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EvolutionEvolution
Change in allele frequency over time.
Why do we resemble our parents? Hereditary – passing of traits from parent
to offspring Traits – an aspect of an organism that can
be described or measured. DNA - Gene – Chromosome You inherit ½ chromosomes from Mom
and ½ from Dad
Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant – gene that determines
expression of a genetic trait; the trait shows up
Recessive – gene that is overruled by a dominant gene; trait is masked
Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype – genes of an individual Phenotype – observable traits
Evolution A scientific theory
Well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.
The change in allele (gene) frequencies over time.
Charles Darwin Person credited with our understanding of
evolution.
Took a voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle
Made observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a hypothesis about how life changes over time.
Section 15-1
Figure 15–1 Darwin’s Voyage
Collection of Evidence Each time the ship stopped, Darwin went
ashore to collect plant and animal specimens.
He studied his large collection of specimens and kept a journal with his thoughts and observations.
During his travels Darwin started to believe that he was coming across a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.
Darwin’s Observations Great Diversity
Patterns of Diversity Plants and animals seemed to be suited for
whatever environment they inhabited. Why do some organisms live in one place but not
in another? (ie. Why no rabbits in Australia? No kangaroos in England?)
Darwin’s Observations Living Organisms and Fossils
Fossils = preserved remains of ancient organisms
Fossils resembled live organisms Why had those species disappeared? Is there a relationship between fossils and living
organisms?
The Galapagos Islands West of South America Although the islands were close together,
they had very different climates. Darwin studied a variety of Galapagos
organisms Finches Tortoises Marine Iguanas Variety of Plant Species
Pinta IslandIntermediate shell
Pinta
Isabela IslandDome-shaped shell
Hood IslandSaddle-backed shellHoodFloreana
Santa Fe
Santa Cruz
James
Marchena
Fernandina
Isabela
Tower
Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands
Section 15-1
Darwin’s Reflections on His Findings
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied among the different Galapagos Islands.
He began to wonder if these organisms on the different islands had once been a single species.
Key Concept Questions What is evolution?
What was Charles Darwin’s contribution to science?
What pattern did Darwin observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?
Why did Darwin think the organisms of the Galapagos Islands were related?
On the Origin of Species Darwin’s book where he published his
ideas regarding Earth’s biodiversity and how life changes over time.
Why do some individuals die early, but not others? Struggle for Existence
Members of each species compete for necessary resources Food Space Etc.
Those that are faster, better camouflaged, or better protected are more likely to survive
Evolution by Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest
Fitness = the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
Adaptation = inherited characteristics that increase an organisms fitness
Those that are best able to survive and reproduce are the fittest, hence Survival of Survival of the Fittestthe Fittest
Natural Variation &Natural Selection
Natural Variation= differences among individuals of a species
Natural Selection = the differences in survival and reproduction among members of a population.
Evolution by Natural Selection
Over many generations we will see a decrease of animals with unfavorable traits.
Darwin thought there were several factors involved in natural selection The presence of variation Hereditary basis of such variation Tendency for population to increase “struggle for survival” A difference in inherited traits passed on to each generation
Key Concept Questions What is natural variation?
How did we observe natural variation in our “Survival of the Fittest” lab? …in this classroom?
How are artificial selection and natural selection different?
Does natural selection act on an individual or a population?
What makes an organism fit? Can an organism be fit in one environment and unfit in
another? Explain. Provide evidence from lab