Evolu&on is impossible!
Understanding the DNA code for life and why new types of life cannot evolve by muta;on
and natural selec;on By John F Ashton PhD CChem
FRACI
• All living things in nature are made up of chemical molecules.
• All living things grow from a seed or an egg which contains a code to make all the chemical molecules which make up the parts of that -‐ plant or bird or animal or insect or fish or bacteria.
• All living things in the video had their own DNA code to make all their body parts.
• Each flower has a different code • Each insect has a different code • Each bird has a different code • Al the different types of flight in insects and birds requires a different design and code
• Many science text-‐books assert that all the different forms of life came about as a result of muta;ons in the DNA causing changes in the organism – with certain changes surviving beGer in nature – This is the Theory of Evolu;on.
• But in reality muta;ons do not produce the new codes – they produce disease or minor changes – not a new type of body part.
Muta;ons occur when chemicals or radia;on damage the DNA code, that is part of the code no longer func;ons, or when pieces of code are incorrectly subs;tuted during replica;on.
Muta&ons do not add significant new code
None of these processes produce the massive amounts of new code required to produce to produce a new func;on, a new level of complexity, a new class of organism. Instead they can have the opposite effect and destroy part of the func;onality of the exis;ng code.
Muta&ons do not add significant new code
• Muta&ons involve changes to the molecular structure of DNA. These changes involve the laws of chemistry and physics which are fixed and do not encode new informa&on or new design.
• New informa&on in a code to produce a new design requires an intelligent mind – a programmer.
• A probability of less than 1 in 10 with 150 zeros is regarded as impossible.
• The probability of one small gene forming by chance is less than 1 in 10 with190 zeros
• That is it is impossible for the gene;c code for just one gene to form by chance.
• The DNA code must have had a creator.
• Many students think that scien;sts know how life on earth evolved. But in reality, scien;sts do not know! The U.C. Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, Evolu;on 101 website states “Biologists are trying to figure out how evolu;on happens, and that's not an easy job”. see: hGp://evolu;on.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ar;cle/0_0_0/evo_50
• One of the ques;ons that evolu;onary biologists are trying to answer is "How does evolu;on produce new and complex features?" .hGp://evolu;on.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VIIBigissues.shtml
• The forma;on of substan;al amounts of new DNA code to produce new and complex features is fundamental for Evolu;on to occur. Without it Evolu;on is without founda;on. But to date no experiments have demonstrated a possible mechanism.
When Dr R. Lenski and team at Michigan State University bred tribes of E. coli bacteria through 30,000 genera;ons they were s;ll E. Coli and no significant new gene;c code was observed to form.
See: Blount Z.D., Borland C.Z. and Lenski R.E. 2008, “Historical con;ngency and the evolu;on of a key innova;on in an experimental popula;on of Escherichia coli”, Proceedings of the Na?onal Academy of Sciences, vol 105, no 23, pp 7899-‐7906.
Lenski’s team discovered that the only major change was that the bacteria could now use citrate as a food. Google: Recombina;on and sequencing reveals a key refinement step in the evolu;on of a metabolic innova;on in Escherichia coli or see: hGp://europepmc.org/ar;cles/pmc3926052
• Dr Lenski and his team con;nued to breed the E. coli.
• Aler 60,000 genera;ons they were s;ll E. coli. They had not even evolved into a different species of bacteria let alone a more complex organism.
• Instead -‐ a duplica;on of a CitT gene next to a promoter which controls another gene but now switched on the CitT gene had enabled the bacteria to use citrate as a food.
*The nylon ea?ng bacteria discovery is oEen cited as an example of evidence for muta?ons producing new informa?on, but recent studies of this muta?on suggest that a damaged piece of pre-‐exis?ng (ancestral) dormant enzyme code was responsible for encoding the addi?onal enzyme ac?vity. But even then it is s?ll the same type of bacteria.
See: hOp://www.jbc.org/content/280/47/39644.full.pdf
• In all the examples of observed evolu;on in text books the organisms remain the same.
• There might be a change in colour or wing size or beak shape but it is s;ll the same type of organism.
• That is the moths remain moths, the mice remain mice, the fruit flies remain fruit flies, the bacteria remain bacteria.
• The amount of gene;c informa;on encoded in all the living things on our planet is astronomically huge.
