbr%al`*gmnbr' gmt%mtg%i`l*m*b%ahrt**9 hu)gb rmvbr al`*gmn gmt (lu mtg hn 0mfh'mnhr(> i`l*m*bahrt5%
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Tbntbndb 0!C> gmdg ms h vhrmhtmln l+ b)hf*`b 0! lu`a ghvb rh m+
*rlnlundba i( h sghfhn vmsmtmn' h *htmbnt@ tgb rb*lrthtmvb rlnemms usba i(
hnltgbr *brsln absdrmimn' tgb *htmbnt tgb amh'nlsba i( tgb sghfhn%
$bsmabs usmn' h vmsuh` bvmabntmh` sghfhns fh( h`sl usb h rb*lrthtmvb
bvmabntmh` gbn th`mn' tl *htmbnts% gms ms h h( l+ sh(mn' tght s*mrmts th` tl
sghfhns 0Zh`bn.ub`h 9334??
(#) fm-h-rlnem !bnxlh-tm oheln mem9hisrb* gbh`mn+ 'lla dl*0gb s*mrmts tl`a fb tght> dhn gbh` (lu5%
b ghvb sbbn sl +hr tght gufhns mtg su*brnhturh` fh'mdh` *lbrs dhn
th` amIbrbnt`( +rlf tgb rbst l+ tgb *bl*`b hilut dbrthmn hs*bdts l+ `m+b%Tghfhns usb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s tl th` hilut s*mrmts lr hilut trm*s tl ltgbr
`h(brs l+ rbh`mt(% t ms h`sl mf*lrthnt tl nltmdb tght bvbn gbn tgb
su*brnhturh` +hdt ms b)*`hmnba i( tgb sghfhn Eusmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`sE hna
tgb nlrfh` *bl*`b hrluna gmf hdnl`ba'b tgms +hdt tgbsb nlrfh` *bl*`b
m`` usb nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s gbn b)*`hmnmn' tl ltgbrs tgms su*brnhturh`
+hdt% Bvbn m+ tgb su*brnhturh` +hdt ms b)*`hmnba lr undlvbrba tgb( hrb nlt
sghfhns hna tgb( al nlt ghvb tgb su*brnhturh` *lbr mn lrabr tl absdrmib
tgbsb b)*brmbndbs hs m+ tgb( gha sbbn tgbf mtg tgbmr ln b(bs%
b sglu`a mnd`uab &grmstmhnmt( mn tgms sbdtmln hs mt ghs tl al mtg ib`mb+s
hs albs sghfhnmsf% &grmstmhnmt( hrrmvba tl Hfbrmdh mtg tgb Burl*bhn
dl`lnm.htmln% gb hrmhnh sthrtba +bb`mn' tgb mnubndb l+ &grmstmhnmt( +rlf
tgb 8=93s hna ghvb hah*tba &htgl`md +bstmvmtmbs hna h(s l+ `m+b% gbrb+lrb
tgb( ghvb hal*tba nb trhamtmlns ln ght tl al lr ght nlt tl al ln ght
ms rm'gt lr ght ms rln' 0smn>% gb bvmabntmh` s(stbf gha tl ib hah*tba mn h
dbrthmn h( tl tgb &grmstmhn lr`a%
Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4!=> b)*`hmns tght m+ h fhn 'lbs lut guntmn' ln Xlla
"rmah( tgb bvm` s*mrmt l+ tgb /un'`b m`` *unmsg gmf hs mt ms +lrimaabn tl gunt
aurmn' tght ah(% Obsus ms hssldmhtba mtg tgb trhamtmlnh` tgb &rbhtlr glf
tgb( dh`` Th$m-rmeu-rm0`mt% ilnblnrb`? tgb lnb ln tgb ilnb> hna tgb tbrf +lr
Xlla "rmah( ms Gtgb ah( gbn Th$mrmeurmambaM% gb imi`b trhns`htlrs lr tgb
fmssmlnhrmbs gl dlnvbrtba tgb hrmhnh *bl*`b tl &grmstmhnmt( hna trmba tl
b)*`hmn tgb lra l+ Obsus mn tgb hrmhnh `hn'uh'b *rlihi`( +luna mt ghra tlabdmab ght bvmabntmh`s usb smndb sl +hr nl lnb ln bhrtg d`hmfs tl ghvb
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sbbn Obsus lr ms l`a bnlu'g tl ib hi`b tl b)*`hmn tgb stlr( mtg vmsuh`
bvmabntmh`s% lbvbr tgb hrmhnh `bhrnba tl th` hilut Obsus hna tgb Zmr'mn
Jhr( mtg vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 09334?88> rbdh`` tght mn
rmttbn trhns`htmlns l+ shdrba tb)ts Esudg hs tgb Tunah( sbrvmdbE
absdrm*tmlns sudg hs GObsus &grmst ms hfln' usM lr GObsus &grmst ms 'llaM hrb
tl`a usmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% "rlf f( *lmnt l+ vmb tgms dlu`a ib h h( tl
abfldrhtm.b vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s hfln' nlrfh` *bl*`b hna nlt rbstrmdt tgbf
tl tgb sghfhn lr tgb *rmbst% &lnsb;ubnt`( nlrfh` *bl*`b fh( +bb` h flrb
amrbdt dlnnbdtmln mtg Obsus hs tgbrb ms nl nbba tl 'l tgrlu'g tgb ,`tbr l+ h
sghfhn lr h *rmbst% lbvbr mt ms `mb`( tght tgms hd;umrba trhamtmln l+ usmn'
vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a U Am)ln 09334?88> dlu`a h`sl
dlfb +rlf tgb +hdt tght hrmhnh *bl*`b gha hddbss tl tgb udhnl trhns`htmln
gbrb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s brb h`rbha( usba%
Abaudmn' gmdg bvmabntmh` tl usb hna gbn ms hn mf*lrthnt mssub mn
tbrfs l+ hssbrtmn' *lbr lvbr tgb rbst% n hrmhnh tgb mf*lsmn' *hrt ms alnb
tgrlu'g h amsthnt *hst ,rstghna bvmabntmh` hna tgb tlnb ms slfbtgmn' `mb G
ibhr mtnbssM Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?498>% lbvbr m+ slfblnb ms nlt h sghfhn
hna usbs hn bvmabntmh` tll fudg tgb dlffunmt( fh( sdl`a gmf +lr almn'
sl% brb lndb h'hmn tgb *rl*br usb l+ `hn'uh'b ms ihdba u* i( du`turh`
fhttbrs ib(lna h dlrrbdt usb l+ 'rhffhr%
"rlf h `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb Ghiusmn'M dbrthmn bvmabntmh`s ms nlt h
*rli`bf% lbvbr +rlf h du`turh` *lmnt l+ vmb mt ms% b dhn usb tgb
b)hf*`b absdrmiba i( bibr 08==?7C> gbn th`mn' hilut uh``h'h
:ubdguh% b fbntmlns h s*bhbr gl hs usmn' tgb amrbdt bvmabntmh` -fmtll
fudg% "lr tgb dlffunmt( tgms *brsln sbbfba tll ghst( gbn 'mvmn' tgb
slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna +lr tgms rbhsln Ehiusmn' tgb bvmabntmh`E gb hs
dlnsmabrba hs ibmn' Gnlt h fbfibr l+ h :ubdguhs*bhmn' dlffunmt(
gmdg vh`ubs gms sthturbM bibr 08==?7C> hs gb gha `lst h`` drbamim`mt(%
ndlrrbdt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s fh( *rlvb tl ib bvbn lrsb% bibr 08==?848>
haas hnltgbr b)hf*`b? G&Z bibrs mn+lrfhnt nls h fhn mtg tgb
nmdnhfb l+ `lel4 0drh.( mn T*hnmsg> gl dlnsthnt`( usbs 0fm+&Z rb*lrts
1rm'mnh`? Gfmbf!rl ab unh dlfunmaha ab gh!`h qubdguh qub :h`lrh substhturhM
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tght nl lnb ib`mbvbs gmf ibdhusb gb h`h(s s*bhs hs m+ gb lu`a ghvb
sbbn bvbr(tgmn' tght gb b)*`hmns%MC
Ysmn' vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s +lr sghfhnmd vmsmlns h`sl tb`` us gl drbami`b hna
trustlrtg( tgms mna l+ mn+lrfhtmln ms% n bvbr( du`turb mn tgb lr`abvbr(tgmn' tght ms rbdluntba hs sbbn ms strln'`( ib`mbvba% n tgms dhsb b
dhn sbb gl bvmabntmh`s 'l ib(lna h Gsmf*`bM 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr( hna
gl tgb( hrb Gfhnm*u`htbaM +lr du`turh` *ur*lsbs% t ms du`turb tght
dlffhnas gmdg bvmabntmh`s hrb tl ib usba lr nlt hna tgms du`turh` hs*bdt
ms utm`m.ba mn hddlrahndb i( h sghfhn lr i( h nlrfh` *brsln%
'.4. Bvmabntmh`s mn flabrn mjb
$lls tb`bvmsmln tb`b*glnb hna nl ntbrnbt ghvb rbhdgba Nhtmvb
sldmbtmbs mn Hfbrmdh% gbsb sldmbtmbs ghvb bfirhdba hna hah*tba tl nb
tbdgnl`l'mbs hna mnnlvhtmlns bvbn tglu'g sudg ha/ustfbnt gha tl ib alnb
mn tbrfs l+ gmdg bvmabntmh`s hrb tl ib usba mtg tgb nb abvmdbs tght hrb
slurdbs l+ mn+lrfhtmln% ght gh**bns gbn tgb fbhns l+ hd;umrmn'
mn+lrfhtmln dghn'b ght gh**bns mtg tgb slurdbs l+ mn+lrfhtmln gbn
tgb( hrb nlt lrh` lr fhab l+ *h*br iut b`bdtrlnmd Al b *brdbmvb rbh`mt( mn
tgb shfb h( Al b usb tgb shfb lras flr*gbfbs lr uttbrhndbs tl
rb+br tl mt
Hddlramn' tl $lhs 08=!9?874>? Ggbn dghn'bs l+ du`turb abfhna nb
h(s l+ b)*rbssmln `hn'uh'bs hrb suKdmbnt`( *`mhi`b tl +l``l tgb nbbasM
fbhnmn' tght hn( du`turb h`ln' mtg mts `hn'uh'b ms hah*thi`b tl nb
tmfbs nb mnvbntmlns% "lr b)hf*`b h Tgm*mil&lnmil s*bhbr usbs tgb
rb*lrtba 6rlnemtl th` hilut ght tgb( rbha mn h ill% H s*bhbr l+ hrmhnhlr udhnl usbs tgb hssufba bvmabntmh` +lr tgb shfb *ur*lsb% n tgms dhsb
tgb hssufba bvmabntmh` hs usba hna ms stm`` usba +lr mn+lrfhtmln hd;umrba
i( mntbr*rbthtmln rbhslnmn' lr dlffln sbnsb Hmgbnvh`a 09389?9=>% gb
dglmdb +lr tgms *hrtmdu`hr bvmabntmh` fh( ib aub tl tgb +hdt tght tgb rb*lrtba
bvmabntmh` mn hrmhnh ghs dlnnlthtmlns l+ amsib`mb+ hna amsthndmn' lnbsb`+
C 1rm'mnh`? G=DNdlnldb un glf!rb dln b` h$lal ab Q`lel4 qub tlal b` aBh bstutm`mFhnal 0fm+ =DN amdb qub yh nhamb `b drbb $lrqu smbf$rb gh!`h dlfl sm gu!mbrh
:mstl tlal `l qub dubnth%M
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+rlf tgb slurdb% n dlntrhst tgb hssufba bvmabntmh` albs nlt ghvb hn(
b*mstbfmd dlnnlthtmln hna dhn ib sh+b`( usba tl *hss ln mn+lrfhtmln%
htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln dlu`a ib dlf*hrhi`b tl htdgmn' hn(tgmn' mn rbh`
`m+b tgbrb+lrb Tgm*mil[lnmil hrmhnh hna udhnl s*bhbrs al tgb shfb?tgb( usb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh`% H+tbr h`` mt fh( sbbf ;umtb `l'mdh` smndb
htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln ms h vmsuh` Ehna huamtlr(E b)*brmbndb%
"lr tgb Tgm*mil htdgmn' h +lltih`` fhtdg ln tb`bvmsmln ms absdrmiba mtg
tgb -rhvmsuh` bvmabntmh` Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??
(#.) Ebnh` r-mem+*bnh`t(?his amr%bvdl*t ms h *bnh`t(5 0 hf htdgmn' mt ln tb`bvmsmln>%
Hmgbnvh`a 09389?9=> sh(s tght ib+lrb hrmhnh s*bhbrs 'hmnba +u``
hddbss tl tgb *glnb tgb( usba h nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` +lr s*lrhamd *glnb
dlnvbrshtmlns% gbn hddbss tl tgb *glnb hs nlrfh`m.ba hfln' tgbf h
*glnb dlnvbrshtmln hs dlnsmabrba hs th`mn' +hdb tl +hdb tl tgb ltgbr
*brsln tgbrb+lrb tgb( smtdgba +rlf h nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` tl h vmsuh` lnb%
gb shfb gh**bns gbn dghttmn' ln tgb ntbrnbt? hs mt ms dlnsmabrba h +hdb
tl +hdb dlnvbrshtmln tgb( usb tgb vmsuh` bvmabntmh`%
gb usb l+ vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s gbn htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln ms nlt ln`(
+ldh`m.ba mn tgb Hfh.lnmhn rb'mln% gbn thmn' h irlhabr `ll ht Nlrtg
Hfbrmdh mt ms *lssmi`b tl ,na smfm hr usbs% "lr b)hf*`b h s*bhbr l+
&gbrlbb 2u`tb 08=7
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Tgm*mil&lnmil s*bhbr ms `mstbnmn' tl h fhtdg ln tgb rhaml gb m`` usb tgb
gbhrsh( Erlnem 0mt ms shma tght> Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??
