Evolution of 20thand 21st music

8/3/2019 Evolution of 20thand 21st music

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The Rite Of Spring


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Evolution of 20th-21st Century Music

(1900-1913 - Present)

Radically developments in arts and sciences occurred in the years 1900 to1913. A number is discoveries were made during the period that overturned long-heldbeliefs. The theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein revolutionized the view of theuniverse. Sigmund Freud explored the unconscious and developed psychoanalysis.Pablo Picasso revolutionized painting and sculpture when he distorted human figuresand objects and showed them from several angles at one time. The abstract paintingsof Wassily Kandinsky no longer present the visual word.

With the coming of the 20th century another evolution in the musical world

emerged. While some of the early 20th century music can be seen as extensions of thelate Romantic style, much of 20th century music can be seen as a rebellion.Composers did not look to build on what was standard but again created music freelyand used sounds that went against the current grain. Twentieth century music can bedescribed as being more refined, vague in form, delicate, and having a mysteriousatmosphere. The most famous riot in music history happened in paris in May 29, 1913at the premiere of Igor Stravinskys ballet called. The audience laughed, made noises,and actually fought with the police. The ballet evoked primitive rites. At presentStravinskys The Rite of Springis now recognized as a masterpiece. Rhythm, Chords,and percussive sounds that were perceived as noise in 1913 are now commonly heard

in jazz, rock, and music for television and films. A fundamental technique inorganizing pitches around a central tone or key was shared.

Twentieth century music is an era that is hard to define in terms of musicalstyle. The only easy way to define 20th century music is that it does not fit into theRomantic era's requirements. And because of its own expression and orchestraltechnique it does not fit into any other category but its own.

This time period spawned many new terms for musical styles because of thediversity of music that was being written. Some common examples are atonality,

expressionism (seen in Schoenberg's early music),neo-Romanticism, andneo-Classicism.

As was true in the Romantic era,nationalismwas still an important musicaldevice used during the first half of the 20th century. Composers utilized folk songs toenriched their music. Examples can be seen in the music of Raplh Vaughan Williams(England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland
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(USA). Jazz and popular musical styles influenced composers from both the UnitedStates and Europe.

In 20th century musical styles traditional forms and structures were broken upand recreated or composed using non-Western musical techniques and abstract ideas.

Technology also became an extremely important factor in the music making duringthis time period. Composers have been known to use recording tape as acompositional tool. Electronically created sounds are used in combination with otherelectronic sounds or played together with traditional music instruments. Mostrecently, the use of computer technology has affected the world of music making.Some ways in which computers currently alter the face of the music world are bymanipulating the performance of instruments in real time.

Meanings :

Neo-Romanticism: a term synonymous with post-Romanticism or late Romanticism,embracing the period from about 1880 to about 1910, as represented by R. StraussMaler, Sibelius, Rachmaninoff, etc.

Popular music

Popular music belongs to any of a number ofmusical genres "having wide

appeal" and is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. Itstands in contrast to both art music and traditional music, which are typicallydisseminated academically or orally to smaller, local audiences. Although popularmusic sometimes is known as "pop music", the two terms are not interchangeable.Popular music is a generic term for music of all ages that appeals to popular tastes,whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre.

Popular music differs from traditional folk music which was created for theenjoyment of the ordinary people. Popular music differs from classical music which

was created for the purpose of religious functions or for the elites and nobilitysentertainment.

Popular music includes a wide genre which consists of folk, alternative,acoustic, heavy, metal, jazz, hip-hop, new age, rap, rock, and rhythm and blues.
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Folk Music

Folk music is an English term encompassing both traditional music andcontemporary folk music. The term originated in the 19th century. Traditional folk

music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music ofthe lower classes, and as music with unknown composers. It has been contrasted withcommercial and classical styles. It has become increasingly common to refer to thistype of music as traditional music.

Folk Music is music that originates among the common people of a country orregion, and is spread about or passed down orally. It is characterized by simplemelodies. In the original sense of the term, folk music is by and of the people. It aroseand best survived in societies and places not yet afected by mass communication andthe commercialization of culture. It was transmitted by word of mouth and was sharedand performed by the entire community not by a special group of expert performers.

Examples of folk music are John Denvers songs and Peter, Paul, and Marys

songs.

Alternative Music

Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt rock orsimply alternative) is a genre ofrock music that emerged in the 1980s and becamepopular in the 1990s. Alternative rock consists of various subgenres that haveemerged from the independent music scene since the 1980s, suchas grunge, Britpop, gothic rock, indie pop, and indie rock. These genres are unified bytheir collective debt to the style and/or ethos ofpunk rock, which laid the groundworkfor alternative music in the 1970s. At times, alternative rock has been used as a catch-all phrase for rock music from underground artists and all music descended from punkrock (including punk itself, New Wave, and post-punk).

