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Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

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PAGE 1 Evolving Wireless Markets & The Software Challenge, or Software Is The Answer, But What Is The Question? Willie Anderson and Rowland Reed Qualcomm CDMA Technologies DSP Development Group, Austin APRIL ‘07
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Page 1: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 1

Evolving Wireless Markets & The Software Challenge, orSoftware Is The Answer, But What Is The Question?

Willie Anderson and Rowland ReedQualcomm CDMA TechnologiesDSP Development Group, Austin

APRIL ‘07

Page 2: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 2

Overview

• Motivation: The Evolving and Huge Wireless Market Opportunities• Hexagon DSP Introduction• Hexagon DSP V2 Verification • The Software Challenge & Its Effect On Overall Market• Practical Approaches

Structured SpecificationFunctional Coverage for Software / System TestOpen-Source RTOS?Software System Simulation

• Conclusion and Questions

Page 3: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 3

Growth DriversGrowth Drivers

600+ Million Mobile Multimedia Users (2006)

Converging Multimedia & Mobility

Combining location & mobility with audio, camera, video & gaming

1+ Billion Data Users (2007)

Migrating Voice to Data3G Network Deployments around the globe: DO,

WCDMA, TD-SCDMA

~1.8 Billion Voice Users (2008)

Increasing Tele-densityExtending Voice Services into emerging markets

Sources (top to bottom): Yankee Group; ARC Group; Yankee Group

Wireless: Key Growth Drivers for Semiconductor Industry

Page 4: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 4

Growth DriversGrowth Drivers

600+ Million Mobile Multimedia Users (2006)

Converging Multimedia & Mobility

Combining location & mobility with audio, camera, video & gaming

1+ Billion Data Users (2007)

Migrating Voice to Data3G Network Deployments around the globe: DO,

WCDMA, TD-SCDMA

~1.8 Billion Voice Users (2008)

Increasing Tele-densityExtending Voice Services into emerging markets

Sources (top to bottom): Yankee Group; ARC Group; Yankee Group

Wireless: Key Growth Drivers for Semiconductor Industry

The Wireless Internet Will Soon Have Greater Impact Than The Wired Internet

• 1B+ Mobile Data User By End Of 2007 With Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity

• Vast Portions Of The World Will Have Access To Only Wireless Internet

• Laptops Now Embedded With Mobile Wide Area Broadband Modules

• Over 600M Phones Already Have Multimedia Capability

Page 5: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 5

Live TV ChannelsLive TV broadcasts

Health and FitnessMonitor your heart rate

TaggingShare your favorite restaurant with friends

Personal IdentificationGain access to data

Digital WalletMobile commerce

Media CenterGet connected with other in-home devices through Wi-Fi

Source: Fortune / Samuel Velasco / 5W Infographics

“Tomorrow’s Cell Phone Will Entertain, Amaze…and Even Make Calls” (Fortune Magazine, October 2006)

Page 6: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 6

Sources• Mobile phone sales – Strategy Analytics, Oct’06• Laptop and Desktop data – IDC PC tracker – Q1’07

Mobile Phone Shipments Outstrip All Other Devices

Global Device Sales (M's)

437530

676

833

9861086

11561205

1252 1286

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Mill

ions

Page 7: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 7

Moving Beyond VoiceWireless WAN Evolution From 1G to 4G

Ave

rage

Thr

ough

put

(Kbp

s)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

DOrBHSPA+

1

10

100

1000

10,000

AMPSGSM CDMA

GPRS

CDMA 1xEDGE

EVDOWCDMA

HSDPA3.6

DO-rev A

HSDPA7.2

DO-rev B

UMBLTE

Page 8: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 8Source: Strategy Analytics, Dec’06

• Wireless data accounted for 17% of service revenues in 2006

• Messaging (SMS, MMS, IM, Email) is still the key driver for data but share of premium data revenues was at 19% (Gaming, Audio, Video, Other personlization) in 2006