0 $bnh`-rlnem mem*bnh`t(?hisrb* dl*
t ms h *bnh`t(5 0 hf gbhrmn' mt ln tgb rhaml>%
gb amIbrbndbs ibtbbn tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s mtg tb`bvmsmln hna rhaml
sbbf ;umtb livmlus? tb`bvmsmln dhn ib htdgba Etgbrb+lrb tgb( usb h vmsuh`
bvmabntmh`E gm`b tgb rhaml hs dlndbmvba tl ib gbhra sl ht `bhst h
nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh` fust ib usba% Tmndb s*bhmn' ln tgb tb`b*glnb ms nlt h
vmsuh` hdtmvmt( rlnemms h`sl usba% lbvbr tgms fhrbr ms h`sl usba gbn
hd;umrmn' mn+lrfhtmln +rlf tgb nbs*h*br Eibdhusb Gtgb nbs*h*br sh(s
mtMEtgb mntbrnbt 0mtglut htdgmn' mfh'bs> lr h ill Zh`bn.ub`h 09334?%
gb bvmabntmh` rlnemms bvbr(gbrb mn 2bruvmhn gmstlr( tb)tills hna mn
tgb im`mn'uh` b`bfbnthr( sdgll`s Zh`bn.ub`h 09334??
(%9) nl-n rbebn ?neh-rlnem me- mem Chndl Dh$hd+8*`'bn ,rst nh?hisrb* ib**9 hu) Jhndl &h*hd%0t ms shma tght> lur ,rst nh hs Jhndl &h*hd5%
l bstbrn b(bs usmn' Erlnemfh( sluna tll vh'ub tll dhsuh`? Gmt ms shma
tght mn Burl*b tgbrb hs h im' hrM% lbvbr mt ms *rlihi`( tgb ibst l*tmln
tl b)*`hmn gmstlr( ibdhusb mt ms h gbhrsh( bvmabntmh`% glsb gl rltb tgb
ill ama nlt b)*brmbndb tgb bvbnts mn rbh` `m+b sl b hrb rb+brrmn' tl h
gbhrsh( b)*brmbndb? Gmt ms shmaM%
1ndb h'hmn tgms usb l+ nlnvmsuh` bvmabntmh`s ms nlt +ldh`m.ba b)d`usmvb`(
mn Tlutg Hfbrmdh% n bstbrn H*hdgb hn Htghihshn `hn'uh'b +rlf Nlrtg
Hfbrmdh b ghvb h s*bhbr tght gbhra ln tgb rhaml tght h ibhr gha
htthdba h lfhn% "rlf tgb absdrm*tmln l+ gbr mn/urmbs gb mn+brrba usmn'
tgb mn+brbntmh` bvmabntmh` `hh tght sgb hs arh''ba i( tgb ibhr #busb
09334?78>?
0 sghsg maFn lymn`sglla `hh%$bhr lfhn 4s'\4s'%*%arh' mn+%bvH ibhr arh''ba h lfhn5%
n [hsgh(h h 2lflhn `hn'uh'b +rlf &h m+lrnmh 1sh`t 08=7?!9>
flvmn' hdtmlns sbbn ln h tb`bvmsmln sdrbbn lr mn tgb flvmbs hrb dhst mtg
+hdtuh` lr vmsuh` bvmabntmh`s% "lr s*bbdg m+ mt ms rbdlraba `ln' h'l tgb( usb
tgb ;ulthtmvb% Nlns*bbdg slunas hrb rb*lrtba usmn' huamtlr( bvmabntmh`s
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hna rmttbn mn+lrfhtmln ms b)*`hmnba usmn' mn+brbntmh` lr ;ulthtmvb
bvmabntmh`s%
Jlabrn ma'bts hrb b`dlfb mn tgbsb sldmbtmbs hs b``% g( sglu`a mt nlt
ib sl b h`` hah*t Elr tr( tl mtg flrb lr `bss suddbssE tl flabrn sldmbt(hna tl nb mnvbntmlns% Dhn'uh'bs h`sl hah*t i( drbhtmn' nbl`l'msfs bmtgbr
tgrlu'g nb`( mnvbntba lras lr i( ilrrlmn' tgbf +rlf ltgbr `hn'uh'bs
sl mt ms *lssmi`b +lr h`` sldmbtmbs tl nhfb h`flst bvbr( nb ma'bt% Nl lnb ms
`b+t ibgmna ibdhusb l+ s*bhmn' h `hn'uh'b tght dhnnlt nhfb hna dhnnlt
*rlnlundb h nb mnvbntmln% n tbrfs l+ bvmabntmh`s tgbsb ghvb ibbn
hah*tba hs b``% 1nb h( l+ hah*tmn' tgbf ms +l``lmn' tgb bsthi`msgba
dlnvbntmlns tght fbhns tght m+ b hrb htdgmn' tb`bvmsmln h vmsuh` hdtmvmt(
b fust usb h vmsuh` bvmabntmh` gbn th`mn' hilut mt% gb b)tbnsmln mn tgb
fbhnmn' hna usb l+ slfb bvmabntmh`s ms h`sl d`bhr gbn nb dlnvbntmlns
hrmsb aub tl h nb *rhdtmdb sudg hs gbn tgb hrmhnh *bl*`b 'lt +u`` hna
rb'u`hr hddbss tl tgb *glnb% gb hrmhnh sthrtba usmn' h vmsuh` bvmabntmh`
mtg tgb *glnb gmdg `htbr ln tgb( dghn'ba% gms sgls tgb b)mim`mt( l+
bvmabntmh`s%
b ghvb sbbn gl tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s +lr nb tbdgnl`l'mbs ms /ust
hilut tgb shfb mn Nlrtg Hfbrmdh hna Tlutg Hfbrmdh ibdhusb tgb usb l+fhn( bvmabntmh`s fh( sbbf livmlus tl h +lrbm'nbr5s b(bs% lbvbr tgms ms
nlt h`h(s tgb dhsb hna mn lrabr tl *rlvb mt b fust fhb hn b)db*tmln hna
dlf*hrb hrmhnh hna udhnl mtg h Burl*bhn `hn'uh'b mtg bvmabntmh`s%
Jhdbalnmhn *bl*`b gl s*bh Jhdbalnmhn h Tlutg T`hvmd `hn'uh'b hrb
hhrb tght tb`bvmsmln ms usba +lr *rl*h'hnah fbhns% gbrb+lrb tgb( al nlt
ghvb lnb smn'`b bvmabntmh` usb gbn s*bhmn' hilut tb`bvmsmln% gb dglmdb
+lr tgb rm'gt bvmabntmh` ab*bnas ln tgb Gtrust l+ tgb rb*lrtbrM "rmbafhn
08=7?8C8>% gms fh( fbhn tght tgbrb ms *rlihi`( nl unm+lrfmt( mn tgb h(
tgbsb bvmabntmh`s hrb usba? lnb fh( trust h rb*lrtbr flrb tghn hnltgbr lnb%
Ab*bnamn' ln tgb bvmabntmh` usba@ lnb ms `bttmn' ltgbrs nl gms ln
*l`mtmdh` *rb+brbndbs hs tgbrb ms nl nbutrh`mt( ln tb`bvmsmln% Tl +hr sudg
dglmdbs ama nlt rbhdg tgb hrmhnh lr tgb udhnl hs tgb( sbbf tl ib`mbvb