Some examples of alternative rock bands that have achieved commercialsuccess and mainstream critical recognition are R.E.M., The Cure,Jane'sAddiction, Nirvana, Foo Fighters,The Smashing Pumpkins, GreenDay, Weezer, Radiohead, The White Stripes, and Muse.However, many alternative
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rock artists are cult acts that have recorded with independent labels and have receivedthe majority of their exposure through college radio airplay and word-of-mouth

Acoustic Music

Acoustic music comprises music that solely or primarilyuses instruments which produce sound through entirely acoustic means, as opposedto electric orelectronic means. The retronym "acoustic music" appeared after theadvent of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar, electric violin, electricorgan andsynthesizer.

Performers of acoustic music often increase the volume of their outputusing electronic amplifiers. However, these amplification devices remain separatefrom the amplified instrument and reproduce its natural sound accurately. Often amicrophone is placed in front of an acoustic instrument which is then wired up to anamplifier.

Following the increasing popularity of the television showMTVUnpluggedduring the 1990s, acoustic (though in most cases still electrically-amplified) performances by musical artists who usually rely on electronic instrumentsbecame colloquially referred to as "unplugged" performances.

Writing forSplendid, music reviewer Craig Conley suggests, "When music is

labeled acoustic, unplugged, or unwired, the assumption seems to be that other typesof music are clutteredby technology and overproduction and therefore aren't aspure."

Examples: the music of Paolo Santos, Nyoy Volante, Nina, and Aiza Seguerra.

Heavy Metal Music

Heavy metal (often referred to simply as metal) is a genre ofrock music thatdeveloped in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and theUnited States. With roots in blues rock and psychedelic rock, the bands that createdheavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highlyamplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness.
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Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinityand machismo.

The first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and DeepPurple attracted large audiences, though they were often critically reviled, a statuscommon throughout the history of the genre. In the mid-1970s Judas Priest helpedspur the genre's evolution by discarding much ofits blues influence; Motrhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasingemphasis on speed. Bands in theNew Wave of British Heavy Metal such as IronMaiden followed in a similar vein. Before the end of the decade, heavy metal hadattracted a worldwide following of fans known as "metalheads" or "headbangers".

In the 1980s, glam metal became a major commercial force with groupslike Mtley Cre and Poison. Underground scenes produced an array of more

extreme, aggressive styles: thrash metal broke into the mainstream with bands suchas Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, andAnthrax, while other styles like deathmetal and black metal remain subcultural phenomena. Since the mid-1990s, popularstyles such as nu metal, which often incorporates elements ofgrunge and hip hop;and metalcore, which blends extreme metal with hardcore punk, have furtherexpanded the definition of the genre.

Examples: the music of Bon Jovi and Pepe Smith

Jazz Music

Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th centuryin African American communities in the Southern United States: it was born from aconfluence of African and European music traditions. From its early developmentuntil the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th century Americanpopular music. Its West African pedigree is evident in its use ofbluenotes, improvisation,polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note.

The word "jazz" (in early years also spelled "jass") began as a West Coast slang termand was first used to refer to music in Chicago at about 1915.

Jazz is American music born in the early part of the century from Africanrhythm and slave chants. It has spread from its African-American roots to aworldwide audience. Jazz music developed from early ensemble improvisation to big
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band swing to soloing brilliance of bop to thorny atonality and back to the currentrearticulating melody and harmony.

Blues is a style type of popular music which influenced both ragtime and laterblues.

The music of Earl Klugh is jazz music.

Hip-Hop Music and Rap Music

Hip hop music and Rap Music is an American musical genre that developedas part ofhip-hop culture, which is defined by four key stylistic

elements:MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching, breaking/dancing and graffiti writing.Other elements include sampling (or synthesis), andbeatboxing. The term rap music isoften used synonymously with the term hip hop music, but rap vocals are not requiredfor music to be considered "hip hop. "

Hip-hop music pertains to the urbanized dressing, art, and speech of theordinary people. It is synonymous to rap music with its topics of political or socialissues, spoken lyrics, and a background of scratched records.