3G Data Services Generating Increasing Revenue for Carriers

2008 2009 2010 2011

Rev

enue

s ($

B)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Dat

a as

% o

f rev

enue

s

Premium RevenuesMessaging revenuesData as % of revenues

0

50

100

150

200

250

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Page 9: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 9

Wireless WAN EvolutionAll The Power Of A Laptop…In Your Pocket

MSM2Intel 8018610 MIPS

(~2.5 MHz)

Paging, Messaging, Voice MailPersonal Information Manager

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

3000

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

MIP

S

MSM2300ARM MCU< 20 MIPS

MSM3000ARM7TDMI

23 MIPS* (27 MHz)

MSM6500Multimedia Platform ARM9

Up to 160 MIPS*(146 MHz)

MSM6550Enhanced Platform ARM9

Up to 250 MIPS*(225 MHz)

MSM7200Convergence Dual-Core

ARM9 + ARM11Up to 740 MIPS*

(400 MHz)

1 GHz Scorpion + ARM 9 CPUs600 MHz DSP3000+ MIPS*

Page 10: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 10

Wireless WAN EvolutionAll The Power Of A Laptop…In Your Pocket

MSM2Intel 8018610 MIPS

(~2.5 MHz)

Paging, Messaging, Voice MailPersonal Information Manager

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

3000

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

MIP

S

MSM2300ARM MCU< 20 MIPS

MSM3000ARM7TDMI

23 MIPS* (27 MHz)

MSM6500Multimedia Platform ARM9

Up to 160 MIPS*(146 MHz)

MSM6550Enhanced Platform ARM9

Up to 250 MIPS*(225 MHz)

MSM7200Convergence Dual-Core

ARM9 + ARM11Up to 740 MIPS*

(400 MHz)

1 GHz Scorpion + ARM 9 CPUs600 MHz DSP3000+ MIPS*

Exponential Complexity Growth InWireless Embedded Systems…

• Driven By Moore’s Law & Economies Of Scale In Wireless Consumer Electronics Segment

• Nearly 10X Growth In Capability In Devices In Less Than 4 Years

• Mobile Device Storage Lags PC Industry By < 8 Years

• Mobile Device Performance Lags PC Industry By < 5 Years

• This Growth Portends The Current And Future Growth Of Complexity Of Mobile Embedded Software

Page 11: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 11

The Mobile Experience Requires Many Capabilities…

• Productivity (MS Office)• Social Networking (Email, IM, VOIP, VT)• Multimedia:

Streaming Audio/Video- MPEG4, MP3, AAC+, WMP…GamingImage and Video Capture

• Content Transfer:Local Networking (LAN/PAN)Peripherals, Removable Storage

• Other Wireless CapabilitiesLocation-Based ServicesBroadcast / Multicast

• Fundamental CharacteristicsStylish, Ergonomic and Easy-To-UseLow PowerLow Cost

Page 12: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 12

• Multimode, Multi-band WWAN and WiFi (data bandwidth)• Multimedia Processor:

Audio/Video CODECS- MPEG4, MP3, AAC+, WMP…High Resolution Graphics DisplayImage Sensor and Processor

• WPAN (BT, UWB, etc.) for data and audio support• Peripherals (USB, Removable Storage)• Large Internal Memory• GPS• Broadcast (DVB-H, MediaFLO)• Low Power, Size, Cost

Which Require A “Laundry List” Of Technologies…

Page 13: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 13

Wireless Handset ASPs

$-

$100

$200

$300

$400

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

SmartphoneEnhanced PhoneLow-EndUltra-Low-EndIndustry Average

Handsets Increase in Capability while Prices Continue to Decline

Source: ABI Research, August 2006

Page 14: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 14

Hexagon V2 Verification Methodology

Page 15: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 15

Hexagon V2 Verification Methodology Pillars

• Code And Functional CoverageThe Metric For Verification Completion

• Constrained-Random StimulusTo Find The Dark Corners Missed By Functional Coverage