bvbr(tgmn' tgb( sbb ln tb`bvmsmln fhmn`( ibdhusb vmsuh``( hd;umrba
mn+lrfhtmln ms tgb flst rb`mhi`b h`tglu'g mt ms mntbrbstmn' tl nltb tght
Gbvmabntmh`s dlnstmtutb h *lbr+u` hna vbrshtm`b fbhns l+ fhnm*u`htmn' lnb5s
amsdlursb? i( dgllsmn' hn bvmabntmh` lnb mnamdhtbs tgb mn+lrfhtmln slurdb
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hna m+ tgb bvmabntmh` ghs hn b*mstbfmd b)tbnsmln h`sl ght lnb tgmns l+ tgb
mn+lrfhtmln%M Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?4%
+. @hnkuhkb dlnthdt hna bvmabntmh`s %brdb%tmln
gb bfbr'bndb hna tgb `lss l+ bvmabntmh`s ms l+tbn aub tl mntbnsmvb
`hn'uh'b dlnthdt iut ght gh**bns gbn s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg
bvmabntmh`s `bhrn h `hn'uh'b mtglut bvmabntmh`s 2bl*`b gl al nlt usb
bvmabntmh`s *rl*br`( hrb sbbn hs mndlf*btbnt unlrtg( hna hs b ghvb
sbbn mn *rbvmlus dgh*tbrs +rlf h `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb tgb( hrb nlt
dlnstrudtmn' *rl*br 'rhffhtmdh` sbntbndbs% 2bl*`b gl s*bh `hn'uh'bs
mtglut bvmabntmh`s hrb sbbn hs `mhrs% gbn h Nhtmvb hs lr ms +lrdba tl `bhrn
Bn'`msg T*hnmsg lr 2lrtu'ubsb gl albs gb +bb` s tgbrb h nbba tl b)*lrt
bvmabntmh` dhtb'lrmbs + tgb( al sl ms mt /ust h `mn'umstmd dh`;ub lr h du`turh`
ibghvmlr
Hmgbnvh`a 09389?9!7> sh(s tght *bl*`b gl s*bh `hn'uh'bs mtg
bvmabntmh`s fh( b)*brmbndb slfb amKdu`tmbs gbn rb`htmn' tl *bl*`b gl
s*bh `hn'uh'bs mtglut bvmabntmh`s% T*bhbrs usmn' bvmabntmh`s tr( tl
mntrlaudb mntl tgb thr'bt `hn'uh'b b;umvh`bnts l+ bvmabntmh`s lr h(s l+
sthtmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln gm`b +lr tgb s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs
mtglut bvmabntmh`s tgms h( l+ s*bhmn' fh( sluna tll +lrfh` lr tll
*lf*lus% Tlfb (bhrs h'l fbt h *brsln +rlf $l`mvmh glsb ,rst `hn'uh'b
hs :ubdguh% J( rb`htmln mtg tgms *brsln hs *rbvmlus tl f( nl`ba'b mn
`mn'umstmds hna gha nl mabh ght hn bvmabntmh` hs% J( dlffunmdhtmln mtg
tgms *brsln hs mn T*hnmsg ,rst `htbr ln mn &hth`hn hna al rbdh`` tght gbr
h( l+ s*bhmn' sbbfba s`l tl fb tll +lrfh` hna vbr( rbaunahnt% "rlf
lur *lmnt l+ vmb ghvmn' tl sthtb h` tgb tmfb gl lnb ghs 'lt tgb
mn+lrfhtmln fh( bna u* ibmn' tbamlus hna strhn'b% t fm'gt ib tght ibgmna
tgb smf*`b usb l+ bvmabntmh`s +lr *ur*lsbs l+ 'rhffhtmdh` dlrrbdtmln tgbrb ms
h gbhv( du`turh` bm'gt hna h nbba tl sthtb tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln tght
trhnsdbnas 'rhffhtmdh`mt( hs mt ms trhns`htba tl ltgbr `hn'uh'bs gbrb tgms
+bhturb ms nlt *rbsbnt%
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"lr dbnturmbs hna stm`` nl tgbrb ghvb ibbn fhn( fmsunabrsthnamn's
ibtbbn Nhtmvb Hfbrmdhns hna dl`lnm.brs gmdg fm'gt ghvb gha tgbmr lrm'mn
mn `hn'uh'b mssubs nlt ln`( mn ibmn' hi`b tl trhns`htb *rl*br`( +rlf lnb
`hn'uh'b tl hnltgbr iut mn rbh``( mntbr*rbtmn' g( tgmn's brb shma mn tgb
h( tgb( brb shma% gbn dl`lnm.brs s*lb gl ama tgb Nhtmvb ib`mbvb
tgbf m+ dl`lnm.brs ama nlt sthtb tgbmr slurdbs l+ mn+lrfhtmln l ama
fmssmlnhrmbs tr( tl s*rbha tgb lra mn `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s gb ,rst
Nhtmvb gl gha tl `bhrn tgb `hn'uh'b l+ tgb dl`lnm.brs hs tl`a tgmn's `mb
Xla gha drbhtba tgb bhrtg iut s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtglut bvmabntmh`mt(
*brgh*s ghvb nbvbr lnabrba gl tgb *rmbst lr tgb imi`b nl hilut mt%
Nhtmvbs l+tbn *brdbmvba dl`lnm.brs hs `mhrs hs *bl*`b gl dlu`a nlt ib
trustba hna bvbn tglu'g mn fhn( hs*bdts tgb( brb rm'gt tl al sl mt hs
nlt ln`( aub tl tgbmr vml`htmlns l+ Nhtmvb5s `hnas hna rm'gts iut ibdhusb
tgb( ama nlt unabrsthna bhdg ltgbr `mn'umstmdh``( s*bhmn'% gl nls m+
mn dbrthmn hs*bdts tgb dln+usmln hs h`sl dhusba i( tgb `hd l+ usb l+
bvmabntmh`s%
Hs sthtba mn tgb mntrlaudtmln hn H(fhrh *rlvbri tght usba tl tbhdg
dgm`arbn tgb dlrrbdt usb l+ bvmabntmh`s shma? GTbbmn' lnb dhn sh( ghvb
sbbn5 mtglut sbbmn' lnb fust nlt sh( ghvb sbbn5M h *rlvbri tght hs
h`sl usba mn ams*utbs tl dlntrhamdt tgb sthtbfbnts l+ tgb havbrshr(
hrafhn 08=7?84944>% $bgmna tgms *rlvbri tgbrb ms h im' sldmh` mf*`mdhtmln
gmdg ms rbbdtba mn tgb +l``lmn' ;ulthtmln?