Examples: the music of Francis Magalona, Andrew E., and Salbakuta

New Age Music

New Age music is music of various styles intended to create artisticinspiration, relaxation, and optimism. It is used by listenersfor yoga,massage, meditation, and reading as a method ofstress management or tocreate a peaceful atmosphere in their home or other environments, and is often

associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality.The harmonies in New Age music are generally modal, consonant, or include

a drone bass. The melodies are often repetitive, to create a hypnotic feeling, andsometimes recordings of nature sounds are used as an introduction to a track orthroughout the piece. Pieces of up to thirty minutes are common.
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New Age music includes both electronic forms, frequently relying onsustained synth pads or long sequencer-based runs, and acousticforms, featuringinstruments such as flutes, piano, acoustic guitar and a wide variety of non-westernacoustic instruments. In many cases, high-quality digitally sampled instruments are

used instead of natural acoustic instruments. Vocal arrangements were initially rare inNew Age music but as it has evolved vocals have become more common, especiallyvocals featuring Native American, Sanskrit, or Tibetaninfluenced chants, or lyricsbased on mythology such as Celtic legends or the realm ofFaerie.

Some New Age music artists openly embrace New Age beliefs, while otherartists and bands have specifically stated that they do not consider their own music tobe New Age, even when their work has been labeled as such by record labels, musicretailers, or radio broadcasters.

Examples: the voice of Enya in The Lord of the Rings and the theme songs ofthe films.

Rock Music

Rock music is a genre ofpopular music that developed during and after the1960s, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm andblues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genressuch as blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and othermusical sources.

Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rockgroup with bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music with a 4/4 beatutilizing a verse-chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse andcommon musical characteristics are difficult to define. Like pop music, lyrics oftenstress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequentlysocial or political in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians hasbeen seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music. Rockplaces a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and anideology of authenticity than pop music.
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By the late 1960s a number of distinct rock music sub-genres had emerged,including hybrids like blues-rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion, manyof which contributed to the development ofpsychedelic rock influenced bythe counter-cultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene

included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements; glam rock, whichhighlighted showmanship and visual style, and the diverse and enduring major sub-genre ofheavy metal, which emphasized volume, power and speed. In the second halfof the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends toproduce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and socialcritiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development ofother sub-genres, including New Wave, post punk and eventually the alternativerock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and

break through into the mainstream in the form ofgrunge, Britpop, and indie rock.Further fusion sub-genres have since emerged, including pop punk, rap rock, and rapmetal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garagerock/post punk revival at the beginning of the new millennium.

Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and socialmovements, leading to major sub-cultures including modsand rockers in the UK andthe "hippie" counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s.Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visuallydistinctive goth and emo subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song,rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in socialattitudes to race, sex and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revoltagainst adult consumerism and conformity.

Rhythm and Blues (R&B)

Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B, is a genre ofpopular AfricanAmerican music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by recordcompanies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban AfricanAmericans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistentbeat" was becoming more popular.
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The term has subsequently had a number of shifts in meaning. In the early1950s and beyond, the term rhythm and blues was frequently applied to bluesrecords. Starting in the 1950s, after this style of music contributed to the developmentofrock and roll, the term "R&B" became used to refer to music styles that developed

from and incorporated electric blues, as well as gospel and soul music. By the1970s,rhythm and blues was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, anewer style of R&B developed, becoming known ascontemporary R&B.

Example: the music of Kyla, Jimmy Bondoc, and Brian McKnight.

Broadway Musicales

A Broadway Musicalis a musical with a book by William F. Brown, lyricsby Lee Adams, and music by Charles Strouse. The Broadway production closed after14 previews and only one performance on December 21, 1978.

The plot about a sleazy white theatre producer's attempt to adapt an AfricanAmerican writer's serious play for a commercial stage musical was inspired by Adamsand Strouse's real-life experiences with their 1964 Broadway production ofGolden

Boy. The star of the musical-within-the-musical (Sneakers, about a basketball star)closely resembles Golden Boy star Sammy Davis, Jr. When the star opts to leave the

show, the playwright - who from the start had resisted turning his work into a musical- steps in and takes on the lead role in order to save the production.

Innovations in Musical Compositions

Polytonality

Polytonality is the use in music of several keys at the same time. Music such as

this is called polytonal.Bitonality is the use in music of two keys at the same time. Music such as this

is called bitonal.

Most traditional music is "in a particular key" e.g. in "C major" or in "D major" or in"D minor". Music that is in C major uses the notes of a C major scale.
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In 20th century some composers sometimes wrote music which is in more than onekey at once. A well-known example is the beginning of the second tableau ofIgorStravinsky's ballet,Petrushka. The first clarinet plays a melody that uses the notes ofthe C major chord, while the second clarinet plays a different version of the same

melody using the notes of the F sharp major chord.Composers who have used bitonality or polytonality include Igor Stravinsky, DariusMilhaud, Bla Bartk, Charles Ives and many others.