• Unit- And Core-Based Environments

• Checking And Coverage Independent Of StimulusAllows Portability From Unit To Core

Page 16: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 16

Random Stimulus Without Functional Coverage

Random stimulus without the visiblity provided by functional coverage is like shotgun blasts in the dark:

Design Space

Design space hit byrandom stimulus

Page 17: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 17

Functional Coverage without Random Stimulus

Using directed tests as the primary mechanism to hit functional coverage points leaves you exposed to bugs in areas you don’t have coverage for:

Design Space

Functional Coverage Points

Page 18: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 18

The Magic Combination

Functional Coverage in combination with constrained random stimulus yields high-quality, repeatable verification results:

Design Space

Functional Coverage Points

Design space hit byrandom stimulus

Page 19: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 19

Hexagon V2 Unit Verification

• TestbenchSynopsys NTB, Ported From VERA

• StimulusVera-based Constrained RandomLimited Directed Testing

• Correctness CheckingCustom Models And CheckersAssertions– Blackbox: Developed By Verification Engineer– Whitebox: Developed By Design Engineer

• Functional CoverageBlackbox: Developed By Verification EngineerWhitebox: Developed By Design Engineer

Page 20: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 20

Hexagon V2 Core Verification

• TestbenchNTB, Verilog

• StimulusRandom– Leveraging Both Internal And Vendor

GeneratorsDirected– Targets Specific Verification Plan Line

Items– Targets Hard-to-hit Coverage Points

• Correctness CheckingGolden Model: Instruction Set Simulator (ISS)Checking Ported Up From UnitsAdditional Core-specific Checking –Generally Assertions

• Functional CoverageArchitectural Functional Coverage – Automatically Generated From XML

Architecture Description

Unit-level Coverage Ports Up

• EmulationFPGA-based EmulationUsed To Run Applications Like H.264 Video Decode

Page 21: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 21

Hexagon V2 Coverage Development

• Code/Functional Coverage Is Our Fundamental Metric For Verification Completeness

• Verification Plan Used To Define Functional CoverageSubject To Extensive Review By Design And Verification Engineers

• ~20k Core-level Architectural Coverage Points

• ~240k Total Core-level Coverage PointsIncluding Coverage Points Ported From Units

• How Much Functional Coverage To Create?Seems Like More Would Be BetterBut, You Can Bury Yourself In Data If You’re Not Careful

Page 22: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 22

Hexagon V2 Coverage Analysis

• Initial Focus More On Code CoverageCan Identify Missing Functional Coverage Points

• Transition Focus To More Functional Coverage• Review Process Is Meeting/Time Intensive

Iteration Cycle-time Determines How Quickly You Can Converge On Coverage Goals– Review Data– Identify Changes Required To Improve Coverage– Run Cycles Against Updated Design -- Collect Data– Repeat

• Synopsys .html Format Is One Interesting Slice Of Coverage Data, But Has Its Limits

A Real Database To Slice And Dice Is Much More Useful• Coverage Convergence

Newly Implemented Coverage Requires DebuggingCoverage Definition Will See Refinement And Clean UpStimulus Will Need To Be Modified/Enhanced To Hit Uncovered Areas

Page 23: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 23

QDSP6 V2 Coverage – Core Architecture Coverage Only

Page 24: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 24

Hexagon V2 Coverage – Core Stimulus Only

Page 25: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 25

QDSP6 V2 Coverage – Merged Core and Unit Stimulus

Page 26: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 26

The Software Challenge…

Page 27: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 27

So, Wireless Looks Great - What Is The Problem?