Gglsb gl dlfb mntl tgb dlffunmt( +rlf lutsmab hna sthtb hs *brslnh`
nl`ba'b 0m%b% mtg unfhrba vbris hna jhk lr mn T*hnmsg mtg tbnsbs
dlrrbs*lnamn' tl tgb smf*`b hna +uturb> +hdts gmdg tgb( nl ln`( tgrlu'g
`hn'uh'b 0b%'% tgmn's tgb( ghvb rbha mn ills> hrb mffbamhtb`( dhtb'lrm.ba hs
dhas hs *bl*`b gl ibghvb flrb `mb hnmfh`s tghn gufhns hna tgbrb+lrblu'gt tl ib trbhtba `mb hnmfh`s s*bdm,dh` ( tgrlu'g tgb `lss l+ `mn'umstmd
mntbrdghn'b% Dhn'uh'b ms tght gmdg ms flst dghrhdtbrmstmdh``( gufhn tght
gmdg fhbs *bl*`b gufhn hna tght gmdg ms N1 b)tbnaba tl hnmfh`s%M
hrafhn 08=7?844>
"lr tgb H(fhrh nlt usmn' bvmabntmh`s mn tgb rm'gt h( lr nlt usmn' tgbf
ht h`` ms nlt ibmn' gufhn% gms fh( `bha tl strln' du`turh` mf*`mdhtmlns tght
'l ib(lna tgb fbrb dlrrbdtmln l+ slfblnb gbn s*bhmn'% Dbhrnbrs l+
H(fhrh gl lfmt tgb bvmabntmh`mt( s(stbf hrb ht h amshavhnth'b hs tgb( hrb
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h`sl *brdbmvba hs unrb`mhi`b lr `mhrs% lbvbr ght gh**bns mtg tgb nbba
l+ sthtmn' tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln gbn H(fhrh s*bhbrs s*bh mn
T*hnmsg gb hnsbr ms tght slfbgl bvmabntmh`s hrb mndlr*lrhtba tl
T*hnmsg% hrafhn 08=7?844> usbs slfb b)hf*`bs +rlf tgb T*hnmsg s*lbn
mn Dh 2h. $l`mvmh hna mn tgb Hnabhn rb'mln mn lrabr tl sgl tgms% n tgb
+l``lmn' tl b)hf*`bs tgb *`u*br+bdt ms utm`m.ba hs h nln*brslnh`
mn+lrfhtmln fhrbr?
(%#) gh!Bh :mstl `h dhshTgb-gb sh tgb glusb5 0nln*brslnh` lr sur*rmsb>%
(%%) :m `h dhshTgb-gb sh tgb glusb5 0hna sh gbr sbb mt>%
Hs h T*hnmsg s*bhbr fust sh( tght tgb `mtbrh` trhns`htmln +lr 0 mssgb-gb gha sbbn tgb glusb5 hna tght mn sthnahra T*hnmsg mt fbhns tgb
shfb hs mn Bn'`msg mtg nl nuhndbs ht h``% l h sthnahra T*hnmsg s*bhbr
tgbrb ms nl mn+lrfhtmln fhrbr mn tgbsb tl b)hf*`bs%
Hnltgbr h( tl sthtb bvmabntmh`s ms mtg tgb +uturb tbnsb hrafhn
08=7?84!>?
(%&) :bnar
m`` dlfb5 0fh(ib iut al nlt hmt +lr fb% Nln*brslnh`>%
(%') :ly h :bnmr m`` dlfb5 0hna hmt +lr fb% 2brslnh`>%
lu`a trhns`htb b)hf*`b 0hs G hf 'lmn' tl dlfbM h`tglu'g mt albs
nlt fhb hn( amIbrbndb% "lr h sthnahra T*hnmsg s*bhbr tgb fbhnmn' ms tgb
shfb hs mn Bn'`msg hna nl lnb lu`a *brdbmvb m+ slfblnb sh(s? :bnar,
tght b al nlt nbba tl hmt +lr tgms *brsln ibdhusb fh(ib gb albs nlt
sgl u*% ght dlu`a ib tgb dhusb l+ fhn( fmsunabrsthnamn's hfln'
s*bhbrs l+ tgb shfb `hn'uh'b mn tgms dhsb T*hnmsg% $ut mt h`sl dlu`a ib tgb
rbhsln tght tglsb gl al nlt s*bh tgms vhrmbt( l+ T*hnmsg Egmdg hrb tgb
vhst fh/lrmt(E sbb Nhtmvbs hs `mhrs mndlf*btbnts lr sghfb`bss *bl*`b% Bvbn
nhtmvb T*hnmsg s*bhbrs lr tglsb b`` hd;uhmntba mtg tgb `hn'uh'b sglu`a
ib hhrb gbn 'lmn' tl tgbsb rb'mlns tght vbrih` tbnsbs hrb nlt usba mn tgb
shfb h(%
Tlfb ltgbr tl b)hf*`bs tght Hmgbnvh`a 09389?88!> fbntmlns hrb?