Electronic Music

Electronic music is music that employs electronic musicalinstruments and electronic music technology in its production. In general a distinctioncan be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and thatproduced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical soundproducing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, and the electric guitar.Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such asthe Theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer.

Electronic music was once associated almost exclusively with Western artmusic but from the late 1960s on the availability of affordable music technologymeant that music produced using electronic means became increasingly common inthe popular domain. Today electronic music includes many varieties and ranges fromexperimental art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music.

Electronic Instruments

An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its

sounds using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audiosignal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker.

An electronic instrument may include a user interface for controlling its sound,often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note. However, it isincreasingly common for the user interface and sound-generating functions to beseparated into a music controller (input device) and a music synthesizer, respectively,
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with the two devices communicating through a musical performance descriptionlanguage such as MIDI or Open Sound Control.

All electronic musical instruments can be viewed as a subset ofaudio signalprocessing applications. Simple electronic musical instruments are sometimescalled sound effects; the border between sound effects and actual musical instrumentsis often hazy.

French composer and engineer Edgard Varse created a variety of compositionsusing electronic horns, whistles, and tape. Most notably, he wrote Pomelectronique for the Phillips pavilion at the Brussels World Fair in 1958.

Electronic musical instruments are now widely used in most styles of music.The development of new electronic musical instruments, controllers, and synthesizers

continues to be a highly active and interdisciplinary field of research. Specializedconferences, notably the International Conference on New interfaces for musicalexpression, have organized to report cutting edge work, as well as to provide ashowcase for artists who perform or create music with new electronic musicinstruments, controllers, and synthesizers.

Pierre Shaffer

Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (pronounced/pir hnri mri efr/inEnglish; 14 August 191019 August 1995) was a French composer,writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician of the 20th century. Hisinnovative work in both the sciencesparticularly communications and acousticsand the various arts ofmusic, literature and radio presentation after the end of WorldWar II, as well as his anti-nuclear activism and cultural criticism garnered himwidespread recognition in his lifetime.

Amongst the vast range of works and projects he undertook, Schaeffer is mostwidely and currently recognized for his accomplishmentsinelectronic and experimental music, at the core of which stands his role as the chiefdeveloper of a unique and early form ofavant-garde music known asmusiqueconcrte. The genre emerged out of Europe from the utilization of new music
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technology developed in the post-Nazi Germany era, following the advance ofelectroacoustic and acousmatic music.

Schaeffer's writings (which include written and radio-narrated essays, biographies, short novels, a number of musical treatises andseveralplays) are often oriented towards his development of the genre, as well asthe theoretics and philosophy of music in general.

Today, Schaeffer is considered one of the most influential experimental,electroacoustic and subsequently electronic musicians, having been the first composerto utilize a number of contemporary recording and sampling techniques that are nowused worldwide by nearly all record production companies. His collaborativeendeavors are considered milestones in the historiesofelectronic and experimental music.

Live Electronic Music

Live electronic music generally utilizes instrumental or electronic sounds butexcludes those that have been prerecorded (Sutherland 1994,]). The timbres of thevarious sounds may then be transformed extensively during performance usingdevices such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators and other forms ofcircuitry.

Early electronic instruments such as the Telharmonium, Theremin, ondesMartenot, and Trautonium were intended simply as new means of sound production,and did nothing to change the nature of musical composition or performance (Collins2007, 39).

CagesImaginary Landscape No. 1(1939) was among the earliestcompositions to include an innovative use of live electronic material, it featured twovariable-speed phonograph turntables and sine tone recordings (Collins 2007, 3839).

Synthesizers

A synthesizer (often abbreviated "synth") is an electronic instrument capableof producing sounds by generating electrical signals of differentfrequencies.
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These electrical signals are played through a loudspeaker or set ofheadphones.Synthesizers can usually produce a wide range of sounds, which may either imitateother instruments ("imitative synthesis") or generate new timbres.

Synthesizers use a number of different technologies or programmed algorithms,each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Among the most popular waveformsynthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, wavetablesynthesis, frequency modulation synthesis, phase distortion synthesis, physicalmodeling synthesis and sample-based synthesis. Other sound synthesis methods,like subharmonic synthesis orgranular synthesis, are not found in music synthesizers.

Computers

A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially andautomatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particularsequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve morethan one kind of problem.

Conventionally a computer consists of some form ofmemory for data storage,at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencingand control element that can change the order of operations based on the information

that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an externalsource, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.

