+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Evolution of Political Ideologies

Evolution of Political Ideologies

Date post: 21-Jul-2016
Category:
Upload: blah-blah-56743
View: 19 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
Description:
jhkjh
40
Evolution of Political Inst.
Transcript
Page 1: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Evolution of Political Inst.

Page 2: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Wait--What is government anyway? Government is a system of social

control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is given to a particular group in society. Government power can be held by one individual, a few, or a majority.

Page 3: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Republic – led by representatives of the voters. Each is individually chosen for a set period of time.

United States of America

Page 4: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Parliamentary – a parliamentary system is led by representatives of the people. Each is chosen as a member of a political party and remains in power as long as his/her party doesGreat Britain, Israel

Page 5: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Monarchy – a monarchy has a king or queen, who sometimes has absolute power. Power is passed along through the family.

Great Britain, Jordan

Page 6: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Theocracy – a form of government where the rulers claim to be ruling on behalf of a set of religious ideas, or as direct agents of a deity.

Iran

Page 7: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Totalitarian – Rule by a single political party. Votes for alternative candidates and parties are simply not allowed. Citizens are allowed and ‘encouraged’ to vote, but only for the government’s chosen candidates. China

Page 8: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Dictatorship – rule by a single leader who has not been elected and may use force to keep control. In a military dictatorship, the army is in control. Usually, there is little or no attention to public opinion or individual rights.

North Korea

Page 9: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Oligarchy – a form of government which consists of rule by an elite group who rule in their own interests, especially the accumulation of wealth and privilege. Only certain members of society have a valid voice in the government. This can reflect economic interests, a particular religious tradition or familial rule.

Pakistan

Page 10: Evolution of Political Ideologies

SocialismApolitical and economic system in which some businesses are controlled by the government rather than by individuals.In a socialist country, people have equal rights to various benefits (health, education), and there is an effort to limit the inequalities of wealth and power. Taxes are often quite high to provide for these benefits.People do hold private property in socialist countries.A country can be both socialist and democratic

Page 11: Evolution of Political Ideologies

The Ideal Politics

We begin with the problem of how to define politics, and with the writings of Plato and Aristotle (who in turn may have been inspired by the teachings of Socrates). In his classic dialogue, the Republic, Plato proceeded from the core principle that the polis (or polity) is fundamentally an economic association; it is very different in character from an shapeless aggregation of individuals who happen to share a common language, territory or culture and may, or may not, engage in arms-length exchanges. A polity is characterized by a specialization of roles and a division of labor (or, more precisely, a combination of labor) and, equally important, interdependence with respect to the satisfaction of our various needs and wants.

Page 12: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Where did the colonists get their ideas from?John Locke

◦ He believed that there were rules in a state of nature.

◦ He called these rules natural rights, and they included life, liberty and property.

Page 13: Evolution of Political Ideologies

CapitalismAn economic system in which

individuals and corporations are free to invest in and own all aspect of a business.

In a capitalist country, people own their own companies and can manage them to earn a profit.

Page 14: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Socialism

Apolitical and economic system in which some businesses are controlled by the government rather than by individuals.

In a socialist country, people have equal rights to various benefits (health, education), and there is an effort to limit the inequalities of wealth and power.

Taxes are often quite high to provide for these benefits.

People do hold private property in socialist countries.

A country can be both socialist and democratic

Page 15: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Communism

A political and economic system in which the government controls all business.

Individual people cannot own property or industries and in theory, people of all social classes are treated equally.

Communist countries have totalitarian governments.

All communists are socialists, but not all socialists are communists.

Page 16: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Think of it as a spectrum…Capitalism Socialism

CommunismUnited States

Canada Sweden

China Cuba

North Korea

Page 17: Evolution of Political Ideologies

The Realistic Politics Thomas Hobbes, whose outlook was

deeply affected by the turmoil of the English civil wars, provided an equally harsh vision of the political community. Hobbes was the architect of a dismal political science. In the state of nature, Since all men are more or less equal in strength and cunning, Hobbes asserted, the state of nature is a “war of every man against every man” Hobbes also viewed “justice” as a meaningless term. It amounts to whatever a person can get, and keep, and the good life is merely the sum of our separate self-interests.