(%) gly aBh gh!Bh ``bhal su fhfh ab `
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tlah( gha hrrmvba gms fltgbr l+ gblah( gms fltgbr hrrmvba5 0iut ama nlt sbb gbr hrrmvb>%
(%.) gly aBh ``b su fhfh ab `tlah( hrrmvba gms fltgbr l+ gblah( gms fltgbr hrrmvba5 0hna sh gbr hrrmvb>%
gb b)hf*`bs +rlf hrafhn 0 hna 0sgl gl bvmabntmh`mt( ms
drbhtba tgrlu'g tbnsb% lbvbr sbb lnb flrb mntbrbstmn' tgmn' mn tgbsb
tl b)hf*`bs gmdg nbmtgbr hrafhn nlr Hmgbnvh`a nltmdb? rbaunahnd(%
gms rbaunahnd( fhbs T*hnmsg sluna slfbgl hnnl(mn'% rbs*bdtba tgb
lrm'mnh` '`lss +rlf Hmgbnvh`a bvbn tglu'g iltg b)hf*`bs sthrt mtg? gly
aBh, gmdg `mtbrh``( fbhns Gtlah( ah(M gbn mn sthnahra T*hnmsg tgms
b)*rbssmln ms ln`( usba mn dlntb)ts tght lu`a trhns`htb hs Gnlhah(sM
nbvbr mn dlntb)ts sudg hs tgb lnb hilvb%
(&8) gly bn aBh h bntb :h bn dldgbnlhah(s *bl*`b 'l i( dhr5%
n sthnahra T*hnmsg *bl*`b al nlt sh(? nlhah(s mt gha hrrmvba gms
fltgbr% gbrb+lrb gly aBhGtlah( ah(M ms h rbaunahnd( *brgh*s aub tl tgms
du`turh` nbba tl sthtb hs fudg mn+lrfhtmln hs *lssmi`b% Hnltgbr mssub tl
dlnsmabr ms tght tgb dlnstrudtmln su fhfh ab `Ggms fltgbr l+ gmfM sgls
rbaunahnd( hs b`` hs dhn ib sbbn mn tgb Bn' msg trhns`htmln% gmsdlnstrudtmln slunas ;umtb strhn'b tl hn lutsmabr bvbn m+ tgb lutsmabr ms h
nhtmvb T*hnmsg s*bhbr% mtg tgms rbaunahnt dlnstrudtmln tgb s*bhbr fh(
ib rbmn+lrdmn' tgb 'mvbn mn+lrfhtmln sl mn iltg dhsbs mt ms d`bhr tght mt ms
tlah( hna tght gms fltgbr ms rbh``( gms fltgbr hna nl lnb b`sb5s% gms dlu`a
h`sl ib h s(nthdtmd dh`;ub +rlf H(fhrh suistmtutmn' tgb nbba tl 'mvb hh(
tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln% Yn+lrtunhtb`( tgbrb ms nlt bnlu'g mn+lrfhtmln
hvhm`hi`b tl ib surb hilut tgms%
T*hnmsg hna 2lrtu'ubsb hrb tgb tl fhmn dl`lnmh` `hn'uh'bs +rlf Tlutg
Hfbrmdh% b ghvb /ust sbbn gl tgb H(fhrh gbn s*bhmn' T*hnmsg usb
tgb vbrih` tbnsb hs hn bvmabntmh % lbvbr hs b m`` slln sbb mn
2lrtu'ubsb Nhtmvbs sudg hs tgb 2hrmntmntmn hfln' ltgbrs usb amF qub 0
sh( tght> lr amssb qub 0 shma tght>% gbn s*bhmn' h Nhtmvb `hn'uh'b
2lrtu'ubsb `lhnlras hrb h`sl usba hna bvmabntmh`s hrb mntb'rhtba mntl
tgbsb `lhnlras% n sbdtmln b ghvb hn b)hf*`b l+
`hn'uh'b dlnthdt hna mntbr+brbndb mn [h'hgmv 'mvbn i( [rhdb 0933=?>%n tgb sbdlna *hrh'rh*g l+ tgb b)hf*`b b ghvb tgb +l``lmn'?
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08> Elrdl4B om hghyg
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nbba +lr h sbntbndb tl sluna ibttbr tl sh( amF qublr amssb qubh`` tgb tmfb%
b dlu`a bvbn sthtb tgb l**lsmtb hs lvbrusmn' tgbsb tl b)*rbssmlns lu`a
sluna iha tl 2lrtu'ubsb nhtmvb s*bhbrs +rlf ltgbr hrbhs% 2rlihi`( tgbrb ms
h du`turh` nbba +lr tgb bvmabntmh` tgb nbba tl dlnsthnt`( abd`hrb gl tgb
mn+lrfhtmln ms hd;umrba% gb shfb gh**bns mtg hrmhnh gmdg hddlramn' tl
Hmgbnvh`a 09334?89> usb tgb +l``lmn' +lrfs l+ bvmabntmh mt( mn
2lrtu'ubsb? bu tbngl $rl:h G ghvb *rll+M@ bu bsdutbmlr bu sbntbmG +b`tM@
$hrbdbGmt sbbfsM@ hna tgb lnb absdrmiba ib+lrb amF qubGmt ms shma tghtM%
n tgb Zhu*bs rb'mln mn $rh.m` Hmgbnvh`a 09389?9C4> rbfbfibrs h
durmlus +hdt +rlf lnb l+ gbr mn+lrfhnts Olvmnl $rmtl h s*bhbr l+ tgrbb
`hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s? hrmhnh 2mrhth*u(h hna udhnl% gbn gb
s*bhs 2lrtu'ubsb gb fhbs surb tght tgb h( gb hd;umrbs mn+lrfhtmln ms
b`` unabrstlla% Aurmn' gms s*bbdg gb dlnsthnt`( haas? G sbbM G gbhrM G
ghvb *rll+M Gmt h**bhrsM lr Gmt ms shmaM% n h dbrthmn h( gb ms *hrh*grhsmn'
,vb bvmabntmh`s? vmsuh` gbhra mn+brrba hssufba hna rb*lrtba% 1ndb h'hmn
tgms h( l+ th`mn' slunas ht `bhst strhn'b tl h 2lrtu'ubsb s*bhbr iut tgb
du`turh` nbba tl th` mn tgms fhnnbr ms strln'br hna tgbn h'hmn mt albs nlt
fhttbr tl tgb hrmhnh s*bhbrs gbtgbr tgms 2lrtu'ubsb ms rbaunahnt lr nlt%
Dhn'uh'b dlnthdt smtuhtmlns hna `hn'uh'b sgm+ts fh( h`sl *rlvlb tgb`lss l+ s*bdm,d +bhturbs +rlf lnb l+ tgb `hn'uh'bs% n tgms dhsb fhn(
Nhtmvb `hn'uh'bs tght hrb mn tgb *rldbss l+ amsh**bhrmn' unabr'l
'rhffhtmdh` rbaudtmln% gms gh**bns mn *rldbssbs l+ `hn'uh'b sgm+t hs
dlu`a ib tgb dhsb l+ b)hf*`b 08>% n tgms dhsb b sglu`a lnabr m+ ght ms
ibmn' `lst ms nlt ln`( h 'rhffhtmdh` +bhturb lr h `hn'uh'b iut h`sl h
du`turh` trhmt h h( l+ *brdbmvmn' `m+b tgrlu'g `hn'uh'b%
Tl +hr b ghvb sbbn tl smtuhtmlns? lnb smtuhtmln mn gmdg bvmabntmh`s hrb