Laurens Hammond

Laurens Hammond (January 11, 1895July 3, 1973), was anAmerican engineer and inventor. His inventions include, most famously,

theHammond organ, the Hammond Clock, and the world's first polyphonic musicalsynthesizer, the Novachord.

Electric Guitar

An electric guitar is a guitar that uses the principle of direct electromagneticinduction to convert vibrations of its metal strings into electricaudio signals. The
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signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so itis amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker. Since the output of an electric guitar isan electric signal, the signal may easily be altered using electronic circuits to add"color" to the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such

as reverb and distortion.Invented in 1931, the electric guitar became a necessity as jazz musicians

sought to amplify their sound. Since then, the electric guitar has undeniably becomeone of the most important instruments in popular music around the world. It hasevolved into a stringed musical instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds andstyles. It served as a major component in the development ofrock and roll andcountless other genres of music.

Electronic Keyboard

An electronic keyboard (also called digital keyboard, portablekeyboard and home keyboard) is an electronic or digitalkeyboard instrument.

The major components of a typical modern electronic keyboard are:

Musical keyboard: The plastic white and black piano-style keys which the playerpresses, thus connecting the switches, which triggers the electronic note or othersound. Most keyboards use a keyboard matrix circuit to reduce the amount ofwiring that is needed.

User interface software: A program (usually embedded in a computer chip) whichhandles user interaction with control keys and menus, which allows the user toselect tones (e.g., piano, organ, flute, drum kit), effects (reverb, echo, telephonesor sustain), and other features (e.g., transposition, an electronic drum machine)

Rhythm & chord generator: A software program which produces rhythms andchords by the means of MIDI electronic commands.

Sound generator: An electronic sound module typically contained within an

integrated circuit or chip, which is capable of accepting MIDI commands andproducing sounds.

Amplifier and speaker: a low-powered audio amplifier and a small speaker thatamplify the sounds so that the listener can hear them.
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Notation

Music notation or musical notation is any system that represents aurallyperceived music, through the use of written symbols.

Notation is the writing o symbols to represent musical sounds. It is animportant aspect in a musical composition, for it is through notation that one can playand sing it.

Church Modes

In modern Western music,mode (from Latin modus, "measure, standard,manner, way") is a concept that involves scale andmelody type.

Historically, the word had other possible meanings. In the early medievalperiod, it meant interval. In the late medieval period, it meant the rhythmicrelationship between long and short values (Powers 2001, Introduction). Since the endof the eighteenth century, the term has also appliedin ethnomusicological contextsto pitch structures in non-European musical cultures,sometimes with doubtful compatibility (Powers 2001, V,1).

This article addresses the medieval and modern scale and melody-typemeaning.

Modes are the forerunners of our modern major and minor scales, each modecorresponding to the white notes o the piano keyboard, played consecutively from anote to its octave thus: D to D1 is Dorain; M to M1, Phrydian; F to F1, Lydian; G toG1, Mixolydian. The semitones or half-steps are indicated by a slur; the rest of theintervals are whole tones. Bartoks compositions possess church modes.

New SoundsAt the advent of the 20th-21st Century, new sounds were introduced to render

variation to musical scales.
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Serial Music

Serial or 12-tone music was invented in the early 20th Century by Schoenbergand pupils, Bern and Webern. It was based on the chromatic scale.

Musique Concrete

In the 1950s, French composers explored new sound recording technology

wherein they rearranged sounds on tape changing the speed or playing thembackwards to make musical patterns.

Electronic Music

Composers like Stockhausen in the late 1950s began to use early synthesizersto produce electronic music. This method merged with those of musique concrete.

Neo-Classical Music

Neo means modernizedor new. Some musical composers of the periodrejected the Romantic style.

Aleatoric or Chance Music

Aleatoric or chance is also known as interdeterministic music which has achance element in reaction to music that is totally planned. For example, it may havephrases that can be played in any order.

Minimalists or ProcessMusic

In the 1960s a group ofNorth America composers invented minimalists or

process music. It refers to the dominance of process in music where fragments are

layered on the top of each other, often looped, to produce the entirety of the soniccanvas. It consists of repeated phrases which slowly changed.

Minimalists or Process Music is easier to listen to than some experimental

music.


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Example of minimalists or process music are In C of Terry Riley and Drumming

of Steve Reich.


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Pierre Shaffer Laurens Hammond


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Terry Riley

Pablo Picasso Igor Stravinsky


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Wassily Kandinsky


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Evolution of 20thand 21st music

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