Evolution, Evolution, PhanerozoicPhanerozoic Life Life and and M E ti tiM E ti ti
Evolution, Evolution, PhanerozoicPhanerozoic Life Life and and M E ti tiM E ti tiMass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsMass Extinctions
Hilde SchwartzHilde [email protected]@pmc.ucsc.edu
Body Fossils
Trace FossilsTrace Fossils
FOSSILIZED
Living boneLiving boneCalcium Calcium hydroxyapatitehydroxyapatiteCC POPO OHOH Cl F COCl F CO
Living boneLiving bone
CaCa1010(PO4)(PO4)66((OHOH,Cl,F,CO,Cl,F,CO33))22
F il bF il b
FluorapatiteFluorapatite
Fossil boneFossil bone
FluorapatiteFluorapatiteCaCa1010(PO(PO44))66((FF,CO,CO3,3,OH,Cl)OH,Cl)22
EVOLUTIONEVOLUTIONEVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
Descent with modification.Descent with modification.
…via tinkering with the natural genetic and phenotypic variations found in nearly all biologic
…via tinkering with the natural genetic and phenotypic variations found in nearly all biologic phenotypic variations found in nearly all biologic populations.phenotypic variations found in nearly all biologic populations. Wollemi pine:
zero genetic variability
Evidence: comparative anatomy molecular genetics Evidence: comparative anatomy molecular genetics
zero genetic variability
Evidence: comparative anatomy, molecular genetics, vestigal structures, observed natural selection, and so on.
Evidence: comparative anatomy, molecular genetics, vestigal structures, observed natural selection, and so on.selection, and so on.selection, and so on.
Evolutionary MechanismsEvolutionary MechanismsEvolutionary MechanismsEvolutionary MechanismsMutationMutationMutationMutation
Gene flowGene flow
Natural selectionNatural selection
Genetic driftGenetic driftadaptive
Genetic driftGenetic driftrandom
Hawaiian honeycreepers
MicroevolutionMicroevolutionMicroevolutionMicroevolution
M l iM l iM l iM l iMacroevolutionMacroevolutionMacroevolutionMacroevolution
PhanerozoicPhanerozoic MilestonesMilestonesPhanerozoicPhanerozoic MilestonesMilestones
Hominids Hominids (5(5--6 6 Ma)Ma)
PrimatesPrimatesMammal ‘explosion’Mammal ‘explosion’
Birds, Flowering plantsBirds, Flowering plants
Modern coralsModern coralsMammals, dinosaurs, turtles, pterosaurs, etc…Mammals, dinosaurs, turtles, pterosaurs, etc…
Land plant ‘explosion’Land plant ‘explosion’ReptilesReptiles
‘Jaws’‘Jaws’
Life on land (Plants, insects)Life on land (Plants, insects)
Amphibians, giant fish, vascular plantsAmphibians, giant fish, vascular plants
Animal ‘explosion’Animal ‘explosion’
Vertebrates (jawless ‘fishes’)Vertebrates (jawless ‘fishes’)
Biological innovations
Drivers of evolutionDrivers of evolutionDrivers of evolutionDrivers of evolutionBiological innovations
Plate tectonicsEvolving global chemistryg g y
Global temperature
Evolution of degradation-resistant vascular plantsresistant vascular plants
Berner, R. A. (2003) The long‐term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition. Nature 426:323–326. Cool horse Hot horse
Patterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolutionPatterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolution
1.9 1.9 –– 100 100 million speciesmillion speciespp
of of macroorganismsmacroorganisms
Bentoon, 1985
1. Diversity has increased through time
Can we trust the fossil record?Can we trust the fossil record?Can we trust the fossil record?Can we trust the fossil record?
Biological characteristicsBiological characteristicsH bit tH bit tBiological characteristicsBiological characteristicsH bit tH bit tHabitatHabitatTaphonomic processesTaphonomic processesTiTi
HabitatHabitatTaphonomic processesTaphonomic processesTiTiTimeTimeTimeTime
The “Pull of the The “Pull of the Recent”?Recent”?