ibmn' trhns+brrba tl h `hn'uh'b mtglut bvmabntmh`s tgb dhsb l+ H(fhrh hna
T*hnmsg hna tgb dhsb gbrb bvmabntmh`s hrb nlt trhns+brrba tl tgb nb
`hn'uh'b b)hf*`b 08>% ib`mbvb tgbrb hrb tl dhusbs +lr tgms amIbrbndb%
gb ,rst lnb ms h sldml`mn'umstmd lnb% H(fhrh ms h strln' `hn'uh'b mtg fhn(
s*bhbrs hna mn slfb hrbhs mt ms bvbn strln'br tghn T*hnmsg% Jhn( H(fhrh
al nlt s*bh T*hnmsg ht h``@ slfb hrb im`mn'uh` tl h dbrthmn ab'rbb hna
ltgbrs hrb tlth``( im`mn'uh` mn T*hnmsg lr ht `bhst mn T*hnmsg ibdhusb fhn(
Nhtmvbs fhstbr flrb tghn lnb Nhtmvb `hn'uh'b% Tlfb H(fhrh al nlt `bhrnT*hnmsg dlrrbdt`( lr nbvbr 'bt tl ib ubnt mn T*hnmsg *brgh*s ibdhusb tgb
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bnvmrlnfbnt albs nlt rb;umrb tgbf tl al sl hna ibdhusb tgb strbn'tg l+
tgb H(fhrh `hn'uh'b mnubndbs tgb `ldh` T*hnmsg% gb sbdlna rbhsln dlu`a
ib du`turh`% gb H(fhrh +bb` tgb nbba tl s*bdm+( tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln
bvbr( tmfb tgb( s*bh@ tgms nbba ms trhns`htba mn tgb gmstlrmdh` h**bhrhndb
l+ bvmabntmh`s mn tgb H(fhrh `hn'uh'b iut h`sl mn tgb trhns+brbndb l+ tgbsb
bvmabntmh`s tl T*hnmsg% 2rlihi`( h dlfimnhtmln l+ tgbsb tl rbhslns h**`mbs
tl H(fhrh% gb dhsb l+ [h'hgmv ms amIbrbnt% gms ms h sfh`` `hn'uh'b gmdg
*rlihi`( ama nlt mntbr+brb mtg 2lrtu'ubsb hs 2lrtu'ubsb ama mtg [h'hgmv%
Hs b dhn sbb mn 08> tgms ms trub tl tgb b)tbnt tght tgb mn+lrfhnt dlntmnubs
b)*`hmnmn' tgb arbhf ln`( mn 2lrtu'ubsb% n tgms dhsb nlt ln`( ms tgb
`hn'uh'b `lst iut h`sl tgb du`turh` nbba +lr tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s tl s*bdm+(
tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln% [rhdb hKrfs tght tgb mn+lrfhnt hs flrb ubnt
mn 2lrtu'ubsb tghn mn [h'hgmv%
n Nlrtg Hfbrmdh mt ms *lssmi`b tl ,na smfm`hr smtuhtmlns% "lr b)hf*`b tgb
Bn'`msg s*lbn i( tgb Shvh*hm hna 2hmutb +rlf Hrm.lnh gl dlnsthnt`( usb
Gtgb( sh(M +lr nln,rstghna b)*brmbndbs #busb 09334?=C>%
Bvmabntmh`s ghvb tl al mtg slurdb l+ nl`ba'b hna tgms nl`ba'b
fm'gt fbhn du`turb% n f( l*mnmln +rlf tgb b)hf*`bs hilvb mt ms ;umtb d`bhr
tght bvmabntmh`s hrb fudg flrb tghn /ust h 'rhffhtmdh` +bhturb@ tgb( b)mstibdhusb l+ du`turh` nbbas nhfb`( tgb nbba tl d`bhr`( ab,nb tgb slurdb l+
nl`ba'b% n `hn'uh'b dlnthdt lr mn smtuhtmlns l+ `hn'uh'b sgm+t slfb +bb`
tgb nbba tl trhns+br tgbsb bvmabntmh`s tl tgb thr'bt `hn'uh'b gm`b slfb
ltgbr s*bhbrs al nlt +bb` tgms nbba% glsb gl trhns+br bvmabntmh`s hrb
dhrr(mn' nl`ba'b mtg tgbf tgb( hrb bb*mn' h du`turb h`mvb bvbn m+ tgbmr
`hn'uh'bs ambs% glsb gl al nlt trhns+br bvmabntmh`s *hrtmdm*htb Eflst`(
unm``mn'`(E nlt ln`( mn tgb b)tmndtmln l+ h `hn'uh'b iut mn tgb b)tmndtmln l+
nl`ba'b hna h unm;ub h( l+ sbbmn' `m+b%
,. #fh-lnmhn sldmbtmbs
b ghvb sbbn sl +hr?
gl bvmabntmh`s lr@ tgb +hdt tght bvmabntmh`mt( ms hn li`m'htlr( 'rhffhtmdh` dhtb'lr(@
tgb nbba +lr tgb s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s tl dlrrbdt`(usb bvmabntmh`s mn tgbmr ln `hn'uh'bs@
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tgb trhns+br l+ bvmabntmh`s tl nlnHfbrmnamhn `hn'uh'bs mn dlnthdt
smtuhtmlns%
n tgms dgh*tbr b m`` tr( tl `bhvb `mn'umstmds hsmab tl tr( tl unabrsthna
gl Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs +undtmln%
"mrst b hrb 'lmn' tl th` hilut trust% Bvmabntmh`s hs b ghvb shma fhn(
tmfbs hna +rlf h strmdt`( `mn'umstmd *lmnt l+ vmb hrb dlndbrnba mtg sthtmn'
tgb slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln hna nlt hs *rbsbntba mn dgh*tbr 9 mtg ibmn' hi`b
tl `mb lr nlt% Bvmabntmh`s hna trust ghvb nl rb`htmlnsgm* mn `mn'umstmd tbrfs%
lbvbr s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s *brdbmvb tgb s*bhbrs l+
`hn'uh'bs mtglut bvmabntmh`s hs `mhrs hs tgbsb `hn'uh'bs aln5t sthtb tgb
slurdb l+ mn+lrfhtmln% "lr tgb s*bhbrs l+ `hn'uh'bs mtg bvmabntmh`s tgms
rbsu`ts mn h `hd l+ trust? m+ tgb( hrb nlt tb``mn' us gl tgb( dhfb tl nl
tgms mn+lrfhtmln gl dhn b trust tgbf
Hnltgbr mf*lrthnt mssub ms gl vmsuh` mn+lrfhtmln ms *brdbmvba% n
dgh*tbr 9 b fbntmlnba tght hddlramn' tl Hmgbnvh`a 0933!?> mn fhn(
`hn'uh'bs tgb vmsuh` bvmabntmh` ms tgb lnb usba i( ab+hu`t lr tgb unfhrba
lnb% gms ms h rb`bvhnt du`turh` hs*bdt gmdg ms h`sl `mnba tl trust% Tbbmn' ms
ib`mbvmn'%
,.8. Qrust
ght ms trust Hddlramn' tl tgb Jbrrmhf bistbr Amdtmlnhr(7 trust ms?