• Let us consider how much new code would have to form to make evolu;on happen.
E. coli bacteria has about 4.6 million DNA base pairs. A brewers yeast cell has about 12.1 million base pairs. The evolu;on of a bacterium to a yeast requires 7.5 million new pieces of code. Evolu;on requires that all this new code arose via muta;ons. It is sta?s?cally and scien?fically impossible! And these are just single cell organisms.
• Brewers yeast has around 6,000 genes. • A ;ny roundworm has about 97 million base pairs spread over about 19,000 genes.
• For a yeast to evolve into a roundworm requires 85 million base pairs of new gene;c code spread over 13,000 extra genes.
• Evolu;on requires that all this new code arose via muta;ons and we are only up to worms. Impossible!
• A mouse has around 2,600 million base pairs in its DNA code, this is over 2,500 million more pieces of new code compared to a worm.
• According to evolu;on all this new coordinated perfectly func;oning code had to arise by random muta;ons. Impossible.
• And a mouse is just one of 5,487 known mammals!
Let us now give some thought to how many different types of species – each with its own individual complex gene?c code -‐exist on our planet
• 5,487 different species of mammals • 9,990 different species of birds • 8,734 different species of rep;les • 6,515 different species of amphibians • 31,153 different species of fish • 47,000 different species of crustacean (that is crabs, lobsters etc) • 100,000 or thereabouts different species of insects
• 102,248 different species of arachnida (that is spiders, scorpions, ;cks and mites etc) • 85,000 or thereabouts different species of mollusca ( that is snails, shellfish, squid and octopus etc) • 310,129 or thereabouts different species of plants including 12,272 algae species • 98,998 different species of fungi • 7,643 different species of bacteria • Together with 1,086,670 other known types of organisms
• In 2009 there were 1,899,567 different species noted in the scien;fic literature.
• This is es;mated to represent only 1% to 2% of the species that have ever existed. I.E. around 100 million to 200 million species have existed.
• Evolu;on theory says all these complex gene;c codes arose as a result of random muta;ons.
• This is impossible!
• Most of the species on earth supposedly evolved over the past 600 million years. I.E. on average a new species every 3 to 6 years. I.E. Over the past 2000 years between 350 and 650 fully developed new species should have evolved plus thousands of gradually evolving intermediates . But none have been observed.
• However over the same period thousands of species have been observed to become ex;nct.
• The eminent biologist E.O. Wilson has es;mated that the earth is currently losing about 0.25 % of its remaining species each year. The fossil record confirms massive ex;nc;ons in the past. We see no new species evolving -‐ only minor changes within species.
• i.e. What we observe in our present environment and in the fossil record is the ex&nc&on of fully developed species, not evolu&on.
There is another side to the muta;on story. • The DNA system has built in mechanisms to preserve the code and repair muta;ons back to the original. However what we find is that over successive genera;ons there is more and more damage to the code which has not been repaired. This results in generally less fitness for survival and increased disease. So what we actually observe and measure in the laboratory today is the very opposite of evolu;on.
Summary • Scien&sts observe the steady loss of gene&c informa&on all around us. I.E. what we actually observe is the very opposite to evolu&on.
• We observe animals and plants steadily becoming ex&nct.
• We observe the muta&ons I.E. errors in the DNA code steadily increasing.
• The fossil record is a record of ex&nc&on of fully formed animals – not a record of animals slowly changing.
• In the fossil record – the fossils of animals and plants stay the same from the &me they first appear in lower strata un&l the &me the last appear in higher strata.
• The fossils of animals and plants not ex&nct are the same as their rela&ves living today i.e. they have not changed over millions of years.
Summary
• The BoGom line from biochemistry and the fossil record is evolu;on is impossible and never happened.
• Crea;on by a super intelligent mind is the only possible explana;on.
• This fits with the Bible account that life on Earth was created by a loving Creator – God.
Summary
Tomorrow we will look at the evidence for a global flood from the fossil record and evidence from radiometric da;ng and other recent discoveries that show that life on Earth can only be thousands of years old -‐ again confirming the reliability of the Bible.
For further informa;on and scien;fic references see: Evolu&on Impossible by John F. Ashton Available from www.amazon.com and on-‐line bookshops.