A Historic Timeline
BY: SARAH DYER | COM 9660
EVOLUTION OF THE BOOK
ORIGINS OF WRITING (INCL. ALPHABET) • Numbers for the purpose of record keeping is thought
to have started long before the written language • Written language began in 3200 B.C. in Mesopotamia
and in Mesoamerican 600 B.C. (see map) • The original alphabet was developed by Semitic*
people living in or near Egypt (Sinai desert around 1700 B.C.) (see image)
• Egyptians used specific symbols • This style of writing was quickly adopted by
neighboring peoples (i.e. Canaanites, Hebrews & Phoenicians)
• Phoenicians spread to the word to Asia, Arabs, Greeks and Spain
• Writing was done right to left, left to right and vertically • Chinese characters were rather long which caused the
use of an enormous amount of space; whereas symbols with greater meaning took up less space
Source: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/alphabet.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing Image: www.lexiline.com
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing
THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT EGYPT (3500 B.C. – 600 A.D.) • Circa 3500 B.C. : Sumerian clay tablets used cuneiform alphabet – symbols pressed into
clay tablets - dried or fired to set; considered the earliest form of the book
• 2400 B.C. : Papyrus scrolls – grass-like, aquatic plant grown in the Nile delta of Egypt. Egyptians used for paper – plant cut into strips, pressed together and dried to form a writing surface
• Papyrus was used all the way up to the 8th or 9th centuries A.D. – the first block printing in Egypt wouldn’t come until 1250 A.D.
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing
A WRITING SYSTEM IS BORN (600S-200S B.C.) • 600 B.C. : Writing system developed. Mediterranean cultures favored left- to-right writing
and reading
• 200 B.C. : Wax tablet “codex” marks the beginning of books being bound at one end – used by Greeks & Romans
• Codex were framed and backed by wood; good for note taking, mobile writing surface
• Two or more tablets were joined with thongs or cords (like three ring binder)
• Codex books entered Europe, surprising the scroll around the 5th century A.D.
Image Sources: www.jfpenn.com and www.lib.monash.edu.au
CHINA’S IMPRINT ON HISTORY (105S-1040S A.D.) • 105 A.D. : Cai Lun invented papermaking using bark, hemp, old rags and
used fish nets; the improved process spread throughout the world • 400- 600 A.D. : Illustrated and handwritten manuscripts developed.
Earliest illustrated manuscripts were written on parchment (made of calf, sheep or goat skin) – replacing papyrus as main resource • Handwritten books were detailed with gold and silver, creating
colors and showing design elements • Used by Muslim and European cultures up until the invention of
movable type • 868 A.D. : The first book is printed on paper in China
• Chinese used a block of wood that had characters carved in reverse • Ink was placed on woodblocks to create multiple copies on paper or
parchment • 1041 A.D. : Chinese invent movable type
• Chinese characters caused problems because of length, whereas the European language proved successful much later due to its limited alphabet Image: english.cntv.cn
Image: www.lausd.k12.ca.us
MODERN REVOLUTION IMPROVES LITERACY (1400S-1770S A.D.) • 1440 A.D. : German inventor Johann Gutenberg developed the printing press – key to the
spread of the printed word in books
• 1455 A.D. : The Guttenberg Bible (42-line) completed
• 1490 A.D. : Printed books widespread in Europe
• By 1500 A.D. Literacy grows and about 35K books have been printed with about 10M copies in circulation
• 1501 A.D. : Aldo Manuzio designs a smaller and less expensive book to replace the large and heavier Codex; the precursor to modern paperback books
1639-1640 A.D. : Puritans ship modern printing press to the American colonies and print America’s first book, The Bay Psalm Book – delivered to Cambridge, MA
1774 A.D. : Chlorine is discovered and used to bleach white the pages
MODERN TIMES IN BOOKS (1790S-1900S A.D.) • 1791 A.D. : American Congress passed the First Amendment to
the Constitution allowing for Freedom of the Press
• 1832 A.D. : Books are wrapped in paper jackets
• 1860 A.D. : “Dime novels” are printed on cheap, coarse paper
• 1875 A.D. : The U.S. has 257 public libraries where citizens can access books freely, cheap reprints are published in series called “libraries”
• 1933 A.D. : Nazis begin book burning in Europe
• 1939 A.D. : Pocket Books enters paperback market
• 1941 A.D. : Starting the first mass distribution system for books
Image: www.otrr.org
INCEPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (1950S-2000S A.D.) • 1958 A.D. : The first ever microchip is invented kicking off the computer revolution and
opening doors to technological advancement of the book
• 1986 A.D. : The American Encyclopedia is put on CD-ROM
• 1990 A.D. : The Second Edition, Oxford English Dictionary becomes available in book or CD-ROM form
• 1991 A.D. : The Internet is made available for commercial use
• HTML code is written and precursor to the creation of the World Wide Web; creation sets the stage for current uses of the book
• 1995 A.D. : Books are sold online
• 1998 A.D. : The U.S. alone has 70K book titles in circulation and there are 50K publishers
ELECTRONIC BOOK BOOM! (2001 A.D. - PRESENT) • 2001-2006 A.D. : E-Books (electronic books) are launched
• Handheld, book-sized electronic units for commercial sale and public consumption
• E-Books open the door to electronic text and graphics of old and new novels
• 2003 A.D. : Online retailer Amazon.com scans texts of 120K books for internet users to buy online and increases the demand for electronic versus printed books
• 2006 A.D. : Japanese-based cell phone novel via text message emerges
• 2007 A.D. : The Amazon Kindle is developed. First automated reading device and revolutionary platform for displaying e-books or other text for readers
• 2008 A.D. “BookSnap” technology developed. A quick scanning process of books making digital PDFs more readily available in electronic format • The technology today drives the full completion of all books
into electronic format • The technology is time consuming and cumbersome,
meanwhile more technological advancements may beat the race to transfer all books into e-books
Image: www.cscoutjapan.com
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BOOK APPENDIX
WORKS CITED • TIMELINE SOURCE:
http://www.fastcompany.com/1511803/teacher-where-do-e-books-come