Peters, 2005
Based on data in Sepkoski, 1984 (A), Niklas et al., 1983 (B), and Benton, 1985 (C,D)
Number of species preserved in Lagerstatten
Patterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolutionPatterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolution
2. 2. The locus of diversity has diversity has
changed through titime
Benton and Harper, 1997
8585--9595% of macroscopic % of macroscopic 00% of macroscopic % of macroscopic
species species are terrestrialare terrestrialspecies are species are terrestrialterrestrial
Vermeij and Grosberg, 2010
Patterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolutionPatterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolution3 E ti ti d i i ti t h h d3. Extinction and origination rates have changed
through time
e fa
mil
ies
Extinction rates Origination rates
‘Background extinction’ = 2-5 families/million years
rs in
mar
ine Extinction rates g
mil
lio
n y
ear
xti
nct
ion
s/m
Raup and Sepkoski, 1982
Ex
Sepkoski, 1998
Patterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolutionPatterns of Patterns of PhanerozoicPhanerozoic EvolutionEvolution4 Mass extinctions
Rapid global and
4. Mass extinctions
Rapid, global and taxonomically
broad reductions in the
biodiversity of macroorganisms 85% 83%
76%
g 85%
95%80%
Proposed by Norman Newell (beginning in 1962)Proposed by Norman Newell (beginning in 1962)Proposed by Norman Newell (beginning in 1962)Proposed by Norman Newell (beginning in 1962)
Substantiated by further quantitative analysis Substantiated by further quantitative analysis (e.g. (e.g. RaupRaup and and SepkoskiSepkoski, 1982), 1982)
M ti ti h ld b d dM ti ti h ld b d dMass extinctions should be regarded as mass depletions in diversity.
Mass extinctions should be regarded as mass depletions in diversity.
Evolutionary Significance of Evolutionary Significance of Mass ExtinctionsMass Extinctions
Evolutionary Significance of Evolutionary Significance of Mass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsMass Extinctions
By removing incumbent taxa , extinction By removing incumbent taxa , extinction frees up frees up ecospaceecospacey g ,y g , pp ppfor the diversification of new taxa, and thus be an agent of for the diversification of new taxa, and thus be an agent of
evolutionary changeevolutionary change
Recovery from Mass Extinctionsevolutionary radiations
Fast or slow?Fast or slow?
1.5 – 40 my
Possible causes of mass extinctionsPossible causes of mass extinctionsPossible causes of mass extinctionsPossible causes of mass extinctions
1. Glaciation
2 Volcanism (especially LIP eruptions)
1. Glaciation
2 Volcanism (especially LIP eruptions)2. Volcanism (especially LIP eruptions)
3. Sea level change
2. Volcanism (especially LIP eruptions)
3. Sea level change
4. Marine chemistry (anoxia/dysoxia, hypercapnia, euxinia)4. Marine chemistry (anoxia/dysoxia, hypercapnia, euxinia)
5. Climate change
6 Sluggish evolution?
5. Climate change
6 Sluggish evolution?6. Sluggish evolution?
7. Impact
6. Sluggish evolution?
7. Impact
8. One-two punches?8. One-two punches?And on and on and on…….. There is no common pattern
End-Cretaceous (K-T/K-Pg)End-Cretaceous (K-T/K-Pg)
76% species extinction
Schulte et al., 2010
The question:
Was dinosaur extinction gradual e c o g du
or sudden?
Pattern vs causation
Hanna Basin Williston Basin
Extinction in < or= 10 ky?