• Software Is Now Well Over Half Of Cost Of Delivered Embedded Wireless Products, Even At The Chip Level

• There Is No Moore’s Law For Software Development, Yet Moore’s Law Allows Exponentially More Complex Systems To Be Deployed

• Fred Brooks Famously Wrote No Silver Bullet1 Over 20 Years AgoThe Essential Difficulty of Software Is Its Specification, Design and Testing, While Coding Is Relatively SimpleThe Three Biggest Breakthoughs For Productivity: High-Level Languages, Time-Sharing and Unified Operating SystemsSome Non-Solutions: Ada, OOP, AI, Expert Systems, Automatic and Graphical Programming, Program Verification, Workstations and ToolsSome Promising Techniques: Off-The-Shelf Software, Rapid Prototyping and Positive Reinforcement For Great Software Designers

• Today’s Handheld Devices Can Be Far More Complex Than Computer CentersOf 20 Years Ago, Yet Our Software Techniques Are Only Incrementally Better

• What Are Some Practical Things That Could Improve The Ability To Produce High-Quality Embedded Software Systems?

1. No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., Univerisity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Information Processing ’86, ISBN No. 0-444-700777-3, H.J. Kugler, Ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland) © IFIP 1986.

The Challenge Is Producing Complex Embedded Software

Page 28: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 28

Better RTOS And Specification Capture Are Needed• Ideally, There Would Be An Open Source RTOS Which Is The “Moral

Equivalent” To Linux, But This Has Yet To Happen“Real-Time” Variants Of Linux ExistMany Open Source RTOSes ExistNone Have Become As Ubiquitous As Linux

• “Real Time” Requirements Are Vastly Different For Different SystemsAutomotive, Wireless Modems and Multimedia All Have Significantly Different Real-Time Requirements

• RTOSes Are Like Standards: There Are So Many To Choose FromBut Lack Of A Popular Open-Source RTOS Has Had Significant Impact

• Structured Specification Capture For Embedded Software Modules Could Have Dramatic Impact On Quality Of Delivered Product

Parseable Specification Can Enable Functional Coverage In SW TestingFunctional Coverage May Be Able To Improve Software Development As Much As It Has Hardware Development

Page 29: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 29

Functional Coverage May Be Key Technology for Software• Functional Coverage Is Already Widely Used In ASIC Verification• Functional Coverage Finds Defects In Hardware Which Would Likely

Never Be Seen In Field Testing Or Even Normal System Operation• Functional Coverage Is A “Results” Approach To Verification1

Describes System Design From User’s ViewpointMonitors (Using “Coverage Checkers”) Stimulus Scenarios, Errors, Corner Cases, State Transitions, Protocols, etc.Tracks Combinations (“Crosses”) of Stimulus Points and Groups

• Why Does Functional Coverage Work?It Focuses Engineer’s Attention On Areas Of Lowest CoverageIt Can Tell You When Your Design Is “Good Enough”It Decouples Stimulus From Measurement, And Allows High Quality Stimulus

• Tools: Focus, Meteor (IBM), PurifyPlus (Rational), xSuds (Telcordia)• IBM Has Website On Functional Coverage Methods for Software:

http://www.haifa.il.ibm.com/projects/verification/coverage_advisor/index.html1- Some definitions come from Design Verification with e by Samir Palnitkar

Page 30: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 30

What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?

Page 31: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 31

What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?

Page 32: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 32

What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?

System Under Test

Drivers

Functional Coverage Analysis

Transactors

ScenarioGenerator

Monitor

Monitor

Monitor

TestsTestsTests

Page 33: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 33

What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?

System Under Test

Drivers

Functional Coverage Analysis

Transactors

ScenarioGenerator

Monitor

Monitor

Monitor

TestsTestsTests

TESTB

ENCH

TESTB

ENCH

TESTB

ENCH

Page 34: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 34

What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?

System Under Test

Drivers

Functional Coverage Analysis

Transactors

ScenarioGenerator

Monitor

Monitor

Monitor

TestsTestsTests

CHECKERS

CHECKERS

Page 35: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 35

What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?