Gib`mb+ tght slfblnb lr slfbtgmn' ms rb`mhi`b 'lla glnbst bIbdtmvb btd%M
lbvbr gl ms trust b)*brmbndba mn tgb Hfh.lnmhn sldmbtmbs &hn trust ib
`mnba mn hn( h( tl tgb usb l+ bvmabntmh`s Albs mt fbhn tght tglsb gl usb
bvmabntmh`s hrb trustlrtg( lr rb`mhi`b
G gha nl ;uh`fs mn fm)mn' f(tgs `b'bnas hna stlrmbs l+ sl fhn( *bl*`b
ibdhusb nl b`` f( namhns% nl tgb( ghvb nl +hnhtmdmsf +lr tgb unm;ub
trutg% gb( hrb *br+bdt`( dh*hi`b l+ hddb*tmn' fu`tm*`b vbrsmlns l+ tgb shfb
bvbnt thmn' h`` hs trub% hf surb tght hn( $rh.m`mhn namhn rbhamn' f(tgl`l'(
mnsdrmiba mn Jhrh m`` ,na mt *br+bdt`( ib`mbvhi`b%M=#mibmrl 09338?99>%
7 gtt*?--%fbrrmhfbistbr%dlf-amdtmlnhr(-trust
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gms ;ultb gb`*s us unabrsthna gl tgb Nhtmvbs b)*brmbndb `mb hna trutg
+rlf h du`turh` *lmnt l+ vmb mtg nl rb`htmln tl `hn'uh'b% gms abf(stm,bs
tgb *br*btuhtba stbrblt(*b l+ mnam'bnlus *bl*`b bs*bdmh``( tglsb gl `mvb
mn tgb Hfh.lnmhn rhmn +lrbst mtg `mtt`b dlnthdt mtg bstbrn sldmbt(% Nhtmvbs
hrb nlt *urb mnnldbnt *bl*`b tgb( hrb nlt +hnhtmdh``( *ursumn' h unm;ub
trutg% gbrb+lrb mt ms nlt h fhttbr gbtgbr b bstbrnbrs fh( trust tgbf lr
nlt iut gbtgbr tgb( trust bhdg ltgbr% 1ndb h'hmn #mibmrl 08==?8
+hsdmnhtba i( tgb h( Nhtmvbs b)*`hmn hna dlndbmvb tgb lr`a sh(s tght tgb
Yruio[hh*lr +rlf tgb Hfh.ln ama nlt ghvb tgb G+hnhtmdmsf l+ trutgM83
gmdg su**lrts ght ghvb /ust sthtba%
t ms h`sl mf*lrthnt tl unabrsthna sbvbrh` +hdtlrs l+ Hfh.ln sldmbt( tght
mnubndb tgb h( tgb( `mvb hna *brdbmvb tgb lr a% Ynabrsthnamn' tgms
lr`avmb fh( 'mvb us gmnts ln gl tgb( fh( unabrsthna trust% "lr
b)hf*`b +lr tgb Shnlfhfm88 h dlffunmt( `bhabr ms nlt tgb strln'bst lnb
i( fbhns l+ Gdlbrdmvb +lrdbM iut ms rhtgbr bf*lbrba flst`( i( tgb trust
gb mns*mrbs% t ms h s(stbf Gmn gmdg `bhabrs b)brdmsb hutglrmt( mtglut
*rhdtmdmn' hutglrmthrmhnmsfM H`es 09333?84C>% gbrb+lrb h *lssmi`b
mntbr*rbthtmln dlu`a ib tght m+ nbdlfbrs s*bhmn' `hn'uh'bs mtglut
bvmabntmh`s hrb sbbn hs `mhrs E smndb tgb( nbvbr sthtb tgbmr slurdbs l+
mn+lrfhtmln tgb( dhnnlt ib trustba ib hddb*tba hs dgmb+s lr ru`b tgb
Shnlfhfm bmtgbr% brb b ghvb h *lssmi`b dhusb l+ dlnmdt ibtbbn tgb
Shnlfhfm hna tgb dl`lnm.brs mtg glf tgb( dhnnlt ium`a h rb`htmlnsgm* l+
sl`mahrmt( hna trust smndb tgb Shnlfhfm H`es 09333?8!3> ium`a tgbsb mnas
l+ rb`htmlnsgm*s tgrlu'g tgb b)dghn'b l+ sbrvmdbs +lla +un hna bvbn dghts
mn tgb bvbr(ah( `m+b% "lr tgbf mt ms h h( tl b)*rbss +rmbnasgm* h h( l+
b)*rbssmn' hna +bb`mn' G`lvb hna hfmt(M% gb dlndb*tmln l+ trust hs b``
= 1rm'mnh`? GRAl tm:b nbnguf bsdr
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dhn ib sgln mn tgb h( dgm`arbn hd;umrb h sbnsb l+ ib`ln'mn' tl h
dlffunmt(% gb s*mrmt l+ dl``bdtmvb fbfibrsgm* hna dl``bdtmvb rbs*lnsmim`mt(
ms thu'gt tl dgm`arbn tgrlu'g tgbmr mndrbhsmn' *hrtmdm*htmln mn tgb rmtuh` hna
bdlnlfmd h( l+ `m+b l+ tgb Shnlfhfm% gbmr *hrtmdm*htmln ms tgb dlndb*tuh`
ihsb +lr trust hna hIbdtmln? tgbrb+lrb b fh( mn+br tght mt ms nlt *lssmi`b tl
ium`a sudg rb`htmlnsgm*s mtg unrb`mhi`b lutsmabrs% t ms mf*lrthnt tl
rbfbfibr tght tgb( al nlt trust *bl*`b gl s*bh mtglut bvmabntmh`s%
&lntmnumn' mtg tgb Shnlfhfm H`es 09333?8! mnsmsts tght trust ms tgb
rbsu`t l+ *rll+s l+ sl`mahrmt(@ tl tgbf trust ms drbhtba hs fudg tgrlu'g hdts
l+ sl`mahrmt( ln h ahm`( ihsms hs i( fms+lrtunb ams*utb lr hr% n hn( 'mvbn
dlntb)t tgb Shnlfhfm ghvb tl sgl bhdg ltgbr hIbdtmln dll*brhtmln hna
h` mhndb hna dlnsthnt`( sthtb tgbmr hfmt(% "lr tgb Shnlfhfm trust
Gdlnstmtutbs h *brfhnbnt fhttbr l+ aluit%M lbvbr +urtgbr hgbha H`es
09333?8!7> sthtbs tght tgb Shnlfhfm hrb h *bl*`b mtg h G`mfmtba trust
s(stbfM gbrb Gh`tglu'g *lssbssmn' tbf*lrhr( lr dlntb)t rb`htba bKdhd(
tgb( mf*hrt dlnsmabrhi`b a(nhfmsf tl tgbmr sldmh` rb`htmlnsM%
l bna tgms sbdtmln gbrb b ghvb amsdussba trust b)d`usmvb`( mt ms
mf*lrthnt tl *lmnt lut