Page 18: Evolution of Political Ideologies

People have the right to rebel if their natural rights are being taken away

These rights are considered essential – so much a part of human nature that they can’t be taken away

Page 19: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Government gets it’s right to govern from the consent of the people, and without the consent of the people, there is no legitimate government◦Locke argues that if

government fails to protect these rights, they have the right to overthrow the government

Page 20: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Montesquieu◦ Advocated a system

of government that divided and balanced power of government between the classes

◦ This is the best way to ensure that the government would not be dominated by a single social class and could help the common good

Page 21: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Ancient Greece and Rome◦ Promoted the idea

of limiting peoples rights in order to ensure that they participate in society

Page 22: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Magna Carta (1215)◦ List of complaints

written by the nobles against King John

◦ Believed to be the cornerstone of modern democracy

◦ Government should be based on the rule of law (the king’s power is limited by requiring him to follow the law, thereby limiting government’s power)

Page 23: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Led to American belief in “no taxation without representation”

Belief in trial by jury of peers

Established the idea of due process of law◦ No government can

take action against it’s citizens without following certain rules and laws

Page 24: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Parliament (1295)◦ Originally a council

of nobles, but eventually came to represent all people in the monarchy

◦ Divided into two houses, House of Lords (nobles, upper house), and House of Commons (citizens, lower house)

Page 25: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Representative Democracy – members elected to speak for the people

Parliament made demands of the king in form of bills

Colonies modeled governments after Parliament

Congress eventually modeled after Parliament

Page 26: Evolution of Political Ideologies

The Habeas Corpus Act 1679The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 is a

writ (court order) that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court. The principle of habeas corpus ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention—that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to the prisoner's aid. This right originated in the English legal system, and is now available in many nations.

Page 27: Evolution of Political Ideologies

English Bill of Rights (1689)◦ Limited the power

of the king by placing more power in the hands of the people

◦ Becomes part of the legal tradition in America

◦ Right to a fair and speedy trial by jury

◦ Right to petition

Page 28: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Articles of Confederation1781-1789 : time

called the “Critical Period”

After the Revolution, many people had legitimate fears about the new government◦To most people, their state

was their “country”◦Each state functioned like

a separate nation with its own constitution and government

Page 29: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Founders were afraid of making a central government that was too strong

Many Americans felt that any central government was likely to deprive them of their rights, just like under the British crown

People felt that government should be close to the people so the people could control it easier, and protect their rights

Page 30: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Set up of Articles of Confederation

The government was just a central legislature, unicameral (one house)

There was no executive or judicial branches

Most legal disputes were handled in state courts

Page 31: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Most of the powers of government were left with the states, the national government had little power over the states or its citizens

Only state government had authority over their citizens

Page 32: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Congress didn’t have the power to collect money from the states or the people directly, it could only request the money from the state governments, which in turn would raise it from its citizens

Congress couldn’t regulate trade among the different states

Page 33: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Strengths of the ArticlesHelped get us

through the Revolutionary War

Helped us deal with newly acquired lands out west (Ohio Valley) and what to do with them

Page 34: Evolution of Political Ideologies

It helped define states relationship with one another…

All states had to accept the laws of other states

People could travel from state to state, not needing things like passports

Set up extradition laws (laws that would send a criminal in one state back to the original state that he/she committed a crime in)

Page 35: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Weaknesses of the Articles

2/3 approval needed to pass a law in Congress

Unanimous vote needed to amend (change) the Articles

All states, regardless of size, had one vote

Legislators in Congress were paid by their states, not the federal government

Page 36: Evolution of Political Ideologies

No executive to enforce the laws

No federal court system

Congress couldn’t regulate trade between the states

Congress could declare war, but couldn’t raise the army to fight it

Page 37: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Congress could coin money, but had to ask the states for the gold and silver to back up the currency

Congress can tax, but it had no power to collect those taxes from the states

Page 38: Evolution of Political Ideologies

What led to the Constitutional Convention?

Many political leaders, like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, didn’t like the Articles of Confederation, claiming that the new government couldn’t handle the problems of the United States

Page 39: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Annapolis Convention (1785)

Delegates from five states went to Mt. Vernon to discuss commerce (trade) problems

Low turnout at conferenceHamilton and Madison

suggested that a meeting be held in Philadelphia to amend (change) the Articles to make government stronger

Page 40: Evolution of Political Ideologies

Farmers hit by both high taxes to pay for Revolutionary War, and low prices for their goods, farmers quickly became angry with the state government

600 farmers, led by Captain Daniel Shays, marched on the Massachusetts courts and closed them down – figuring that if the courts weren’t in session they couldn’t lose their farms


Recommended