System Under Test

Drivers

Functional Coverage Analysis

Transactors

ScenarioGenerator

Monitor

Monitor

Monitor

TestsTestsTests

ANALY

ZER

ANALY

ZER

Page 36: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 36

If Software Takes Too Long To Develop, Start Earlier

HardwareSoftware

Customer Integration

Engi

neer

ing

Res

ourc

es

Time

$ € ¥ £ …

Typical Embedded System Development

Page 37: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 37

If Software Takes Too Long To Develop, Start Earlier

HardwareSoftware

Customer Integration

Engi

neer

ing

Res

ourc

es

Time

$ € ¥ £ …

Better Embedded System Development

Page 38: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 38

• This Better Approach RequiresMotivation To Improve The Overall EmbeddedSystem Development ProcessA Software Simulation System Capability

• A Software Simulation System Provides Simulators For All Programmable Cores (CPU, DSP) And Hardware In The System

• Simulation Of The Full System On A Software Simulator Offers Several Significant Advantages In Addition To Better “Time To Money”

Allows Improved Hardware and Software Architecture Tradeoff AnalysisAffords Embedded Software Developers Better Visibility Into BehaviorAffords Customers A Very Early Start Into Integration

• What Is Missing?An Open Source Standard (Like GCC, Linux, etc.) Software Simulation Platform To Encourage Reuse And Create A Simulator “Ecosystem”

• “Cycle Approximate” Is Good Enough – The “80/20” Rule Applies

If Software Takes Too Long To Develop, Start Earlier

Page 39: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 39

Summary

• Opportunities In Wireless Embedded Products Are Excellent!A Plethora Of Wireless Communications Protocols For Personal, Local and Wide Area Networks Is Creating Huge New Product DemandNew Capabilities Are Migrating To Complex Handheld Systems, Driven By Consumer Desire For Wireless Internet Everywhere And Digital MultimediaThe Challenge: Engineering Must Deliver Complex Products That Consume Very Low Power And Provide Gigabytes Of Software and Billions OfTransistors For Very Low Cost And Very Low Defect Densities

• Embedded Software Development Will Continue To Present ChallengesA Ubiquitous Open-Source Simulation Platform and RTOS Is DesirableBetter, More Structured Methods For Specification Capture Can Facilitate Better Quality In Embedded Software, Particularly When These Specs Can Drive A Functional Coverage-Based Test SystemSoftware System Simulation Can Facilitate Better Overall Lifecycle Costs

1. H. Sackman, W.J. Ericson, and E.E. Grant, “Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance,” CACM,Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 3-11.

Page 40: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 40

Summary

• Opportunities In Wireless Embedded Products Are Excellent!A Plethora Of Wireless Communications Protocols For Personal, Local and Wide Area Networks Is Creating Huge New Product DemandNew Capabilities Are Migrating To Complex Handheld Systems, Driven By Consumer Desire For Wireless Internet Everywhere And Digital MultimediaThe Challenge: Engineering Must Deliver Complex Products That Consume Very Low Power And Provide Gigabytes Of Software and Billions OfTransistors For Very Low Cost And Very Low Defect Densities

• Embedded Software Development Will Continue To Present ChallengesA Ubiquitous Open-Source Simulation Platform and RTOS Is DesirableBetter, More Structured Methods For Specification Capture Can Facilitate Better Quality In Embedded Software, Particularly When These Specs Can Drive A Functional Coverage-Based Test SystemSoftware System Simulation Can Facilitate Better Overall Lifecycle Costs

Great designs come from great designers. Software construction is a creative process. Sound methodology can empower and liberate the creative mind; it cannot inflame or inspire the drudge.

The differences are not minor – they are rather like the differences between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler, cleaner, and produced with less effort1. The differences between the great and the average programmer approach an order of magnitude.

- Fred Brooks, “No Silver Bullet”

1. H. Sackman, W.J. Ericson, and E.E. Grant, “Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance,” CACM,Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 3-11.

Page 41: Evolving Wireless Markets: Software Is the Answer, But What Is the Question?

PAGE 41

Thank you!


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