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Evolution An Introduction
Dra. Umiyah, MSc.
Jur. Biologi, FMIPA, Univ. Jember
November 2011
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Evolusi = evolveproses perubahan
Perubahan genetik yg tjd pada populasidan berlangsung dr generasi ke generasi
(dalam jangka waktu yg lama)
Dpt menjelaskan kesatuan (unity) dan
keanekaragaman makhluk hidup
Mikroevolusi : perubahan frekuensi alel pd
gene pool dr generasi ke generasi
Makroevolusi : pembentukan species baru
(spesiasi)
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EXIT
BAGAIMANA PERSEPSIMU TENTANG GAMBAR- GAMBAR INI?
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How Do We Know That Evolution
Has Occurred?
The evidence for evolution has primarily comefrom four sources:
1. the fossil recordof change in earlier species
2. the chemical and anatomical similaritiesof relatedlife forms
3. the geographic distributionof related species4. the recorded genetic changesin living organismsover many generations
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Geological strata containing an evolutionary sequence of fossils
The Fossil Record
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Archaeopteryxfossil
Archaeopteryxrecreation
Archaeopteryx tail feathers
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section of a DNA molecule
Amino acid
simple protein molecule
Chemical Evidence for Evolution
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Summary of Evolution of Life
Formation
of the
earths
earlycrust and
atmosphere
Small
organic
molecules
form inthe seas
Large
organic
molecules
(biopolymers)form in
the seas
First
protocells
form in
the seas
Single-cell
prokaryotes
form in
the seas
Single-cell
eukaryotes
form in
the seas
Variety of
multicellular
organisms
form, first
in the seas
and lateron land
Chemical Evolution
(1 billion years)
Biological Evolution
(3.7 billion years)
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Anatomical Evidence for
Evolution
Homologous structures: structures with
different appearances and functions that all
derived from the same body part in acommon ancestor
The bones in the forelimb of mammals are
homologous structures Different functions, same ancestor structure
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Homology of the bones of the forelimb of mammals
Anatomical Evidence for
Evolution
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Embryology
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Geographic distribution of some of the major colour pattern forms of
Heliconius melpomene. Names of various geographical
races/subspecies are given on the figure. Chris Jiggins.
the geographic distribution
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Garis Webber Dan Wallance
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Di wilayah ini dijumpai tumbuhan anggota suku
Raflesiaceae,anggotafamili Dipterocarpaceaemisalnya Keruing ( Dipterocarpus sp), Meranti (Shorea
sp), Kayu garu (Gonystylus bancanus), dan Kayu
kapur (Drybalanops aromatica).
Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat
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Shorea lepro sula
Shorea resinosa
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Raflesia arnoldi Raflesia padma
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Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Timur
Flora yang dapat ditemukan :
Sagu, Rotan, matoa, Eboni, Meranti
Eucalyptus (mirip dengan di Australia)
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Hewan-hewan di Indonesia memiliki tipe Oriental
(Kawasan Barat Indonesia) dan Australia (Kawasan Timur
Indonesia) serta peralihan.
ciri-ciri hewan di Kawasan Barat Indonesia :
1.Banyak species mamalia yang berukuran besar, misalnya gajah, banteng,harimau, badak. Mamalia berkantung jumlahnya sedikit, bahkan hampir
tidak ada.
2.Terdapat berbagai macam kera, misalnya: bekantan, tarsius, orang utan.
3.Terdapat hewan endemik, seperti: badak bercula satu, binturong (Aretictis
binturang), monyet (Presbytis thomari), tarsius (Tarsius bancanus),
kukang (Nyeticebus coucang).
4.Burung-burung memiliki warna bulu yang kurang menarik, tetapi dapat
berkicau. Burung-burung yang endemik, misalnya: jalak bali (Leucopsar
nothschili), elang jawa, murai mengkilat (Myophoneus melurunus), elang
putih (Mycrohyerax latifrons).
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Kawasan Indonesia Timur Ciri-ciri hewannya
adalah:
1.Mamalia berukuran kecil
2.Banyak hewan berkantung
3.Tidak terdapat species kera
4.Jenis-jenis burung memiliki warna yang beragam
Jenis-jenis hewannya seperti kanguru (Dendrolagus ursinus),
kuskus (Spiloeus maculatus). burung Cenderawasih (Paradiseaesp). komodo (Varanus komodoensis).
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Daerah peralihan
Jenis hewannya antara lain tarsius (Tarsius
bancanus), maleo (Macrocephalonmaleo), anoa, dan babi rusa (Babyrousa
babyrussa).
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Genetic Drift Seleksi alam yg mengakibatkan frekuensi gen mengalami
perubahan krn ada kesempatan
Gene Flow Perubahan frekuensi gen krn adanya migrasi individual
Mutation Peristiwa yg tjd scr acak
Efek: menguntungkan, merugikan atau tdk berpengaruh.
Seleksi alam Tekanan seleksi yg bekerja pd populasi dgn variasi
genetik
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Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College .
ALL IMAGES: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
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Map 17.1 POPULATIONS
evolution equilibrium
forcesPhenotypic
variation RandomRepro-duction
LargePopu-lation
No netmigration
Gene flow chance Naturalselection adaptiveSexual
Recombi-nation
MeioticCrossing
over
mutationRandomMating/
Offspringsuccess
Geneticdrift
Direc-tional
Disrup-tive
Stabil-izing
fitness
determines
If itenhances
undergoNever in complete
requires
No
requires
With act on
include from
May beor
May beincludes
Or may get
Or may get
includes
Or may get
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Hukum Hardy-Weinberg : frek aleldlm populasi tetappopulasi tdkmengalami evolusi
Syarat: Perkawinan acak
rarely takes place, evenin animals
Ukuran populasi sgtbesarmenguranigenetic drift
Tdk ada migrasi
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Mekanisme yg menyebabkan perubahanpd populasipopulasi tsb dpt survivedan bereproduksimewariskan
perubahan tsb pd generasi berikutnya Seleksi alam bekerja pd individuyg
berubah adlh populasi
Terdapat 3 tipe seleksi alam:
1. Directional
2. Disruptive
3. Stabilizing
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Two models exist to describe the rates ofspeciation.
Gradualism:
Refers to the model which holds thatevolutionary change occurs in a gradual linearfashion. A species will change its morphologyover time.
Punctuated equilibriumDescribes the process in which a species
remains relatively unchanged for relativelylong periods of time. Following which, a periodof stress causes rapid change, followed by
another period of relative stability.
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AllopatricGeographic isolationmost common type
Reproductive barriers/isolation
Adaptive radiation
Sympatric
Almost always in plants
Without geographic isolation
In same population but do not interbreed
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The peppered moth is a species ofmoth which uses camouflageagainst tree bark to avoid beingeaten by birds. It is normally a lightgrey color.
During England's industrialrevolution, pollution caused a
darkening of the bark of the trees. There was a natural variation in
moth coloration with some beingdarker than others.
Those moths of a lighter color, wereeasier to spot and eat by birds. Andwere eaten at a faster rate.
The survivors tended to be darker,and when they mated, theiroffspring tended thus to be darkeralso.
Over time, this resulted in thespecies becoming darker in color.
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