Why the timing (and hence the cause) of Why the timing (and hence the cause) of mass extinctions is difficult to ascertainmass extinctions is difficult to ascertainWhy the timing (and hence the cause) of Why the timing (and hence the cause) of mass extinctions is difficult to ascertainmass extinctions is difficult to ascertainmass extinctions is difficult to ascertain:mass extinctions is difficult to ascertain:mass extinctions is difficult to ascertain:mass extinctions is difficult to ascertain:
Artificial
rangetruncations
Patterns of Patterns of terrestrial vertebrate terrestrial vertebrate survival after survival after the the KK--Pg Pg boundaryboundary
Patterns of Patterns of terrestrial vertebrate terrestrial vertebrate survival after survival after the the KK--Pg Pg boundaryboundary
Counterpoint….Counterpoint…. ‘Dracoryx hogwartsia’ and other latest
‘Dracoryx hogwartsia’ and other latest and other latest
Cretaceous dinosaur appear to have been
and other latest Cretaceous dinosaur appear to have been
over-splitover-split
Some dinosaur lineages may have decreased in
Some dinosaur lineages may have decreased in may have decreased in diversity during the last5-10 million years of the
may have decreased in diversity during the last5-10 million years of the y
Cretaceousy
Cretaceous
The Moreno Shale, Panoche Hills
How to Survive a Mass Extinction
1. Live in a range of1. Live in a range ofhabitats, across a large areahabitats, across a large area
Cretaceous bivalves
Jablonski and Raup(1995)
2. Be an ecological generalist, 2. Be an ecological generalist, tolerant of diverse conditionstolerant of diverse conditions
Brayard et al., 2009
Ceratites nodosus
Vampyroteuthisinfernalis
3. Be a minimalist3. Be a minimalist
4. Be 4. Be luckylucky
The Bottom LineThe Bottom LineThe Bottom LineThe Bottom Line
1. The fossil and rock records, though flawed, show 1. The fossil and rock records, though flawed, show real patterns of real patterns of macroevolutionarymacroevolutionary change during change during
1. The fossil and rock records, though flawed, show 1. The fossil and rock records, though flawed, show real patterns of real patterns of macroevolutionarymacroevolutionary change during change during real patterns of real patterns of macroevolutionarymacroevolutionary change during change during the the PhanerozoicPhanerozoic, including , including at least three truly at least three truly mass mass iveive extinctions and extinctions and increasing diversity increasing diversity
real patterns of real patterns of macroevolutionarymacroevolutionary change during change during the the PhanerozoicPhanerozoic, including , including at least three truly at least three truly mass mass iveive extinctions and extinctions and increasing diversity increasing diversity mass mass iveive extinctions and extinctions and increasing diversity increasing diversity through through timetimemass mass iveive extinctions and extinctions and increasing diversity increasing diversity through through timetime
2. 2. The The PhanerozoicPhanerozoic biosphere has endured multiple biosphere has endured multiple mass extinction events without enduring serious mass extinction events without enduring serious
2. 2. The The PhanerozoicPhanerozoic biosphere has endured multiple biosphere has endured multiple mass extinction events without enduring serious mass extinction events without enduring serious mass extinction events without enduring serious mass extinction events without enduring serious damagedamagemass extinction events without enduring serious mass extinction events without enduring serious damagedamage
Alternative HomeworkAlternative HomeworkAlternative HomeworkAlternative Homework
Choose a mass extinction other than the K/T event to research and answer the following questions about it:
1. How long did the main extinction event last and how long did it take the biosphere to ‘recover’? (Expect more than one p ( popinion.)
2 What is the favored extinction mechanism(s)? What is the 2. What is the favored extinction mechanism(s)? What is the evidence therefore?
Wh i ‘ di d ‘i h k f h i i3. What organisms ‘radiated ‘in the wake of the mass extinction ?
Your answer should not be longer than 1-2 typed pages. You should cite at least three references (not Wikipedia!) in your text and you must list your references in a ‘Citations’ section following your answers.
Some References
Alroy, J. (2008), Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 Suppl 1:11536–11542.
Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. and Montanari, A. (1990,) Iridium Profile for 10 Million Years Across the Cretaceous‐Tertiary Boundary at Gubbio (Italy), Science 250:1700‐1702
Brayard, A., Escarguel, G., Bucher, H., Monnet, C., Bruhwiler, T. (2009), Good Genes and Good Luck: Ammonoiddiversity and the End‐Permian Mass Extinction, Science 325, 1118‐1121.
Dahl, T.W. et al. (2010), Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and l d f h d / /large predatory fish, PNAS, doi/10.1073/pnas.1011287107.
Peters, S. (2004), Relative abundance of Sepkoski’s evolutionary faunas in Cambrian‐Ordovician deep subtidal environments in North America, Paleobiology, 30:543‐ 560.
Raup, D.M., Sepkoski ,Jr., J.J. (1984), Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81(3): 801–5.
Schulte, P. et al. (2010), The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary Science 327:1214 1218boundary, Science 327:1214‐1218.
Sepkoski, J.J. (1984), A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post‐Paleozoic families and mass extinctions, Paleobiology 10(2):246‐267.
Sepkoski, J.J. (2002) Compendium of fossil marine animal diversity, Bulletin of American Paleontology 363:1‐560.
Vermeij, G.J. and Grosberg, R.K. (2010), The great divergence: when did diversity on land exceed that in thesea?, Integrative and Comparative Biology, 1‐8, doi: 10.1093/icb/icq078
